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TABLE OF CONTENTS
BYRD CURTIS
EARL C. GILMORE
FRANCIS J. GOUGH
ERIC RUDOLF KERBER
ROSALIND MORRIS
THOMAS C. ROBERTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Members - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
Minutes - Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
II. CONTRIBUTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES
Rob Bruns, John Moffat, Joe Smith, Jim Reeder - Berthoud, CO
Koy Miskin, G. Holland Beazer - Brookston, IN
Barton Fogleman, C.K. Taylor - Jonesboro, AR
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS
D.R. Johnston, S.W. Perry, J.E. Handwerk, Sally R. Clayshulte, D.P.
Shellberg - Fort Collins, CO
R.P. Daniel, D. Donaldson, M. Materne, M.J.Nowland, C.J. Tyson, J.
Wilson, P. Wilson - Tamworth, Australia
Nestor Machado, Pedro Paulucci, Hector Mertinuzzi - Argentina
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Jerry Wilson, Steve Kuhr, Bud Hardesty, Karolyn Ely -
Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar - Lafayette, IN
Dennis Dunphy, Sam Wallance, Richard Evans - Lafayette IN; Leon
Fischer, Kent Baker - Mt. Hope, KS
NICKERSON
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
Fred Collins, June Hancock, Craig Allen - Bay, AR
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Johnston, IA - I.B. Edwards
Windfall, IN - G.C. Marshall, W.J. Laskar, K.J. Lively
St. Mathews, SC - B.E. Edge, P. L. Shields
Frouville, France - G. Dorencourt, R. Marchand, Q. Vanderpol
Sevilla, Spain - J.M. Urbano, I. Edwards, M. Hidalgo, M. Peinado
Sissa (Parma), Italy - M. Tanzi
Parndorf, Austria - G. Reichenberger
Woodland, CA - A. Young, I. Edwards
TRIO RESEARCH, INC.
J. Wilson - Wichita, KS
WEIBULL
J. P. Jossett et al. - Poinville, France
J. Johsson et al. - Landskrona, Sweden
WESTERN PLANT BREEDERS
D. Clark, Craig Cook, Amy Baroch - Bozernan, MT; K. Shantz, M. DeVries
- Tempe, AZ
ARGENTINA
M.L. Appendino, G.M.P. Camargo, N. Zelener, M. Argeaga, Enrique
Suarez, Laura Bullrich, G. Tranquilli - Buenos Aires
R.A. Heinz, Mariana Del Vas, L.C. Moratinos, H. E. Hopp - Castellar
F. Salvagiotti, S.E. Beas, N.C. Guzman, C.A. Ripoll, J. Casati, R.
Roldan, W. Londero, J.C.Funes, J.C. Miranda, M.J. Miarka, D. Bonelli,
A. Glade, G. Manera, E. Yanacon, R. Maich, O. Pagani, M. Canovas -
Cordoba
AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES
C.W. Wrigley, F. MacRitchie, I.L. Batey, F. Bekes, A.S. Hill, J.A.
Ronalds, R. Gupta, S. Rahman, J.H. Skerritt, J.L. Andrews, M.L. Bason,
P.W. Gras - CSIRO, Sydney
J. Bell, G.N. Brown, D. Backhouse, N.L. Darvey, L.W. Burgess, R.A.
McIntosh, J.D. Oates, R. Park, R. Roake, J. Sharp, D. The, C.R. Wellings
- Sydney and Cobbitty
B. Ballantyne, J. Fisher, A. Khan, L. Penrose - Wagga Wagga
L. O'Brien, F.W. Ellison, R.M. Trethowan, A.B. Pattison, D.J. Mares,
S.G. Moore - Narrabri
QUEENSLAND
G.B. Wildermuth. R.B. McNamara - Toowoomba
P.S. Brennan, L.R. Mason, J.A. Sheppard, R. W. Uebergang, M.L. Fiske,
I.C. Haak, P.I. Hocroft
R.G. Reese, P.S. Brennan, G.J. Platz, K.C.M. Blaikie - Toowoomba
BANGLADESH
M.A. Hossain et al. - Mymemsingh
BRAZIL
J.C.S. Moreira, C.N.A. deSousa, E.P. Gomes, L.J.A. Del Duca, P.L.
Scheeren, S.D. dos A. de Silva, et al. - Passo Fundo
A.C.P. Goulart, F. de A. Paiva - Dourados, M.S.
BULGARIA
V. Vassilev, Boyadjieva- Sadovo
CANADA
ALBERTA
R.S. Sadasivaiah
K.G. Briggs
MANITOBA
J.A. Kolmer, Steve Haber, O.M. Lukow, P.B.E. McVetty, P. Masojc -
Manitoba
ONTARIO
W.L. Seaman, E.F. Schneider
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
H.W. Johnston, H.G. Nass
SASKATCHEWAN
D.R. Knott
CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Zuoji Lin, Shenghui Jie, Zhensheng Lei - Henan
Zhaosu Wu, Shirong Yu, Xizhong Wei, Quimei Xia, Youjia Shen, Yong Xu,
Zhaoxia Chen, Jiming Wu, Guoliang Jiang - Nanjing
Li Huimin, Zhao Fengwu, Li Hongwa - Heibi
CROATIA
Slobodan Tomasovic - Zagreb
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Z. Stehno, M. Vlasek, J. Smocek
ESTONIA
O. Priilinn, T. Enno, H. Peusha, M. Tohver - Tallinn
FRANCE
J. De Buyser, J.L. Marcotte, Y. Henry - Orsay
G. Doussinault, J. Jahier, J. Pierre, M. Trottet, F. Dedryver - Rennes
GERMANY
A. Boerner, J. Plaschke, G. Schlegel, I.M. Ben Amer - Gatersleben
HUNGARY
L. Balla, Z. Bedo, L. Lang, L. Szunics, Lu. Szunics, I. Karsai, Gy.
Vida-Martonvasar
J. Sutka, B. Barnabas, O. Veisz, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, G. Kovacs,
E. Szakacs, B. Koszegi, I. Takacs, G. He, E. Korbulz, G. Kocsy -
Martonvasar
INDIA
P. Bahadur, K.D. Srivastava, S.M.S. Tomar, A. K. Vari, R.S. Yadava,
Dalmir Singh, B. Singh, M.K. Upadhayay, R.N. Sawhney, D.N. Sharma,
H.B. Chowdary, J.B. Sharma, D.V. Singh, R. Aggarwal, K.D.
Srivastava - New Delhi
M. Kochumadhavan, S.M.S. Tomar, P.N.N. Nambisan - Wellington
K.S. Singh, G.S. Dhinds - Ludhiana
M.P. Jha, K.M.P. Singh, B.P. Sinha, A.K. Sinha - Pusa
P.K. Gupta, H.S. Balyan, D.K. Garg, S. Kumar, N.K. Sharma, Bijendra
Pal - Meerut
A.N. Mishra - Indore
G.S. Sethi, Satish C. Sharma, K.S. Thakur, D.L. Sharma, Ashwani Kumar,
H.K. Chaudhary - Palampur
R.N. Brahma, R. Asir, A. Saikia - Wellington
ITALY
C. RubiesAutonell - Bologna
V. Vallega - Rome
B. Borghi, M. Perenzin, M. Cattaneo, Y.M. Qiao, R. Castagna, P. Gavuzzi,
N.E. Pogna, R. Redaelli, T. Dachkevitch, G.M. Borrelli, N. DiFonzo,
E. Luputto, F. Locatelli, G. Bossinger, M. Corbellini, P. Vacino, P.K.W.
Ng - Lodigiano
JAPAN
A. Oyanagi, A. Sato, M. Wada - Tsukuba
S. Ito, A. Sato, T. Hoshino - Tohuku
S. Oda, K. Komae, T. Yasui, C. Kiribuchi, H. Seko - Karmondai
N. Watanabe - Gifu
MEXICO
R.A. Fischer, G. Varughese
He Zhong-hu, R.J. Pena, S. Rajaram
P. A. Burnett, R. Ranieri, J. Robinson
A. Morgunov
G. Fuentes-Davila, S. Rajaram, W.H. Pfeiffer, O. Aballa
NEPAL
M.L. Morris. H.J. Dubin, T.P. Polchrel
POLAND
S. Wegrzyn, H. Grzesik - Krakow
ROMANIA
N.S. Saulescu, Mariana Ittu, Gh. Ittu - Fundulea
RUSSIA
Alexandr Federov - Moscow
SOUTH AFRICA
H.A. Van Niekerk, R. Cilliers, T.G. Paxton, R. Britz, S. Jordaan, T. van
Bredenkamp, S. Pelser, R. Pretorius, D. Exley, I.B.J. Smit, A. Otto,
F. Groenewald, F. Koekemoer, A. Grobbelaar, R. Prins, H.A. Smit,
J.L. Purchase, D. van Lill, P.A. Visser, H.A. van Tonder, A.H. Botha,
M. Maritz, M.F. Smith, B.S. Wentzel, C. Benson, C. van den Berg,
C.G. Burbidge, R.C. Lindeque, H.S.C. van der Merwe, W. van der
Westhuizen, B.L. deVilliers, H.H. Knobel, C. deWet, A. Rautenbach,
J. du Plessis, H. du Plessis, J.P. du Toit, S.C. Drijepondt, A. Bamard,
C.F. Pool, V. Wessels, W.H. Kilian, J. Smith, B.J. Pieterse,
J.P.C. Tolmay, G.J. Prinsloo, V.L. Tolmay, B. Koen, J.L. Hatting -
Bethlehem
R. de V. Pienaar, G.F. Marais, G.M. Littlejohn, H.S. Roux, J.M. Hay -
Stellenbosch
Z.A. Pretorius, F.J. Kloppers, C.S. van Deventer, M.T. Labuschagne,
M.C.B. Coetzee, E.G. Brink - Bloemfontein
F. du Toit, S.S. Walters, A. Brummer - Pannar, Ltd., Bainsvlei
TURKEY
H. Braun, T.S. Payne - Ankara
UNITED KINGDOM
NORWICH, Cambridge Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science Research -
A.J. Worland,
I.P. King, K.A. Purdie, T.E. Miller, C.N. Law, W.J. Rogers
T.E. Miller, S. M. Reader, I.P. King
S.A. Quarrie, A. Mahmood
S.A. Quarrie, A. Steed
M.D. Gale, J.B. Smith, M.D. Atkinson, K.M. Devos, C.N. Chinoy, R.L.
Harcourt, T. Millan, D.X. Xie, J. Jizeng, O.A. Rognli
R. Bowrgipour, J.W. Snape
R. Johnson
P. Nicholson, H. N. Rezanoor, T.W. Hollins - PBI, Cambridge
M.J. Ambrose
NORWICH, John Innes Institute
J.S. Heslop-Harrison, A.R. Leitch, T. Schwarzacher, K.
Anamthawt-Jonsson, I.J. Leitch, G. Moore, Mingli Wang
NICKERSON
W.J. Angus, D.R. Stephenson, R.E. Granger - Bury St. Edmunds
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ARKANSAS
R.K. Bacon, B.R. Wells, E.A. Milus, J.T. Kelly, D. Dombeck
CALIFORNIA
C.A. Curtis, Bahman, Ehdaie, A.J. Lukaszewski, M.S. Moghaddam, S.H.
Shah, J.G. Waines
COLORADO
J.S. Quick, G.H. Ellis, R. Normann, M. Mergoum, S. Haley, K. Ngongolo,
A. Saidi
GEORGIA
J.W. Johnson, B.N. Cunfer, P.L. Bruckner, J.J. Roberts, G.D. Buntin,
R.E. Wilkinson
IDAHO
R.S. Zemetra, E. Souza, S. Guy, S. Quisenberry, J. Johnson, G.
Knudsen, M. Lauver. D. Schotzko, J. Tyler, L. Pierola - Moscow and
Aberdeen
Warren Pope - Moscow
ILLINOIS
F.L. Kolb, E.D. Nafziger, A.D. Hewings, L.L. Domier, W.L. Pedersen,
C.J. D'Arcy, H.T. Wilkerson, E.M. Bauske, C.E. Eastman, M.E. Irwin,
W.H. Brink
INDIANA
H.W. Ohm, H.C. Sharma, I.M. Dweikat, S.A. MacKenzie, D. McFatridge,
F.L. Patterson, G. Shaner, R.M. Lister, D.M. Huber, G. Buechley,
R.H. Ratcliffe, R.H. Shukle, G. Safranski, S. Cambron
KANSAS
T.C. Roberts
O.K. Chung, G.L. Lookhart, V.V. Smail, D.B. Bechtel, D.B. Sauer, L.C.
Bolte, D.W. Hagstrum, W.S. Kim, L.M. Seitz, M.D. Shogren, J.D. Wilson,
C.R. Martin, W.H. McGaughey, M.D. Shogren, J.L. Steele, D.L. Brabec,
R.E. Dempster, R. Rouser, I. Zayas, C.S. Chang, H.H. Converse, B.W.
Seabourn, A.K. Dowdy, P.L. Flinn, W.D. Lin, K. Tilley, A. Xu
T.S. Cox, R.G. Sears, B.S. Gill, W.W. Bockus, R.L. Bowden, J. Hatchett
M.B. Kirkham, G.H. Liang, T. Harvey, T.J. Martin, M.D. Witt, L.C.
Coonrod, J.E. Werner, C.H. Carter, T. Endo, B. Freibe, K.S. Gill, L.G.
Harrell, A.K. Fritz, J. Jiang, P.D. Chen, R.S. Kota, L.E. Patton, W.J.
Raupp, D.L. Wilson, L. Michelson, D. Miller, D. Delaney, S. Hulbert,
G.L. Brown, G. He, G. Shu
T.J. Byram
LOUISIANA
S.A. Harrison, P. Colyer, S.H. Moore
MARYLAND
D.J. Sammons
MICHIGAN
R. Ward, D. Glenn, J. Han, H. Kim, T. Kisha, S. Wang
MINNESOTA
A.P. Roelfs, D.L. Long, D.H. Casper, M.E. Hughes, J.J. Roberts
R. Busch, R. Wilcoxson
D.V. McVey, R.H. Busch
MISSOURI
J.P. Gustafson, K.D. Kephart, G. Kimber, A.L. McKendry, H.
Aswidinnoor, H. Daud, R. Wilman, B. Winberg, K. Ross, D. Bittel, K.
Houchins, J. Berg, D. Tague, S. Madsen, J.V. Monte, M. Wanous, Z.
Zhou, J. Chen, P. Goicoechea, F. Kidwaro, J. Mehuys, M.M. Tague
NEBRASKA
P.S. Baenziger, C.J. Peterson, D.R. Shelton, R.A. Graybosch,
D.D. Baltensperger, L.A. Nelson, D.J. Lyons, G.L. Hein
P.S. Baenziger, C.J. Peterson, D.R. Shelton, D.D. Baltensperger
B. Moreno-Sevilla, P.S. Baenziger, C.J. Peterson, R.A. Graybosch
W. Stroup, D. Mulitze, P.S. Baenziger
A. Ouassou, P. S. Baenziger, J. Schmidt
A. Masrizal, P.S. Baenziger
C.J. Peterson, R.A. Graybosch, P. S. Baenziger, D.R. Shelton
D.R. Shelton
R.C. French, N.L. Robertson
NEW YORK
M.E. Sorrells, W.R. Coffman
G.C. Bergstrom, J.E. Carroll, D.W. Kalb, A.M.C. Schilder, D. Shah
NORTH CAROLINA
R.E. Jarrett, S. Leath, J.P. Murphy
NORTH DAKOTA
E.M. Elias, D.K. Steiger, O. Olmedo-Arcega, N. Nasarella, A. Stancyk,
C.M. Rystedt, B.L. D'Appolonia, K. Khan, C.E. McDonald, W.R. Moore, W.
Pitz, B. Donnelly, G. Hareland, L.A. Grant
OHIO
H.N. Lafever, W.A. Berzonsky, R.W. Gooding, L.D. Herald, R.J. Minyo,
Jr., T.L. Hoover
OKLAHOMA
E.L. Smith, G.H. Morgan, R.J. Sidwell, D.L. Jones
R.M. Hunger, G.L. Sherwood, R.E. Pennington, C.K. Evans, J.R. Montana
D.R. Porter, J.A. Webster, C.A. Baker, J.D. Burd, N.C. Elliot, G.J.
Puterka, D.K. Reed, R.L. Burton, F.J. Gough, E. Levy
OREGON
R.S. Karow
W.E. Kronstad, C.S. Love, D.K. Kelly, R.W. Knight, M.D. Moore,
S.E. Rowe, N.H. Scott, M.C. Verhoeven
P.K. Zwer, D.L. Sutherland, S.A. Dunnagan
SOUTH DAKOTA
F.A. Cholick, C.H. Chen, B. Farber, B. Ruden, S. Shin
G. Buchenau, D.J. Gallenberg, M. Langham, S. Ali
H.J. Woodard, G.W. Buchanan
J.L. Gellner, R.A. Schut, R.W. Kieckhefer, G.W. Buchenau
TEXAS
L.R. Nelson, Mark Lazar, C.A. Erickson, G.E. Hart, D. Marshall,
M.E. McDaniel, B. McDonald, Lloyd Rooney, J.E. Slosser, John Sij,
N.A. Tuleen, W. D. Worrall, R. Suttan, M. Harrington, R. Montandon,
W.A. Frank, G.L. Peterson. J. Hu
UTAH
R.S. Albrechtsen
D.J. Hole
VIRGINIA
C.A. Griffey, D.E. Brann, M.M. Alley, P. Scharf, E. Stromberg, M.K.
Das, A. Herbert, C. Hull, J.M. Johnson
WASHINGTON
R.E. Allan, J.A. Pritchett, L.M. Little
R.F. Line
C.F. Konzak
C.F. Morris, H.C. Jeffers, A.D. Bettge, D. Engle, M.L. Baldridge, B.S.
Patterson, R. Ader, J. Raykowski
M.K. Walker-Simmons, J.L. Reid, J. Curry, R. Anderberg, L. Holappa
WEST VIRGINIA
V.C. Baligar, L. Bona, K.D. Ritchey, R.J. Wright
WISCONSIN
R.A. Forsberg, E.S. Oplinger, R.D. Duerst, J.B. Stevens
YUGOSLOVIA
M. Jost et al. - Krizevci
M. Kuburovic et al. - Kragujevac
III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM
H.E. Bockelman, G.A. White - New Triticum PI Assignments
H.E. Bockelman - Triticum Accessions, National Small Grains Collection
H.E. Bockelman - Aegilops Accessions, National Small Grains
Collection
H.E. Bockelman, D.M. Wesenberg, M.A. Bohning, L.W. Briggle -
Evaluation of National Small Grains Collection Germplasm
R.E. Allan - CSSA Cultivar and Germplasm Registration
Weed Science Announcement
IV. CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS, 1992 SUPPLEMENT
R.A. McIntosh, G.E. Hart, M.D. Gale
V. ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND
VI. VOLUME 39 MANUSCRIPT GUIDELINES
VII. MAILING LIST
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I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes of the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) Meeting
November 22-23, 1991
Reno, Nevada
ATTENDANCE
Committee Members, I.B Edwards, Chair, R.H. Busch, Secretary, R.E.
Allan, H.F. Bockleman, R. Bruns, F.A. Cholick, T.S. Cox, G. Hareland, S.A.
Harris (R. Bacon), R.F. Line, C.J. Peterson, C. Qualset, D.J. Sammonds, J.A.
Smith, G. Statler, R. Stuckey, D. A. Van Sandford, W.D. Worrall, R.S.
Zemetra. Absent: C. Haugeberg (ex-officio member).
Non-Committee Members: O. Anderson, ARS, WRRC Albany, CA; K. Briggs,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; J.P. Gustafson, ARS-University of
Missouri; W. Martinez, ARS-NPS Beltsville, MD; D. McVey ARS-Cereal Rust
Laboratory, St. Paul, MN; C.F. Murphy, ARS-NPS Beltsville, MD; R. Sears,
Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS; Bent Skovmand, CIMMYT, Mexico; G.
Waines, University of California, CA.
PRELIMINARIES
Chairman Edwards called the meeting to order and made announcements
regarding meeting arrangements.
MINUTES OF THE 1990 MEETING
Minutes were published in AWN 37, Busch asked for a motion to waive
reading them. Motion was made and passed.
WHEAT NEWSLETTER
The following reports are included by J.S. Quick , Editor, and I.
Edwards, Treasurer, of the Annual Wheat Newsletter:
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
1991 Annual Report to NWIC, J.S. Quick, Editor
The editing and publishing of Volume 37 of the Annual Wheat Newsletter
(AWN) followed the format of previous newsletters except that Volume 37 was
the first volume directly printed in reduced font size almost entirely from
computer files. There were 440 copies printed and each copy had 235 pages.
Ten copies of Volume 37 and about 20 of Volume 35 are still available. A
summary of information about each volume printed since 1954 (Volume 1) was
published in the AWN, Volume 32 (1986). The number of pages has increased
by 100 since 1980, the number of contributors increased considerably, and
the cost of publication increased until 1988. Due to rising costs, an
effort was made to reduce the number of copies printed by encouraging
multiple use. Cost of production was reduced from about $4500 in 1987 to
about $3900 in 1988, increased to $5416 in 1989, and decreased to $4690 in
1991 due to limited distribution. Cost per copy is about $9.50.
In addition to the total cost of production, Colorado State University
Agronomy Department has contributed part of my time, computer facilities,
and some occasional letter typing. An Agronomy Department secretary,
Carolyn Schultz, has done an excellent job of manuscript preparation since
1983.
All AWN address lists are computerized, and mailing and sorting has
become simple and routine. We are requesting that all workers provide their
manuscripts on computer diskettes if at all possible. All text will be
entered into computer files and laser printed with reduced font size to save
space. Manuscripts can also be provided through the BITNET system. About
500 requests for manuscripts and financial assistance are sent to U.S.,
Australian and Canadian wheat workers each January. The requests for
manuscripts and financial contributions from other foreign scientists are
included as an insert in the Newsletter mailing in June. Additionally
regional manuscript and financial solicitation and coordination are done by
scientists in other counties.
The cost of producing Volume 38 will probably be similar to that of
Volume 37. I believe it is now feasible and perhaps financially necessary
to consider AWN distribution by diskette to some overseas and other
locations. Suggestions from the NWIC would be appreciated. Ian Edwards,
AWN treasurer, has done an excellent job of securing cooperative and
institutional financial contributions allowing us to maintain a sound
financial position.
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER TREASURER'S REPORT
1991 Annual Report to NWIC
I.B. Edwards, Treasurer
ITEM DEBIT CREDIT BALANCE
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1. Balance reported
June 1, 1990 AWN $4065.65
2. Mailing Request Letters $62.20 4003.45
3. Envelopes 11.00 3992.45
4. Photocopy Charges 12.50 3979.95
5. Mailing,Vol.37 July,1991 896.00 3083.95
6. Printing and Binding 3175.21 <91.26>
7. Mailing Bags & Envelopes 30.50 <121.76>
8. Typing Editing(C. Schultz) 500.00 <621.76>
9. Misc. Bank Charges 20.00 <641.76>
10. New Contributions $318.00 <323.76>
(Since June 1)
11. Interest on Checking 76.54 <247.22>
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Comments:
1. The total cost of Volume 37 was $4,687.41. This cost divided by 440
copies printed is about $10.65/copy. Volume 37 is 40 pages shorter than
Volume 36 (235 vs 275), and 40 more copies of Volume 37 were printed. The
total printed pages of Volume 37 was 87% of volume 36, and the total cost
was 9% higher. Volume 37 was printed in slightly smaller font size than
Volume 36, so direct page number comparisons are not useful. The
distribution increased slightly from last year. Volume 37 was the first
volume printed almost entirely from computer files.
2. Current fund balance, at the present time, is $[247.22] compared
with $[70.25] a year ago. It must be noted that there is still an
outstanding balance owing for production costs in the amount of $300.00. In
the past three years contributions have not matched the rising costs, and
this is an area of concern.
3. Although corporate contributions have increased in recent years, this
past year showed a decline. A number of institutions and companies require
an invoice in order to make payments. We ae encouraging them to notify your
treasurer as to the amount they wish to donate, and we will gladly furnish
an invoice. Private contributions remain our major source of revenue. We
will need a very strong appeal in 1992 to keep the Annual Wheat Newsletter
solvent.
Discussion of possible solutions to the financial problem of the Annual
Wheat Newsletter followed the above reports. Agreement was reached by a
majority of the NWIC members to suggest including an invoice (suggested
donation) for each copy of the Annual Wheat Newsletter of $20.00 to allow
choice of payment either through project billing or private donation.
Distribution by diskette was not thought to be a viable alternative at the
present time.
RESPONSE TO 1990 RESOLUTIONS
Chairman Edwards summarized responses received to the 1990 resolutions
regarding increased support for Russian wheat aphid and leaf rust research,
funding for genetic mapping of wheat, and princi;les relating to test weight
as a measurement of wheat quality. Dr. Plowman acknowledged and thanked the
NWIC as resolutions would be given serious consideration is discussions of
future program directions to provide proper balance in the ARS research
programs. Dr. Plowman indicated that the Russian wheat aphid research has
obtained increased funding. The funding increase will be partially used to
support the area of biological controls for this insect. The NWIC this
reply to be encouraging and positive. John Foltz, Administrator of Federal
Grain Inspection Service, replied to the test weight resolution also in a
positive manner thanking the NWIC for our support to FGIS on the test weight
issue and looking forward to further inaction and work with the NWIC.
REVIEW OF CROP ADVISORY COMMITTEE MEETING
Chairman P. Gustafson added three new members (see CAC minutes) to the
CAC. Key issues at this meeting were as follows: 1) The entire collection
will be screened, at this time, not just cores. Core information is felt to
be less valuable. 2) Quality traits were discussed for inclusion into the
data base of the collection and especially alien segments. Suggested traits
were: hardness, protein, and glutenins.3) Plant collection is needed badly
in Turkey because of large scale irrigation development which will eliminate
many of the natural habitats of related species of wheat. Proposal for this
needed collection trip are being prepared. 4) Funds for Dr. R. Morris's
genetic stocks are needed to ensure their avialablity. 5) CIMMYT is
attempting to continue the International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery
which University of Nebraska-ARS had to be dropped due to lack of funding.
6) Update on GRIN system was presented and its use, ultility and traits
evaluated were discussed. Concluded that it is more user friendly and is
beginning to be used by breeders as needed. 7) No change in quarintine on
seed from Mexico. Cost of phytopathological clearance ($30) in Missouri was
discussed since about 500 requests for genetic stocks are filled per year
from ARS-Univ. of Missouri.
LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS
Report of Legislative Subcommittee
Sammons reported that no trip was conducted during 1991 due to the War
in Iraq. Several things are needed before the next trip; problems with
widespread needs which can be documented, and a champion in the legislature.
Other committee members (Cholick, Sears, Zemetra) suggested that: a) Name
recognition is need at Congress, so trips should be conducted each year, b)
a committee is needed to respond on key legislative issues, c) No
professional lobbist outside nor major support outside the public sector are
major problems. Sammons indicated that this must be a continuous effort with
no high expectation immediately since skills need improving, d) Certain
congressmen are being approached in the southeast to support a plant
pathologist position, and e) strong support was needed from researchers and
seed-growers.
Murphy suggested the following approach: Choose a few specific problems
(example: Kansas State University federal positions funding and Grain
Quality Laboratory); plan to work several years atleast so set the goal and
work toward it. It is important to identify issues for Congress. Line
suggest that visitation is very important but other contact are as
well.Stuckey suggested that the needed items be sent to the NAWG for
inclusion into their list. Lobbyist from NWAG primarily works on economic
problems but suggested that issues be coordinated through their office,
possibly directly through the lobbyist, for input.
In summary:
1. Need the committee to visit Congress annually.
2. Need a response committee.
3. Name recognition needs establishment.
4. Need economic impact of wheat on a state by state basis.
5. Send needs in the form of resolutions to NAWG and tie issues more
closely with their concerns if possible.
6. Need prime users support to better obtain research funding.
7. When presenting needs to the legislature, it needs to be tied into
dollar return in constant dollars.
8. Maintain contact with ARS and CSRS to inform and support their
programs.
9. The Legislative Sub-Committee needs a funding source if it is to be
effective.
RESEARCH FUNDING
ARS Grain Crop Production and Quality Review
I. Edwards reported that this conference provided an excellent forum to
allow input and review of ongoing grain crop research in ARS. It identified
areas of weakness but state research supplied important support in these
areas. A letter commending this review as an excellent method of informing
and obtaining input into the ARS research program was suggested with the
motion made by Cholick and seconded by Bruns. Motion passed, Busch will
draft a letter to Dr. Plowman (Administrator of ARS) commending ARS-NPS for
conducting this meeting.
Leaf Rust Research
R. Sears indicated that leaf rust appears to be the disease causing
most economic loss in the Great Plains. Browder's old position (leaf rust
pathologist ARS) has been collapsed to provide support funding for the unit.
This position is critical for cooperation with T.S. Cox to provide better
adapted, leaf rust resistant wheats. A discussion followed indicating a
need for an integrated leaf rust strategy on a national basis. This
position was suggested as being linked to a general support package for
Kansas State University ARS units as part of the Legislative Committees
lobbying effort for $400,000 support.
Smut Position
R. Line updated the committee on a potential national smut position to
be tentatively established at Montana State University when a retirement
takes place.
Eastern Small Grains Pathologist
D. Van Sanford indicated the number of diseases which attacked
southeastern wheat in 1991. No pathologist works of `minor' diseases such
as Septoria nodorum, bacteria leaf blight and others. After discussion by
the committee it was decided that the Eastern wheat workers put together a
package with requirements ,location and other important factors before it
becomes a lobby issue.
Scab Research
R. Busch discussed R. Wilcoxson's retirement indicating that this is
the only active research program in the USA on Fusarium head blight.
University of Minnesota hiring freeze is now in place. A position was also
discussed for eastern wheats which are also affected by scab. No decision
was reached following discussion.
Missouri Cytogenetics Position
P. Gustafson discussed the problems of maintaining and distributing E.
Sears genetic stocks. A technician is employed to send out seed stocks as
requested, which amount to about 500-700 per year. The demand for stocks as
increased as molecular geneticists require them for genetic analysis. There
is a need for more genetic stocks but several cytogenetists are retiring in
both the USA and Canada. A cytogenetics position was obtained once, but
funding was diverted to other research. Why? Possibly because it lacked a
`champion' from Missouri. This issue was deferred to the Legislative
Committee.
Winterhardiness in Western Winter Wheat
R. Allan addressed the issue of a serious lack of winterhardiness
research in the USA. This problem has been emphasized by the 70-80% winter
kill in both 1989 and 1991 in Washington. Losses exceeded the total ARS
budget for a year. Only one researcher is devoting much effort to the
problem and is poorly funded. Germplasm needs to be evaluated for
winterhardiness before release. R. Bruns suggested contacting B. Fowler in
Canada since he has done most work recently on this problem. Perhaps a
joint screening effort could be negotiated.
GERMPLASM ENHANCEMENT, NURSERIES, EXCHANGE
Trait Evaluation Selection for Small Grain Collection
H. Bockelman presented the progress of the trait evaluation for the
germplasm in the Small Grains Collection. Over eleven different pathogens
and insect pest are/or have been/ being used to screen for resistant
germplasm. Over 15,000 accessions have been evaluated for 11 agronomic
descriptors and over 8,000 for spike traits and shattering. Other
descriptors discussed related to quality traits and the possibility of
evaluating protein and glutenins. Sensitivity to daylength was also
discussed as another trait to evaluate.
Design of Wheat Database
O. Anderson discussed the wheat database as a part of the Plant Genome
Initiative. The objective is to provide a master database for all crops of
their genetic maps. Each crop is designing its own, but compatibility is
important. Needed are: 1) Software to run information; 2) Repository of
markers and free distribution; 3) Main database must have reference to GRIN
descriptors. O. Anderson is the coordinator among crops for the database.
Coordination with the ITMI for linkage groups to enter as well as barley
groups. Enough data is hoped to be entered by late spring to begin to
access and provide demonstrations. Wheat has much lower funding that other
crops, such as corn, beans, and pine. The National Research Initiative was
briefly discussed as to its lack of funding for major crop plants.
International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery (IWWPN) and CIMMYT
J. Peterson indicated that the IWWPN is not being conducted from the
Nebraska location because of lack of funding. CIMMYT has began to try to
continue the nursery, although they are also not additionally funded. U.S.
participation in this nursery is yet to be determined. D. Worrall reported
that he attended a meeting in Mexico. Kronstad will increase Turkish
material and distribute to the U.S. A Yuma, AZ increase of material by
Worrall and Peterson is a possibility. Clearance by APHIS and AZ APHIS is
pending. Next fall would be the earliest possible depending upon finances.
Germplasm Exchange in Public Sector
F. Cholick initiated the discussion of potential problems of obtaining
germplasm in the future from other public programs as patenting becomes more
common. Intellectual rights allows discoverer about 30% of the profits back
directly. This will lead directly to a lack of willingness to exchange
germplasm. I. Edwards indicated that the Florida program takes the
royalties back to the program, not to the individual. D. Worrall indicated
that greed must be managed in plant breeding for the public good. Team
research is vital and must be continued. Relationships need to re-evolve
and become more structured in the future, but germplasm will continue to be
exchanged.
Germplasm Exchange Internationally
R. Sears indicated the need for a germplasm contact person and the lack
there of in wheat. R. Busch asked about international exchange other than
on an individual basis. No structure exists for obtaining on a systematic
basis new releases in the world. It was suggested that Foreign Agricultural
Service (FAS) and H. Bockelman could possibly work to obtain new releases
from around the world. W. Martinez indicated FAS has a meeting with her
soon and the problem of obtaining new releases would be approached. A
subcommittee of R. Busch, chair, I. Edwards, J. Peterson, and H. Bockelman
would be available to document the need for this type of system. Certainly
with this type of germplasm available in the Small Grains Collection, the
use of GRIN would increase dramatically.
Documentation for Wheat Variety Survey
W. Martinez indicated the need for documentation for a national wheat
variety survey. R. Sears and R. Bruns will jointly coordinate a letter to
be sent documenting the need of a national survey and its uses.
PRIORITIES FOR LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE
Immediate Concerns
1) Leaf Rust Project - National in scope, funding level of about
$500,000 for Plant Science Unit, based at Kansas State to allow interaction
with geneticists for testing and incorporation into useful germplasm. R.
Sears and S. Cox subcommittee. Champion in the Legislature needs to be
identified.
2) Genetics Stocks Position - P. Gustafson to supply old job
description. Position is for: maintaining, development, and distribution of
genetic stocks. Need a local Champion in the Legislature for this position.
Long Term Strategic Needs
1) National need on Fusarium head blight.
2) Eastern Region needs a foliar plant pathologist.
3) Cold hardiness basic and applied research.
Time Table
1) February 10-14 appears to be the best time to avoid overlap with Oat and
Barley Workers.
2) Visited approximately 25 members of the House and Senate on who serve on
either Appropriations or Agricultural Committees last visit (1990).
3) It would be helpful to have a grower with each group of researchers.
Lobbyist at NWAG would review the potential list and make suggestions.
4) Also visit APHIS, ARS, and CSRS.
-------------------------
CANADA BREEDING AND RESEARCH
K. Briggs gave a general report on research status in Canada on wheat.
Detailed information can be obtained on this research report by writing for:
Agricultural Canada Publication 5252, Communications Branch, Agric. Canada,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OC7
WHEAT QUALITY AND MARKETING
Wheat Classification
R. Sears discussed the status if wheat classification, mostly in regard
to the new machines being developed to allow differentiation between soft
and hard wheats. The ARS\GMRL machines appear to offer the best suited. It
measurements are based on crushing factoring in both kernel weight and size.
It can evaluate about 300 kernels in 3 minutes. Testing in 1992 will
include: 1) calibration of all units, 2) adjustment to temperature
variations, and 3) instrument definition of hard. FGIS hopes to have
implemented this new technology by 1994, but 1995 is more likely.
Soft Wheat Quality Issues
D. Van Sandford presented and led the discussion of quality
recommendations made by Mennel Milling Co. sent to wheat suppliers. The
Eastern Soft Wheat Quality Council is not yet operating to allow easy
communications with breeders and millers to discuss what is wanted in
quality. Fusarium head blight, septorias, and bacteria leaf blight were
serious problems in 1991. Test weights were low and very severe dockage was
applied to lower test weight wheats.
D. Sammons reviewed the test weight issue for soft wheat which began
with the NWIC in 1987. NWIC sent resolutions and letters of support
encouraging further research on this issue in 1988, 1989, and 1990. The
domestic issue of test weight is not dead among the producers since
discounts for lower test weight wheat are large and are seen as unfair.
R. Allan explained the western soft wheat concerns about removing test
weight as a evaluative tool or lowering its level because of the potential
effect on the export market. Whatever is suggested to replace it must be
well accepted. Test weight has been shown to have high heritability.
Semidwarf wheat had lower test weight but this has been overcome with
selection. Discussion followed as to whether more stringent selection would
help overcome the problem in the East.
R. Stuckey indicated that there was little support for lowering the
test weight standards from a NAWG perspective. The eastern states have
restless growers and need progress on the marketing issues. Discussion
followed with eastern wheat breeders indicating that heritabilities of test
weight appeared much lower in their conditions. C. Murphy indicated the need
in the east for better communication among breeders, millers and bakers
since they are consumers of the wheat. A firm commitment to quality is
important on the part of the breeders which would be aided by a Soft Wheat
Quality Council. W. Martinez indicated that there is good agreement of low
test weight with increasing physical defects. Test weight is also useful
information in the export trade because it gives packing density. Problems
result with test weight when it is used as an indicator of milling yield.
Genotype X environment interaction also has a major effect of test weight.
Sammonds summarized the discussion as follows:
1) Breeders do consider quality in their new varieties,
2) Test weight is not a consistantly reliable measure of flour yield
or quality, especially in sound wheat
3) Soft Wheat Quality Council is important to establish needed links
among interested parties and provide a forum for discussion.
Definition of Wheat Quality
R. Bruns (NWIC representative on the Grain Quality Workshop) has been
involved in working on the definition of quality. He presented a schematic
of grain quality, dividing it into Physical and Compositional Quality.
These together form the grain quality performance. This schematic as
presented was discussed as a possible visual for use at meetings and to
orient everyone to similar thought process when quality is mentioned.
-------------------------
January 2, 1992
Dr. R. D. Plowman, Administrator
USDA-ARS
Room 302A Administration Building
Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Dear Dr. Plowman:
The National Wheat Improvement Committee wishes to express our appreciation
and thanks to Dr. Charles Murphy, National Program Staff for Cereal Crops,
for developing and executing the highly informative ARS Grain Crop
Production and Quality Review, held in May, 1991 in St. Louis, MO. This
review allowed invited specialists from both the public and the industry to
have an overall, integrated picture of small grains research in the United
States as conducted by the Agricultural Research Service. Areas of research
which may need more emphasis in the future were suggested and, although
funds are limited, the overall research effort is impressive. The
willingness of Dr. Murphy to initiate and conduct this review is greatly
appreciated especially considering the large amount of work it required.
Dr. Murphy's input at the National Wheat Improvement Committee meetings is
quite valuable and his attendance is of considerable importance to the
success of the meetings. Dr. Wilda Martinez (National Program Staff,
Quality) contributes greatly to the discussions on wheat quality aspects and
to issues regarding wheat classification with the Federal Grain Inspection
Service. Clearer national perspectives are obtained on many issues when
National Program Staff personnel are present and the committee would like to
acknowledge their contributions.
Sincerely, signed: I. Edwards, Chairman, NWIC
cc: E. B. Knipling
RESOLUTIONS
RESOLUTION ADOPTED AT THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE MEETING,
RENO, NEVADA, NOVEMBER, 22-23, 1991
SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF HOSTS
WHEREAS, the Circus Circus Hotel served as an excellent host of the 1991
National Wheat Improvement Committee and the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee,
and;
WHEREAS, the hosts have expended time and effort to insure that the meetings
were successful,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the members of the NWIC sincerely thank Dr.
C. Qualset and the Department of Agronomy and Range Science, University
ofCalifornia, and management and staff of the Circus Circus Hotel, Reno,
Nevada.
RESOLUTION ADOPTED AT THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE MEETING,
RENO, NEVADA, NOVEMBER 22-23, 1991
SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF DR. IAN EDWARDS' CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE, 1985-1991
WHEREAS, Dr. I. Edwards has given 7 years of dedicated service to the wheat
research community through his position as Chairman of the National Wheat
Improvement Committee, and;
WHEREAS, during this period many significant changes and activities have
occurred which have required the Chairman's efforts in political and
research areas beyond normal duty, and;
WHEREAS, his leadership and vision have made significant contributions to
the effectiveness and future directions of the NWIC's activities;
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the NWIC express their collective
appreciation to Dr. Ian Edwards for his distinguished service.
-------------------------
MEMBERS OF NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
January 1992
Dr. R.G. Sears, Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
Kansas State Unversity
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-7245
Dr. R.H. Busch, Secretary
USDA-ARS
411 Borlaug Hall
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, MN 55108
(612) 625-1975
FAX: (612) 625-1268
EASTERN WHEAT REGION
Dr. D.J. Sammons, Chair
Department of Agronomy
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
(301) 454-3715
FAX: (301) 454-5680
Dr. H.E.Bockelman, Secretary
Univ. of Idaho Res. & Ext. Ctr.
P.O. Box AA
Aberdeen, ID 83210
(208) 397-4162
FAX: (208) 397-4162
Dr. D. VanSanford
Dept. of Agronomy
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506
(606) 257-5811
FAX: (606) 258-5842
Dr. R. Bacon
115 Plant Science
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, AR 72701
(501) 575-5725
FAX: (501) 575-7465
NATIONAL ASSOC. OF WHEAT GROWERS
Dr. Richard Stuckey
Director, NAWG Foundation
415 Second St. NE Suite 300
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 547-7800
FAX: (202) 546-2638
GREAT PLAINS SPRING WHEAT REGION
Dr. Glen Statler, Chair
Dept. of Plant Pathology
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7058
FAX: (701) 237-7851
Dr. Leonard Joppa, Secretary
USDA-ARS-NPA
Northern Crop Science Lab
1307 N 18th St
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 239-1339
FAX:
Dr. Gary Hareland
USDA-ARS-NPA
Northern Crop Science Lab
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7728
Dr. R. Frohberg
Dept. of Crop and Weed Science
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7971
FAX:
GREAT PLAINS WINTER WHEAT REGION
Dr. W.D. Worrall, Chair
P.O. Box 1658
Vernon, TX 76384
(817) 552-9941
FAX: (817) 553-4657
Dr. C.J. Peterson, Secretary
USDA-ARS
Dept. of Agronomy
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583
(402) 472-5191
FAX: (402) 437-5254
Dr. R. Bruns
Agripro Bioscience, Inc.
806 N. Second St., P.O. Box 30
Berthaud, CO 80513
(303) 532-3721
FAX: (303) 532-2035
Dr. T.S. Cox
USDA-ARS
Throckmorton Hall, Rm. 421
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-5692
FAX:
WESTERN WHEAT REGION
Dr. R.S. Zemetra, Chair
Dept. of Plant, Soil & Ent. Sci.
University of Idaho
Moscow, ID 83843
(208) 885-7810
FAX: (208) 885-7760
Dr. R.F. Line, Secretary
USDA-ARS
361 Johnson Hall
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3755
FAX: (509) 335-7674
Dr. C.O. Qualset
Dept. of Agronomy & Range Science
University of California - Davis
Davis, CA 95616
(916) 752-3265
FAX:
Dr. R.E. Allan
USDA-ARS
Johnson Hall
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3632
FAX: (509) 335-8674
The National Wheat Improvement Committee requests that wheat workers use the
following guidelines when distributing seed:
WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
"This seed is being distributed in accordance with the 'Wheat Workers
Code of Ethics for Distribution of Germplasm' developed by the National
Wheat Improvement Committee 10/27/76. Acceptance of this seed
constitutes Agreement."
1. The originating breeder, station or company has certain rights to
the unreleased material. These rights are not waived with the distribution
of seeds or plant materials but remain with the originator for disposal at
his initiative.
2. The recipient of unreleased seeds or plant material shall make no
secondary distributions of the germplasm without the permission of the
owner/breeder.
3. The owner/breeder in distributing unreleased seeds or other
propagating material, grants permission for use (1) in tests under the
recipient's control, (2) as a parent for making crosses from which
selections will be made, and (3) for induction of mutations. All other
uses, such as testing in regional nurseries, increase and release as a
cultivar, selection from the stock, use as parents in commercial F1 hybrids
or synthetic or multiline cultivars, require the written approval of the
owner/breeder.
4. Plant materials of this nature entered in crop cultivar trials
shall not be used for seed increase. Reasonable precautions to insure
retention or recovery of plant materials at harvest shall be taken.
5. The distributor of wheat germplasm stocks may impose additional
restrictions on use or may waiver any of the above.
-------------------------
MINUTES
Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
Thursday, Nov. 21, 1991 - Reno, NV
Committee members in attendance were J. P. Gustafson (Chair), T. S.
Cox, (Vice-chair), J. G. Waines, R. Bruns (proxy for J. S. Quick), B.
Skovmand, O. Anderson, R. Line, K. Briggs, R. Busch, D. McVey, I. B.
Edwards, C. F. Murphy (ex-officio), and H. Bockelman (ex-officio).
Minutes of the 1990 meeting, as published in the Annual Wheat
Newsletter, were approved by voice vote.
Dr. Gustafson noted that the by-laws permit 16 committee members,
whereas there are now only 12. He agreed to solicit nominations for new
members on which the committee can vote later.
Dr. Gustafson distributed 1992 USDA guidelines for plant exploration
proposals and encouraged participation in the program.
A discussion of the "core collection" concept as it might apply to
wheat brought out the following points. There would be two possible types
of cores. The first, a simple, geographically representative sample to be
sent to wheat workers making nonspecific requests or for "prescreening,"
could be identified relatively simply. However, theory notwithstanding, it
was considered doubtful that any core could adequately capture a significant
amount of the variability in the wheat collection. The second type of core,
one enriched for genes affecting target traits, was considered infeasible.
Dr. Steve Harrison presented a proposal to screen for the bacterial
streak disease, for endorsement by the CAC before submitting it to USDA.
This disease, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv translucens, causes
serious yield losses, especially in the Deep South of the U.S. The
experiences of several committee members confirmed that the disease is
becoming more common. Although no vote was taken, committee members urged
Dr. Harrison to submit the proposal for funding from Dr. Henry Shands'
program.
Dr. Waines described an emergency in southeast Turkey, where several
wild wheat species are widely threatened by a huge irrigation project. He
proposed collecting in the area soon. Dr. Waines was appointed to chair a
subcommittee that will write up a proposal to USDA for funding such a trip.
A copy will be sent to Plant Genetic Resources of Canada.
In response to a request from Dr. Rosalind Morris for funding to
regenerate substitution, monosomic, and other genetic stocks for deposition
in the collection, Dr. Gustafson was approved to transfer $4,000 of the
genetic stocks funds to Lincoln. Dr. Gustafson announced that Dr. E. R.
Sears' stocks are still being maintained and distributed, but no other work
is being done on his collection. The stocks were well-catalogued by Dr.
Sears on cards, and it is hoped to computerize that file.
Dr. Jim Peterson noted that CIMMYT is organizing a nursery to replace
partially the now-defunct International Winter Wheat Performance Nursery,
once run by the USDA. There are questions about how seed can be widely
distributed by CIMMYT from either Turkey or Mexico, because of quarantine
regulations. It was generally agreed that CIMMYT is going beyond the call
of duty in taking over this nursery.
Dr. Briggs summarized current wheat germplasm activities in Canada.
Since, of the small grains, Plant Genetic Resources of Canada has primary
responsibility for barley and oats, they intend to maintain only a limited
number of wheat accessions: registered Canadian cultivars, failed but
"good" entries in national trials, related species, amphiploids and evolved
relatives, single-gene resistance stocks, standard differentials, lines with
unique traits, and items collected by Canadian expeditions. Aneuploids and
other genetic stocks will have lower priority. Material not kept will be
offered to the USDA collection.
Dr. Skovmand described a new CIMMYT germplasm database that has
connections to its breeding database but is independent and more suited to
germplasm management. It handles field books, cluster analyses, "Mendelian
contributions," coefficients of parentage, and abbreviations, but no other
statistical analyses. The abbreviation list is described in CIMMYT Wheat
Special Report No. 4.
Dr. Anderson described the new wheat database that is part of the USDA
Plant Genome project; wheat is one of four species serving as models for an
eventual "superbase" at the National Agricultural Library. It will contain
genetic mapping data and information on genetic stocks (wheat and probes).
The system is accessible by phone or INTERNET by any system with X-terminal
capacity. However, only the leaders for wheat's seven homoeologous groups
(as designated by ITME) will be authorized to modify data. The database is
on a SUN computer at the Lawrence Berkeley Lab but eventually will be moved
to the Western Regional Research Center at Albany, CA.
Dr. Anderson agreed to provide funds from the wheat genome database
project to assist in computerization of Dr. Gibler's card index of 21,000
wheat pedigrees, with CIMMYT cooperation.
Dr. Skovmand noted that quarantine regulations for bringing seed from
Mexico to the U.S. have not changed. Dr. Briggs announced new regulations
for sending seed into Canada that will facilitate germplasm exchange [see
regulations printed in this volume].
Dr. Mark Bohning of the USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network
attended the meeting and told the committee that GRIN has a new, much larger
and faster computer. GRIN is now on INTERNET and CGNET. They also are now
sending out more information on diskettes rather than hard copy. Seven
hundred logon ID's have been issued, and use has increased. Possibilities
for connections between GRIN and the Plant Genome database were discussed.
There was a discussion of comments made concerning GRIN at the "ARS
Grain Crop Production and Quality Review" in May, 1991. There was agreement
within the CAC on several points:
- "Success" of a system such as GRIN need not be measured by
frequency of logons.
- Because breeders, etc., do log on infrequently, GRIN must be more
user-friendly than most programs.
- A GRIN user group would be helpful.
- Wheat quality data loaded into GRIN should be limited to (1)
description of HMW glutenin subunits, (2) grain color, (3)
presence and description of alien chromatin known to be present
in a line, (4) hardness, and (5) protein level. Items (4) and
(5) should be entered as "High", "Medium", or "Low" only, with
proper consideration given to environmental influences.
Dr. Gustafson informed the committee of the increased charges now
attached to issuance of phytosanitary certificates. There was a discussion
of the potential impact on germplasm exchange.
The meeting was adjourned at 11:00 p.m.
-------------------------
National Association of Wheat Growers Foundation
Summary Programs, January, 1992
Jennifer L. Moog
A. NEW PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
1. WHEAT UTILIZATION COMMITTEE. The Wheat Utilization Committee is
comprised of fifteen state wheat commissions. Their purpose is to develop
and support national research projects in order to increase the utilization
of wheat in both food and industrial areas. The first organizational
meeting was held in July, 1991. Currently, the committee funds two research
proposals entitled "Small Wheat Starch Granules for Tableting and Cosmetics"
and "Biodegradable Packaging from Starch to Enable Naval Compliance with the
Marpol Treaty."
2. FARMER-TO-FARMER. The NAWG Foundation(NAWGF) and Winrock
International have been selected by the Agency for International Development
to administer the Farmer-to-Farmer(FTF) program, a program designed to
provide technical assistance overseas to middle income countries, emerging
democracies, and developing countries.
In response to U.S. Congressional legislation, the goal of the proposed FTF
program is to increase productivity, income, and the well-being of male and
female farmers in countries where there is a potential for substantial
increases in food production, processing, and marketing and where there is
opportunity for stimulating private enterprise and/or enhancing the
democratic process. The stated goal will be accomplished through the
transfer of technology, knowledge, skills, and information to groups of
beneficiary farmers by volunteer U.S. farmers, extensionists,
agriculturalists, university staff, agribusiness and private-sector
specialists, and nonprofit organizations's staffs. Technical expertise will
be provided in five broad areas of agriculture -- environment, forestry,
crop production, animal agriculture and agribusiness.
Winrock International with the NAWGF as a subgrantee has been granted 1.3
million for a three year period. Together NAWGF and Winrock will establish
and maintain an extensive network of U.S. Volunteers who will travel to the
established beneficiary farmer networks in Eastern Europe, Mexico/Central
America, and Southern Africa.
3. FARM SAFETY PROGRAM. The Farm Safety program has become a reality
for The NAWG Foundation. The Foundation was delighted with the positive
response through program and financial support from Dow Elanco, Deere and
Company and Case International. In early December the Foundation sponsored
a pilot day camp conducted in Fort Collins Colorado. One-hundred-sixty kids
participated in the camp which was deemed a huge success by all those who
attended. Based on the positive results, the Foundation will encourage
other states to conduct similar
programs. The Farm Safety Committee has agreed to feature safety in the
program at each convention. At the summer leadership conference, a
children's session was conducted by C.W. Lawrence from "4 Just Kids". Mr.
Lawrence also spoke on the importance of safety at a general session. A
video library is available to all states at the NAWG office in D.C.
4. 1991 SOFT RED WINTER WHEAT QUALITY: ISSUES FOR PRODUCERS,
MERCHANTS, AND MILLERS. At the request of wheat growers from state
associations in the soft red winter wheat production areas, the NAWG
Foundation contacted various agencies of USDA to request their assistance in
meeting with wheat producers at the summer leadership conference in July,
1991. With the assistance of USDA agencies, ARS, ES, FGIS, ERS, ASCS, the
Wheat Industry Resource Committee, the Southern Extension and Southern Grain
Marketing Committees, Virginia Tech, University of Missouri, Farm Foundation
and many private and public individuals, 257 samples from 14 states and 52
market samples from 10 commercial mills were analyzed. All samples were
analyzed for test weight, total digestible nutrients, damage and scab
content, vomitoxin content, and alpha amylase content. Flour yield and
composition and flour performance were also determined. The results of this
study were presented in a national video satellite teleconference Sept. 4
from Virginia Tech. A video tape and printed copies of the teleconference
as well as a shortened highlight video have been produced and are available.
5. RESEARCH PROJECT FUNDED AND SOURCE OF FUNDING
a. Wheat Marketing Logistics Program; $29,000. Burlington Northern Railroad
Foundation, Red River Valley and Western Railroad, Montana Wheat and Barley
Committee.
b. Small Wheat Starch Granules as Fat Mimics; $22,800. Nebraska Wheat Board.
c. Small Wheat Starch Granules for Tableting and Cosmetics; $16,000. Wheat
Utilization Committee.
d. Biodegradable Packaging from Starch to Enable Naval Compliance with the
MARPOL Treaty; $5,000. Wheat Utilization Committee.
e. Utilization of Polyvinyl Alcohol in Wheat Starch-Based Foam Insulation;
$15,000. Wheat Utilization Committee and Agricultural Utilization Research
Institute.
f. International Triticeae Mapping Initiative Project; $2,500. Kansas Wheat
Commission.
B. CURRENT AND ON-GOING PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS
1. WHEAT MARKETING LOGISTICS PROGRAM. The Foundation has embarked on a
U.S. Wheat Industry Logistics project provided through grants from
Burlington Northern Foundation, Red River Valley and Western Railroad, and
Montana Wheat and Barley Committee. The Upper Great Plains Transportation
Institute at North Dakota State University is nearing completion of research
papers in four specific areas: a) historical elements of wheat industry
logistics, b) description of today's wheat industry logistics system, c)
pricing transportation services, and d) wheat transportation and
merchandising relationships. The Wheat Industry Resource Committee will
develop educational materials from the research and prepare the information
for dissemination. Completion of this project is anticipated by late 1992
or early 1993.
2. MARKETING ALTERNATIVES WORKSHOP. These workshops, now in their
third year, are co-sponsored by the Foundation and the Chicago Board of
Trade. The workshops are intended to increase grower awareness on marketing
alternatives, the benefits and risk of futures and options trading, and
methods to provide income protection. The workshop is available to any
interested state associations or commissions and requires a 40 person
minimum attendance. To date, workshops have been conducted in Oregon,
Washington, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, and Colorado.
3. CONSERVATION RECOGNITION PROGRAM. The conservation recognition
program, intended to promote greater awareness and more prolific use of
conservation practices in farming will be sponsored for a third year by The
NAWG Foundation and ICI Americas. The program format will remain the same.
Four wheat producers are selected from four regions which are comprised of
all NAWG member states. The selected growers travel within their regions to
gain and share information on conservation practices and communicate this
knowledge to other growers. Growers will also inform the nonagricultural
community of continuing efforts by farmers to preserve soil and water
resources. The winners also receive a free trip to the NAWG annual
convention where they participate in the Conservation workshop. Candidates
for this program are nominated by the states. The states are responsible
for helping the candidate submit an application with references.
Applications are available at the NAWG Foundation.
4. YOUNG LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT AWARDS PROGRAM. For the seventh year,
the NAWG Foundation and Monsanto Agricultural Company are sponsoring a
nationwide program which provides farmers under the age of 35 an opportunity
to attend the NAWG Annual Convention or Summer Leadership conference. This
year the competition for awards has increased as the number of awards have
been reduced from 60 to 40. Accordingly, the grant awarded has increased
from $500 to $750. The program is designed to establish young leaders
within the organization and in the wheat communities of America. In the
past years, the participants have proven the merit of the program, as many
have become involved in their state and national associations.
5. WHEAT YIELD CHALLENGE EVALUATION. In conjunction with "The Wheat
Grower" and "Farm Journal," and with the support of Ciba-Geigy, the
Foundation judged the national yield contest to select winners in each of 5
irrigated and 5 non-irrigated wheat classes. The program is designed to add
competition to the task of introducing wheat farmers to the latest and most
effective methods to produce high quality, economic wheat yields. By
experimenting with a small portion of their acreage, growers may discover
production practices that increase wheat profitability for their remaining
acreage, while improving good economic production in the U.S. Contest
results were announced and national winners will participate at the 1992
Annual Convention in Reno, Nevada. The Yield Challenge Contest will be
conducted a third year with slightly modified rules.
6. LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM. State associations seeking
concentrated leadership training in specific areas can request the
Leadership Development Program, a half-day to two-day workshop sponsored by
the Rhone-Poulenc Agricultural Company. State associations can choose from
19 different topics related to leadership, allowing trainers to focus on
areas most beneficial to each state. Training can center on building more
effective committees, exercising parliamentary procedure, employing
different techniques of leadership, using successful communications and
media relations, motivating membership involvement, or lobbying and
understanding Congress among others. Programs were conducted this year in
Washington and Idaho and are scheduled for Colorado and Wyoming for next
year.
7. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PROGRAM. The Sustainable Agriculture
program sponsored by ICI Americas Inc. is designed to provide a leadership
and educational role in understanding sustainable agriculture. The six
commodity programs (corn, cotton, rice, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat) and
the National Association of Conservation Districts are cooperating in the
project. Demonstration plots with varying levels of inputs were established
the last two years at Agricenter International in Memphis, Tennessee. Test
plots are available for tours throughout the summer and were part of a media
day held on July 26, 1991, at the Center. A favorable review of the project
has led to plans for continuation of a third year with an emphasis on
another symposium and a showcase of demonstration plots July 20-22, 1992.
8. EXCELLENCE IN EXTENSION. The Foundation, in cooperation with the
Wheat Industry Resource Committee, has established a national "Excellence in
Extension" awards program to recognize Cooperative Extension System workers
at the county, multi-county and state levels for their work to improve the
U.S. wheat industry. Recipients of the award receive $250 to support their
wheat-related programs for the benefit of U.S. wheat producers, as well as a
plaque in recognition of their contributions. This program is currently in
its third year.
9. DEVELOPING OPPORTUNITIES FOR U.S. AGRICULTURE. The Developing
World: Opportunities for U.S. Agriculture is a three year development
education program funded, in part, by the State Department's Agency for
International Development. The objective of the program is to increase the
public's awareness of the potential growth demand for U.S. exports in Less
Developed Countries (LDCs). The program trains 68 wheat growers to become
spokespersons on issues of aid, trade, and development with LDCs.
Spokespersons participate in initial issue and media skills training in
Washington, D.C. During the second year, spokespersons are exposed to U.S.
development assistance strategies while at Winrock International Institute
for Agricultural Development. Spokespersons are then eligible for
specialized individual learning experiences and for participation on a
smaller international development and trade team, which will make
presentations to national and international audiences. Throughout
participation in this program, all spokespersons communicate the goals of
the program and related issues to audiences on local and state levels.
Representatives from other commodity groups and national Extensions agents'
associations are invited to attend training sessions and are encouraged to
implement similar training programs for their membership.
10. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUE AWARENESS PROGRAM. Funded by Monsanto
Agricultural Company, this project is designed to help the U.S. wheat
industry take a positive approach to environmental issues. The project has
15 participants from member states. The participants are now providing
leadership within their state associations related to environmental issues,
including soil conservation, pesticide residues and wetlands preservation.
Many have had a number of speaking engagements before state association
conventions, other farm groups, as well as community organizations, and are
actively monitoring state environmental legislation and regulation. By
recruiting spokespersons from around the country to educate farmers and the
public about conservation practices and chemical use, the project will serve
to improve awareness of environmental concern.
11. WHEAT TECHNOLOGY. The newsletter features the latest
breakthroughs in wheat research, production and marketing technology. It
provides in depth coverage of issues affecting all aspects of the industry;
informative production practices, meetings, new publications and products.
Four regional editors bring news from the various wheat producing regions in
every issue; NAWG Foundation Development Committee members contribute a
feature article to each publication; and, a recent feature, the wheat
quality labs are reporting their current work, projects, problems, and
future goals and direction. Wheat Technology will continue to feature the
unique agencies, companies, and persons influencing the wheat industry and
helping to secure its successful future. We encourage articles from
representatives of the U.S. wheat industry.
-------------------------
ITMI Management Office, Genetic Resources Conservation Program, University
of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
The International Triticeae Mapping Initiative
The International Triticeae Mapping Initiative (ITMI) concept was
developed in 1988 by Jan Dvorak and Cal Qualset (University of California,
Davis), Gary Hart (Texas A&M University) and Bikram Gill (Kansas State
University). They saw a need to coordinate and strengthen international
scientific efforts on genome mapping of wheat and related species. The
primary purpose of ITMI is to facilitate strong international collaboration
among investigators by division of labor among the participants, reducing
repetition of work, and thus maximizing the rate of progress in RFLP mapping
of the various Triticeae genomes. The aims of ITMI were clarified by a small
group at a workshop in Davis in June, 1989:
1) To develop linkage and metaphase chromosome maps utilizing RFLP markers
of the chromosomes of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum) and common wheat (T.
aestivum).
2) To develop a comparative map of barley (Hordeum vulgare) utilizing RFLP
markers.
3) To develop a comparative map of rye (Secale cereale) utilizing RFLP
markers.
4) To develop comparative maps of representative diploid species of the
genera in the Triticeae.
5) To construct comparative linkage maps of the diploid ancestors of the
wheat A, B, and D genomes.
6) To determine linkage between RFLP markers and genes controlling specific
agronomically important traits.
Scientists who took on the responsibility for coordination of a
particular chromosome group in wheat, or for the map of another related
species, or for other particular functions (such as database development),
are called ITMI Coordinators. This responsibility implies the coordination
of linkage and physical map development for the assigned chromosomes or
genome. Presently, the ITMI Coordinators comprise Olin Anderson (USDA/ARS,
Albany, California) - database development; Rudi Appels (CSIRO, Canberra) -
Group 1; Jan Dvorak - Group 4; Michael Gale (Cambridge Laboratory, Norwich,
England) - Group 7; Bikram Gill - Group 5; Perry Gustafson (USDA/ARS,
University of Missouri) - R genome; Gary Hart - Group 6; David Hoisington
(CIMMYT, Mexico) - Group 3 (joint); Rafiqul Islam, Peter Langridge and Ken
Shepherd (University of Adelaide) - Group 1 (joint); Peter Sharp (University
of Sydney) - Group 2; and Mark Sorrells and Steven Tanksley (Cornell
University) - Group 3 (joint). ITMI is coordinated at the University of
California, Davis, by Calvin Qualset.
ITMI Investigators are scientists not necessarily involved in mapping,
but are active in cereal genetics, wish to be associated with ITMI, and can
contribute stocks and probes to the mapping effort or utilize mapped probes
for application to wheat improvement. ITMI Affiliate Members are
organizations not necessarily actively developing maps but who will utilize
or benefit from the results of genome mapping. At present these
organizations financially supporting ITMI are Sogetal, Inc. (Hayward, CA),
CIMMYT and ICRISAT. Also, INTA of Argentina have sent a visiting scientist
to work in Jan Dvorak's lab to contribute to the objectives of ITMI. ITMI
Coordinators, Investigators, and Affiliate Member representatives, and
others interested in mapping meet each year at a Public Workshop. This helps
to ensure close ties between researchers and the cereal industry, and
assures that genome mapping results are readily available to public or
private organizations.
The first ITMI Public Workshop, was held in Sacramento, California in
1990, the second in Manhattan, Kansas in 1991, and the third is planned to
be hosted by CIMMYT, Mexico in September 1992. The workshop proceedings are
published. Rapid progress in being made, with some maps presented at the
meetings doubling in the number of mapped probes between 1990 and 1991.
ITMI emphasizes the free exchange of information, materials, probes,
and genetic stocks. As mapping progress advances, masses of data accumulate.
As a result, the communication role of ITMI has become increasingly
important in facilitating information flow. The USDA Plant Genome Research
Program recognizes the importance of computer database development in making
the results of mapping efforts available to all researchers. Olin Anderson
is leading work on the wheat database project, in collaboration with
programmers at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and staff of the National
Agricultural Library. A wheat database group meeting was held just before
the ITMI Public Workshop in September 1991 in Manhattan, Kansas. A prototype
database with a user-friendly graphic interface was shown by John McCarthy
of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Researchers were able to discuss their
needs and expectations of the database. The ITMI Management Office also
functions as an information resource, and is developing, with financial
support from Olin Anderson's program, an ITMI newsletter.
Further information about ITMI may be obtained from the ITMI Management
Office, Genetic Resources Conservation Program, University of California,
Davis, CA 95616 USA, phone (916) 757-8920, fax (916) 757-8755.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES, INC.
Koy E. Miskin*, Gregory J. Holland*, Curtis L. Beazer -- Brookston, IN;
317/563-3111
J. Barton Fogleman*, C. Keith Taylor -- Jonesboro, AR; 501/935-3941
Rob Bruns*, John Moffatt*, Joe Smith*, Jim Reeder* -- Berthoud, CO;
303/532-3721
Northern Soft Red Winter Wheat. This 1991 crop season for soft red
winter wheat was a very severe year. The very wet conditions during heading
and flowering caused extremely severe levels of head scab and the Septorias.
This was coupled with a very hot, dry grain filling period and resulting in
lower yields with very low test weights. Many commercial fields had test
weights in the low 50's and upper 40's.
We conducted a study comparing yields of SRW wheat lines when planted
by weight and adjusted to account for differences in TKW. Eight lines were
used with TKW's ranging from 26 to 42. When seeded by weight each packet of
each line contained 59 grams of seed. This is equal to 30K/square foot
(323K/square meter) if the average TKW is equal to 35. Thus, low TKW lines
will have more K/square foot and high TKW lines will have fewer K/square
foot than desired when planted by weight. When seeded by TKW the correct
numbers of kernels were planted so that all lines were planted at
323K/square meter. Three reps were planted at three locations. Regardless
of which method of determining seeding rate was used the relative ranking of
the varieties was exactly the same. Perhaps it is not necessary to go to
all the labor expense of counting TKW's to determine relative yield.
Table 1. 1991 Packeting Study; Packet by Weight vs. packet by TKW
Three loc.
Var. Grams/Packet Yield (bu/a)
Variety TKW by Wght by TKW % Diff by Wght by TKW
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
89M-447 42 59 71 120 53.5 51.0
88M-3143 26 59 44 75 52.7 50.7
89I-4581 31 59 52 88 48.0 49.9
88M*2451 42 59 71 120 46.6 47.9
89M-4194 31 59 52 88 45.0 45.3
E86*302-7 30 59 51 86 44.4 43.7
E86*302-12 36 59 61 103 41.4 40.6
89M*4307 26 59 44 75 39.0 35.9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
MEANS 46.3 45.6
AgriPro Sawyer (formerly ABI 85-81) was released in 1991 and certified
seed will be available for the 1992-93 season. AgriPro Sawyer is a soft
red winter wheat bred and developed by AgriPro Biosciences Inc. It
originated from the cross Timwin/Monon//Fredrick/Oasis. AgriPro Sawyer is
adapted to the area from eastern Kansas to the east coast and from North
Carolina back to Arkansas and to Wisconsin. AgriPro Sawyer is high
yielding, strong strawed, early maturing and very broadly adapted to the
SRWW region. AgriPro Sawyer provided excellent protection against wheat
spindle streak virus and stem rust; very good protection against powdery
mildew, Septoria nodorum, Rhizoctonia and soilborne mosaic virus. Good
protection is provided against barley yellow dwarf virus, wheat streak
virus, Septoria tritici and leaf rust. AgriPro Sawyer has no known genes
for Hessian fly resistance. Milling quality is very good and baking quality
is rated good. Juvenile growth habit is semi-erect. Coleoptiles are red.
Plant color at boot stage is green with a twisted recurved flag leaf. Head
shape is tapering to strap, mid-dense, and awnletted. Auricles are purple
and pubescence is present. Glumes are midlong and midwide with square to
oblique shoulders and obtuse beaks. Seed is red, ovate in shape with
rounded cheeks. Seed crease width is narrow and depth is shallow. Brush is
large, non-collared and medium long. The germ is medium sized. AgriPro
Biosciences Inc. maintains seed stock and certified classes of foundation,
registered and certified. Application for Plant Variety Protection has been
made and AgriPro Sawyer may only be sold as a class of certified seed.
Dr. Gregory J. Holland has joined AgriPro Biosciences Inc. as the soft
wheat breeder. Dr. Holland comes to us from the University of Minnesota
where his research involved evaluation of a maize recurrent selection
program, the evaluation of maize tissue culture regenerants and the
utilization of RFLP's to investigate DNA methylation patterns in maize. He
is also well trained in genetics, pathology, statistics and quantitative
genetics. We are especially pleased with Dr. Holland's training and hybrid
experience and look forward to the contributions he will make in our
company.
Southern Soft Winter Wheat. Plague and pestilence due to excessive
rainfall devastated the region. Soil viruses, a freak Easter snowstorm and
freeze, a myriad of foliar and head diseases, head scab due to heavy rains
(four or more inches per week during heading and anthesis), army worms, low
wheat prices and heavy discounts (some TW's <40 lb./bu) combined to produce
the worst wheat year we've ever seen. On the bright side, selection
pressures were superb.
AgriPro Mallard (formerly ABI 86-5941) will be available as certified
seed for the 1992-93 season. Mallard is a soft red winter wheat bred and
developed by AgriPro Biosciences Inc. It is high yielding, has medium
maturity and has short, very strong straw. Mallard provides excellent
protection against stem rust and good protection against leaf rust, scab,
Septoria nodorum and wheat spindle streak virus. It also gives good
protection to soilborne mosaic virus, powdery mildew, Septoria tritici and
barley yellow dwarf virus. It has the H6 gene for Hessian fly which gives
protection against biotypes A, B, E, H, I, J and M. Mallard offers little
protection against Rhizoctonia. The milling quality is excellent and baking
quality is very good based on several years of testing. Mallard is best
adapted to the mid south soft wheat region of the United States.
Charles Keith Taylor, assistant wheat breeder, is a welcome addition to
our southern breeding team. Keith (MS'88) has experience in rice breeding,
large farm operations and is a past assistant county supervisor for the
FmHA.
The wet season provided opportunity to get soil virus notes at
Jonesboro, AR, Sikeston, MO and Rutherford, TN. Our speculation is that
Sikeston is primarily SBMV and Rutherford is primarily WSSMV but this was
not assayed. A few trials at Cleveland, MS were heavily infected with downy
mildew. Data are reported below with all ratings on a 1-9 scale (1 =
disease free; 9 = total devastation).
Table 2. 1990-91 Trial Data
SBMV? BOTH? WSSMV? DOWNY MILDEW
Cultivar MO AR TN MS
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABI 87-6646 4.5 3 5.5 1.0
AgriPro Cherokee 2.5 3 3.0 7.0
AgriPro Hunter 4.5 6 5.5 2.5
AgriPro Magnum 5.0 5 6.0 4.5
AgriPro Mallard 5.5 4 7.0 7.0
AgriPro Savannah 5.5 4 5.5 2.0
AgriPro Sawyer 4.5 6 6.0 5.5
AgriPro Traveler 3.5 8 7.5 4.5
AgriPro Twain 3.0 3 2.5 4.0
Bayles 5.5 7 7.0 2.5
FFR 525W 4.5 4 6.5 4.0
Florida 302 4.0 6 7.0 3.5
Georgia 100 3.5 2 4.0 2.5
Keiser 3.5 3 2.5 2.5
Madison 2.5 3 2.0 3.0
NK/Coker 9024 5.0 4 2.0 7.0
NK/Coker 9227 4.0 7 6.5 1.0
NK/Coker 9803 5.5 7 4.5 4.5
NK/Coker 9835 5.0 4 4.5 5.0
NK/Coker 9877 2.0 2 3.0 4.0
Pioneer 2548 6.5 7 7.0 5.0
Pioneer 2555 2.5 3 2.0 6.0
Saluda 4.5 7 7.0 7.0
Terral 101 2.0 2 3.5 2.5
Verne 7.0 7 3.0 5.5
Wakefield 4.0 5 5.0 5.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hard Red Winter Wheat. Assistant Plant Breeder Scott Dorsch resigned
effective August 18, 1991. Scott moved on to a position with Anheuser Busch
Inc. working in their International Barley Division. We want to acknowledge
the tremendous contribution that Scott made to our program and wish him well
in his new endeavor.
The 1990/91 crop year provided relatively good yield information from
nine of twelve locations planted with trial means ranging from 38.9 bu/a at
Nardin, OK to 111.0 bu/a at Berthoud, CO. We experienced significant levels
of leaf rust at every test site and heavy stem rust at our northern and
western sites. Two locations, Everest, KS and Geneva, NE, were lost to hail
damage. Cattle grazing preference for experimental materials over TAM 200
resulted in the loss of several experiments at Garden City, KS. Yield
performance under stress conditions at various stages of crop development in
conjunction with good notes for leaf rust, stem rust, tan spot, Septoria,
spindle streak mosaic virus and shattering helped to move the program
forward.
Two varieties, "Tomahawk" and "Longhorn", were released to our
associate system in 1991 and will be available to the farmer in the fall of
1992. Tomahawk is best described as an improved Victory with broad
adaptation for the southern Great Plains. Tomahawk was previously tested as
WI88-083. It has improved resistances to tan spot, glume blotch, powdery
mildew, and leaf rust over Victory with slightly heavier test weight
patterns.
Longhorn, formerly tested as WI88-024, is an awnless, tall semidwarf with
long coleoptile expression and good grazing characteristics. It is
susceptible to soilborne mosaic and spindle streak mosaic viruses and has
been targeted for the western region as a graze-out wheat. Longhorn also
has acceptable to good bread baking characteristics offering the option to
harvest for grain.
Hard Red Spring Wheat. The hard red spring wheat project personnel
consist of Joe A. Smith, Breeder; John Martin, Assistant Breeder; Barb Cook,
Technician; Linda Sizemore, Technician.
All of our testing sites in 1991 were located in the Red River Valley.
We experienced a very abnormal season for disease, insects and temperature
related problems. This was especially true for areas south of Grand Forks,
ND. Xanthomonas and Fusarium were the primary diseases. Other problems
included high early season temperatures, heat stress at grain filling,
greenbugs, Hessian fly and barley yellow dwarf virus. Trial results in
these areas were highly variable and varietal performance did not correlate
with our long term averages. Early varieties such as 2375 and Butte 86 had
the best performance. At our northern site in Stephen, MN, yields and
diseases more closely resembled past results. It was a very difficult
season for making progress in all stages of the breeding program.
We will be releasing a new hard red spring wheat cultivar in 1992 named
Krona. It was previously tested as N86-0542. Krona is a strong strawed
semidwarf with medium maturity. It has very good protection to leaf and
stem rust, tan spot and Septoria. Its protein levels are low, similar to
Wheaton. Krona will be recommended for the high production areas of the
spring wheat region.
Hybrid Wheat Development. The Hard Wheat Hybrid Development Project
includes Jim Reeder, Manager, and Steve Askelson - Assistant Plant Breeder.
Over 800 HRWW hybrids were made in 1991 at Berthoud, CO, Garden City,
KS and Dumas, TX. Chemical hybridizing agent technology was used to produce
these hybrids. The top 500+ that proved to be producible will be yield
tested in 1992 throughout the region. The yield advantages of previously
made hybrids were very encouraging. The yield stability of hybrids over
locations and over years continues to be high. It is also encouraging to
note that the increase in yield of our hybrids is increasing faster than
that of our varieties. During the 1992 season, out-location test hybrid
production will be done at either Dumas or Hereford, TX in anticipation of
full production as CHA's become registered.
Approximately 450 HRSW hybrids were made at Berthoud using CHA
technology. These will be tested for heterosis in the Red River Valley of
North Dakota and Minnesota. The heterosis observed in 1991 was very
encouraging. Approximately 100 of these hybrids will be retested in 1992.
The purification of inbreds is progressing so that pilot production can be
done as soon as a CHA is registered.
-------------------------
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, Fort Collins, Colorado
Sid Perry, Dave Johnston, Sally Clayshulte, Jill Handwerk and Dana
Shellberg
1990-91 Season. Above normal winter survival differential was obtained
in both Colorado and Nebraska nurseries. Heavy leaf rust infection occurred
late in Fort Collins. Our location in Western Missouri had extremely severe
glume blotch. The Texas panhandle provided a very good environment for
hybrid performance.
Production. CHA and CMS hybrids were produced in Colorado. CHA
hybrids were also produced in Argentina, including WxW, SxW, and SxS. The
effectiveness of hybrid production and consolidation of our production
efforts among our international programs may make Argentina in strategic
test hybrid production area for Cargill in the future.
Testing. We are testing large numbers of F1 and F2 hybrids. While the
F1 remains the premium product, some F2 combinations are giving surprising
results, with a corresponding "cheaper to produce" advantage. We will
continue evaluating this possibility. We are utilizing several public and
private programs to provide additional testing over more environments.
-------------------------
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, Tamworth, N.S.W., Australia
Richard Daniel, David Donaldson, Michael Materne, Michael Nowland,
Chris Tyson, Jane and Peter Wilson
Low Wheat Prices. The low wheat prices secured by growers for their
crop harvested November/December, 1990, and the depressed price expectation
at planting (April/July, 1991) forced growers to:
1) sow alternative crops
2) reduce wheat areas
3) reduce wheat crop inputs
This had the effect of severely reducing the quantity of hybrid seed
purchased by growers.
These events illustrate the impact of grain price on the profitability
of growing F1 hybrid wheat compared to growing varieties.
Planting Time. The major planting period for wheat in northwest N.S.W.
is between April and July but regardless of planting time, it is highly
desirable that the crops flower in early October. Earlier flowering greatly
increases the risk of frost damage to the peduncle and inflorescence and
later flowering increases the likelihood of yield loss due to high
temperatures and moisture stress during flowering and grain development.
Breeders manipulate the genes for vernalization and photoperiod response to
control the flowering time of their varieties. Inadequate moisture for
planting or prolonged periods of wet weather inhibiting planting generally
determine the actual planting time(s) each season. In some years, farmers
are unable to sow varieties of particular maturity groups as suitable
planting conditions do not occur at the optimum sowing time for those
varieties.
As a consequence, some of the more progressive growers retain up to
200% of their expected wheat varietal seed requirements in order to ensure
they have adequate seed of a suitable variety, or varieties, to plant when
conditions allow. This uncertainty of sowing time also has the effect, that
if growers consider growing F1 hybrid varieties, they only purchase seed
immediately prior to sowing, and hybrid in certain maturity groups may not
be sown at all in some years. This creates an inventory problem for hybrid
seed companies.
In order to alleviate this problem, we have attempted to develop
hybrids that include a wider range of maturity groups, and to better
manipulate the genes for vernalization response to produce hybrid with no
increased planting window.
Specific Incompatibility for Fertility Restoration. The expression
difficult to restore females has previously been used to describe
cytoplasmically sterile lines (timpoheevi cytoplasm) that are not as
effectively restored by particular restorer lines(s) as others. One very
high yielding A-line was poorly restored by what were considered to be good
restorer lines and was about to be discarded as being too difficult to
restore. However, other equally good restorer lines were inadvertently
found to adequately restore the line in question. Furthermore, crosses
between restorer lines (carrying timpoheevi cytoplasm) each having been
selected for their ability to restore one or more A-lines, produced F1
progeny that varied in fertility nearly sterile to completely fertile.
These evens serve to illustrate our poor understanding of fertility
restoration for the timpoheevi cytoplasm, and are being further
investigated.
-------------------------
CARGILL ARGENTINE - Hybrid Wheat Program
Nestor G. Machado - Pedro M. Paulucci - Hector J. Martinuzzi
General environmental conditions we had in our nurseries were fairly
representative of what happened on farmer's plots. During winter time,
excessive rains delayed plantings 30 to 45 days. This was quite restrictive
for some winter types and for some long cycle springs. Fortunately, weather
during spring time was cooler than normal allowing acceptable tillering and
very good head fertility. As a result of all these factors, good yield were
obtained in almost all areas. At harvesting time some areas were severely
damaged by heavy hail and wind storms.
Diseases were present and diversified. Fusarium sp., P. graminis, P.
recondita and Septoria tritici were the ost commonly present diseases.
Lodging and shattering at harvesting time were also causes of discarding.
As a result of these adversities a good selection was accomplished for the
breeding material and a good evaluation was done on the hybrid yield trials.
In spite of the presence of diseases, yields were not affected as expected.
Except for the very susceptible ones, many varieties and hybrids performed
very well at a level of historical records for each location.
Considering our Advanced Yield Trial #1, we found:
Location Pergamino 9 de Julio Necochea
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Hybrids Avg. 4623 122 6934 112 8009 106
Varieties Avg. 3169 83 5627 91 7281 96
Yield Trial Avg. 3809 100 6208 100 7604 100
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Averages of 20 commercial varieties and 16 hybrids.
Pergamino can be described as an environment with high disease infection and
medium fertility soil, 9 de Julio as a medium disease infection and high
fertility soil and Necochea as a low disease infection and high fertility
soil.
Hybrids production 408 cms hybrids were produced in 23 isolated plots that
produced good amount of seed. Two new experimental A lines achieved 100%
seed set being the first time we have this in our lines. Our commercial
production plots also had outstanding yields on those plots with good
nicking. 1167 chemical hybrids were produced using the gametocide Monsanto
21200. Combinations of winter/winter, winter/spring and spring/spring were
done including advance dlines from different origins and breeding material
as well. Using different planting dates for male and females, very
different growth habits can be outcrossed under our conditions.
Hybrids evaluation: 391 cms hybrids were evaluated in 3 research stations
and 5 precommercial hybrids were tested in 12 locations. We have just
finished the statistical analysis of these trials and have selected 1 more
hybrid as a new commercial for 1992 season, and 2 more will probably be
released in 1993. 1832 chemical hybrids were evaluated in 2 locations and
we are now processing the obtained data. Some winter/winter and
winter/spring that were planted too late did not express their total
potential. The information we will get from these trials will be useful to
know and classify the lines and germplasm according to their combining
ability.
-------------------------
GOERTZEN SEED RESEARCH
Kenneth, Betty, and Kevin Goertzen
A few hard red winter wheat varieties were identified to be used in
identity preserved production programs. All are high protein, high quality,
good yielding, bread wheats which can be used where wheats of outstanding
bread quality are desired.
One hard white winter wheat with excellent bread making characteristics
and good yield capability is being increased for use.
A winter hardy forage Triticale developed in the GSR program was
marketed in 1991.
Our breeding goals continue to emphasize characteristics of greatest
economic importance.
Breeders seed cleaning facilities were added in 1991. Additional seed
storage, cleaning and warehousing facilities were leased for use in 1992.
Additional bins have been installed for breeders seed storage.
A new company was formed by Goertzen Seed Research employees to serve
as a marketing organization for GSR developments. President is Kenbe D.
Goertzen. Roy Lanning is Vice President and Manager. Vice President for
technology is Kenneth L. Goertzen. Betty L. Goertzen is secretary and Kevin
W. Goertzen is Treasurer. Goertzen Quality Wheat, Inc., will work with
present identity preserved programs for contract grain production and sales.
Goertzen Seed Research will increase its contract research and will
increase parents for identify preserved hybrids.
-------------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Jerry Wilson, Bud Hardesty, Karolyn Ely -
Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar - Lafayette, IN
Hybrid Evaluation. Analyses of five years of data from the SRPN and
NRPN regional nurseries are shown in Tables 1 and 2. The hybrids yielded
from 7 to 13 percent above public or private pure lines. Hybrids were also
more responsive to changes in environment and were more stable than pure
line entries. Data from HybriTech trials confirm the response and stability
comparisons.
Hybrid performance has been gaining compared to varietal checks at a
rate of about 2% per year. Current levels of performance are about 12%
above the best check variety and 22% above the average of several good
varieties. Two experimental hybrids in Montana have been about 28% better
than the best check averaged over two years.
A new hybrid for irrigated areas, Quantum 588A, was released in 1991.
It has been about 6 bu/A higher yielding than Quantum 588, which it will
replace.
Table 1. Performance data from the SRPN
Yield (% of Checks)
Source 1986(#) 1987(#) 1988(#) 1989(#) 1990(#) avg(sum)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 118(27) 114(27) 116(28) 103(24) 120 (26) 114(132)
Private 116 (7) 115 (6) 119 (9) 104 (12) 108 (4) 112(38)
Hybrid 127 (8) 119 (7) 119 (5) 113 (6) 126 (4) 121(30)
Response (b)
Public 1.01 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.00 1.00
Private 0.98 1.03 1.03 0.97 0.98 1.00
Hybrid 1.04 1.08 1.09 1.12 1.07 1.08
Stability (r2)
Public 0.88 0.90 0.88 0.89 0.92 0.89
Private 0.86 0.91 0.91 0.90 0.93 0.90
Hybrid 0.92 0.94 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.93
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Performance data from the NRPN
Yield (% of Checks)
Source 1986(#) 1987(#) 1988(#) 1989(#) 1990(#) avg(sum)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Public 111 (20) 108 (24) 107 (20) 108 (13) 110 (18) 109(95)
Private 121 (1) 102 (5) 127 (1) 100 (2) - (0) 106(9)
Hybrid 116 (6) 124 (4) 118 (2) 117 (4) 119 (4) 119(20)
Response (b)
Public 1.03 0.99 0.99 0.97 0.99 1.00
Private 1.15 0.91 1.16 0.94 - 0.97
Hybrid 1.00 1.31 1.24 1.11 1.23 1.15
Stability (r2)
Public 0.83 0.86 0.90 0.89 0.94 0.88
Private 0.91 0.83 0.88 0.89 - 0.86
Hybrid 0.83 0.93 0.89 0.95 0.96 0.91
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Male Project. Restorer lines may be evaluated in hybrid form by using
them as females in GHA (Genesis hybridizing agent) crossing blocks, using
B-line males. Hybrids produced are performance tested and evaluated for
restoration in replicated trials at four sites. In three such southern
trials in 1991, the mean of the best five hybrids vs. the check mean was
108%, 119%, and 123% respectively. We have now generated three years of
this type of data in our southern program based in Wichita and two years
from the northern program based in Billings.
Line yield testing continues. Two-hundred thirty-six and 82 advanced
lines were tested respectively from the southern and northern programs in
1991. Data from 92 station years from 1987 through 1991 indicates an 18%
yield improvement over older restorer lines used as checks. The same data
shows a slight but not significant increase over new varieties used as
checks.
Results from 1991 crossing blocks at Wichita and Halstead, Kansas were
similar to the long term. CMS female yield levels across 14 males at
Wichita were 94% of the male with male test weights averaging 60.4% pounds
per bushel. The blocks are irrigated and treated with fungicide.
Female Project. Weather for the 1990/91 crop year generally was
favorable throughout the Great Plains. The crop went into winter in good
shape although conditions turned relatively dry in late fall. Survival was
very good in our southern nursery sites at Wichita, Mt. Hope, and Leoti,
Kansas. Some winter-killing occurred at Hastings, Nebraska, especially in
the headrow nurseries where stand densities were low. The Pryor, Montana
site was totally lost to high winds which desiccated the plants and drifted
the dry soil.
Some leaf rust was observed at Wichita and Mt. Hope as well as some
SBMV. However, the rust developed too late to be of much use in making
selections. Stem rust expression was excellent at Hastings and Sidney,
Nebraska.
Three relatively late-maturing A-lines were sent to our foundation seed
division for initial seed increase. They have shown hybrid potential for
the northern plains. An earlier dwarf A-line was retained for further
purification of height differences.
Adaptation Project. In an effort to keep abreast of the major problem
affecting the southern Great Plains, eight inbreds were sent to the Cereal
Rust Lab in St. Paul, Minnesota. Initial tests indicate good levels of leaf
rust resistance in most of these lines. A continual effort will be made by
this project to pyramid genes for resistance into all parental lines that
will be used in hybrid combination.
Several lines have been developed with Russian Wheat Aphid tolerance (a
low level of resistance) when tested at this facility. In an effort to
bolster our level of resistance a crossing program will be initiated this
spring with the crossing of these lines to the Colorado RWA resistant
germplasm line CORWA 1.
Quality Lab. We finished the 1990 crop with slightly over 11,000
samples tested. Because of the large numbers, we did not bake as many of
the Hard Winter samples as we would have liked. Baking tests were continued
until mid-July, overlapping testing of the 1991 early generation and
observation samples which began in early July. A major goal for this season
is to complete the bread baking tests by mid-June.
The total number of samples being tested for the 1991 crop is down
slightly from last year. We have processed approximately 9,400 samples thus
far and will not have many more before the end of the season. Testing at
all levels (early generation, preliminary and advanced) is down for the Hard
Winter wheats but numbers for preliminary and advanced testing for the Soft
Winter program are up sharply; approximately 2 1/2 times more samples than
last year.
Because of the large number of samples being processed, much of our
effort this past year went into finding ways to be faster and more
efficient. New computer methods have helped considerably in this regard.
We now receive a computer list from the breeder when he submits samples to
the lab. This list can be transferred directly into the quality file and
lab numbers are then assigned by the computer. This saves the time of
recording the samples by hand, stamping the lab numbers on the paper and
typing the information into the computer. We have also started sending the
quality reports back to the breeder on the computer. In this way he can
transfer the data directly into his files even before he receives the
printed copy of the report.
Soft Red Winter Project. Hybrid Testing and Heterosis
A total of 1530 single-cross hybrids were evaluated over eight test
locations in the Corn Belt region of the U.S.A. in 1991. A number of our
hybrid trials have one or both parents included in the test in an attempt to
monitor the amount of heterosis we are observing in our soft red winter
wheat germplasm. This information is also used to assign breeding lines to
our germplasm pools. The average amount of best parent heterosis [(F-1
yield/Best Parent yield) x 100] for grain yield, and the number of hybrids
the average is based on, is presented below for each of eight crop years:
Average
Best Parent Heterosis Number of
Year for Grain Yield (%) Hybrids
------------------------------------------------------------
1984 99 50
1985 103 91
1986 111 127
1987 103 37
1988 102 57
1989 103 114
1990 104 427
1991 112 1204
------------------------------------------------------------
Average: 104.6
We've also evaluated best parent heterosis for test weight for several
years, though with fewer hybrids. Test weight of the hybrid is frequently
equal to test weight of the better parent. Average best parent heterosis
for test weight, and the number of hybrids evaluated, is given below for
five crop years:
Average
Best Parent Heterosis Number of
Year for Test Weight (%) Hybrids
-------------------------------------------------------------
1984 100.3 61
1986 99.8 18
1989 99.0 36
1990 100.0 24
1991 102.1 112
-------------------------------------------------------------
Average: 100.2
Hybrid Production. A total of 453 females and 25 males were used in an
attempt to produce 2400 unique hybrid combinations with the hybridizing
agent 'Genesis" (MON 21250). We were successful in producing 2249 hybrids,
abandoning 151 hybrids (6.3%) due to poor sterility or unacceptable nick.
Average percent hybrid seed on the 2249 successful hybrids was 98.1%.
Although we achieved good sterility in 1991, seed yields were the
lowest on record. This was due to several factors, including a critical
lack of wind during the early days of the flowering season, and also due to
the scab epiphytotic which occurred throughout much of the soft wheat region
in 1991. Average seed yield from our crossing block program is presented
below. For comparison purposes, the average yield of all entries in our
elite line test, which is grown on the same farm, is also presented. Our
long-term seed yield average is approaching 50% of the yield from our elite
line trials:
Average Hybrid Average Yield
Number of Seed Yield Elite Line Test
Year Hybrids (Bu/A)
(Bu/A)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
1984 290 23.5 49.8
1985 334 40.9 63.7
1986 62 22.1 38.2
1989 1433 28.1 91.0
1990 2111 40.2 64.8
1991 2249 14.9 54.5
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Averages: 28.3 60.3
We are continuing to develop wheat hybrids with the goal of entering
the commercial market in the mid-90's. Our better hybrids which we continue
to test and develop are approaching a 15-20% yield advantage over the
average performance of four competitive regional check varieties.
-------------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL - CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT
Dennis Dunphy*, Sam Wallace, Richard Evans - Lafayette, IN; Leon
Fischer, Kent Baker* - Mt. Hope, KS
Performance of MON 21200 in 1991. MON 21200 is being developed as a
hybridizing agent for wheat. MON 21200 again performed very well over a
wide range of environments and genotypes in 1991. Excellent sterility was
obtained in all regions. Seed yield in the SRW region was lower than
normal. Warm, rainy weather at pollination time reduced outcrossing in seed
production tests, and also favored a high incidence of head scab which
further reduced seed yields. Seed yields of the long term check line in
research plots averaged 50 to 73 percent outcrossing, compared to the six
year average for this region of 79%. Seed set in the western HRW region was
outstanding at all locations, averaging 78 to 99%. The five year average
for this region is 87%.
Commercialization. HybriTech will use the trademark name Genesisr for
marketing commercially the compound MON 21200. Registration of Genesisr is
proceeding on schedule, and we anticipate obtaining full registration for
this compound. We are continuing to provide technical support for
cooperating breeding programs that license this hybridization technology,
with a goal of being able to place wheat hybrids produced with Genesisr on
the market by the mid-1990's.
-------------------------
NICKERSON S. A. Chartainvilliers - France
Since October 1989 the share-holding company has changed from SHELL to
LIMAGRAIN. This for the moment has no direct effects on the wheat breeding
programme for France. The objective of the program remains the same - to
breed wheat for France, particularly North of the Loire Valley with the main
selection objectives being yield and quality, disease resistance,
agronomics. Two varieties were listed recently: ARCHE, C1 with high
productivity (89), and ARUM, a feed wheat with high productivity (90); both
are available if any colleagues are interested.
-------------------------
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
Fred Collins*, June Hancock*, and Craig Allen* - Bay, AR
Production Season. The 1992 season will go down in infamy for most
soft red winter wheat growers. Generally the crop potential was good to
excellent until grain fill at which time weather conditions deteriorated and
head blight diseases exploded. Along the Gulf Coast, farmers had excellent
crops but many were never able to harvest due to an extended rainy period.
In the Mid-South and Mid-West regions, yield and grain quality were
devastated by a complex of bacterial black chaff, Septoria nodorum, and
scab. Black chaff was worse in southern areas while scab was more severe in
the northern part, particularly behind no-till corn. Farmers in the
Southeast ended up with a fairly good crop but they experienced losses from
powdery mildew and hessian fly.
New Releases. Two varieties were released to seed growers in 1991.
Coker 9105 is positioned for the Gulf Coastal area based on its short
vernalization, medium maturity and resistance to leaf and stem rust. Coker
9543 should fit the niche that had been occupied by Coker 747; it has high
test weight grain, resistance to the prevalent foliar diseases and biotype E
of hessian fly, and the most winter hardiness present in the line-up of
Coker varieties.
Two experimental lines have been named and turned over to production.
Coker 9134 was tested as C87-13wh; it will be positioned generally south of
Interstate highway 40. Coker 9904 was tested as CL850643 and will be sold
primarily in the region from Maryland to S.Carolina where the new powdery
mildew race is attacking existing varieties.
Low Soil pH Tolerance. A screening nursery was grown in Northeast
Arkansas on an acid (pH of 4.7 to 4.9) soil which was high in manganese.
Varieties were grown as paired plots (limed versus unlimed) using two
replications. Dramatic differences were observed. Varietal entries
represented a broad cross section of presently available soft red winter
wheats. Preliminary data has been shared with breeders and extension
specialists in the region.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Dept. of Wheat Breeding, Johnston, Iowa, Ian B. Edwards
Pioneer's wheat research operations include breeding stations at
Windfall, Indiana; St. Matthews, South Carolina; Frouville, France; and
Sevilla, Spain. In addition, screening nurseries and/or field trials are
conducted in ten other countries, primarily Europe. Support is provided
from Johnston, IA, in the areas of data management, plant pathology,
entomology, biotechnology, biochemistry laboratory support, and quality
analyses.
Varietal Releases. a) U.S.:Pioneer Soft Red Winter varieties, 2510 and
2545, received commercial numbers and will be marketed in 1992. Our first
Soft White Winter wheat variety, 2737W, received a commercial number and
will be marketed in Michigan in 1992. b) Spain: Pioneer Hard Red Winter
wheat variety, Trento, was officially registered and will be marketed in
northern Spain.
Quality Evaluation. Our laboratory at Johnston is currently handling
all soft wheat quality analysis for our U.S. wheat stations. Lisa Hagen,
formerly spring wheat research technician for Pioneer at Glyndon, Minnesota,
is in charge of the program.
In France our station at Frouville conducts protein, SDS sedimentation,
milling, and mixograph tests. Alveograph and baking tests are contracted.
The quality laboratory at Aussonne provides support with high molecular
weight glutenin sub-unit analyses. Our laboratories in France are also
evaluating samples from other European countries. In Spain our program
currently conducts NIR protein, and the remaining tests are contracted
locally.
Staff. Jose-Maria Urbano was appointed wheat breeder and project
leader for Pioneer in Spain in June 1991. He is from Cordoba, Spain, and
will shortly submit his doctoral thesis at the University of Cordoba.
Tina Marshall was appointed data coordinator for the wheat department
and is providing support to both our U.S. and European wheat stations. She
is based in Windfall, Indiana, and also conducts several projects supporting
our soft wheat research.
Bill Laskar, staff breeder at Windfall, IN, has broadened his germplasm
and special project responsibilities. He will coordinate germplasm movement
between our U.S. and European programs.
-------------------------
Windfall, IN - Gregory C. Marshall, William J. Laskar, and
Kyle J. Lively
The 1990-91 Season. Late harvests of corn and soybeans, accompanied by
frequent rains, significantly reduced the total acreage of Soft Red Winter
wheat planted in the fall of 1990. Fortunately, we had few difficulties in
getting all of our nursery and yield tests planted. The wheat crop and our
plots generally looked excellent with the spring green-up through to
heading. In fact, as the wheat was heading, many crop reports
optimistically predicted the best soft wheat crop in years in much of the
"corn belt" region. Within a matter of days, however, the picture changed
drastically. Light showers, unseasonably warm temperatures, and high
humidity, while much of the wheat crop was flowering, caused a veritable
explosion of Fusarium head scab in much of the area of southern Ohio,
Kentucky, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and Missouri. Levels of head
scab were higher than ever seen before, destroying many fields, and severely
damaging most other fields. The damage to the crop was further compounded
by Septoria nodorum glume blotch, bacterial leaf blight, leaf rust, and the
abnormal heat and drought that pushed the crop to early maturity as well.
The resulting crop was of very poor quality, and farmers received little for
the grain in the worst areas, if they were able to sell it at all. In more
northern parts of the soft wheat region, the crop was much better, though
still adversely affected by moderate scab, other diseases, and the short,
hot growing season.
Selection and Yield Testing. The extreme levels of head scab rendered
most of our yield and selection nurseries nearly useless in the southern
part of our testing region, however, we did collect some interesting
information on cultivar reaction to the head scab. While the level of scab
infection in soft wheat is almost entirely due to environmental conditions,
and the soft wheat is almost entirely due to environmental conditions, and
the maturity of specific cultivars at the time of infection, there did
appear to be some slight differences in tolerance to the disease within
maturity groups.
The following table contains yield data and scores for head scab ranked by
heading date, as noted for our commercial test, entries grown at our Ft.
Branch, IN, test location.
Scab Scores and Grain Yields of Commercial Cultivars Ranked by Heading Date
Scab Heading Grain
Cultivar Score Date Yield
(1-9)* (bu/ac)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Auburn 6.0 129.0 41.6
Cardinal 7.0 127.0 53.9
2510 7.0 127.0 51.7
Becker 5.5 126.0 37.1
Dynasty 3.5 126.0 25.9
2545 5.0 125.0 40.3
2550 5.0 124.0 38.6
Caldwell 4.0 123.5 28.8
2551 4.5 123.5 29.9
Pacer 4.5 123.0 36.2
Wakefield 5.5 123.0 50.2
2548 5.0 121.5 38.0
2555 2.0 121.0 37.2
Madison 4.0 119.5 55.1
Twain 4.5 119.5 54.0
Clark 4.5 119.0 45.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
* 9 = no symptoms, 1 = severe symptoms
New Releases. In August of 1991, Pioneer released two new Soft Red
Winter wheats and a new Soft White Winter wheat for fall 1992 sales.
Pioneer cultivar "2510" is an awnless, late maturity Soft Red Winter wheat,
with outstanding yield potential and disease resistance. It has shown an
average 4% yield advantage over 2548 the last 4 years in the soft wheat
region, with greater advantages in the northern portion of the region.
Pioneer cultivar "2545" is also an awnless Soft Red Winter wheat, with
medium maturity, winterhardiness, and an excellent yield potential. It has
averaged about a 1% yield advantage over 2548 the last 4 years, but is less
adapted to areas in the south due to its high vernalization requirement.
Pioneer cultivar "2737W" is an awnless Soft White Winter wheat which is much
earlier maturity than other white wheats sold in the region. At about 7
days earlier maturity, 2737W has shown average 14% and 17% yield advantages
over Augusta and Frankenmuth, respectively, the last 5 years.
-------------------------
St. Mathews, SC - Benjamin E. Edge and Phil L. Shields
The 1990-91 Season. Excessive rainfall was the over-riding
environmental influence in the 1990-91 wheat growing season in the
southeastern U.S. Wet weather caused problems in planting with waterlogged
soils during the season, delayed top-dressing, and created ideal conditions
for disease development.
We saw considerable amounts of leaf rust and powdery mildew on wheat
along the East Coast. Lines with the Lr26 and Pm8 genes associated with
1B/1R were widely susceptible in this area for the first time. Leaf
blights, particularly tan spot and Septoria nodorum, were very severe. The
diseases and wet weather during grain fill and harvest led to very low test
weights. Southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, which were
drier than other areas, had respectable yields and test weights.
We initiated a leaf blight screening nursery for our elite yield test.
The results of the study are reported below for the commercial cultivars in
the test. The predominant pathogen present was tan spot. We inoculated two
replications of headrows with wheat straw from the previous season. Pioneer
2548 and 2510 had the highest level of resistance at the juvenile stage;
while Florida 302, Coker 916, and Coker 9766, had resistance equal to 2548
and 2510 at the adult plant stage.
Tan Spot Resistance Scores
Cultivar Juvenile Plant Adult Plant
Name Score* Score*
--------------------------------------------------
2510 8.0 6.5
2548 7.0 6.5
2555 5.5 6.0
Coker 916 5.0 6.5
Coker 983 5.0 4.0
Coker 9766 6.0 6.5
Florida 302 6.0 7.0
Florida 303 5.0 5.0
--------------------------------------------------
* 9 = no symptoms, 1 = severe symptoms
The mid-South area suffered from excess water from planting to harvest.
Some fields were essentially drowned, and much acreage just did not get
planted. Bacterial leaf blight reached epidemic levels under these
conditions, and Septoria tritici added to the problem. Then, after
flowering, Fusarium head scab destroyed most of the yield potential
remaining. Farmers had a difficult time selling their wheat due to the low
test weights and toxin concerns.
Selection Nursery. All of the disease pressure actually made for a
productive selection season. Despite heavy infection levels, our F2 nursery
contained some very promising material, and F3 headrows for 1991-92 will be
at a new high for us of 53,000 rows. Our mini-plot observation nursery for
the F4 and F5 generations worked very well, and our F6 numbers for 1991-92
will be up. We feel this should help feed our yield testing program, where
numbers will be down due to the severe disease pressure this year. Our
biggest concern is that early maturity provided a distinct yield advantage
this year, whereas, it may not be desirable for wide adaptation in most
years. Therefore, we have retained some later-maturing lines that performed
well at our northern testing locations.
Equipment. We installed a cell counter on our mini-plot planter, which
makes it much easier to calibrate plot length. For our headrow trays, we
built metal racks that can be loaded onto a truck as a unit, eliminating
some of the lifting work and much of the wear and tear on the trays. We
tried drip irrigation in our greenhouse, but we had more success with weekly
soakings by spray nozzles.
Personnel. Mark Jumper and Bob Williamson joined our staff as
technicians during the latter part of 1990. Mark has experience in metal
fabrication, and Bob was a farmer and seed salesman before joining Pioneer.
-------------------------
Frouville, France, Guy Dorlencourt, Robert Marchand, and Quitterie
Vanderpol
The 1990-91 Season. Normal January conditions were followed by a very cold
February with snow -17o for a three-day period following moderate frosts.
Good winterhardiness observations were made at our test locations.
Precipitation remained well below normal overall, and this was the third
successive year of moisture deficits. However, cool temperatures and some
timely rain around flowering helped the crop through. The main nursery was
planted at Frouville, with additional test locations at Reims, Peronne, and
Beauvais. Yields were good in most parts of France, with an average of 7
tons/hectare. While yields in southern France were above the 1990 harvest,
in northern France early-maturing varieties were adversely affected by
temperatures of -8o on April 28, and frost also occurred at anthesis. Under
these conditions, the late-maturing lines, Apollo, Thesee, and Soissons,
performed very well, while Recital (early) was 10% lower in yield. Powdery
mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was present at a high level and provided a good
screening. In contrast, the levels of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) and
Septoria were below normal.
Hybrid Wheat. Fifteen yield trials of 30 entries each were conducted.
Entries were selected on the basis of preliminary test performance and/or
productability with the chemical hybridizing agent. With the season
favoring late-maturing varieties, the yield advantage of the top hybrids was
slightly lower than in previous years, ranging from 9-16 percent above the
top check cultivars. Each year, we evaluate the top five lines from each of
our germplasm pools for per se yield performance. The mean yields in our
1991 experiment were as follows:
Germplasm Pool Mean Yield (qu/ha) %
-------------------------------------------------------
1. France 92.8 100
2. U.K. 89.8 97
3. Pioneer (U.S.) 88.0 95
4. Northern Europe 87.6 94
5. Eastern Europe 84.7 91
6. Mediterranean 79.4 86
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Varietal Development. The elite test was grown at four locations, and
the overall mean yield was 88.1 quintals/hectare (CV. 5.0%). Apollo was the
top-yielding check, with a mean yield of 100.2 qu/ha compared with 97.5,
92.8, and 88.3 qu/ha for Soissons, Thesee, and Recital, respectively. Three
top-yielding Pioneer lines are currently undergoing seed purification and
increase for registration. Three generations per year of single seed
descent have been achieved on specifically targeted crosses. The program is
also developing lines targeted for the U.K. and northern Europe; and the
seed purification and increase program in France is handling lines for
registration in other EC countries.
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Sevilla, Spain: Jose-Maria Urbano, Ian Edwards, Maximiliano Hidalgo and
Manuel Peinado
Spring Wheat Varietal Development. The elite spring wheat variety test
was grown at 6 locations and had a mean yield of 43.7 qu/ha (CV 8.1%). The
top-yielding variety, RBI0104, outyielded the top check (Cartaya) by 11% and
Anza by 21%. It is currently undergoing seed purification and increase.
Two new spring wheats passed first year registration. They are:
ESTERO -A Hard White dwarf wheat of very high baking quality. In five years
of testing, it has
outyielded Yecora rojo by 10% and has better resistance to leaf rust,
powdery mildew, and Septoria. It is 4 days later-maturing as a result of
better leaf survival.
MULERO -A HRS wheat with broad adaptability. It has a 4% yield advantage
over Anza in northern Spain and a3% yield advantage over Cartaya in southern
Spain, with superior test