GrainGenes
A Database for Triticeae and Avena
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
Volume 39
Edited by J. S. Quick, Department of Agronomy, Colorado State University,
Fort Collins, CO, USA; Financial arrangements made by Ian B. Edwards,
Treasurer, Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Johnston, IA, USA. Carolyn
Schultz, Senior Secretary, CSU Department of Agronomy, typed and collated
the information for the printing of this volume. Facilities and assistance
during manuscript editing were kindly provided by Colorado State University.
* * * * * *
Additional regional editing and manuscript solicitation were done by:
J. S. Noll, Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada
R. A. Fischer, CIMMYT, Mexico, D. F., Mexico
K. S. Gill, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana,
Punjab, India
T. E. Miller, Plant Sci. Res., Cambridge Laboratory,
Norwich, England
H. A. van Niekerk, Small Grain Center, Bethlehem, South
Africa
B. C. Curtis, Former CIMMYT Wheat Director, Retired
* * * * * *
This volume was financed by voluntary contributions - list included. The
information in this Newsletter is considered as personal contributions.
Before citing any information herein, obtain the consent of the specific
author(s). The Newsletter is sponsored by the National Wheat Improvement
Committee, USA.
* * * * * *
1 June 1993
460 copies printed
Publications Services, Colorado State University
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
ZOLTAN BARABAS 1
ROBERT L. BURTON 2
DAVE JOHNSTON 3
HOWARD N. LAFEVER 4
COLIN N. LAW 5
CHARLES C. RUSSELL 6
ERVIN WILLIAMS, JR. 7
I. SPECIAL REPORTS 8
Minutes - Wheat Crop Advisory Committee 8
Minutes - National Wheat Improvement Committee 9
Members - National Wheat Improvement Committee 23
Wheat Workers Code of Ethics 24
Wheat Database Organization and 1992 Progress Report 24
USDA Research on Wheat and Rye, 1863 to 1972 27
II. CONTRIBUTIONS 71
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES
Rob Bruns, John Moffat, Joe Smith, Jim Reeder - Berthoud, CO
Barton Fogleman, Erwin Ridge - Jonesboro, AR
Koy Miskin, Gregory Holland, Curtis Beazer - Brookston, IN
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, INC. 74
D. R. Johnston, S. W. Perry, J. E. Handwerk, Sally R. Clayshulte,
D. P. Shellberg - Fort Collins, CO
Nestor Machado, Pedro Paulucci, Hector Mertinuzzi - Argentina
R. P. Daniel, D. Donaldson, Garry Lane, Michael Materne, M. J.
Nowland, C. J. Tyson, D. J. Wilson, P. Wilson - Tamworth, Australia
GOERTZEN SEED COMPANY76
Kenneth, Kevin, and Betty Goertzen - Haven, KS
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC. 77
John Erickson, Jerry Wilson, Steve Kuhr, Dennis Delaney, Jerry
Wilson, Bud Hardesty, Karolyn Ely - Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar -
Lafayette, IN; Hal Lewis - Corvallis, OR
HYBRINOVA78
A. Gervais - Les Ulis Cedex, France
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY79
Fred Collins, June Hancock, Craig Allen - Bay, AR
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC. 80
Johnston, IA - I. B. Edwards
Windfall, IN - G. C. Marshall, W. J. Laskar, K. J. Lively
St. Mathews, SC - B. E. Edge, P. L. Shields
Frouville, France - G. Dorencourt, R. Marchand, O. Vanderpol
Sevilla, Spain - J. M. urbano, M. Hidalgo, M. Peinado
Sissa (Parma), Italy - M. Tanzi
Pandorf, Austria - G. Reichenberger
Winford, Cheshire, England - Ian Edwards, Simon Jones
Buxtehude, Germany - H. Schoenwallder, Ian Edwards
SVALOF WEIBULL AB85
Poinville, France - J. P. Jossett, et al.
Landskrona, Sweden - G. Svensson
TRIO RESEARCH, INC. 85
J. Wilson - Wichita, KS
ARGENTINA 86
F. Bidinost, B. Ferro, F. Salvagiotti, S. Beas, N. C. Guzman,
C. A. Pipoll, J. Casati, R. Roldan, W. Londero, J. C. Funes,
J. C. Miranda, M. J. Miarka, D. Bonelli, G. Manera, R. Maich,
C. Olmos, C. Ferraris, F. Gil, C. Bainotti, N. Contin - Cordoba
M. L. Appendino, G. M. P. Camargo, N. Zelener, M. Argeaga,
E. Suarez, G. Covas, Laura Bullrich, G. Tranquilli, E. Cetour,
B. Formica, L. Faraldo - Castellar
AUSTRALIA 90
NEW SOUTH WALES
C. W. Wrigley, CSIRO, Sydney
J. Bell, G. N. Brown, D. Backhouse, N. L. Darvey,
L. W. Burgess, R. A. McIntosh, D. R. Marshall,
J. D. Oates, R. Park, R. Roake, F. Stoddard, P. J. Sharp,
D. The, C. R. Wellings - Sydney and Cobbitty
L. O'Brien, F. W. Ellison, R. M. Trethowan, A. B.
Pattison, D. J. Mares, S. G. Moore et al.
R. A. Hare - Tamworth
QUEENSLAND 96
P. S. Brennan, P.M. Banks, L. R. Mason, J. A. Sheppard,
R. W. Uebergang, P. J. Keys, M. L. Fiske, I. C. Haak,
P. I. Hocroft, J. C. Ross, P. J. Agius, S. Kammholz
G. B. Wildermuth, R. B. McNamara - Toowoomba
R. G. Rees, P. S. Brennan, G. J. Platz - Toowoomba
BRAZIL 99
J. C. S. Moreira, C. N. A. de Sousa, E. P. Gomes, L. J. A.
Del Duca, J. F. Philipovsky, E. M. Guerianti, P. L. Scheeren,
C. E. O. Camargo, S. D. dos A. de Silva, A. L. Barcellos et al. -
Passo Fundo
A. C. P. Goulart, F. de A. Paiva - Dourados, M. S.
BULGARIA 112
V. Vassilev, S. Stoyanova, K. Kolev, A. Dimov - Sadovo
CANADA 114
ALBERTA 115
D. F. Salmon, et al.
MANITOBA 116
J. A. Kolmer, F. Townley-Smith, D. Leisle,
P. L. Thomas, et al.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND 123
H.W. Johnston, H.G. Nass
SASKATCHEWAN 124
R. M. De Pauw, J. M. Clarke, et al.
CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF 126
Zhaosu Wu, Shirong Yu, Xizhong Wei, Quimei Xia, Youjia Shen,
Jiming Wu, Yong Xu, Xhaoxia Chen, Guoliang Jiang - Nanjing
Ying-Jie Wang - Henan
Zuoji Lin, Shenghui Jie, Xidan Zhou - Henan
Li Huimin, Zhao Fengwu, Li Hongwa, et al. - Heibi
Tiecheng Huang, Qixin Sun, et al. - Beijing
Luxiang Liu, et al. - Beijing
CROATIA 136
Bogdan Koric - Zagreb
Slobodan Tomasovic - Zagreb
CZECH REPUBLIC 138
Z. Stehno, M. Vlasek, L. Dotlacil, P. Bartos, J. Kosner,
L. Kucera, V. Sip, M. Skorpik, et al. - Prague
ESTONIA 144
O. Priilinn, T. Enno, H. Peusha, M. Tohver - Tallinn
GERMANY 146
E. Kazman, R. Bothe, T. Lelley - Gottingen
J. von Kietzell, A. Fessehaie, K. Rudolf - Gottingen
A. Boerner, J. Plaschke, G. Schlegel, et al. - Gatersleben
HUNGARY 153
Z. Kertesz, J. Matuz, L. Bona, et al. - Szeged
L. Balla, Z. Bedo, L. Lang, L. Szunics, Lu. Szunics,
I. Karsai, Gy. Vida, et al. - Martonvasar
B. Barnabas, et al. - Martonvasar
INDIA 168
R. N. Sawhney, et al. - New Delhi
S.M.S. Tomar, et al. - Wellington
J. G. Bhowal and G. Guha - Wellington
D. Singh - New Delhi
R. G. Saini, et al. - Ludhiana
R. Asir, V. R. K. Reddy - Coimbatore
J. S. Bijral, et al. - R. S. Pura
H. S. Dhaliwal, et al. - Ludhiana
G. S. Sethi, et al. - Palampur
ITALY 191
B. Borghi, M. Perenzin, M. Cattaneo, Y.M. Qiao, R. Castagna,
N.E. Pogna, R. Redaelli, M. Corbellini, et al. - Lodigiano
M. Pasquini, et al. - Rome
JAPAN 198
S. Ito, M. Watanabe, A. Sato, T. Hoshino - Tohuku
N. Watanabe - Gifu
MEXICO 200
R. A. Fischer, G. Varughese - CIMMYT
P. N. Fox, et al. - CIMMYT
A. Morgunov, R. J. Pena, S. Rajaram - CIMMYT
MOROCCO206
M. Mergoum, et al. - Settat
PAKISTAN 208
M. Husain - Bahawalpur
PARAGUAY 210
P. C. Wall - CIMMYT
ROMANIA 210
M. Moldovan, et al. - Turda
N. S. Saulescu, Mariana Ittu, Gh. Ittu - Fundulea
RUSSIA 212
S. Polikarpov, et al. - Kurgan
S. P. Martynov, T. V. Dobrotvorskaya - Tver
M. Evdokinov - Omsk
I. M. Shindin - Khabarovsk
N. S. Vassiltchouk, et al. - Saratov
A. Federov - Moscow
SOUTH AFRICA 230
Z. A. Pretorius, F. J. Kloppers, C. S. Van Deventer,
M. T. Labuschagne, M.C.B. Coetzee, A. M. Botha, et al -
Bloemfontein
G. F. Marais, R. de V. Pienaar, et al. - Stellenbosch
H. A. Van Niekerk, H. A. Smit, J. L. Purchase,
D. B. Scott, et al. - Bethlehem
B. Lombard, J. P. Jordaan, et al. - Sensako
F. du Toit, S. S. Walters, A. Brummer - Pannar, Ltd.,
Bainsvlei
TURKEY 241
H. Braun, T. S. Payne - Ankara
UKRAINE 243
L. A. Zhivotkov, et al. - Mironovka
UNITED KINGDOM 244
NORWICH, Cambridge Laboratory, Institute of Plant Science Research
A. J. Worland, J. W. Snape, T. E. Miller, et al.
NORWICH, John Innes Institute
J. S. Heslop-Harrison, A. R. Leitch, T. Schwarzacher,
K. Anamthawt-Jonsson, et al.
PBI, CAMBRIDGE
S. J. Brown, P. I. Payne
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 252
ARKANSAS 252
R. K. Bacon, E. A. Milus, et al.
CALIFORNIA 256
C.A. Curtis, Bahman Ehdaie, A.J. Lukaszewski,
J. G. Waines, et al.
COLORADO 260
J. S. Quick, G. H. Ellis, R. Normann, A. Saidi,
J. S. Stromberger, H. Dong
GEORGIA 262
J. W. Johnson, B. N. Cunfer, J.J. Roberts,
G.D. Buntin, R.E. Wilkinson
IDAHO 265
R.S. Zemetra, E. Souza, S. Guy, et al. - Moscow & Aberdeen
Warren Pope - Moscow
ILLINOIS 268
F. L. Kolb, E. D. Nafziger, W. L. Pedersen, et al.
INDIANA 269
H. W. Ohm, H. C. Sharma, I.M. Dweikat, S.A. MacKenzie, D.
McFatridge, F. L. Patterson, G. Shaner, R.M. Lister, D. M. Huber,
G. Buechley, R.H. Ratcliffe, R.H. Shukle, S. Wellso, G. G.
Safranski, S. Cambron
KANSAS 277
T.S. Cox, R.G. Sears, B. S. Gill, M. B. Kirkham, G. H. Liang,
T. Harvey, T. J. Martin, et al.
O. K. Chung, G. L. Lookhart, V. V. Smail, J. L. Steele, et al.
T.J. Byram
KENTUCKY 302
D. A. Van Sanford, et al.
LOUISIANA 304
S.A. Harrison, P. Colyer, S. H. Moore, C. Hallier
MARYLAND 305
D. J. Sammons
MICHIGAN 307
P. K. W. Ng
MINNESOTA 307
R. Busch, L. Van Bueningen
A. P. Roelfs, D. L. Long, D. H. Casper, M. E. Hughes, J. J.
Roberts
D. V. McVey, R. H. Busch
MISSOURI 317
J. P. Gustafson, K. D. Kephart, G. Kimber, A. L. McKendry, et al.
MONTANA 319
L. E. Talbert, P. L. Bruckner, et al.
NEBRASKA 321
P.S. Baenziger, C.J. Peterson, D.R. Shelton, R.A. Graybosch,
D. D. Baltensperger, L. A. Nelson, D. J. Lyons, G.L. Hein, et al.
NEW YORK 327
M. E. Sorrells, W. R. Coffman, G. C. Bergstrom, et al.
NORTH DAKOTA 332
E. M. Elias, J. A. Anderson, C. R. Reide
W. R. Moore, B. L. D'Appolonia, K. Khan
OHIO 339
K. Garland, W.A. Berzonsky, et al.
OKLAHOMA 342
D. R. Porter, J. A. Webster, C. A. Baker, J.D. Burd, N.C. Elliot,
D. K. Reed, R.L. Burton
R. M. Hunger, G. L. Sherwood
OREGON 347
W. E. Kronstad, R. S. Karow, C.S. Love, D. K. Kelly, R. W. Knight,
M. D. Moore, S. E. Rowe, N. H. Scott, M. C. Verhoeven
SOUTH DAKOTA 349
J. C. Rudd, H. J. Woodard, G. Buchenau, et al.
TEXAS 352
Mark Lazar, L.R. Nelson, G.E. Hart, D. Marshall,
M.E. McDaniel, B. McDonald, Lloyd Rooney, John Sij,
N.A. Tuleen, W.D. Worrall, G. L. Peterson, et al.
UTAH 358
D. J. Hole
R. S. Albrechtsen
VIRGINIA 359
C.A. Griffey, D.E. Brann, E. Stromberg, M.K. Das,
A. Herbert, J. M. Johnson
WASHINGTON 361
C. F. Kozak, et al.
T. D. Murray, et al.
R. E. Allan, S. S. Jones, R. F. Line, M. W. Simmons,
C. F. Morris, J. A. Pritchett, L. M. Little,
B. K. Sowers, et al.
YUGOSLOVIA 373
Miroslav Kuburovic, et al.
M. S. Milovanovic, et al.
III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM 378
B. Skovmand - Wheat Cultivar Abbreviations
H.E. Bockelman, D.M. Wesenberg, S. Niets, A. Urie, B. J. Goats
- Evaluation of National Small Grains Collection Germplasm
J. S. Quick - CSSA Cultivar and Germplasm Registration
IV. CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS, 1991 SUPPLEMENT 400
R. A. McIntosh, G.E. Hart, M.D. Gale
V. ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND 417
VI. VOLUME 40 MANUSCRIPT GUIDELINES 420
VII. MAILING LIST 421
VIII. FAX/TELEPHONE LIST 427
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ZOLTAN BARABAS
Dr. Zoltan Barabas, Professor of Agronomy, Member of the Hungarian
Academy of Sciences died on 23 January 1993, after a serious illness at the
age of 67 years, in Szeged, Hungary. He is survived by his wife Ilona, two
children and 5 grand-children. Dr. Barabas was born in 1926 in Budapest,
Hungary. After getting his degree at the University of Agricultural Sciences
he started his career at the same place as a teaching assistant. Later he
work as a seed production inspector for two years.
In 1951 he started his research work on flax and sorghum breeding.
From 1960 he was the head of sorghum breeding programme at the Agricultural
Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvasar for
nine years. During this period he introduced grain
sorghum hybrids in Hungary. With this activity he was the first in Europe in
improving sorghum hybrids. Four hybrid cultivars were released by him.
Those are still grown in Hungary. Since 1969 he has served the Cereal
Research Institute of the Hungarian Agriculture Ministry, as the Leader of
the Wheat Breeding Programme. He contributed essentially in the development
and release of 18 wheat cultivars. Meanwhile he introduced the durum wheat
to Hungary.
Zoltan had a wide range of scientific interests, and had an excellent
ability to see the future trends in the science and governed his and his
colleagues' activity to the oncoming problems. He studied the genetic and
physiological background of male-sterility, hybrid vigour and mutations in
sorghum and wheat. He demonstrated experimentally the evolutionary sex
divergence, inducing monosex dioecious forms from bisexual monoecious
plants. As a first he induced genetic male sterile series in sorghum. He
used a number of special breeding methods such as acceleration the
vernalization process by cytokinins, experimental endeavours of the non-
race-specific resistance in breeding studies of disease tolerance without
pesticides by the Center Pivot method, and measurements in somatic and
reproductive heterosis and mutation effects. He worked for achieving
patented cultivars and methods to develop hybrid cereals by more profitable
ways. The patents were based on marker genes and nutritional mutants. He
first suggested and helped to apply the anther culture method to achieve
adequate homogeneity during the breeding work. He encouraged us also to
think unconventionally. His scientific career will be an example for all of
us.
Z. Barabas was a well known and respected person among the
scientists in Hungary and world-wide as well. He was a Member of EUCARPIA,
Chairman of Scientific Council of Agricultural Biotechnology Center,
Godollo, Hungary, and Vice-Chairman of the Szeged Academy Committee.
He established the periodical, "Cereal Research Communications" and
successfully edited it for over 20 years. Zoltan was not only an
outstanding theoretical and practical scientist, but he was our master at
the same time. He established a successful "wheat breeding school" in
Szeged.
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ROBERT L. BURTON
Dr. Robert L. Burton of Stillwater, OK, died Wednesday, February 3,
1993, in the St. Francis Medical Center in Tulsa at the age of 56. Bob was
born in the small town of Antlers, OK on August 23, 1936. He received his
B.S. degree in 1963, and his M.S. in 1964 working on insect diets and
rearing techniques, both from Oklahoma State University (OSU). He joined
the USDA-ARS in 1964, and his first assignment was in Tifton, GA. He
transferred to Stillwater in 1970 and received his Ph.D. in Entomology, also
at OSU, in 1974.
At the time of his death, Bob was director of the USDA-ARS Plant
Science and Water Conservation Laboratory and adjunct professor of
entomology at OSU. He also served as national technological coordinator for
the ARS Russian Wheat Aphid (RWA) program. The RWA was first detected in
the United States in 1986. Since then, the pest has infested 16 of the
western states and is now approaching a billion dollars in total damage.
Under his direction, the laboratory responded dynamically to this pest.
It was the first to identify the RWA and then provided most of the initial
information to the industry as literature and one-on-one communications
through invited presentations and phone responses. During the last five
years, Dr. Burton dramatically changed the direction of the research
approach to deal with the urgency of this problem on the Great Plains. To
implement this change, he secured significant new funding for the unit,
developed several new projects and redesigned others, hired and relocated
scientists, and constructed new facilities. His mission was to develop
programs of fundamental and applied research that involve specific and novel
approaches and multidisciplinary programs such as integrated pest management
(IPM). Stillwater is now recognized as having the most highly concentrated
RWA effort with the broadest scope.
In addition, Bob pioneered research on the impact of conservation
cropping systems on greenbug population dynamics by discovering the
"repellency" action of crop residues and other background effects such as
canopy. This phenomenon, unknown in wheat and grain sorghum until his
research, represents a significant breakthrough that is practical yet
simple: a cultural means of control ideally suited for use in present and
future sustainable cropping systems.
He authored and co-authored 126 scientific publications during the last
28 years and made more than 100 scientific presentations in the United
States and abroad. He was recognized as a world authority in the area of
insect diets and the laboratory production of insects.
Bob was a member of numerous professional societies including the
Entomological Society of America, the Georgia Entomological Society, the
Southwestern Entomological Society, the Kansas (Central States)
Entomological Society, the South Carolina Entomological Society, the
Oklahoma Academy of Science, the Soil and Water Conservation Society, and
the International Soil Tillage Research Organization. He also belonged to
the honor societies Sigma Xi and Phi Sigma. He had served as program
chairman of the 1992 Southwest Branch meeting of the Entomological Society
of America and had received the outstanding performance awards from ARS in
1991 and 1992. His interest in conservation and wildlife extended into his
personal life as well. He enjoyed hunting and was a member of Quail
Unlimited and Ducks Unlimited.
Dr. Burton is survived by his wife Sylvia and his two sons Robert and
Brian. Memorials may go to the OSU Foundation, Dr. Robert L. Burton
Memorial Fund for Entomology, H-100 Student Union, Stillwater, OK 74078.
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DAVE JOHNSTON
Dave Johnston retired December 31, 1992, after 35 years as a wheat
breeder.
Dave was born in Everett, Massachusetts, on November 14, 1930. Although
a city boy by birth, he spent summers working on a farm and developed a love
of agriculture. This led him to attend the University of Massachusetts
where he mastered in Agronomy. After graduation in 1952, he spent four
years in the Navy.
In the Fall of 1956, he enrolled in Graduate School with the Department
of Agronomy and Plant Genetics at the University of Minnesota. In January
of 1958, his wheat breeding career began as he was offered a University of
Minnesota full time staff position as a Research Associate with the wheat
program under Dr. Elmer Ausemus. During his time there, the cultivar,
Chris, was released and the lines which later became Polk, Fletcher, and Era
were in advanced stages of testing.
In July, 1967, Dave left the University and began working for Cargill,
Inc. - the first person hired on the company's wheat research program.
During the early years with Cargill, his efforts were mostly on development
of spring cultivars and spring hybrid components. Two cultivars were
released during this period. Since the mid-seventies, the major portion of
his effort was on the development of restorer lines for the winter program.
Over the years, ten hybrids were made commercially available. He is
recognized as one of the foremost authorities on restorer breeding in wheat.
Dave and his wife will remain in the Fort Collins area, dividing their
time between the flatland and the hills to the west and maybe even a trip
east or south or ?. P.S. Dave says thanks for the "surprise" cards from
the breeders in the states of Colorado, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and
Nebraska. As you might guess, they were opened and appreciated over a cool
brewski!
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HOWARD N. LAFEVER
Dr. Howard "Hal" Lafever retired from the Ohio Agricultural Research and
Development Center/The Ohio State University in 1992. He attended Purdue
University where he received his B.S. (1959), M.S. (1961), and Ph.D. (1963)
degrees in agronomy and plant breeding/ genetics.
During his 27-year career, Dr. Lafever was a leading breeder for the soft
red winter wheat region. His efforts resulted in the release of nine public
soft red winter wheat varieties, including such widely-grown varieties as
'Titan', 'Cardinal', and 'Dynasty'. In 1985, he was instrumental in
establishing a basic licensing agreement with the Agricultural Genetic
Research Association (AGRA). Since its inception, AGRA has marketed five
soft red winter wheat varieties and has contributed funds, generated from
the sales of these varieties, to further wheat breeding research. Dr.
Lafever also expanded the Ohio breeding effort by initiating new spelt and
oat breeding programs. 'Champ' spelt and, the recently released, 'Armor'
oat were developed from these programs. In 1991, Dr. Lafever was recognized
for his contributions to the seed industry of Ohio by being elected an
Honorary Lifetime Member of the Ohio Seed Dealers Association.
Dr. Lafever published and presented numerous papers on the tolerance to
aluminum and the mineral nutrition of wheat. The Ohio program was one of
the first to include selection for aluminum tolerance in the development of
new wheat varieties. As a result, several of the Ohio varieties are
productive in acid soil regions of Ohio. In 1989, because of his
significant service and research contributions to wheat breeding/genetics,
Dr. Lafever was elected an Agronomy Society and a Crop Science Society of
America Fellow.
In retirement, Hal hopes to continue to do some small grains breeding as
well as to travel and pursue his hobby interests. His public career as a
small grains breeder and researcher was truly a model of productivity. We
wish him the same success and productivity in all of his future endeavors.
--------------------
COLIN N LAW
Professor Colin Law, the Head of the Cambridge Laboratory, Norwich,
retired in November l992 after 32 years in the UK Agricultural and Food
Research Council research service. Colin joined the Plant Breeding
Institute in Cambridge in l960 after his BSc in Genetics at Birmingham
University and a PhD at University College of Wales, Aberystwyth. His early
years with Ralph Riley in the Cytogenetics Department at PBI were spent
pioneering the use of wheat aneuploid genetic stocks for the genetical
analysis of quantitative characters, particularly those of economic
importance. The methods of analysis and genetic stocks developed by Colin
during the l960s and l970s are now in use worldwide both by geneticists and
breeders. During his career very few characters of the wheat plant escaped
his attention and his work with genes controlling
vernalization response, photoperiod response, plant height, cold tolerance,
salt tolerance, resistance to many important diseases and bread making
quality has provided the foundation for the next generation of cereal
geneticists.
Throughout his career Colin was an inspiration to many students and
colleagues and he instigated a great number of national and international
collaborations. One of the most successful collaborations was the formation
of the European Wheat Aneuploid Cooperative in which he single-handedly
brought together all the laboratories in Europe working on wheat and related
species. EWAC still thrives today and is the major vehicle for European
cooperation on wheat genetics and cytogenetics.
In l972 Colin took over as Head of the Cytogenetics Department. In
addition to actively pursuing his own research interests he was among the
first to recognise the importance of molecular genetics. Under his
leadership, the Molecular Genetics Group grew to the point where it spawned
a new Department, and the PBI became a model for other organizations
worldwide in showing how practical and commercial breeding programmes could
benefit from fundamental research in genetics, physiology and molecular
biology.
In l987 Colin took over as Head of the Cambridge Laboratory which was
formed from the PBI research groups that were not part of the privatisation
package sold to Unilever. He sacrificed much to take on the considerable
new responsibilities, but his success in this post can be judged from the
excellent facilities of the present Cambridge Laboratory at the John Innes
Centre, which he oversaw from design to completion, and from the fact that
almost the entire mobile staff, and all the science, was transferred
efficiently and intact to Norwich in the Spring of l990.
Colin Law is one of the small handful of researchers to have shaped
cereal genetics and cytogenetics and, in doing so, has provided tools that
make life considerably easier for those of us who follow him. We all wish
him well in his retirement and we hope that he will now find time to return
to some of the research that he has had to put aside while shouldering the
administrative burden of Head of the Cambridge Laboratory during the last
five years.
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CHARLES C. RUSSELL
Dr. Charles (Charlie) C. Russell, Professor of Nematology, retired June
31, 1992 after 25 years of teaching and research service in the Department
of Plant Pathology at Oklahoma State University. Charlie earned a B.S.
degree in the Department of Entomology at the University of Florida in 1960.
He subsequently completed his degree requirements for the M.S. in Nematology
in 1962, and continued on to earn the Ph.D. degree in 1967 from the same
university. Although an entomologist at heart and by training, he began his
professional career as a Plant Nematologist in 1967 in the Department of
Botany and Plant Pathology at Oklahoma State University. His primary
responsibilities involved research on plant parasitic nematodes on wheat.
However during his career, he cooperated with many collaborators across
several disciplines. Thus, his research endeavors encompassed other crop
species: peanuts, sweet potato, soybeans, and alfalfa,
and involved varied aspects of nematicide testing, soil fumigation studies,
biological control, nematode resistance, and other aspects too numerous to
mention.
Charlie is a native Floridian and grew up near Sanford Florida where he
led an adventuresome life during his early years as an amateur herpetologist
and avid fisherman. Such hobbies among a myriad of other pursuits attest to
the fact that he was never much for wasting time frivolously.
Charlie's professional career as a graduate student and as a faculty
member was highlighted by his enthusiastic approach toward life and his
willingness to help others. He always had time for students with problems to
provide wise counsel and guidance. This also was reflected in his teaching
responsibilities where his rapport with students and enthusiasm for teaching
was always obvious. He always received the highest teaching ratings from
students because he was genuinely concerned about students and their growth
as individuals and professionals.
Dr. Russell's expertise as a plant nematologist contributed to many
programs across several disciplines at Oklahoma State University. His
expertise will be missed in the Department. Charlie and his wife are living
on a farm near Glencoe, Oklahoma about 20 miles from Stillwater, Oklahoma.
--------------------
ERVIN WILLIAMS, JR.
Ervin Williams, Jr. retired in June, 1992, after 18 years of service to
Oklahoma State University and the Cooperative Extension Service.
Ervin was born in Kansas in 1926.
After receiving his B.S. degree from Kansas State University in 1951 he
joined the military and was part of a U.S. Army Military Police Company from
1951-1953. After fulfilling his military service, Ervin returned to Kansas
State University and worked as a technician in the cereal rust program of
Dr. C. O. Johnston. During this time, Ervin became a graduate student,
studied the effects of environmental conditions on races of Puccinia
recondita f. sp. tritici under the direction of Dr. Johnston, and received
his M.S. degree in 1960.
Ervin became an instructor (1960-1964) and than an assistant professor
(1964-1969) in the Department of Agricultural Services at New Mexico State
University. He moved to Stillwater,
OK in 1969, where he begin to work toward a Ph.D. in the Botany and Plant
Pathology Department at Oklahoma State University under the direction of Dr.
Harry C. Young, Jr. Ervin was not only a research assistant for Dr. Young
where he assisted in the operation of Dr. Young's program of breeding for
disease resistance in wheat, but also was an instructor for the department.
After receiving his Ph.D. in 1973, Ervin was a research associate for Dr.
Young until 1974. Ervin then became an Assistant Professor (Extension State
Specialist) in the Department of Plant Pathology at Oklahoma State
University. During the next 18 years, Ervin became an Associate and than
Full Professor in Extension Plant Pathology, and worked on many different
crops, including peanuts, small grains, alfalfa, field corn, sorghum and
cotton. Ervin's primary responsibility, however, was extension plant
pathology on wheat and other small grains. He was well known for his
research in the control of common bunt and loose smut, and had numerous
extension and research publications in this area. As a result of his work
and other contributions to extension, Ervin received several awards during
his career including recognition by the Oklahoma Association of County
Extension Agents in 1986 for his Crop Production Program, a Ciba-Geigy
Recognition Award in 1987 from the National Association of County
Agricultural Agents for outstanding contributions to agriculture, and
Extension Achievement Awards from the State Extension Service in both 1988
and 1989.
Ervin and his wife Johnna plan to remain in the Stillwater area,
although trips are planned to enjoy their three children and (at this point
in time) one grandchild. We wish Ervin and Johnna a long, happy, and well-
deserved retirement.
--------------------
CHARLES C. RUSSELL
Dr. Charles (Charlie) C. Russell, Professor of Nematology, retired June
31, 1992 after 25 years of teaching and research service in the Department
of Plant Pathology at Oklahoma State University. Charlie earned a B.S.
degree in the Department of Entomology at the University of Florida in 1960.
He subsequently completed his degree requirements for the M.S. in Nematology
in 1962, and continued on to earn the Ph.D. degree in 1967 from the same
university. Although an entomologist at heart and by training, he began his
professional career as a Plant Nematologist in 1967 in the Department of
Botany and Plant Pathology at Oklahoma State University. His primary
responsibilities involved research on plant parasitic nematodes on wheat.
However during his career, he cooperated with many collaborators across
several disciplines. Thus, his research endeavors encompassed other crop
species: peanuts, sweet potato, soybeans, and alfalfa, and involved varied
aspects of nematicide testing, soil fumigation studies, biological control,
nematode resistance, and other aspects too numerous to mention.
Charlie is a native Floridian and grew up near Sanford Florida where he
led an adventuresome life during his early years as an amateur herpetologist
and avid fisherman. Such hobbies among a myriad of other pursuits attest to
the fact that he was never much for wasting time frivolously.
Charlie's professional career as a graduate student and as a faculty
member was highlighted by his enthusiastic approach toward life and his
willingness to help others. He always had time for students with problems to
provide wise counsel and guidance. This also was reflected in his teaching
responsibilities where his rapport with students and enthusiasm for teaching
was always obvious. He always received the highest teaching ratings from
students because he was genuinely concerned about students and their growth
as individuals and professionals.
Dr. Russell's expertise as a plant nematologist contributed to many
programs across several disciplines at Oklahoma State University. His
expertise will be missed in the Department. Charlie and his wife are living
on a farm near Glencoe, Oklahoma about 20 miles from Stillwater, Oklahoma.
--------------------
I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes of The Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
Nov. 19, 1992
College Park, MD
Committee members in attendance were T.S. Cox (acting Chair), O.
Anderson, J.G. Waines, J.S. Quick, D.V. McVey, R.H. Busch, K.
Briggs, B. Skovmand, I.B. Edwards, R.F. Line, C.F. Murphy (ex-
officio), and H.E. Bockleman (ex-officio).
Minutes of the 1991 meeting, as published in the 1992 Annual Wheat
Newsletter, were approved by voice vote.
Officers and membership. The acting Chair will solicit nominations
by mail for the offices of Chair and Vice-Chair to fill expiring
terms, and for membership nominations to fill expiring first terms
of Waines, Quick, and McVey (all three are eligible for second
terms.)
Germplasm collection. Waines discussed a response by Dr. Calvin
Spurling (ARS Plant Explorer) to a WCAC letter concerning the need
to collect wild wheats in SE Turkey before a large irrigation
project is installed there. Dr. Spurling indicated those species
that probably would not be endangered by the project (e.g., weedy
Aegilops) and others that might (Ae. speltoides and wild Triticum
spp.). Since the latter species were those originally of most
concern to the WCAC, Waines will write a proposal, to be approved
by WCAC, to collect those species in specified areas of SE Turkey
in 1994.
Germplasm evaluation. Bockleman reported that evaluation of wheat
accessions in the US Small Grains Collection is proceeding, and
that entry of data into GRIN is accelerating. He submitted a list
of PI assignments made in the past year. The Committee briefly
discussed the "core collection" or "subsample" concept, and as in
past years, little enthusiasm was expressed for developing a core
in wheat.
Canadian germplasm activities. Briggs reported on germplasm
activities in Canada. Ag Canada at Winnepeg has been designated a
"node" for the small grains collection in Canada, in charge of
collection, regeneration, and evaluation. Winnepeg is also the
biotech center for monocots. Certain stations have been designated
to take the leading role in wheat research for different regions,
including the Northern area (Beaverlodge), Western Prairie - durum
and dryland (Swift Current), Eastern Prairie (Winnepeg), and
Rockies and Southwest (Lethbridge). Ag Canada has virtually
abandoned triticale research.
CIMMYT germplasm activities. Skovmand reported that CIMMYT is
still working to complete its germplasm database, and is 2/3 of the
way toward getting all data entered. The database has three parts:
pedigree management, gene bank system, and field-trial data
management. CIMMYT is struggling with the problem of deciding how
much material to conserve; at present, they are storing 3 to 4000
new lines per year. One possibility is to bulk closely-related
sister lines. CIMMYT has proposed the formation of a Global
Advisory Board on Genetic Resources, which would include
representatives of CIMMYT, ICARDA, and IBPGR, among others. This
board would review the status and make recommendations regarding
the nearly 600,000 wheat accessions held in collections worldwide.
The first action regarding formation of the board may occur at the
International Wheat Genetics Symposium in Beijing in the summer of
1993.
Wheat Genome Database. Anderson discussed progress being made on
the Wheat Genome Database. Five researchers around the country are
taking responsibility for entering data on various marker and trait
groups. Entered so far are the molecular map of T. tauschii from
Kansas State, the North American Barley map, and other
miscellaneous data. Access to the database is best done on a UNIX
machine through INTERNET, but can be done over phone lines and/or
with other equipment using XWindows.
GRIN. Bockleman and Mark Bohning (ARS, GRIN, Beltsville) discussed
the GRIN 3 design and new computer to be used for running it.
There also is now a PC version of GRIN on diskettes, available on
request. The wheat database is the largest of any crop in GRIN, at
50Mb. Because all wheat accessions in GRIN have the original
taxonomic designations they had when deposited, the nomenclature is
often confusing. Waines will work with Bohning and John Wiersma
(ARS taxonomist, Beltsville) to make nomenclature in GRIN more
informative.
Quarantine. Skovmand reported that there are no changes in the
quarantine situation for seed coming to the US from Mexico. CIMMYT
seed production for international distribution has been moved to a
site 3 hours south of Mexico City, in an area in which wheat has
never been grown, to minimize chances of Karnal bunt infection.
Murphy and Bockleman noted that USDA Beltsville Quarantine Lab will
still send seed overseas for wheat researchers for no charge.
Because of high APHIS fees for phytosanitary certificates,
Beltsville spent $17,000 on certificates last year.
Funding proposals. The WCAC voted to recommend that $5000 from ARS
Genetic Stocks funds be used to pay a portion of the $21,500 cost
of a walk-in cold storage room at UC Riverside, to be used to store
seed of wheat genetic stocks and related wild species. The
remainder of the cost has been pledged to Waines by various
sources, so construction may begin in 1993. Jim Peterson (ARS,
Lincoln) noted that a previously allocated $4000 had been used to
increase Dr. Rosalind Morris' genetic stocks and that these soon
will be deposited at the Nat'l Seed Storage Lab.
The Committee recommended that against funding this year by ARS
through its germplasm evaluation program a proposal by Dr. Phil
Bruckner et al. at Montana State for screening winter wheats for
resistance to stem sawfly. (See attached letter).
PVP. Alan Atchley of the Plant Variety Protection Office reported
that the 50 wheat cultivar applications he faced when he took over
his job in January '91 have been processed, and future applications
should be taken care of expeditiously. He expressed concern that
the Variety Review Board in commenting on revised PVP exhibit C
suggested dropping the use of standard cultivars. The consensus of
the WCAC was that standards should be retained.
Next year's meeting. Skovmand invited the WCAC to hold its 1993
meeting at CIMMYT's headquarters in Mexico. It was agreed to do so
if the National Wheat Improvement Committee meeting is held there.
[The NWIC accepted an invitation to do so the next day.]
The meeting was adjourned by voice vote. Stan Cox, CAC Chair
--------------------
Minutes of the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC)
Meeting
November 20-21, 1992
College Park, Maryland
Committee Members in attendance were: R.G. Sears, Chair; C.J.
Peterson, Secretary; R. Bacon; H.F. Bockelman; R. Bruns; R. Busch;
D. Butcher; T.S. Cox; R. Frohberg; G. Hareland; D. Hole; L. Joppa;
R. Line; D. Sammons; D. Van Sanford; W.D. Worrall; R. Zemetra.
Absent: C. Qualset; G. Statler; C. Haugeberg (ex-officio member).
Non-Committee Members: O. Anderson, ARS, WRRC Albany, CA; A.
Atchley, Plant Variety Protection Office, NAL Bldg, Beltsville MD;
K. Briggs, Univ. of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; H. Brooks, ARS-NPS,
Beltsville, MD; I. Edwards, Pioneer, Johnston, IA; W. Martinez,
ARS-NPS, Beltsville, MD; D. McVey, ARS, Cereal Rust, St. Paul, MN;
C. Murphy, ARS-NPS, Beltsville, MD; J. Quick, Colorado State Univ.,
Fort Collins, CO; H. Shands, ARS-NPS, Beltsville, MD; B. Skovmand,
CIMMYT, Mexico; G. Waines, Univ. of California, CA.
PRELIMINARIES
Chairman Sears called the meeting to order and members and
guests were introduced. WELCOMES were presented by Dr. Bryan
Johnson, Director of the Maryland Agriculture Experiment Station,
and Dr. Richard Weismiller, Chairman, Department of Agronomy,
University of Maryland.
MINUTES OF THE 1991 MEETING
Minutes were published in AWN38: Busch asked for a motion to
waive reading them. Zemetra moved, Bockelman seconded, passed.
RESPONSES TO 1991 LETTERS
Only one letter was sent in 1991, commending NPS staff
Martinez and Murphy for their contributions to the NWIC. The
letter was acknowledged by Dr. Plowman, Administrator, ARS.
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
The following reports are included by J.S. Quick, Editor, and
I. Edwards, Treasurer, of the Annual Wheat Newsletter. Cost of
preparation and publication continue to be a problem relative to
supporting revenue. Suggestions for reducing and covering costs
include a per copy charge, development of endowment account for
Newsletter, or distribute copies on diskettes.
1992 Annual Report to NWIC, J.S. Quick, Editor
The editing and publishing of Volume 38 of the Annual Wheat
Newsletter (AWN) followed the format of previous newsletters and
was the second volume directly printed in reduced font size
entirely from computer files. There were 465 copies printed and
each copy had 343 pages. Ten copies of Volume 38 and about 20 of
Volume 35 are still available. A summary of information about each
volume printed since 1954 (Volume 1) was published in the AWN,
Volume 32 (1986). The number of pages has increased by 150 since
1980, the number of contributions has increased considerably, and
the cost of publication increased significantly in 1992. Due to
rising costs, an effort was made to reduce the number of copies
printed by encouraging multiple use. Cost of production was
reduced from about $4500 in 1987 to about $3900 in 1988, increased
to $5416 in 1989. to $4690 in 1991 due to limited distribution, and
increased to $6310 in 1992 due to increased pages per volume. Cost
per copy is about $12.00.
In addition to the total cost of production, Colorado State
University Agronomy Department has contributed part of my time,
computer facilities, and some occasional letter typing. An
Agronomy Department secretary, Carolyn Schultz, has done an
excellent job of manuscript preparation since 1983.
All AWN address lists are computerized, and mailing and
sorting has become simple and routine. We are requesting all
workers provide their manuscripts on computer disks if at all
possible. All text will be entered into computer files and laser
printed with reduced font size to save space. Manuscripts can also
be provided through the BITNET system. About 300 requests for
manuscripts and financial assistance are sent to U.S., Australian,
and Canadian wheat workers each January. The requests for
manuscripts and financial contributions from other foreign
scientists are included as an insert in the Newsletter mailing in
June. Additionally, regional manuscript and financial solicitation
and coordination are done by scientists in other countries.
The cost of producing Volume 39 will probably be similar to
that for Volume 38. I believe it is now feasible and financially
necessary to consider: 1) AWN distribution by diskette, 2)
reduction in distribution, 3) increase in voluntary contributions,
4) subscriptions, etc. Suggestions from the NWIC would be
appreciated. Ian Edwards, AWN treasurer, has done an excellent job
of securing cooperative and institutional financial contributions
allowing us to maintain a sound financial position.
1992 Annual Report to NWIC
I.B. Edwards, Treasurer
ITEM DEBIT CREDIT BALANCE
1. Balance reported
June 1, 1992 AWN $5484.53
2. Mailing request letter $ 43.84 5440.69
3. Envelopes 11.00 5429.69
4. Photocopy charges 37.50 5392.19
5. Mailing, Vol. 38, July 1992 966.91 4425.28
6. Printing and binding 4550.86 <125.58>
7. Typing and editing, Vol. 38 700.00 <825.58>
(Carolyn Schultz)
8. Misc. bank charges 5.00 <830.58>
9. New contributions (since June 1) $ 270.00 <560.58>
10. Interest on checking 53.83 <506.75>
====================================================================
Comments:
1. The total cost of Volume 38 was $6,310.11. This costs divided
by 465 copies printed is about $12.06/copy. Volume 38 is 108 pages
longer than Volume 37 (343 vs 235), and 25 more copies of Volume 38
were printed. The total printed pages of Volume 38 was 54 percent
greater than that of Volume 37, and the total cost was 35% higher.
Volume 38 was printed entirely from computer files.
2. Current funding balance, at the present time, is $<506.75>
compared with $<247.22> a year ago. It must be noted that there is
still an outstanding balance owing for production costs in the
amount of $610.11. In the past four years, contributions have not
matched the rising costs, and this is an area of concern.
3. Although corporate contributions have increased in recent
years, this past year showed a decline. A number of institutions
and companies require an invoice in order to make payments. We are
encouraging them to notify your Treasurer as to the amount they
wish to donate, and we will gladly furnish an invoice. Private
contributions remain our major source of revenue. We will need
very strong appeal in 1993 to keep the Annual Wheat Newsletter
solvent.
USDA-ARS RESEARCH FUNDING UPDATE
Howard Brooks reported that ARS will have a flat budget in
FY93, essentially losing $19 million to salary increases. New
monies are all coming from Congress with very specific target
locations and research areas. Frustration in ARS is Congress
dictating to ARS where to locate funds and what to do with them,
leaving no room for administrators to make needed or desired
changes in current programs. There were over 200 phrases in the
current ARS budget approved by congress recommending ARS action,
but providing no money to accomplish these actions. ARS is also
now over its personnel ceiling of 8,150 by about 300 employees.
ARS needs $250,000 per new scientist, and same funding goal for old
projects. Currently $25 million is spent on wheat for 116 SY's, so
essentially would need additional $4 million or drop scientists by
16. Some concern exists over potential shifts in research
priorities with new secretary of agriculture.
Purdue has received $900,000 new money direct from Congress
for three wheat research positions: BYDV molecular biologist;
Fungal pathology molecular biologist; and Entomology position with
emphasis on Hessian Fly. None of the positions have yet been
filled. The NWIC is pleased that new positions were established in
areas that need research.
Dr. Murphy discussed problem areas in current ARS wheat
research units. Most critical is the Plant Science Unit at
Manhattan which cannot maintain 3 positions at this time, with only
$300,000 total funds. Montana had asked for $200,000 new money for
a Smut Research Position at Bozeman, but only received $100,000.
This is not enough to fund a full position so ARS will not fill
until additional funds are obtained. Funding for the program at
Pullman, WA on foliar diseases and smuts, which includes rusts as
well as flag smut, is only $125,000. There are numerous other
research units in various states of financial stress, but Manhattan
is currently the worst. Murphy repeated the frustration of the NPS
with its inability to make funding or program changes due to lack
of new funds and potential political backlash over changes.
Drs. Shands and Murphy emphasized the need to keep ARS
informed and work together to obtain new positions for specific
commodities. Shands indicated that the new administration will
bring a new focus on mission oriented research and research
enhancing national competitiveness. The National Research
Initiative (NRI) will be specifically targeted in the future.
GERMPLASM ISSUES
Dr. Shands indicated the desire that germplasm be made
available for use as parent material. Status of Intellectual
Property Rights was discussed. Patent lawyers are now discussing
ways to allow uses of germplasm when a utility patent is applied.
ARS is evolving a new policy on germplasm release, and germplasm
exchange in relation to release policies. The new policy is
expected in a few months. Included in the policy is that ARS
researchers can participate in royalty bearing variety releases,
and that states are not restricted to 0 cash return on co-releases
with ARS. ARS will take a more open stance in participation in
licenses to promote products. The policy also promotes a stronger
research exemption in patented materials developed by ARS. Shands
wants to push for a stronger research exemption in all agricultural
patents and separate out agricultural patents from other areas.
ARS and ASA are co-sponsoring a meeting on Intellectual Property
Rights in January, 1993.
Shands discussed the challenge of the decision by ASA to not
allow Crop Science registration for germplasms or varieties unless
seed was deposited in the NSSL and made available for exchange.
Some researchers want complete control of seed and allow use only
by contract while still registering in Crop Science. Concern is
over appearance of using Crop Science for advertising and potential
compounding of problems with international exchange. Restrictive
clauses in germplasm releases will continue to be a problem until
challenged in court. In a straw poll, the NWIC agreed with the
current ASA position regarding deposition of seed with
registration. Crop Science also is considering requiring that
originator be responsible for distribution of seed when agreeing
to registration. ASA also has interest in registering patented
materials, but not until a research exemption is obtained.
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE REPORT
Dave Sammons reported on 1992 NWIC legislative visits. The
Legislative teams visited for approximately a half an hour in 29
congressional offices and left information packets at 3 additional
offices; a total of 18 senate and 14 house offices were contacted.
Issues supported were those identified in the 1991 NWIC meeting: 1)
funding for leaf rust position at Kansas State, Manhattan; 2) Wheat
genetic stocks at Columbia, Mo.; and 3) Total grain quality issue
at Grain Marketing Lab., Manhattan. Sears indicated that he
received acknowledgement from 8-10 legislators indicating need for
NWIC involvement and appreciation of information. However, Kansas
representatives were obligated to support Phase II of Throckmorton
Hall rather that leaf rust position. NWIC is still learning how to
work with legislature and identify a Champion for causes. The NWIC
needs follow up and: 1) recognition, 2) grower support, and 3) user
group support.
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WHEAT GROWERS (NAWG) FOUNDATION
Dina Butcher was introduced as the new Director of the NAWG
Foundation. She was formally with North Dakota Wheat Commission.
She expressed the desire to have the NWIC work closely with NAWG on
national research issues and pledged NAWG's help with NWIC lobbying
efforts by suggesting the need for growers with NWIC legislative
committee to obtain additional interest from representatives.
Butcher suggested the need to maintain contact and communications
and suggested that NAWG could help follow up when NWIC committee
had completed their visit. NAWG priorities include concentrating
on alternative or industrial uses rather than food. Murphy
commented that NAWG and Corn Grower group have not helped much in
research efforts as research is low on their priority list.
Butcher emphasized the need to generate local support of research
and need for growers to understand issues. An additional lobbyist
at NAWG was needed.
A possible joint meeting of North American Wheat Workers and
NAWG was suggested for 1994 in New Orleans. Bruns reported, after
discussion with Regional Chairs, that a joint meeting would be
difficult to coordinate and organize. They suggested need for a
more central location and less expensive site for the wheat workers
meeting such as Kansas City or Dallas.
WHEAT CROP ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPORT
Chair Stan Cox reported on key issues from the previous
evening meeting as follows:
1) G. Waines indicated that a proposal to collect wild wheats in
SE Turkey prior to initiation of a large irrigation project was
rejected. In his reply to the proposal, Dr. Calvin Spurling, ARS,
indicated that some species proposed for collection would not be
endangered. Waines will write a new proposal with more specific
target areas and species.
2) Funding proposals: The Wheat CAC recommended that $5,000 from
ARS Genetics Stocks funds be used to pay a portion of the $21,000
cost for a walk-in cold storage room at UC Riverside. The walk-in
is to be used for seed storage of wheat genetics stocks and related
species. The remainder of funds have already been pledged to
Waines. J. Peterson noted that $4,000 allocated in 1991 had been
used for increase of Dr. Rosalind Morris' genetic stocks, and that
these will soon be deposited in the National Seed Storage Lab.
3) A. Atchley, Plant Variety Protection office reported that the 50
wheat cultivar applications he faced when taking his new position
in January '91 have been processed. He expected that future
applications will be processed more expeditiously. Atchley
discussed a proposal for dropping check cultivars on the revised
PVP exhibit C. The consensus of the CAC was that checks should be
retained, but updating of the cultivars should be considered. It
was suggested that this be done in consultation with the NWIC and
CAC.
4) A suggestions was made that the CAC be a sub-committee of the
NWIC rather than free-standing. No action was taken.
5) B. Skovmand reported on CIMMYT germplasm database development.
CIMMYT is struggling with decisions on how much material to
conserve, presently storing 3 to 4,000 new lines yearly. Bulking
of closely related sister lines was discussed. CIMMYT has proposed
formation of a Global Advisory Committee on Germplasm with first
action occurring at the International Wheat Genetics Symposium in
Beijing.
6) H. Bockleman and M. Bohning discussed the GRIN 3 software
design and new computer system for operations. A PC version of
GRIN on diskette is now available, on request. The wheat database
is largest of any crop and requires 50Mb storage. Wheat accessions
in GRIN have the original taxonomic designations entered when
deposited, so that nomenclature is often confusing. Waines will
work with Bohning and John Wiersma, ARS Taxonomist, to clarify
nomenclature and make information more useful.
RESEARCH FUNDING NEEDS AND INITIATIVES
D. Van Sanford reported on the need for a germplasm position
in the southeast to work on resistances in Septoria, scab, and leaf
rust. Septoria Nodorum produces significant losses each year and
scab is expected to increase with increased surface residues for
erosion control. Southern wheat workers have met with oat workers
group and discussed possible joint wheat-oats disease specialist
position. Locations considered were Stuttgart, AR or Raleigh, NC.
Murphy favored locating position in North Carolina because of
isolation and size of research unit at Stuttgart. Possible
legislative champions could be Bumpers from Arkansas or Price from
North Carolina. Concern was expressed for wide focus of position,
which may affect potential for success. Motion was made by Van
Sanford: NWIC supports the need for a small grains germplasm
enhancement position for diseases in the SE. Seconded by D.
Sammons and motion carried. Item is to be included in legislative
agenda. Representatives of SE region are to consider optimal
location and position focus and provide information to legislative
committee.
R. Sears reported on critical state of ARS funding in the
Plant Science Unit at Kansas State Univ. A 1991 initiative by the
U.S.-Grain Marketing Research Lab to develop 4 new ARS positions,
including funding for leaf rust work, and to bring the GMRL
facility up to ACE code failed. The need for regional germplasm
support was discussed. R. Bruns made a motion, seconded by J.
Peterson, for the NWIC to vigorously support efforts to obtain
additional funding for the ARS Plant Science Unit at Kansas State,
using money from old or new sources. Several expressed concern
over potential impact of redirection of current funds and research
efforts. Murphy indicated that money could not be shifted between
locations without permission from Congress. D. Hole modified
motion to drop use of either old or new money. Modified motion
passed. Item will be added to legislative initiative.
R. Sears reported that the Smut research position at Bozeman,
MT is not being filled due to inadequate funds. R. Line indicated
that others were working on smut, but efforts did not have focus.
Sears suggested writing letter to Plowman urging filling of the
position. Murphy agreed this would be appropriate, although it may
not be filled anyway. I. Edwards suggested including this item
with legislative agenda as pathology package for wheat. Discussion
of advantages and disadvantages of single item or packaging of
initiatives followed. Intent is to include in legislative
initiative, leaving legislative committee flexibility to package as
appropriate.
STATUS OF U.S. RESEARCH FUNDING
Regional representatives reported on surveys results regarding
status of public research funding. Peterson reported general
trends in HRWW region were decreased research funding from state
appropriations and Hatch funds. State commodity board funding and
industry contracts have increased. There was disagreement on
whether current research areas targeted in competitive grants were
in the best interest of agriculture. Most surveyed did not know
how target areas were established or have not have input into the
process. Most also disagreed when asked if their peers were
involved in the grant review and selection process. Van Sanford
reported on SE survey showing need for increased Hatch funds and
difficulties in obtaining NRI grants for applied projects. Zemetra
indicated there is decreasing funding base for applied research and
need for increased Hatch funds. Joppa also indicated need for
increased Hatch funds and survey suggested grants were appropriate
for basic, but not applied, research efforts. Dave Sammons will
summarize results of the surveys and include as an informational
item in the document prepared for the Legislative visit.
DESIGN AND COORDINATION OF WHEAT GENOME DATABASE
Olin Anderson reported that significant progress has been made
on computer programing for development of the Wheat Genome
Database. Data entry is concentrating on molecular markers at
present. Database access is free and four countries in addition to
U.S. are now accessing system. Anderson offered to demonstrate the
system at the National Ag Library after the close of the NWIC
meeting. The database development is a five year program, and
concern was expressed that budget cuts may abort the program. A
motion was made by Stan Cox for the NWIC to send letter to Plowman,
ARS Administrator, supporting the Grain-Gene Database program.
Second by Van Sanford and motion passed.
Updates of molecular mapping progress were presented at recent
ITMI meeting and efforts are continuing. Five wheat researchers
have received $250,000 for mapping efforts in 1991 and $50,000 was
made available for coordination of mapping efforts, meetings and
workshops, and newsletter. Anderson predicted that molecular
isolation of genes in wheat will soon be forthcoming.
CIMMYT UPDATE
Bent Skovmand reported on new Karnal Bunt infection that
occurred at the CIMMYT Hermosillo seed increase site in 1992.
CIMMYT will not distribute seed for any International Wheat
Nurseries this year. Only durum and barley nurseries will be
distributed. They are developing new seed increase site 3 hours
south of Mexico City in area that has never produced wheat before.
CIMMYT also has identified two resistant wheats which were released
in Mexico. They were derived from Chinese wheats and have low
infection type.
Member of the NWIC expressed great concern over the CIMMYT
press release that announced the end of leaf rust as an important
wheat disease. Several members indicated they have been placed in
awkward situations in explaining current leaf rust status in the
U.S. Worrall suggested that NWIC draft a letter to Winkleman,
CIMMYT Director General, expressing concern over statements made in
the press release and to explain current U.S. situation. Edwards
suggested this might be used as basis of NWIC press release to
document impact of wheat diseases in U.S. and generate support for
NWIC initiatives for pathology funding.
INTERNATIONAL GERMPLASM SUBCOMMITTEE REPORT
Bockleman reported on approaches discussed with Busch,
Peterson, Edwards, Briggs, and Skovmand. The objective is to
obtain new cultivars and breeding lines internationally for entry
into the germplasm network. The committee suggested the need to
survey U.S. researchers to determine what and from where materials
are now imported. Key international programs need to be identified
for exchange efforts. Regional Committee Chairs will be asked to
coordinate survey efforts and determine interests from each region.
Bockleman offered to help make contacts for exchange and increase
up to 1,000 lines under quarantine each year for small scale
distribution. He also will develop statement for distribution for
potential contributors regarding entry of germplasm into NSG
Collection. Materials to be targeted initially include germplasm
from the Southern Cone, Turkey, and European contacts. Bruns
indicated that national lists and catalogs in European countries
were available and could be helpful.
ELECTION OF NEW NWIC SECRETARY
Busch nominated Jim Peterson for NWIC Secretary, Zemetra
seconded. Line moved nomination cease, Worrall seconded. Peterson
assumed duties as Secretary during meeting. Peterson will prepare
resolution of thanks to Bob Busch for his efforts as NWIC
Secretary.
WHEAT QUALITY COUNCIL
Ben Handcock, Director of the Wheat Quality Council reported
on efforts to merge HRW, HRS, eastern SW, and western SW into a
National Wheat Quality Council. Currently the HRW and eastern
group have agreed to merger within a year. Western and HRS groups
are interested, but not yet committed. The four groups will
maintain autonomy with four major technical committees and separate
annual meetings. Every fifth year may be a single combined
meeting. A single board of trustees will oversee administration
and fund raising only; it will not address technical issues.
Potential exists for consolidating significant political support
from within the wheat industry for national lobbying efforts.
Concerns were expressed over potential for companies to
earmark money to specific regions; i.e. providing money for eastern
SW, rather than to the general fund. Handcock indicated that
separate budgets may be necessary for each group, but would prefer
general fund with targeted discretionary funds. WQC has developed
a new mission statement that Handcock interprets as allowing
Council to fund research efforts. Long term goal may be to develop
WQC as granting agency for wheat quality research efforts once
initial funding is secured. At a minimum, the WQC could serve as
intermediary from research groups to interested companies.
Additional funding from Wheat Commissions based on production
acreage in each state is also sought.
WHEAT CLASSIFICATION UPDATE AND WHEAT QUALITY ISSUES
Dr. W. Martinez reported on the Wheat Classification Working
group and related activities. The Single Kernel Wheat Hardness
Tester (SKH), designed by the USDA Grain Marketing Research Lab at
Manhattan, is now the machine of choice. Pertin Instruments is
working cooperatively with ARS on machine development, at no cost
to ARS. FGIS has two machines now and will put 6 more in the field
for evaluation next spring. The four Regional Quality Labs are
planning to each have a machine in place by spring. Goal of FGIS
is implementation of the SKH tester for grain classification in
1995. FGIS has not yet dealt with methods for standardization of
calibrations or development of calibration samples.
Cost of SKH tester is now projected at $10,000 to $15,000,
much less than previously expected. It will run 300 kernels in 10
minutes and provide information on: means and standard deviations
for hardness; weight of individual kernels; diameter of kernel from
point of contact; moisture; and crush profile. The machine could
help measure milling efficiency, especially for kernel uniformity.
Goal of Pertin Instruments is to place a single kernel NIR unit up
front of the SKH tester to measure protein, moisture, oil, etc.
Martinez stressed that the ARS and FGIS goal is to understand and
document variation, not to dictate hardness goals. Current
breakpoint between hard and soft wheats is 38 on scale of 0 to 100.
Martinez discussed possible development of a Test Weight
Working Group similar to that for hardness. NAWG is very
interested and FGIS supports concept. Van Sanford made a motion
for NWIC to send a letter to FGIS supporting formation of the
group. Motion passed. Possibly the SKH tester will be focus for
the groups efforts to redefine TWT.
Martinez commented that the next administration is big unknown
since there has been no contact of Clinton transition team. No
chance and no interest at present time for new Wheat Variety
Survey. Some pressure to eliminate research effort in FGIS as
duplication with ARS. However, FGIS research delivers to the
market and should not be decreased or seen as duplication. Worrall
recommended preparing a NWIC letter of support for FGIS research
effort. Sears suggested including it in a legislative packet as
point of information and waiting to mail letter until new Secretary
of Agriculture is appointed. Preparation of letter supporting FGIS
effort approved by consensus.
Zemetra questioned ARS sprouting research and the need for
rapid analyses during harvest. Martinez indicated that basic
research work exists but no instrumentation work at this time. The
ARS lab in Pullman is evaluating an instrument developed by the
Australians for possible use in grain elevators. However, cost of
$30,000 for the unit is prohibitive for elevator use. Goal is to
add unit to SKH tester, when available and if possible, to measure
sprouting. Would like something NIR based, but nothing at present.
PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION AND RELEASE POLICIES
Regional Representatives reported on PVP surveys. Peterson
reported strong support in the HRWW region for PVP, as long as it
does not infringe on germplasm exchange. There was general support
for restriction of the Farmers Exemption. Researchers oppose the
use of Utility Patents for protecting varieties and expect their
use will restrict germplasm exchange. However, their parent
organizations were generally in favor of Utility Patents. Van
Sanford reported support in the eastern region for restricting the
Farmers Exemption in PVP. The trend in the region is toward
charging royalties for varieties and omission of the Registered
class. Joppa reported that the HRS group was mixed on support for
PVP with only Minnesota currently protecting varieties. Most did
not support restriction of the Farmers Exemption. Zemetra reported
support for PVP in the SWW region and favor PVP over patenting.
The region split on support for restriction of Farmers Exemption
with 60% in favor. Edwards reminded the group that there is
nothing in the PVP laws that would result in restriction of
germplasm exchange. Utility patents would restrict exchange and
require cross licence agreements.
Stan Cox reported on HRWWIC survey on variety release
policies. With the exception of Texas, most were standard release
policies. Texas allows for royalties to be charged on varieties
and indicated the intent to handle germplasm on a 'more business
like manner in the future'. KS, NE, and MT anticipate no change in
release policies. OK and CO are open to change as needed to
compete with programs in surrounding states. Need the NWIC and
Regional Committees to keep administrators aware of impact of
release policy decisions on germplasm exchange and the Wheat
Breeders Code of Ethics.
Shands discussed current position of '91 International
Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV)
treaty on plant variety protection. The U.S. signed the treaty but
it has not been introduced on floor of Senate. Sen. Kerrey may
introduce the bill sometime next year. American Seed Trade
Association is providing legal assistance to draft language in the
bill. UPOV '91 has two points which differ from past treaties.
First: no Farmers Exemption for selling protected varieties.
Second: is introduction of the minimum distance or essentially
derived concepts to protect a variety. The Farm Bureau is a
primary obstacle in getting the treaty passed. Minimum distance is
not yet defined. To approve UPOV treaty, the Senate must first
change the PVP laws, acknowledging that the objective of PVP is
best served by adoption of UPOV.
Busch reported on ASTA wheat subcommittee for development of
essentially derived or minimum distance concepts. Members include
Busch; Edwards; Baenziger, Nebraska; Ohm, Purdue; Wilson, Trio;
Heiner, AgriPro; and Erickson, HybriTech. The subcommittee is to
determine which methods result in essentially derived varieties,
propose thresholds for genetic distance, and methods for measuring
genetic distance. Busch gave an update on directions of the group
and concepts for essentially derived varieties and dependency
currently under consideration. The subcommittee is to prepare
final recommendations for ASTA in the near future.
Van Sanford moved that the NWIC prepare a letter reaffirming
the NWIC PVP resolution of 1990, stating the foremost concern of
the NWIC regarding PVP is free exchange of germplasm, and that the
NWIC supports the UPOV '91 position restricting the farmer
exemption in PVP. Second by Bruns, motion carried. Sears and
Peterson to draft wording and circulate to Regional Chairs for
comments and approval. Letter is to be included in legislative
packet and sent to ASTA.
LEGISLATIVE ACTIONS
Representatives of the NWIC Legislative Action Subcommittee
will develop plans to visit Capitol Hill sometime in March, 1993.
Chairman Sears and the subcommittee will coordinate preparation of
the legislative booklet and identify key congressional staff for
contacts. The primary goal of the visit will be to obtain funding
for a 'National Wheat Pathology Research Initiative'. This
initiative is to cover the areas of pathology research identified
earlier by the NWIC as both critical to the national interests and
underfunded. Areas targeted include: support for the Plant Science
unit at Manhattan for Leaf Rust work; funds for the Smut position
at Bozeman; and new position for pathology/germplasm enhancement in
the eastern wheat region. Key representatives from these states
will be contacted to co-sponsor legislation and identify champions.
Emphasis will be placed on impact of Karnal Bunt and Dwarf Smut on
export markets and other diseases which impact on competitiveness
of U.S. growers and wheat quality. Researchers not on the NWIC
will likely be asked to participate in lobbying efforts, especially
those from states with key congressional representatives.
NEXT MEETING
Bent Skovmand offered, on behalf of CIMMYT, to hold the next
NWIC meeting at CIMMYT headquarters in El Batan, Mexico next
November. The move to Mexico for '93 was justified by the
opportunity to discuss issues with CIMMYT regarding germplasm
exchange and international quarantine problems. Dates of November
17-19 or 18-20 were suggested. Bruns moved to accept the
invitation, with Zemetra second. Motion carried. The meeting was
then adjourned by Dr. Sears.
Respectfully submitted, C. James Peterson, Secretary.
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED AT THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
MEETING,
COLLEGE PARK, MARYLAND, NOVEMBER 20-21, 1992
SUBJECT: PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION
TO: Dave Lambert and Art Armbrust, American Seed Trade
Association
Vance Watson, American Association of Seed Certifying
Agencies
WHEREAS, the National Wheat Improvement Committee recognizes the
need for protection of, and return on, plant breeding investments.
The Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA) of 1970 was passed with the
intent to stimulate private plant breeding research and provide a
mechanism for maintaining property rights on developed seed
varieties.
WHEREAS, the PVPA has not provided adequate economic and
intellectual protection of plant breeding products to justify
research investments. The farmer exemption in PVPA is too broad
and has proven to be unenforceable. The exemption has resulted in
wide scale brown-bagging and unauthorized sales of protected
varieties which has had a negative economic impact on private plant
breeding efforts and seed companies.
WHEREAS, the foremost concern of the NWIC is the potential impact
of variety and germplasm protection on germplasm exchange. The
PVPA research exemption has provided for, and resulted in,
continuation of free germplasm exchange and development. Plant
Utility Patents have, and are further expected, to result in
restricted germplasm exchange among breeding programs.
WHEREAS, the 1991 International Convention for the Protection of
New Varieties of Plants, or UPOV treaty, provides for enhanced
protection of intellectual property rights and plant varieties
developed by breeding through restriction and clarification of the
farmer exemption.
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the NWIC supports amendment of the
Plant Variety Protection Act to restrict the farmer exemption
clause as proposed in 1991 UPOV treaty. The objective of the PVPA
is best served by adoption of the UPOV policy. U.S. agriculture
will directly benefit through enhanced development of new plant
varieties. The NWIC continues to strongly support the research
exemption in the PVPA to provide for free exchange of plant
germplasm.
SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF HOSTS
WHEREAS, the University Maryland has served as an excellent host of
the 1992 National Wheat Improvement Committee and Wheat Crop
Advisory Committee, and,
WHEREAS, our hosts have expended much time and effort to ensure
that the meetings were successful,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the members of the NWIC and WCAC
sincerely thank our hosts from the University of Maryland: Dr.
David Sammons; Dr. Bryan Johnson, Director of the Agricultural
Experiment Station; Dr. Richard Weismiller, Chairman, Department of
Agronomy; and the management and staff of the Quality Inn, College
Park, Maryland.
SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF DR. BOB BUSCH'S CONTRIBUTIONS AS NWIC
SECRETARY
WHEREAS, Dr. Bob Busch has provided three years of dedicated and
able service to the wheat research community through his position
as Secretary of the National Wheat Improvement Committee, and,
WHEREAS, he has expended much time and effort in the organization
of meetings, recording of activities, and distribution of
resolutions and information,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that member of the NWIC express their
collective appreciation to Dr. Busch for his distinguished service
and contributions to the National Wheat Improvement effort.
December 2, 1992
Dr. R. D. Plowman, Administrator
USDA-ARS
Room 302A Administration Bldg.
Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Dear Dr. Plowman,
During the recent National Wheat Improvement Committee meetings in
College Park, the committee discussed the actions we have taken
regarding the Genetics Stocks position at the University of
Missouri. Although many members of the committee still feel
strongly about this critical position, we elected to drop it from
our legislative action items. The committee chose to refocus their
efforts on support for applied and basic wheat pathology-genetics
positions within ARS.
Although the wheat genetics stocks position is still extremely
important, it appears to the committee that obtaining funding at
this time would be difficult. Maintenance of the stocks by Dr.
Gustafson and characterization and creation of new stocks by Dr.
Lukaszewski is proceeding well considering the limited funds that
both scientists have to operate these programs.
Sincerely, signed: R. G. Sears, Chairman, NWIC
cc: Dr. Mitchell
December 2, 1992
Dr. R. D. Plowman, Administrator
USDA-ARS
Room 302A Administration Bldg.
Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Dear Dr. Plowman,
During the recent National Wheat Improvement Committee meetings in
College Park, MD, held Nov. 19-21, 1992, Dr. Brooks reported that
the smut disease position located at Bozeman, MT, would not be
filled in the immediate future because of funding constraints. He
indicated to the committee that, despite an additional $100,000 of
new funds in 1990, this unit would still be inadequately funded
should a third position be filled at this time.
As you know, the NWIC, for nearly 8 years has been extremely
concerned about the lack of a small grain smut pathologist within
USDA-ARS. We have written several letters indicating our concern.
Expertise is needed to assist APHIS in dealing with quarantine
issues regarding both Karnal bunt and Flag smut. Both loose and
covered smut continue to cause economic damage in many wheat
growing areas. Dwarf bunt has impacted our ability to sell wheat
to China. Leadership in this vital research area is badly needed.
At last years NWIC meeting in Reno, Nevada, we understood that the
smut position would be filled at Bozeman, MT which the committee
received with great enthusiasm. We were dismayed to learn of the
change in plans.
I'm writing this letter to enforce the continued strong endorsement
the NWIC feels in regard to filling this position at Bozeman.
Sincerely, signed: R. G. Sears, Chairman, NWIC
cc: Dr. Jacobson
January 21, 1993
Dr. R. D. Plowman, Administrator
USDA-ARS
Room 302A Administration Bldg.
Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. 20250
Dear Dr. Plowman,
The National Wheat Improvement Committee would like to take this
opportunity to renew our support of the wheat genetic map database.
At the annual NWIC meeting in November, Dr. Olin Anderson, USDA-
ARS, reported on the development and current status of the wheat
genetic map database.
Genetic maps of wheat and related species have grown rapidly in the
past few years. Scientists continue to add to our knowledge of
wheat on an almost monthly basis, providing new information on
linkage of molecular and other genetic loci, physical maps of
chromosomes, special genetic stocks, chromosome banding, storage
proteins, and disease or insect resistance.
Much of this work has been, or is carried out by US scientists
associated with the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative
(ITMI). This year, an ITMI mapping proposal was granted funding
from the USA Plant Genome Program, so we can expect an acceleration
in the generation of new genetic data for wheat.
Over the past two years, the Plant Genome Database Program has done
an excellent job of initiating a system to collect, process, and
store genetic data from diverse sources. This system allows
researchers to retrieve information in a convenient and useful
form. In the case of the wheat database, the information is not
limited to genetic map distances. Pedigree and descriptor
information for released US wheat cultivars is also included. Such
information will be useful to breeders searching for sources of
pest resistance or quality traits, for example.
Much work remains, however, if the wheat genome computer software
is to be fully developed and the increasing volume of relevant data
entered. Because the Wheat Genome Database Program, coordinated by
Dr. Anderson, has made great strides in pulling together diverse
sources of expertise in creating and implementing this software,
and because we expect an increasing need for a system to
accommodate new genetic data, the NWIC urges USDA-ARS to continue
full funding of the Wheat Genome Database Program.
Sincerely, signed: R. G. Sears, Chairman, NWIC
cc: H. Shands, USDA-ARS-NPS
C. Murphy, USDA-ARS-NPS
J. Miksche, USDA-ARS-NPS
January 21, 1993
Mr. Dave Galliert, Acting Administrator
Federal Grain Inspection Service
Room 1094, South Agricultural Bldg.
14th and Independence Ave., SW
Washington, DC 20250
Dear Mr. Galliert,
The National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) met recently in
College Park, MD. As it has since 1987, the NWIC reviewed and
discussed the issue of low test weight wheat and the resultant
discounts in prices received by wheat growers. As you recall, our
committee has sent resolutions to FGIS and other organizations
which express our concerns for growers, particularly in the soft
red winter wheat region, who have been penalized by a grading
factor which, studies have shown, is not always a good predictor of
grain quality.
At this year's meeting, the discussion took on a different tone
when Ms. Wilda Martinez, USDA-ARS-NPS, presented data on the single
kernel hardness tester developed at the U.S. Grain Marketing
Research Laboratory in Manhattan, KS. In addition to its intended
use as an indicator of grain hardness, the instrument shows
considerable promise as a predictor of flour yield. The
preliminary data indicates that the hardness tester may be a better
predictor of flour yield than test weight. We were all quite
impressed with the new technology, and especially pleased to learn
of its potential utility in addressing the problem of test weight.
We feel this effort should be extended by establishing a working
group to evaluate and implement new technology could supplant test
weight as a grading and marketing factor. May I suggest that FGIS
take the lead in this endeavor, with cooperation from USDA-ARS and
the National Association of Wheat Growers, much as was done with
the wheat hardness working group. I would also take the liberty of
suggesting names of several individuals who would be willing to
help organize this working group: Wilda Martinez and Virgil Smail,
USDA-ARS; David Sammons, wheat breeder, University of Maryland; and
Robert Bacon, wheat breeder, University of Arkansas.
We appreciate your willingness to consider this idea. This is an
eventful time in the wheat community, as millers, bakers, and
breeders are forming new and effective lines of communication.
Their mutual interest lies in the accurate characterization and
promotion of grain quality. It appears that the technology is now
available which may tell us more about grain quality than measuring
test weight. We urge FGIS to pursue this effort, and we pledge to
cooperate in any way possible.
Sincerely, R. G. Sears, Chair, NWIC
cc: Ellen Ferguson, NAWG Foundation
Jeff Lundberg, President, NAWG
Dean Plowman, Administrator, ARS
January 21, 1993
The Honorable Mr. Mike Espy
Secretary of Agriculture
Room 200A
14th and Independence Ave., SW
Washington, DC 20250
Dear Mr. Espy,
Congratulations on your appointment as Secretary of Agriculture.
As a committee representing wheat researchers throughout the United
States we look forward to working with you on the problems facing
agriculture; both today and tomorrow.
Recently during our annual 1992 meeting it was brought to our
attention that there has been recent criticism of the applied
research being conducted by the Federal Grain Inspection Service.
For the past 10 years, FGIS has been conducting research toward a
more objective classification system for wheat, based upon single
kernel hardness. As a national committee, we feel strongly that
the research conducted by FGIS has been timely, efficient, well
done and has certainly met the needs of the industry. As possible
budget cuts are planned, the NWIC wants to restate our strong
belief that the monies spent by FGIS on applied classification
problems has been well spent and in the best interests of the US
farm economy.
In 1982, when the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station released
the variety Arkan and subsequent classification problems developed,
many questions were asked regarding accuracy of the current system.
At that time FGIS responded that they were a service organization
charged with classification of grains and that they did not conduct
research. To NWIC's amazement, little research had been done
verifying the accuracy and repeatability of FGIS classification
over the years since the Grain Classification Act in 1919.
Although in large part considered reliable and efficient, no actual
numbers existed to verify accuracy and repeatability.
In 1984 the NWIC issued a series of statements regarding the
current system of grain classification based upon kernel
morphology. We recommended to FGIS and ARS that research be
directed toward an objective classification system as soon as
possible. In 1985 a task force was appointed by the administrator
of FGIS, representing all segments of the wheat industry to work
with both agencies on research and possible implementation of a new
objective classification system. This has evolved into the
potential of a new single kernel hardness measurement to classify
hard and soft wheats, with the potential of future classification
of winter wheat and spring wheat. I recalled these developments
because much of the progress in this area has been contributed by
applied research conducted by FGIS personnel.
Since 1982 FGIS has been actively involved in applied research
developments regarding future objective classification of wheat
based upon single kernel hardness. Their work has been pivotal in
the rapid progress that has been made. They have cooperated
actively with state researchers as well as ARS and SAS. As future
problems develop involving classification, measurement, and
handling of grain, the NWIC feels that it is important that FGIS
retain funding for applied research in evaluating future tests and
procedures.
The money utilized for this research has been utilized very
effectively. As a committee, we acknowledge the excellent work
FGIS has done in applied research areas involving grain
classification and we endorse the continued support of FGIS to
conduct applied research in the future.
Sincerely, signed: R. G. Sears, Chairman, NWIC
cc: Dave Galliert, Acting Administrator, FGIS
R. D. Plowman, Administrator, ARS
MEMBERS OF NATIONAL
WHEAT IMPROVEMENT
COMMITTEE
February 1993
Dr. R.G. Sears,
Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
Kansas State Unversity
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-7245
FAX: (913)-532-6094
Dr. C.J. Peterson,
Secretary
USDA-ARS
Dept. of Agronomy
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583
(402) 472-5191
FAX: (402) 437-5254
Eastern Wheat
Region
Dr. D. Van Sanford,
Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506
(606) 257-5811
FAX: (606) 258-5842
Dr. H.E.Bockelman,
Secretary
USDA-ARS
P.O. Box 386
Aberdeen, ID 83210
(208) 397-4162
FAX: (208) 397-4165
Dr. D.J. Sammons
Department of Agronomy
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
(301) 405-1340
FAX: (301) 314-9041
Dr. R. Bacon
115 Plant Science
University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, AR 72701
(501) 575-5725
FAX: (501) 575-7465
National Assoc. of
Wheat Growers
Ellen Ferguson
Director, NAWG
Foundation
415 Second St. NE
Suite 300
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 547-7800
FAX: (202) 546-2638
Great Plains Spring
Wheat Region
Dr. Gary Hareland,
Chair
USDA-ARS-NPA
Northern Crop
Science Lab
P.O. Box 5677--
Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7728
Dr. R.H. Busch,
Secretary
USDA-ARS
411 Borlaug Hall
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, MN 55108
(612) 625-1975
FAX: (612) 625-1268
Dr. Leonard Joppa
USDA-ARS-NPA
Northern Crop
Science Lab
1307 N 18th St
P.O. Box 5677--
Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 239-1339
FAX:
Dr. R. Frohberg
Dept. of Crop &
Weed Sci
North Dakota State Univ.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7971
FAX:
Great Plains Winter
Wheat Region
R. Bruns, Chair
Agripro Bioscience, Inc.
806 N. Second St.,
P.O. Box 30
Berthaud, CO 80513
(303) 532-3721
FAX: (303) 532-2035
Dr. T.S. Cox,
Secretary
USDA-ARS
Throckmorton Hall,
Rm. 421
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
FAX:(913) 532-5692
(913) 532-726
Dr. W.D. Worrall
P.O. Box 1658
Vernon, TX 76384
(817) 552-9941
FAX: (817) 553-4657
TBA
Western Wheat
Region
Dr. R.S. Zemetra,
Chair
Dept. of Plant,
Soil & Ent. Sci.
University of Idaho
Moscow, ID 83843
(208) 885-7810
FAX: (208) 885-7760
Dr. R.F. Line,
Secretary
USDA-ARS
361 Johnson Hall
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3755
FAX: (509) 335-7674
Dr. C.O. Qualset
Dept. of Agronomy &
Range Science
University of California - Davis
Davis, CA 95616
(916) 752-3265
FAX:
Dr. R.E. Allan
USDA-ARS
Johnson Hall
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3632
FAX: (509) 335-8674
--------------------
WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
"This seed is being distributed in accordance with the
`Wheat Workers Code of Ethics for Distribution of Germplasm'
developed by the National Wheat Improvement Committee
10/27/76. Acceptance of this seed constitutes Agreement."
1. The originating breeder, station or company has certain
rights to the unreleased material. These rights are
not waived with the distribution of seeds or plant
material but remain with the originator for disposal at
this initiative.
2. The recipient of unreleased seeds or plant material
shall make no secondary distributions of the germplasm
without the permission of the owner/breeder.
3. The owner/breeder in distributing unreleased seeds or
other propagating material, grants permission for use
(1) in tests under the recipient's control, (2) as a
parent for making crosses from which selections will be
made, and (3) for induction of mutations. All other
uses, such as testing in regional nurseries, increase
and release as a cultivar, selection from the stock,
use as parents in commercial F1 hybrids or synthetic or
multiline cultivars, require the written approval of
the owner/breeder.
4. Plant materials of this nature entered in crop cultivar
trials shall not be used for seed increase. Reasonable
precautions to insure retention or recovery of plant
materials at harvest shall be taken.
5. The distributor of wheat germplasm stocks may impose
additional restrictions on use or may waiver any of the
above.
--------------------
WHEAT DATABASE ORGANIZATION AND 1992 PROGRESS REPORT
Olin D. Anderson and David Matthews
A wheat prototype database is being assembled as part of the
USDA's Plant Genome Program. The initial priority of the
database is to accumulate genome mapping and probe/clone/library
information. Additional data areas will include germplasm,
genetics, and traits. The goal of the USDA is to maintain a
master database at the National Agricultural Library where data
from all plant species is collated. The data is intended for
public access and distribution, and cooperation with the
international research community is encouraged.
The USDA Genome Database Project is headed by Jerome Miksche,
and the wheat database prototype is coordinated by Olin Anderson
(Albany, CA). The master wheat database is currently running at
Cornell University (David Matthews and Mark Sorrells) and is
accessible via INTERNET. Copies have been downloaded to three
other sites: Albany, California; Clermont, France (Philippe
Leroy); Australian National Genetic Information Service, Sydney,
Australia (Alex Reisner). The main efforts in this program are
to establish the hardware and software systems to construct and
maintain a wheat database, and coordinate the loading of all
available and useful data. Currently, two parrallel databases are
in development; a future version will likely merge the different
capabilities of the two systems. The graphical interface
database is based on ACEDB; originally writen for the
Caenorhabditis elegans genome project. This is the more
sophisticated database with more capabilities, but also requires
more hardware to access. The ACEDB version at present contains
limited data, but is in development. Some of the items loaded
are one map each for barley, Triticum tauschii, sugarcane, and
oats, and the Australian clone bank list, plus clones from Mark
Sorrells and Bikram Gill, etc. The ACEDB version has graphic
capability and there are approximately ten images loaded for
examination and comment. We are particularly interested in ideas
about the scope and use of such graphic capability.
The second "database" is termed a "gopher" (go-for-data),
and is a text based system with easier access but more limited
searching capability. Two advantages of the gopher are the
ability to browse and the ability to perform simple searches on
large files. Some of the files either currently on the gopher or
planned are: Annual Wheat Newsletters (Jim Quick, editor); wheat
gene catalog (Bob McIntosh, curator), Catalog of North American
cultivars (Ken Kephart, editor), lists of germplasm (cultivars,
genetic stocks, taxonomy, etc.), etc. This medium is a natural
for "lists" of data and review articles/monographs. Anyone who
assembles such data or is aware of a source of such data is
encouraged to contact database personnel who will not edit such
data but simply make it available without comment on the gopher
system.
The wheat database prototype is being designed and
implemented in collaboration with the Computer Science Division
of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (John McCarthy, 510-486-5307,
principal contact). The prototype operates on Sun workstations
(plus mass storage devices) operating as servers. Other UNIX
systems can also run the programs, and there may be Mac and DOS
versions in the next year. Access is currently available by
contacting David Matthews, Olin Anderson, or Susan Altenbach.
Users should be aware that the database is still developmental.
Many data areas are sparse, but users are encouraged to explore
what is available and feed back comments. Particularly critical
is information on additional data sources including
researchers/sites which are already collating useful data.
DATA COORDINATORS: We have identified specific areas that
require data assembly and organization, and have formed a
committee of coordinators. As is inherent in such databases many
areas are overlapping and will require input from several areas
of expertise. As the need becomes apparent, 'subcommittees' will
form around broad topics. The following individuals have agreed
to serve as the coordination committee for the wheat database:
Cytology Bikram Gill, Department of Plant Pathology,
Kansas State University, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS
66506, Tel: 913-532-6176 FAX: 913-532-5692,
Email:raupp@ksuvm.ksu.edu
Database Assembly Olin Anderson, USDA, ARS, WRRC, 800 Buchanan, Albany, CA
& maintenance 94710, Tel: 510-559-5773 FAX: 510-559-5777
Email:oanderson@wheat.usda.gov
Genetics Gary Hart, Department of Soil & Crop ciences, Texas A&M
Nomenclature University, College Station, TX 77843, Tel:409-845-8293
FAX: 409-845-0456,Email:geh2432@zeus.tamu.edu
Genetic Stocks Perry Gustafson, USDA, ARS, Department of Agronomy,
University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, Tel:
314-882-7318 FAX: 314-875-5359,
Email:gro1375@mizzou1.missouri.edu
Germplasm Ken Kephart, 214 Waters Hall, University of Missouri,
Columbia,MO 65211, Tel: 314-882-2001 FAX: 314-884-4317
Email:Ken Kephart@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu
Pathology David Porter, USDA, ARS, Oklahoma State University,
Stillwater, OK 74075. Tel:405-624-4212 FAX:405-372-1398
Email:portdrp@vms.ucc.okstate.edu
Probe Library, Susan Altenbach, USDA, ARS, WRRC, 800 Buchanan St,
References Albany, CA 94710, Tel: 510-559-5614 FAX: 510-559-
5777 Email: altnbach@wheat.usda.gov
Proteins; Gel Bob Graybosch, USDA, ARS, Department of Agronomy, 322
patterns,Wheat Keim Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska,
Quality Tel: 402-472-1563 FAX:402-437-5234,
Email:agro100@unlvm.unl.edu
Data Entry, Mark Sorrells, Dept. of Plant Breeding & Biometry,
Coordination Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel:607-255-1665 FAX:
607-255-6683, mail:mark_sorrells@qmrelay.mail.cornell.edu
Data Entry, David Matthews, Dept. of Plant Breeding & Biometry,
Coord., Main., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel: 607-255-9951 FAX:
Database Design 607-255-6683, Email: matthews@greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
Database Design, John McCarthy, Computer Sciences Division, Lawrence,
Coordination Berkeley Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA
94720.0, Tel: 510-486-5307 FAX: 510-486-4004
Email: JLMccarthy@lbl.gov
Anyone with interests in participating in database design,
data contributions, data assembly in any of these specific areas
should contact the appropriate coordinator or Olin Anderson.
To facilitate gathering of mapping data, the database
personnel are working closely with the International Triticeae
Mappping Initiative (ITMI) organization. ITMI is an
international group with the purpose of facilitating the mapping
and dissemination of resulting data on important members of the
grass tribe Triticeae, which includes wheat, rye, barley, and
ancestral species and related wild grasses. Dr. Calvin Qualset
(Dept. of Agronomy & Range Science, Univ. Calif., Davis) is ITMI
coordinator.
The wild ancestral genomes of wheat and wild grasses
amenable to breeding with wheat are critical sources of new genes
for traits such as yield, and pest and stress resistance. The
database will therefore contain mapping (and other) data from
these genomes as available.
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS: Contracts from the wheat database
prototype project have been completed with several sites. These
include a contract to ITMI (Cal Qualset) for assisting in mapping
coordination by ITMI and resource development with Jan Dvorak (UC
Davis) and Gary Hart (Texas A&M). Mark Sorrells and Steven
Tanksley (Cornell) are supported for a programmer position for
data input and the development of software routines, along with
the necessary hardware to serve as a major site of data input and
database access. Cornell will also assist the Barley and Oat
Groups, and possibly others, in data input as these group desire.
Bikram Gill (Kansas State) will be overseeing the assembly of
wheat cytogenetic data for the database. Wheat nomenclature and
genetics will be the contribution of Gary Hart (Texas A&M). Data
on North American wheat cultivars already being cataloged by Ken
Kephart (Missouri) will be further coordinated with other
databases such as the Germplasm Information Network (GRIN) and
the USDA Small Grains Repository at Aberdeen, Idaho, and CIMMYT
in Mexico City. Also at Missouri is Perry Gustafson who is
coordinating data on genetic stocks. Future Cooperative
Agreements may be arranged for other areas such as pathology and
wheat storage proteins. David Porter (Oklahoma State) is
assembling examples of data on pathology and pests to assess for
database design and input. Grain proteins are a major
contributor to quality traits in wheat and examples are being
organized by Bob Graybosch at Nebraska.
PRIORITIES FOR THE NEXT YEAR: The next year will
concentrate on extensions of the database models and the
gathering of available information. We hope to have included all
available mapping and probe information, significants amounts of
data on genetics, and a large section on wheat germplasm.
LONG-TERM CONSIDERATONS: Although the USDA is supporting
the initial stages of database development, the success of this
program will depend greatly on the cooperation and participation
of laboratories throughtout the Triticeae research community
world-wide. We are particularly interested in cooperating with
members of international community whom are recognized,
officially or unofficially, as curators of data. The USDA will
concentrate on hardware, software, assembly of combined
databases, database access, and will only preform minor curator
functions; each plant community will be called on to organize and
update their own plant system.
All laboratories possessing relevant data are urged to
deposit their data with the database personnel. Any laboratory
interested in accessing the databases or running the databases
locally can contact Olin Anderson, Susan Altenbach, or David
Matthews. Potential users are reminded again that this is a
developing database effort, therefore gaps in data should be
expected. However, all users are encouraged to make both
suggestions on improvements and new sources of data.
--------------------
USDA RESEARCH ON WHEAT AND RYE, 1863 TO 1972
J. G. Moseman, J. H. Martin and c. R. Adair, Former USDA,
Ag. Res. Service Employees1/
1/ J. G Moseman, retired, present address: 1918 Blackbriar St.,
Silver Spring, MD 20903. J. H. Martin, and C. R. Adair, deceased
Preface
The U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) initiated
research on wheat and rye in 1863 when the Department of Ag. was
assigned the area in Washington, D. C. between 12th and 14th
streets as an experimental tract by the Commissioner of Public
Buildings. Many scientists within the Department have conducted
research on wheat and rye. Research in the Department was
organized by specific crops until June of 1972 when the
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) in the USDA was reorganized
with research being conducted by areas and regions within the
United States, and not by specific crops.
This is a section of a publication entitled "Origin and
History of Research on Wheat, Rye, Corn, Sorghum, Barley, Oats,
Rice, and Weeds by the U. S. Department of Agriculture from 1836
to 1972" which will be maintained in the National Agricultural
Library (NAL) at Beltsville, MD. That publication is a historical
review of the organizations and agencies in the U. S. Government,
and projects and personnel that conducted research on cereal and
the other grain crops from 1836 until 1972. The administration
of the agricultural research is described in the first section.
Included in that section are the designations of the
organizations and agencies, and the names of the administrators,
and the years that they served. The research conducted on each
crop wheat and rye, corn, sorghum, barley, oats, flax and weeds
is summarized in separate sections.
The information was assembled over a period of about 30
years. J. H. Martin, who was a Dept. of Ag. employee from 1914
until 1963, compiled most of the information from before he
retired. He reviewed many memoranda, official documents, and
other information in the Cereal Crops Research Branch (CCRB)
office at Beltsville, MD. He also obtained information from many
former and present employees of the Department. The five crop
investigation leaders, L. P. Reitz (wheat and rye), G. F. Sprague
(corn and sorghum), G. A. Wiebe (barley), H. C. Murphy (oats),
and C. R. Adair (rice) each prepared a summary of research that
had been conducted on their crop.
Following the 1972 reorganization of ARS, C. R. Adair, who
had conducted research on rice in the Department from 1931 until
1972, and who had been Leader, Rice Invest. since 1952, continued
the compilation of information. Adair was senior author on two
papers entitled "A summary of Rice Production Investigations in
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1898 to 1972"in Vol 26, The
Rice Journal, 1975. He also compiled, but never published,
additional information relating to research on wheat and rye.
Since he retired in 1986, J. G. Moseman, who had conducted
research of small grains (wheat, oats and barley) in the
Department since 1950, and was Leader, Barley Invest. from 1969
until 1972, continued the compilation of information. He
contacted administrators who had been involved in crops research
in the Department before, and in 1972. Many of those
administrators verified and added to the information regarding
personnel, and the time that they and other individuals were
involved as administrators. He contacted leading scientists, who
were or had been involved in research on wheat and rye at most of
the locations where research had been conducted on those crops.
Those scientists verified and modified the information which had
been compiled, and added names and times when other scientists
were at their location. He also obtained information regarding
specific individuals from the Am. Men of Science and other
publications and records.
This section, entitled "Research on Wheat and Rye by the U.
S. Department of Agriculture from 1863 to 1972", is a
summarization of the information which was compiled on research
on wheat and rye. The information has been greatly condensed.
Many of the administrators, and research scientists had long,
exciting, and productive careers. However, information regarding
the education and experiences of only a few of the early
administrators and research scientists has been included. The
research scientists at each location are listed in chronological
order, and by discipline to better describe their research and
changes in research conducted at each location. Often the
relationship of research between locations has been described.
Many individuals contributed information and suggestions
included in this section. Without their cooperation it would not
have been possible to complete the review. I thank each of those
individuals. They greatly increased the accuracy and value of
the information.
Early History and Administration
Research on wheat and rye in the U. S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) was initiated in 1863 when the area on the
mall in Washington, D. C. between the 12th and 14th streets was
assigned to the Dept. of Ag. as an experimental tract by the
Commissioner of Public Buildings. However, until April, 1865 the
land was not available because it was "essentially necessary to
the War Dept. as a cattle yard". In the fall of 1865, part of
the land was plowed, fertilized, and planted to 346 cultivars
including 62 cultivars of winter wheat, mostly from France,
Russia, Prussia, Great Britian, Chile, and China. In the spring
of 1866, 66 cultivars of spring wheat, including Arnautka durum,
17 of oats, 13 of barley, including Oderbrucker, 17 of rye, 19 of
corn and 4 of sorghum were planted.
A tragedy occurred in connection with the experiments in
1866. In July, a thunderstorm was approaching during the
harvesting of the wheat plots, and in helping to put some of the
wheat under shelter, Commissioner Isaac Newton, who had hurried
from his office dressed warmly and wearing a silk hat, was
overcome by heat and over exertion. He never fully recovered
from this shock which caused his death on July 19, 1867 at the
age of 67. It is not recorded that any other Dept. of Ag.
employee has died from over exertion in caring for cereal plots.
In 1867, the cereal cultivars in the plots included 43 winter
wheat, 66 spring wheat, 5 winter rye, 16 spring rye, 21 barley,
20 oats, 10 corn and 3 sorghum.
Commissioner Newton's successor, Horace Capron, was of the
opinion that an adequate field test of cereal cultivars could not
be made on the limited 40-acre area of the Experimental Farm.
Therefore, to reduce expenses, the experiments were discontinued
in the fall of 1867. The area was then landscaped and planted to
ornamentals to furnish a suitable surrounding for the new
original Dept. of Ag. building that was completed in 1868.
In 1886, George Vasey, the Dept. of Ag. Botanist,
investigated the grasses of the arid districts of KS, NE, and
Eastern CO, and recommended that the "government should provide
an experiment station for the trial of grasses and forage plants
in properly conducted, and well continued experiments". During
the 1887 session of Congress, an unsuccessful attempt was made to
establish an experimental station. However, in 1888, the
appropriation of the Div. of Botany was increased to provide for
an experiment station.
In Aug. 1888, 240 acres of land on the north bank of the
Arkansas River, two miles from Garden City, KS was leased without
cost from J. M. Jones, and J. A. Sewall of Denver, CO was
appointed superintendent. This experimental farm was under the
supervision of Vasey. In 1888, small plots were covered with
sods of six or eight kinds of native grasses. Seedings in the
spring of 1889, included alfalfa, several kinds of native and
cultivated grasses including Johnson grass, and millet. In the
fall of 1889, red kafir, and several cultivars of sorghum, and
forty acres of Arctic rye was sown. In 1890, 8-10 acres of
Polish Wheat, and 80 acres of different cultivars of sorghum
including White Durra and Red Kaffir were sown.
The Garden City Exp. Sta. was discontinued in Oct. 1893.
However, in his report for that year, F. V. Colville, Chief, Div.
of Botany, recommended that similar experiments be tried on new
areas. No further field experiments with cereal crops were
conducted by the Div. of Botany. Seed of the grains mentioned
above including Polish wheat, had been distributed free to
farmers in small lots after their value was indicated in the
experiments.
In 1891, research was initiated in the Dept. of Ag. on
cereal rusts. This research, which was conducted at Garrett
Park, MD, near Washington, D. C., and in cooperation with the KS,
NE, SD, and ND Ag. Exp. Stas., was continued for several years.
That research will be discussed in the section on Agronomic,
Production, and Breeding Research.
The coordination of the research in the Dept. of Ag. on
wheat, rye, and Triticum species was initiated when the Bureau of
Plant Industry (BPI) was organized in 1901. The leaders and
assistant leaders of that research from 1901 to 1972 are shown in
Table 1. Until about 1944, those individuals were located in the
Dept. of Ag. building in Washington, D. C. After 1944 they were
at the Beltsville Ag. Res. Center, Beltsville, MD.
In 1901, when the BPI was organized, M. A. Carleton was
designated Cerealist in charge of the Cereal Lab. in the Div. of
Veg. Physiol. and Path. Carleton was directly in charge of all
wheat experiments from 1901 until his 14 month furlough from July
1912 through Sept. 1913. In 1901 and 1902 C. S. Scofield studied
durum wheats and methods of classifying wheat in the Div. of
Botany. Carleton was assisted from 1902 to about 1906 by L. A.
Fitz in the hard winter wheat region, by H. A. Miller in the
eastern states, and by J. S. Cole in the spring wheat region.
From 1906 to 1909, H. J. C. Umberger assisted in supervising the
testing and distribution of durum wheat. Carleton directed
most of the experiments on minor cereals including rye, spelt,
and emmer until April 16, 1911 when A. B. Derr was appointed to
be responsible for that project, and wheat experiments in the
South Eastern States. From 1907 to 1910 W. M. Jardine was
responsible for the Dry Land Ag. Project.
While Carleton was on furlough in 1912 and 1913, C. R. Ball
was acting Cerealist in charge. In Sept. 1912, C. E. Leighty was
appointed to take charge of wheat investigations in the humid
areas. From Oct. 3, 1913, when Carleton returned, until he
resigned in 1918, Ball was made agronomist in charge of research
on wheat in the western region, and since Derr had resigned on
Sept. 15, 1913, Leighty was designated agronomist in charge of
research on wheat in the eastern regions. In July 1914, J. A.
Clark was transferred to Washington, D. C. from the Dickinson,
ND, Field Sta. to assist Ball on the western wheat project. Ball
and Leighty were also responsible for the research on minor
cereals in the western and eastern regions, respectively.
However, the geographic line between the eastern and western
wheat regions was never definitely and permanently established.
From 1918 until Nov. l8, 1930, research on wheat and minor
cereals was divided into western and eastern regions. Leighty
was in charge of the research in the eastern regions until Nov.
18, 1930 when he transferred to the Div. of Dry Land Ag. Ball
was in charge of research in the western region until May 18,
1918, when he became Cerealist in Charge, Office of Cereal
Invest. At that time, J. A. Clark was placed in charge of the
western project. He was in charge until July l, 1931. Clark was
in charge of research in both the eastern and western regions
from when Leighty was transferred in 1930 until July 1, 1931 when
S. C. Salmon was appointed Principal Agonomist and Leader, Wheat
Investigations..
Leighty had two assistants. They were W. C. Eldridge, from
Nov. l9, 1919 to March 22, 1920, and W. J. Sando after June 1,
1921. In Jan. 1919, J. H. Martin was transferred from the Burns,
OR., Field Sta., and made an assistant to Clark, who was then in
charge of research in the western region. On August 1, 1925,
Martin resigned to spend full time as Leader, Sorghum Invest.,
and K. S. Quisenberry was hired to replace Martin as Clark's
assistant.
Salmon was the appointed Leader, Wheat Investigations on
July 1, 1931. However, from 1946 until about1950, following
World War II, Salmon was assigned to duty as Agricultural Advisor
on General MacArthur's staff in Japan. During his absence,
Quisenberry, and B. B. Bayles acted as Leaders, Wheat Invest.
After Salmon returned in 1950, he served as Leader, Wheat Invest,
until 1954 when he was appointed Assist. Head. Cereal Crops
Section. L. P. Reitz, who was Coordinator, agronomic production
and breeding research in the Hard Red Winter Region, was then
transferred from Lincoln, NE to Beltsville, to be Leader, Wheat
Invest. Reitz served as Leader, until the 1972 reorganization.
Salmon made several changes after becoming Leader, Wheat
Invest. Scientists trained in many disciplines were assigned to
that Investigations. On Sept 25, 1933, the pathologists in the
Div. of Pl. Path. who were conducting research on wheat, were
assigned to the Wheat Invest. Beginning in the 1930s the four
Wheat Quality Labs. with chemists, cereal tech, and physiologists
were established, and the cytogenetic and interspecific
hybridization research was greatly expanded. Both Salmon from
1937 until 1954, and Reitz from 1954 until the 1972
reorganization had assistants who coordinated the agronomic,
production and breeding research in each of the four regions,
Eastern States, Hard Red Winter Wheat, Hard Red Spring and Durum
Wheat, and Western States. However, the scientists involved in
pathologic, physiologic, quality, cytogenetic and interspecific
hybridization research were supervised by a senior scientist or
Lab. Leader, or directly by the Salmon and Reitz, Leaders, Wheat
Invest.
Agronomic, Production and Breeding Research
The scientists, who conducted agronomic, production and
breeding research on wheat or rye in the USDA are listed in Table
2. Included is where they were located, their primary
discipline, the crops they studied, and the years they were at
that location. Some individuals have been included who were not
full time employees of the Dept. of Ag., but were collaborators
or agents of the Dept.
Some of the early research on Dry Land Agriculture and at
Field Stations in the Great Plains, and in the Western States is
discussed in this section. That research was primarily related
to production, and selection of crops adapted to growing with low
rainfall. Wheat, rye, emmer, and spelt were usually the primary
crops in those studies.
Information relating to the introduction, and maintenance,
of germplasm, and to the classification, and distribution of
wheat cultivars is included at the end of this section. Although
the research on classification of wheat cultivars was conducted
by scientists at the Wheat Invest. Headquarters in Washington, D.
C. and Beltsville, most of the scientists involved in agronomic,
production or breeding research at other locations cooperated
and benefitted from that research.
On July 1, 1931, Bayles transferred to Washington, D. C.
from the Mocasin, MT, Field Sta. to direct the wheat experiments
in the pacific coast and intermountain region. Clark assumed
similar responsibilities in the hard spring wheat region, and
Quisenberry in the hard winter wheat region. On March l, l936,
Quisenberry's headquarters was changed from Washington, D. C. to
the Univ. of NE at Lincoln. When Quisenberry went to Lincoln, C.
A. Suneson, who had been conducting research on wheat, oats, and
barley at Lincoln, transferred to Univ. of CA at Davis. In the
summer of 1937, Bayles was assigned the responsibilities for
wheat research in the Eastern States, and Suneson the
responsibilities for wheat research in the Western States that
had been supervised by Bayles.
Beginning in 1937 until the reorganization in 1972 the
responsibility for agronomic, production and breeding research in
the Wheat Invest. was divided into 4 regions: Eastern States,
Hard Red Winter Wheat, Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat, and
Western States. The individuals assigned the responsibility for
coordinating that research in each region were designated
regional coordinators. The coordinator in each region cooperated
closely with the Leader, Wheat Invest. in coordinating the
agronomic, production, and breeding research in their region. By
coordinating Regional Uniform Wheat Performance Nurseries they
worked closely with most wheat breeders in their respective
regions. They visited most locations annually or even more
often, and thus became familiar with the research on wheat
cultivar improvement and production throughout their region. The
coordinators also conducted individual research programs on wheat
improvement at their locations.
The discussion of this research will be divided by the four
regions The research in each region was coordinated by a
different regional coordinator, and the research in each region
was on a different market class of wheat.
Eastern States Region
The Eastern States Region consisted primarily of those
states east of the Mississippi River in which soft red winter and
soft white winter wheat was grown. There were assistants to the
Leader, Wheat Invest. who were specifically assigned to
coordinate the research in this region, from 1902 until 1931 when
Salmon became the Leader. From 1931 until 1937 when Bayles was
assigned as coordinator in this region, no one was specifically
assigned as coordinator. However, Bayles did assist Salmon in
coordinating the research in the region during that period.
Washington, D. C. and Beltsville, MD
The coordinators, from 1937 to 1972, responsible for
coordinating the agronomic, production, and breeding research in
this region, were all located at either Washington, D. C. or at
Beltsville, MD. They worked closely with personnel in the Soft
Wheat Quality Lab. which was established at Wooster, OH. in 1937.
Bayles was the regional coordinator from 1937 until his
death in Beirut, Lebanon while on a business trip in April,1954.
In addition to being the regional coordinator, he often acted as
Leader, Wheat Invest. in Salmon's absence. He also assisted M.
A. McCall, K. S. Quisenberry, and H. A. Rodenhiser, who were in
Charge, Cereal Crops Research. He was organizing the
International Wheat Rust Nursery Program while on the trip to
Beirut where he died. That nursery program was implemented
within a year after his death. He also organized the Uniform
Southern Soft Wheat and Uniform Eastern Soft Wheat Performance
Nurseries.
In 1955, L. W. Briggle tranferred from Fargo, ND to
Beltsville to be Regional Coordinator. He retained that position
until 1968 when he became Leader, Oats Invest. He continued
coordinating and expanding the Eastern Uniform Wheat Performance
Nurseries. He determined the genetics of resistance in wheat to
the powdery mildew pathogen, and developed near-isogenic lines
for resistance to powdery mildew. Those lines have been used by
many scientists in breeding, pathologic, physiologic, and genetic
studies.
In 1969, K. L. Lebsock transferred from Fargo, ND to
Beltsville to be the Regional Coordinator. He served as
coordinator until the 1972 reorganization. He continued
coordinating the Region Wheat Performance Nurseries, and the
genetic research on resistance in wheat to the powdery mildew
pathogen.
Some of the scientists located at Washington, D. C. or
Beltsville, did not conduct research relating to wheat grown in
the Eastern States Region. W. M. Jardine, who was Secretary of
Agriculture from 1925 to 1929, and F. D. Farrell, coordinated the
Tillage and Rotation Research which was being conducted in the
Western Region from 1907 to 1910 and from 1912 to 1918,
respectively. J. A. Clark assisted Ball in coordinating the
Western Wheat Project from 1914 to 1918, and coordinated the
Project from 1918 to 1931, and then was Coordinator, Hard Red
Spring and Durum Region from 1931 until he retired in 1951.
Quisenberry assisted Clark as Coordinator, Western Region from
1925 until 1931 when he became Coordinator, Hard Red Winter
Wheat Region. In 1936, he transferred to Lincoln, NE.
V. H. Florell was on a special assignment from 1928 to 1930
after leaving Davis, CA, and before transferring to Moscow, ID as
a small grains breeder. J. W. Taylor was the wheat breeder at
Arlington Farm in VA, and at Beltsville from 1919 until he
retired about 1950. He cooperated closely with Bayles, and other
wheat breeders throughout the Eastern States Region. He
developed and distributed improved wheat lines especially to
breeders in the Southeastern States for use in their breeding
programs. Some of his lines were selected, increased, and
released as wheat cultivars. Atlas 66, and Atlas 50, which were
released by the North Carolina Ag. Exp. Sta, are two examples.
Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN
H. S. Jackson, an agronomist-pathologist conducted research
on the improvement of wheat and other small grain cultivars at
Purdue from 1918 to 1929. His research was partially supported
by the Wheat Invest.
R. M. Caldwell was supported as an agent part or full time
from 1928 until 1937, when he became a full time employee of
Purdue Univ., and leader of a very large and effective small
grain breeding program. They developed and released many short
strawed, productive, disease resistant, high quality cultivars
that were grown extensively throuhgout the Region. L. E.
Compton, and J. J. Roberts were wheat Invest. employees who
assisted on the breeding project from 1919 to 1962 and from 1966
to 1972, respectively.
MI State Univ., East Lansing, MI
After the Cereal Leaf Beetle, which had been introduced from
Europe, was discovered in South Western Michigan, D. H. Smith
Jr. was hired in l965 to identify sources of wheat resistant to
that insect. He identified several wheat accessions in the USDA
Small Grains Collection with special leaf hairs that made them
resistant to the beetle. Those accessions were then used to
develop Cereal Leaf Beetle resistant wheat cultivars.
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY
W. T. Craig and H. H. Love were two wheat breeders who were
jointly supported by the Wheat Invest. and Cornell Univ.
beginning in 1924. They developed several cultivars adapted and
grown in New York, and adjacent states.
Coastal Plains Exp. Sta., Tifton, GA
D. D. Morey at the GA Coastal Plains Exp. Sta. at Tifton
collaborated with Reitz in the growing, testing and breeding of
rye from about 1955 until the 1972 reorganization. He developed
and released some diploid and tetraploid rye cultivars that were
grown in SE United States.
Hard Red Winter Wheat Region
The Hard Red Winter Wheat Region consisted of the states,
mostly in the Great Plains, where Hard Red Winter Wheat was
grown. That region extended from Texas and New Mexico on the
south to Wyoming and South Dakota on the north. Many of the
State Ag. Exp. Stas. and Field Stas. in this region cooperated in
the early research of Dry Land Ag. and other research on wheat,
rye emmer and spelt. That research is discussed at the end of
this section, since the research was on agronomic practices,
production, and cultivar and selection testing.
Univ. of NE, Lincoln, NE
In 1898, scientists at the NE Ag. Exp. Sta. at Lincoln
began cooperating with the Dept. of Ag. project on testing wheat
cultivars and selections for resistance to rust. This
collaboration continued on an unofficial basis until 1930, when
C. A. Suneson was hired and assigned to Lincoln as a wheat
breeder.
After 1936, the coordinators for the Hard Red Winter Wheat
Region were all located at Lincoln where they cooperated with
breeders at the NE Ag. Exp. Sta. They also cooperated closely
with the Hard Red Winter Wheat Quality Lab. which was established
in 1938 at Manhattan, KS. The coordinators initially supervised
regional wheat trials consisting of a Uniform Yield, and Uniform
Winterhardiness Nurseries, and Uniform Field Plots. In 1959, the
regional trials were revised with the Uniform Yield and
Winterhardiness Nurseries becoming the Southern Regional
Performance and Northern Regional Performance Nurseries,
respectively. The Uniform Field Plots were discontinued. An
observation type Winterhardiness Nursery comprised of northern
material and southern material sections was initiated. The
coordinators annually distributed reports on the nursery results,
and regional meetings of wheat research workers were held at
intervals of 3-5 years.
C. A. Suneson was the first Wheat Invest. breeder at
Lincoln. He was there from 1930 until 1936, when he transferred
to Davis, CA to be the Coordinator, Western Wheat Region. In
1936, Quisenberry, who had been the Regional Coordinator since
1931, transferred from Washington, D.C. to Lincoln. He was the
Coordinator until 1946 when he transferred to Beltsville as Head
Agron. in Charge, Div. Cereal Crops and Diseases. L. P. Reitz,
who was at KS State Univ, Manhattan, was hired to succeed
Quisenberry as the Coordinator. In 1954, when Reitz transferred
to Beltsville to be Leader, Wheat Invest., V. A. Johnson, who was
NE Ag. Exp. Sta. wheat breeder was appointed Coordinator.
Johnson was Regional Coordinator until the 1972 reorganization.
Suneson initiated a broad breeding program. He developed
wheat germplasm with hard wheat quality and winter hardiness.
Quisenberry developed several cultivars including 'Pawnee',
which was selected from a cross made at KS State Univ., and
jointly released by NE and KS in 1943. Pawnee became the most
widely grown cultivar in U.S. because of it's productivity,
performance stability, and wide adaption. Quisenberry also
supervised several graduate students, who cooperated with Luther
Smith at Univ. of MO,, Columbia in studying the inheritance of
traits in diploid wheat.
Reitz continued Quisenberry's breeding program with
additional emphasis on winterhardiness, quality, and disease
resistance. He developed valuable breeding stocks from which
many outstanding cultivars were subsequently selected.
Johnson, in cooperation with J. W. Schmidt, the NE AG. Exp.
Sta. wheat breeder, relied on germplasm developed by Quisenberry
and Reitz in their cooperative breeding program. Their cultivar
'Scout' became the most widely grown cultivar in U. S. since
'Pawnee', and for several years was grown on more than seven
million acres. Johnson initiated a program to enhance the
protein in wheat. He and his students identified genes affecting
protein content and quality of wheat grain, and transferred some
of those genes to hard red winter cultivars. He also established
an International Winter Wheat Evaluation Network to identify
superior winter wheat germplasm. The network was comprised of
nurseries grown in as many as 50 countries
Texas A & M, Denton and College Station, TX
I. M. Atkins, who was a joint Wheat Invest., and Texas A & M
employee at Denton from 1930 until 1954 when he transferred to
College Station, developed and released many productive wheat
cultivars. Those cultivars were high yielding, leaf and stem
rust, and greenbug resistant, and adapted to growing conditions
in TX. D. E. Weibel, who was a Wheat Invest employee at Denton
from 1953 to 1958, contributed to the development of wheat
cultivars, and studied loose smut control and vernalization.
After Atkins transferred to TX A. & M, College Station in
1954, he was Leader, of the small grain breeding programs in TX
until he retired in 1969. E. C. Gilmore was supported by the
Wheat Invest. as a graduate student cooperating on the wheat
breeding project from about 1957 until 1959 when he transferred
as a graduate student on the wheat breeding project at Univ. of
MN, St. Paul. In 1958, O. J. Merkle was hired as a full time
Wheat Invest. employee to assist with the wheat breeding program
at College Station. He was on that project until the 1972
reorganization.
Ok State Univ., Stillwater, OK
A. M. Schlehuber, was a joint Wheat Invest. and OK State
Univ. employee at Stillwater from 1945 to 1966. He was leader of
the small grain breeding program in Ok. He and his staff
developed several outstanding, high yielding, leaf and stem rust,
and greenbug resistant hard red winter wheat cultivars adapted to
Ok and adjacent states. Several outstanding plant breeders and
pathologists received their Master's Degree in Agronomy and Plant
Path. while assisting on the program at Stillwater
KS State Univ., Manhattan, KS
J. H. Parker(1917 to 1939), L. P.. Reitz (1939 to 1946), and
E. G. Heyne 1938 to 1961), were joint Wheat Invest, and KS State
employees. They were responsible for conducting wheat breeding
and production research in KS. Since KS is the largest wheat
producing state, and grows several million acres of wheat
annually, there were many state supported programs in KS. D. E.
Wiebel was a full time Cereal Crops employee at Manhattan from
1947 to 1953. He assisted with the wheat breeding program, but
also worked on the Oats and Sorghum projects.
IA State Univ., Ames, IA
L. C. Burnett was a joint employee with the Cereal Branch
including Wheat Invest. and IA State Univ., Ames from 1907 until
he retired in 1949. He conducted yield nursery tests throughout
IA, and cooperated with the IA wheat breeders in developing
cultivars adapted to IA.
Dry Land Ag. Stas. in KS, TX, NE, SD, CO, OK
M. A. Carleton, who was in charge of Wheat Invest,
recognized the need for cultivation and rotation experiments for
cereals in the dry land areas. In 1904, through the efforts of
B. T. Galloway, Chief BPI, who had become interested in dry land
experiments, sufficient funds for beginning this work were made
available from appropriations for cereals. Carleton then
employed E. C. Chilcott, Agriculturalist and Vice Director , SD.
AG. Exp. Sta., Brookings, who had been a collaborator in cereal
experiments since 1899. On July 1, 1905, Chilcott reported for
duty in Washington, D. C.
On July 1, 1905, an appropriation of $25,000 for several
phases of grain investigations became available. One phase of
that appropriation was "to determine the best methods of
cultivation of grain for different districts." Although
ostensibly responsible to Carleton, Chilcott almost immediately
assumed independent control of plans for the tillage and rotation
program. On July 1, 1906, the Div. Veg. Physiol. and Path. was
subdivided into 11 indepentent offices of the BPI. The Office of
Grain Invest. was headed by Carleton, and the Office of Dry Land
Ag. by Chilcott.
Thirty Dry Land Ag. Stas. were established. Twenty four of
those stations were in the Great Plains. The scientists at those
stations studied soil preparation and crop rotations. When
individuals trained in cereal breeding were present, they tested
various crops and cultivars, and developed new cultivars better
adapted to dry-land conditions. More information regarding the
Dry Land Stations can be obtained in the publication by Karl
Quisenberry 1/ Karl Quisenberry (Date ? After 1973). The Dry Land
Stations; their Mission and the Men", Agricultural History 218
to 228
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Hays, KS
Carleton cooperated in establishing the first research
station to study dry land agriculture at Hays, in 1901. A. L.
Halstead was in charge of the dry land research at Hays for
several years. He was recognized throughout KS and nationally
for his innovative research. In 1933, A. F. Swanson, a breeder,
was supported by the Wheat Invest. at Hays. He cooperated
closely with J. H. Parker at Manhattan, who was responsible for
wheat breeding research in KS at that time.
Dry Land Ag. Stas., Channing and Amarillo, TX
In the fall of 1903, experiments with winter grains were
begun by A. H. Leidigh on the XIT Ranch at Channing, TX. Sorghum
and other spring grains including wheat were sown in 1904. In
the fall of 1905, a Dry Land Field Station was established at
Amarillo, TX. After the 1906 crop, all experiments were
transferred from Channing to Amarillo. Three years later the
experiments were moved to another farm near Amarillo. The
research was continued under J. F. Ross until 1920 when that type
of research was discontinued at Amarillo. However, TX Ag. Exp.
Sta. employees at Amarillo continued cooperating with Wheat
Invest. employees on the breeding and testing of wheat cultivars
and selections. They were still cooperating when ARS was
reorganized in 1972.
Dry Land Ag. Sta., North Platte, NE
The Dry Land Sta. at North Platte, was established in 1906.
In 1912, L. L. Zook transferred from the Corn Research Proj. at
Washington, D. C. to be Director of that station. He was in
charge of the dry land research at that station for many years.
From 1924 to 1928, G. F. Sprague, and from 1929 to 1932, N.
E. Jodon were Cereal Invest. employees at North Platte. They
were responsible for research on the production and testing of
cereal crops including wheat, rye, spelt and emmer. Sprague
transferred from North Platte to the Corn Invest., Project at
Washington, D. C., and later was Leader, Corn & Sorghum Invest.
Jodon transferred from North Platte to the Rice Proj at Crowley,
LA where he bred and released many productive rice cultivars.
Dry Land Ag. Stas., Newell and Highmore, SD
Some of the scientists at the two Dry Land Stas. at Newell,
and Highmore had long careers in the Dept. of Ag. There were
three scientists at the Newell station. S. C. Salmon was there
from 1908 until 1912. He later became Leader, Wheat Invest. J.
H. Martin, replaced him in 1914. In1918, he transferred to Burns,
OR for one year before transferred in 1919 to Washington, D. C as
assist to the Leader, Wheat Research, Western Region. Martin
later became Leader, Sorghum Invest. A. D. Ellison, who had been
at the Dry Land Sta. at Nephi, UT, replaced Martin. He was there
until 1920 when the station was closed because of lack of funds.
There were three scientists at the Highmore Station. M.
Champlain was there from 1909 to 1911. J. D. Morrison, who
became an outstanding Ag. Scientist, was there from 1911 to 1918.
He was succeeded by E. S. McFadden, who was there from 1918 until
1920 when that station was also closed because of lack of funds.
He conducted some outstanding research on interspecific crosses
with wheat. That research will be discussed in the section on
Cytogenetic and Interspecific Hybridization.
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Akron, CO
There were three scientists at the Akron, Dry Land Sta.
They were C. H. Clark from 1910 to 1913, G. A. McMurdo from 1914
to 1917, and F. A. Coffman from 1917 to 1923. Coffman
transferred to the Oat Invest. Washington, D. C in 1924 where he
had a long and distinguished career as an oat breeder.
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Woodward, OK
E. Stephens and V. C. Hubbard, who were at Woodward from
1931 until about 1948 conducted testing and production research,
and cooperated closely with the wheat breeding program at
Stillwater, OK.
Hard Red Spring and Durum Region
This region was the smallest of the four regions. The
region included MN, ND, SD, WI. and Eastern MT, where hard red
spring and durum wheats were grown. The Coordinators cooperated
closely with the staff at the Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat
Quality Lab. at Beltsville, which was moved to Fargo in 1963.
They cooperated with the breeders of Hard Red Spring and Durum
Wheat and coordinated the Uniform Hard Hed Spring and Durum Wheat
Performance Nurseries which were grown be breeders at several
locations.
From 1931 until he retired in 1951, J. A. Clark was the
Regional Coordinator. Clark was located at Washington, D. C. and
then at Beltsville, MD. He had many additional administrative
responsibilities in the Cereal Crops Office.
In 1951, E. R. Ausemus at St. Paul, MN assumed the
responsibility as Coordinator, and continued until he retired in
1963. E. C. Gilmore was Acting Coordinator for a few months
until K. L. Lebsock at Fargo, ND was appointed Coordinator in
1964. Lebsock was Coordinator until late 1968 when he
transferred to Beltsville to be Coordinator, Eastern States
Region. From 1969 until the 1972 reorganization, R. E. Heiner,
located at St. Paul, was the Coordinator.
Univ. of MN, St. Paul, MN
J. H. Parker was the first Cereal Crops breeder at St. Paul.
He was responsible for the research on breeding and production of
small grains from 1913 until 1917 when he transferred to
Manhattan, KS where he continued that research. O. S. Aamodt was
the plant breeder from 1917 until 1928 when he transferred to
Washington, D. C. Both he and Parker conducted breeding programs
to transfer the resistance to stem rust into new cultivars.
Ausemus was the wheat breeder at St. Paul from 1928 until he
retired in 1963. In addition to being the Regional Coordinator
from 1951 to 1963, he conducted a large wheat breeding program
and trained many plant breeders. D. W. Sunderman and E. C.
Gilmore , from 1952 to 1960, and from 1959 to 1965, respectively,
assisted Ausemus with the breeding program while they were
graduate students at Univ. of MN. In cooperation with
pathologists at the Univ. of Mn, and the USDA Cereal Rust Lab.,
which was established in 1962, they developed wheat cultivars and
selections with outstanding resistance to leaf and stem rust
which have been used by wheat breeders world-wide. They
developed the first US spring wheat semidwarf, rust resistant,
high yielding cultivar, 'Era', which set a new standard for grain
yield in the hard red spring wheat production area.
After Ausemus retired in 1963, R. E. Heiner was hired in
1965. Heiner continued Ausemus's breeding program, and initiated
basic studies on breeding techniques using mutagens, and special
genetic and statistical procedures. He was Coordinator until the
1972 reorganization.
ND. Ag. Field Stas., Dickinson and Mandan, ND
The first research on wheat in ND was conducted at the two
Field Stations at Dickinson and Mandan. J. A. Clark was
responsible for the wheat cultivar and selection testing, and
production research at both Dickinson and Mandan from 1911 until
1914 when he tranferred to Washington, D. C. R. W. Smith
continued the research on all small grains at Dickinson from 1914
until 1947 when that research was discontinued. E. R. Ausemus
was responsible for wheat breeding research at Mandan from 1925
until 1928 when he transferred to St. Paul, MN. The wheat
breeding research in ND was transferred from Mandan to Fargo when
G. S. Smith was hired in 1929.
ND State Univ., Fargo, ND
The wheat breeding and genetics programs at Fargo were
conducted in cooperation with ND State Univ. From 1929 to 1947,
when he became a state employee, G. S. Smith developed durum
cultivars resistant to the prevalent stem rust races, including
race 56. However, those cultivars were susceptible to race 15B,
and were heavily damaged by that race in 1953 and 1954.
From 1948 until he resigned in 1956, R. M. Heerman conducted
the breeding program on durum wheat. He also studied sawfly
resistance in hard red spring wheat until 1953, when K. L.
Lebsock was hired to lead that part of the program. The sawfly
resistant cultivar, 'Fortuna', the first to be developed by this
program, was released in 1966. Lebsock assumed the
responsibility for the durum breeding program after Heerman's
resignation in 1956. Heerman and Lebsock in cooperation with the
Cereal Rust Lab at St. Paul, MN developed several durum cultivars
and germplasm lines that were highly resistant to leaf and stem
rust, and with shorter, and stronger straw, and good grain yield
and quality.
In 1954, L. W. Briggle was hired as a Geneticist to
cooperate with the wheat breeding programs. After Briggle
transferred to Beltsville, MD in 1956, N. D. Williams was hired
in 1957 to continue that program. They identified and determined
the number and linkage of genes for resistance to stem rust, and
assisted in developing rust resistant cultivars and germplasm. In
1968, L. R. Joppa was hired to concentrate on basic
genetic-cytogenetic research on durum. He employed aneuploid
techniques to identify genes and gene locations for important
agronomic and quality characteristics. When Lebsock transferred
to Belftsville in 1969, Joppa temporarily assumed the
responsibilities for breeding new durum cultivars. The Wheat
Invest. discontinued the wheat cultivar breeding programs in1970
when ND Stat Univ. hired a durum breeder, and Joppa continued his
basic genetic and cytogenetic research until the 1972
reorganization.
Univ of WI, Madison, WI
R. G. Shands was employed as a plant breeder jointly by the
Wheat and Barley Invests. from 1929 until his death in 1965. He
developed some disease resistant, (powdery mildew), productive,
high quality cultivars adapted to WI and adjacent states.
South Dakota and Montana
The research on Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheat in these two
states was conducted by either Wheat Invest. or State Ag. Exp.
Sta. breeders, who also breed other types of wheat. The
research on wheat in SD is discussed in the section on Hard Red
Winter Wheat, and that in MT is discussed in the section on
Western State Region.
Western States Region
The Western States Region included those states in Western
U. S. and the Intermountain Area. There was a great diversity in
classes of wheat grown in that region. The coordinators were
responsible for three Regional Wheat Performance Nurseries grown
throughout most of that region, and small nurseries with durum
wheat and Triticale grown at fewer locations. The three Regional
Nurseries were Spring,(both white and red) White Winter
(primarily soft), and Hard Red Winter Wheat. The coordinators
cooperated closely with the staff at the Western Wheat Quality
Lab. which was established in 1946 at Pullman, WA.
C. A. Suneson at Davis, CA was the Coordinator from 1937
until 1946. R. H. Bamberg, a pathologist at Bozeman, MT., served
as Acting Coordinator after Suneson resigned until in late 1946,
when O. A. Vogel, at Pullman, WA was appointed Coordinator.
After Vogel resigned as Coordinator in 1956, F. H. McNeal at
Bozeman, became the Coordinator. McNeal was the Coordinator
until the 1972 reorganization.
Univ. of CA, Yuba City, Modesto, Davis, Chico, and Berkeley
Cooperative investigations on cereals were begun with the
CA. Ag. Exp. Sta. in the fall of 1904. Two tracts of land were
leased, one near Yuba City, and the other near Modesto. The
tests were continued at those locations until after the 1907 crop
when they were transferred to Davis, and Ceres. The cooperation
ended after 1909, and the Dept. of Ag. experiments in CA were
conducted at the U. S. Pl. Introduction Garden at Chico. In the
fall of 1921, the cooperation with the CA. Ag. Exp. Sta. at Davis
was resumed, and the cereal experiments at Chico were
discontinued.
In the fall of 1904, and in 1905 L. A. Fitz was in charge of
the experiments in CA, and from 1906 to 1911 they were in charge
of H. F. Blanchard. From 1912 to 1917, the experiments at Chico
were directed by E. L. Adams from the Biggs Rice Field Sta, and
from 1918 to 1921 by V. H. Florell, who was located at Chico. In
1921, Florell moved to Davis where he continued his breeding
research on all three small grains until he transferred to
Washington, D. C. in 1928. The cultivar 'White Federation',
which Florell released in 1920 while at Chico, was an important
cultivar in CA, and was the foundation for many subsequent
cultivars developed in CA.
In 1929, G. A. Wiebe transferred from Aberdeen, ID to
replace Florell as breeder of all small grains in CA. Wiebe
initiated a program of incorporating Hessian Fly resistance into
wheat cultivars. Two Hessian Fly cultivars 'Poso 44', and 'Big
Club 43' were later released from that program. Wiebe
transferred to Washington, D. C. in 1935.
In 1936, C. A. Suneson transferred from Lincoln, NE to
Davis, and was made the Coordinator of the Western State Region.
In addition to being Regional Coordinator from 1936 to 1945,
Suneson finished developing and released the two Hessian Fly
resistant cultivars from Wiebe's program. He also collaborated
in genetic studies, and transferred the awnless character and
resistance to stem rust into new cultivars. When Suneson retired
in 1968, the Wheat Invest. discontinued the wheat breeding
research in Davis.
W. W. Mackie, who was a joint employee with the Cereal Crops
and the Univ. of CA at Davis from 1917 until 1926, and F. N.
Briggs, who was a pathologist with Cereal Crops located at
Berkeley from 1919 until 1930 when he was appointed to the Univ.
of CA faculty, cooperated closely on small grain improvement.
Although located at Berkeley, Briggs conducted his field research
at Davis. Briggs pioneered in the backcross procedure of
breeding, and emphasized the use of single race of pathogens in
studying the inheritance of bunt and powdery mildew resistance in
wheat.
WA State Univ., Pullman, WA.
In 1931, O. A. Vogel was assigned to Pullman. Vogel was in
charge of the wheat breeding research at Pullman from 1931 until
the 1972 reorganization. He has been recognized as one of the
most successful plant breeders in the U. S. He crossed 'Norin
10', a short productive wheat introduced from Japan by S. C.
Salmon, with 'Brevor', a smut resistant cultivar. The cultivar
'Gaines;, selected from that cross, was the first of several
highly productive, short strawed, lodging resistant wheat
cultivars developed in U. S. and in other countries. Selections
from Vogel's cross of 'Norin 10' by 'Brevor' were the foundation
of the short, productive, daylength insensitive cultivars
developed by the Rockefeller Foundation in Mexico. The"Green
Revolution" in Mexico, and Asia resulted from those cultivars.
Vogel also developed small plot thrashers, planters, and
harvesters, which have been used by small grain breeders
world-wide. He was Coordinator for the Western States Region
from 1936 until Febr. 16, 1956.
In 1970, C. J. Peterson was hired to continue Vogel's
breeding program after he retired. Peterson was with the
breeding program when ARS was reorganized in 1972.
From 1954 to 1956, E. H. Everson was hired as a geneticist
to cooperate with the wheat breeding program. After Everson
resigned, R. E. Allan was hired in 1957. Allan was with the
program until the 1972 reorganization. He identified the genes
that controlled straw shortness and other characteristics of the
short strawed wheat cultivars.
J. C. Craddock also assisted with the breeding program while
a graduate student from 1953 until 1958 when he transferred to
Beltsville.
MT State Univ., Bozeman, MT
F. H. McNeal was in charge of the spring wheat breeding
program at Bozeman from 1948 until the 1972 reorganization. He
was hired after Bamberg, a pathologist resigned. McNeal
developed and released several high yielding, good quality,
disease and Wheat Stem Sawfly resistant cultivars. In
cooperation with entomologists he screened the USDA World Wheat
Collection for resistance to Wheat Stem Sawfly. He developed
near-isogenic populations for evaluating plant characters, a
recurrent selection program for improving grain protein content,
inheritance of stem solidness, and other plant characters.
M. A. Berg, and C. R. Haun assisted with the winter wheat
breeding at Bozeman from 1953 to 1972, and from 1953 to 1968,
respectively.
ID Ag. Exp. Sta., Aberdeen, ID.
L. C. Aicher was the first of several Wheat Invest.
employees at Aberdeen. He was responsible for the dry land
research at that location from 1911 until 1921 when irrigation
was installed.
G. A. Wiebe, was hired in 1922 to conduct breeding research
on all small grains. He was there until 1929 when he transferred
to Univ. of CA at Davis. L. L. Davis succeeded Wiebe, and was
responsible for the research until 1931 when H. Stevens was
hired. Stevens was responsible for the program until he retired
on disability in 1965. Wiebe, Davis and Stevens were responsible
for breeding all small grains, and also for growing seed
increases for many other Cereal Crop Office scientists. When
Stevens retired the responsibility for growing seed increases was
assumed by F. C. Petr from 1965 to 1967 and by D. M. Wesenberg
from 1968 until the 1972 reorganization.
In 1954, P. J. Fitzgerald was hired as a full time wheat
breeder. After Fitzgerald resigned in 1960, D. W. Sunderman
transferred from St. Paul, MN. Sunderman was there until the
1972 reorganization. Fitzgerald and Sunderman developed several
productive good quality, smut and snow mold resistant cultivars.
Univ of ID, Moscow, ID
V. H. Florell was transferred to Moscow from Washington, D.
C. in 1930. He cooperated with the wheat breeding program until
he resigned in 1933.
OR. Ag. Exp. Sta., Pendleton, OR
The wheat breeding and production research at Pendleton was
in cooperation with the breeding programs at OR State Univ,
Corvallis, and at WA State Univ, Pullman. J. F. Martin, who
transferred from Moro, Or, was in charge of that program from
1929 until 1955. In 1947 and 1948, while Martin was in Korea, F.
H. McNeal was in charge of that program. C. R. Rohde cooperated,
as an agronomist, on that program from 1953 until 1957 when the
breeding research was discontinued. Many cultivars released by
OR and WA State Ag. Exp. Stas. were developed or selected from
nurseries and other tests conducted at
Pendleton.
Univ. of AZ, Tucson, AZ
A. T. Bartel was a joint employee between the Cereal Crops
Office and Univ of AZ from 1930 to about 1953. He cooperated
with many small grain scientists by growing a winter crop of
small grains at various locations in AZ.
UT State Univ., Logan, UT.
R. W. Woodward was a joint employee with the Cereal Crops
Office and Utah State Univ. from 1930 to 1966. He cooperated in
genetic studies with breeders in other states, and developed
productive resistant cultivars grown in UT and adjacent states.
Dry Land Ag. Stas., UT, MT, OR, WA, and WY
There were Dry Land Ag. Stas. established in 5 states in the
Western States Region beginning in 1907. The individuals in
charge of those stations conducted studies on production and
rotation practices of crops adapted to areas of low rainfall.
Research at some of those stations was discontinued when
irrigation became available or when Federal Gov't funds were
reduced. Wheat was the main crop used at most of the locations.
Some of the scientists moved between stations, and many of them
became leaders in the USDA, or at State Ag. Exp. Stas. The
following is information regarding some of the personnel at 6 of
the Dry Land Stas.:
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Nephi, UT
There were five scientists located at the Dry Land Sta. at
Nephi from 1904 until 1918. W. M. Jardine, and F. D. Farrell
were in charge from 1904 to 1906, and from 1907 to 1910,
respectively. They both became Dean of the Ag. Exp. Sta, and
president of KS State Univ. at Manhattan, and Jardine was
Secretary of Ag. from 1925 to 1929. P. V. Cardon, who succeeded
Farrell was at Nephi from 1910 to 1912, was later Administrator
of Ag. Res. Service. A. D. Ellson, who succeeded Cardon was at
Nephi from 1912 to 1915, and was succeeded by J. W. Jones who was
there from 1915 until 1918. Ellison was in charge of the Dry
Land Sta at Newell, SD. when it was closed in 1920 because of
lack of funds. Jones transferred to Nephi from the Dry Land Sta.
at Archer, WY.
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Mocassin, MT
The Dry Land AG. Sta. at Mocassin was started in 1909 with
E. L. Adams in charge. That station was still being operated as
a Branch Ag. Exp. Sta. of MT. State Univ. in 1972. Adams was in
charge of the station until 1911 when he transferred to the USDA,
Rice Res. Sta. at Biggs, CA. J. L. Sutherland, who was Director
of that station from 1911 until after 1933, was partially
supported by the Cereal Office. P. V. Cardon, who was at Nephi
from 1910 to 1912 and with the USDA from 1913 to 1918, was at
Moccasin and Bozeman from 1918 to 1921. R. W. May was in charge
of the cereal project at Mocassin from 1921 until 1927 when B. B.
Bayles transferred to that station from the Dry Land sta. at
Moro, OR. In 1931, Bayles transferred to the Wheat Invest. in
Washington, D. C. where he held several positions in the Wheat
Invest. and the Cereal Office.
Dry Land Ag Stas., Burns, and Moro, OR
The two Dry Land Stas. at Burns and Moro, were started in
1911 and 1910, respectively. L. R. Breithaupt was in charge at
Burns from 1911 to 1918 when J. H. Martin transferred from the
Dry Land Sta. at Newell, SD for one year from 1918 to 1919,
before transferring to Wheat Invest. in Washington, D. C. to be
assistant to J. A. Clark, who was in charge of the Western
Region. Martin was later Leader, Sorghum Invest. In 1919, L. R.
Shattuck succeeded Martin. The Dry Land research was terminated
in 1920 because of lack of funds. However, the station remained
as a Branch Ag. Exp. Sta., OR State Univ. through the 1972
reorganization.
At least six scientists conducted research on wheat at the
Dry Land Ag. Sta. at Moro between 1910 and 1938. They were H. J.
C. Umberger, 1910 to 1912, D. E. Stevens, 1913 to 1938?, B. B.
Bayles, 1923 to 1927, and J. F. Martin, 1927 to 1930, who studied
primarily wheat, and F. J. Schneiderhan, 1917 to 1918, and R. B.
Hoskinson 1928 to 1932 who studied wheat only. After Bayles
transferred to the Dry Land Ag. Sta. at Mocassin, MT in 1927 he
was succeeded by Martin. Martin transferred to Pendleton, OR in
1929, and was at Pendleton at the time of the 1972
reorganizatlion of ARS.
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Lind, WA
M. A. McCall was in charge of the Dry Land Ag. Field Sta. at
Lind from 1915 until 1924 when he transferred to Washington, D.
C. where he later became Leader, Cereal Office. After the
support of the Dry Land Ag. Sta. was terminated the station
continued to operate as a Branch Ag. Exp. Sta.
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Archer, WY.
J. W. Jones was in charge of the Dry Land Sta. at Archer
from 1912 until 1915 when he transferred to the Dry Land Sta. at
Nephi, UT. Jones was later Leader, Rice Invest. V. H. Florell
was in charge from 1915 until 1918 when he transferred to the
USDA Plant Introduction Station at Chico, CA.
Introduction and Maintenance of Wheat and Rye Germplasm
The introduction and maintenance of wheat and rye germplasm
is included because some of that germplasm was very important in
the Agronomic, Production and Breeding Research of wheat, rye and
tricicum Sp.
In 1898 Congress appropriated $20,000 for the introduction,
from foreign countries, of rare and valuable seeds, plants, etc.,
to be tested in cooperation with State Ag. Exp. Stas. This was
the beginning of organized introduction of wheat and rye
germplasm. In 1898, M. A. Carleton was sent to Russia to obtain
cereals resistant to cold, drought, and fungal diseases. In 1897
and 1898, N. E. Hansen, Horticulturist, SD Ag. Exp. Sta., made a
trip to Russia, Siberia, and Turkestan under the auspices of the
USDA. He collected many samples of cereals.
The Plant Introduction Project was an independent unit of
the Ag. Dept. under D. G. Fairchild from July l to Oct. 28, 1898
when it became a Section of the Div. of Botany under O. F. Cook.
The Section was supervised by O. F. Cook from 1898 until 1900,
and by Jared G. Smith from then until March 1, l901 when Foreign
Plant Introduction was separated from the Div. of Botany with
Ernest A. Bessey in charge. In 1902, Foreign Plant Introduction
was merged with the Div. of Seed Distribution under the direction
of A. J. Pieters. In 1904, Fairchild, who had continued as the
Plant Explorer in the Dept. since 1898, was appointed supervisor
of foreign plant introductions in the Div. of Seed and Pl.
Introduction and Distribution. On Sept. 20, 1906, Pieters
resigned and shortly thereafter Fairchild was placed in charge of
a separate Div. Seed and Plant Introduction. In 1927, K. A.
Ryerson, assumed charge of the Div., and he was succeeded by B.
Y. Morrison in 1933. In 1948 C. O. Erlanson succeeded Morrison.
In 1957, the Div. Seed and Pl. Introduction, and Distribution was
renamed the New Crops Res. Br., Crops Res. Div., ARS, and
Erlanson was Chief until he retired in 1965. J. E. Creech was
then Br. Chief from 1965 until the reorganization of ARS in 1972.
A more complete documentation of the history, objective and
accomplishments of this research is in, "The National Program for
Conservation of Crop germplasm" (Edited by Sam Burgess and
published by ARS and Cooperating St. Ag. Exp. Stas. in 1971)
Miscellaneous seed lots of cereals were received from time
to time from when the Ag. Dept. was first organized in 1862 until
1897. Beginning in 1898 special plant and seed exploration trips
were organized and many accessions of wheat and other cereal crop
germplasm were introduced. Some of the early exploration trips
from which wheat and rye germplasm was introduced are included in
Table 3. Included are the names of the explorers, the years and
countries they visited and crops they introduced. The trips by
Carleton, and Hansen in 1898, and in 1897 and 1898, respectively
were mentioned previously. On his exploration trip in 1900,
Carleton stopped at the World's Fair in Paris where he collected
samples of wheat and barley which were being grown in other
countries such as Korea, and China. He then proceeded to collect
Durum and other wheat in Russia. In 1900, Fairchild and C. S.
Scofield conducted an exploration trip into Algeria in North
Africa where they collected durum wheat and barley adapled to the
Mediterrean region. In 1903, Bessey, who was then in charge of
Pl. Introduction, conducted an exploration trip into Russia, and
Turkestan where he collected wheat. In 1923 and 1924, H. V.
Harlan, who was Leader, Barley Invest.,conducted an extensive
exploration trip through Eastern Russia, India, Ethiopia and
North Africa. He collected primarily barley but also obtained
some wheat accessions. In 1926, H. H. McKinney obtained many
wheat accessions while on a plant exploration trip in West
Africa to collect cereals which may be resistant to virus
diseases.
In 1948 D. J. Ward was hired by the Div. Cereal Crops and
Diseases to develop, maintain, and distribute seed from the USDA
Small Grains Collection at Beltsville. That collection contained
wheat and other small grains ( rye, barley, and oats) that had
been collected world wide by scientists in the Div. Cereal. Crops
and Diseases located in Washington, D. C., and Beltsville, and
many of the cultivars developed and released in North America.
When Ward resigned in 1958, J. C. Craddock transferred from
Pullman, WA to be responsible for that collection. Craddock was
in charge of the collection when ARS was reorganized in 1972. At
that time there were over 70,000 accessions in the collection.
Over 30,000 of those accessions were wheat. Seed from that
collection had been distributed free to scientists in the United
States and throughout the world.
Classification and Distribution of Wheat Cultivars
Information on the classification and distribution of wheat
cultivars is being included in this section, because the Leaders,
Wheat Invest. pioneered in the publication of bulletins in which
cultivars were classified and their distribution reported.
Although the bulletins were prepared by scientists in the Wheat
Invest. at Washington, D. C. or Beltsville, many wheat
breederthroughout the U. S. assisted by growing material and
furnishing information for those bulletins. The bulletins have
been used not only by scientists interested in cultivar
improvement and production, but by individuals including farmers
interest in wheat.
Four bulletins were published in which wheat cultivars grown
in specific years were classified. The first wheat
classification bulletin published in 1922, by J. A. Clark, J. H.
Martin and C. R. Ball was Classification of American Wheat
Varieties, U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1074. That bulletin set the
pattern for the next three classification bulletins. The
information in that publication consisted of a key to species and
cultivars of wheat, a description and historical information
about some 200 cultivars, sorting of synonyms used to denote the
same cultivar, and an estimate of the number of acres of each
cultivar grown state by state. The other three classification
bulletins were published at about 10 year intervals. The last
bulletin was by Briggle, L. W. and Reitz L. P., 1963.
Classification of Triticum species and of Wheat Varieties Grown
in the United States U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 1278.
The surveys and publication of bulletins on the distribution
of wheat cultivars were conducted in cooperation with Economic
Res. Service. The first bulletin was published in 1919. There
were 12 subsequent bulletins. The surveys, reported in those
bulletins, recorded the shifts in cultivars as new cultivars were
developed. The survey reported in each bulletin included the
acreage and percentage of each wheat cultivar in each state and
included from 175 to 235 cultivars. The last bulletin on surveys
of wheat cultivars prior to the 1972 reorganization was by Reitz,
L. P., Lebsock, K. L., and Hasenmyer, G. D. 1972 Distribution of
the Varieties and Classes of Wheat in the United States in 1969.
U.S. Dept. Agr. Statistics Bull. 475.
Table l. - Leaders and Assist. Leaders, Wheat Invest., Cereal Crops Research
Branch, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1901 to 1972
===================================================================
Years Leaders Years Assistants Regions
-------------------------------------------------------------------
1901-12 M. A. Carleton 1/ 1901-02 C. S Scofield Durum
1902-06 L. A. Fitz HRW 4/
1902-06 H. A. Miller Eastern
1902-06 J. S. Cole SW 4/
1906-09 H. J. C. Umberger Durum
1907-10 W. M Jardine Dry Land Ag
1911-12 A. B. Derr Minor Crops
1912-13 C. R. Ball 2/ 1912-13 C. E. Leighty Humid Area
1912-13 A. B. Derr SE U.S. 4/
1913-18 M. A. Carleton 1913-18 C. R. Ball Western
1914-18 J. A. Clark Western
1913-18 C. E. Leighty Eastern
1918-30 C. E. Leighty 1919-20 W. C. Eldridge Eastern
(Eastern) 1921-31 W. J. Sando Eastern
1919-25 J. H. Martin Western
(Western)
1925-31 K. S. Quisenberry Western
1930-31 J. A. Clark
1931-46 S. C. Salmon
1946-50 K. S. Quisenberry 3/
B. B. Bayles 3/
1950-54 S. C. Salmon
1955-72 L. P. Reitz
===========================================================================
1/ Many individuals assisted Carleton, and Ball on specific
projects, but they maintained overall responsibility for all research on
wheat. The other leaders delegated responsibilities to their assistants
including the supervision of other scientists.
2/ Ball was acting Leader while Carleton was on leave for
14 months in 1912-1913.
3/ Quisenberry and Bayles shared the responsibilities as
Leader while Salmon was an Ag. Advisor to MacArthur in
Japan from 1946 to about 1950 following WWII.
4/ HRW = Hard Red Winter SW = Spring Wheat, and SE U.S. =
Southeastern United States.
Table 2. - Scientists, who conducted Agronomic, Production
and Breeding Research on Wheat and Rye in the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, 1903 to 1972.
========================================================================
Name Discipline Crops Years of Service
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Washington, D. C. and Beltsville, MD
Bayles, B. B. Agronomy Wheat 1931 to 1953
Briggle, L. W. Agronomy Wheat, Oats 1955 to 1972
Lebsock, K. L. Agronomy Wheat 1969 to 1972
Jardine, W. M. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1907 to 1910
Farrell, F. D. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1912 to 1918
Clark, J. A. Agronomy Wheat 1914 to 1951
Quisenberry, K. S. Agronomy Wheat 1925 to 1936
Florell, V. H. Agronomy Wheat 1928 to 1930
Taylor, J. W. Agronomy Wheat, Barley 1919 to 1950
Univ. of AZ, Tucson, AZ
Bartel, A. T. Agronomy Small Grains 1930 to 1953 1/
Univ. of CA, Chico, Modesto, and Yuba City, CA
Fitz, L. A. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1904 to 1905
Blanchard, H. F. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1906 to 1911
Adams, E. L. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1912 to 1917
Florell, V. H. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1918 to 1921
Univ. of CA, Berkeley, and Davis, CA
Florell, V. H. Agronomy Small Grains 1921 to 1928
Wiebe, G. A. Agronomy Small Grains 1929 to 1935
Suneson, C. A. Agronomy Small Grains 1936 to 1968
Mackie, W. W. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1917 to 1926 1/
Briggs, F. N. Agron.-Path. Small Grains 1919 to 1930 1/
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Akron, CO
Clark, C. H. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1910 to 1913
McMurdo, G. A. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1914 to 1917
Coffman, F. A. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1917 to 1923
Coastal Plains Exp. Sta., Tifton, GA
Morey, D. D. Agronomy Rye,Small Grains 1955 to 1972 1/
ID Ag. Exp. Sta., Aberdeen, ID
Aicher, L. C. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1911 to 1921
Wiebe, G. A. Agronomy Small Grains 1922 to 1929
Davis, L. L. Agronomy Small Grains 1929 to 1931
Stevens, H. Agronomy Small Grains 1931 to 1965
Petr, F. C. Agronomy Primarily Barley 1953 to 1967
Wesenberg, D. M. Agronomy Primarily Barley 1968 to 1972
Fitzgerald, P. J. Agronomy Wheat 1954 to 1960
Sunderman, D. W. Agronomy Wheat 1960 to 1972
Univ. of ID, Moscow, ID
Florell, V. H. Agronomy Wheat 1930 to 1933
Purdue Univ.,West Lafayette, IN
Jackson, H. S. Agron.-Path. Small Grains 1918 to 1929 1/
Caldwell, R. M. Path.-Agron. Small Grains 1928 to 1937 1/
Compton, L. E. Agronomy Wheat 1919 to 1962
Roberts, J. J. Agronomy Small Grains 1966 to 1972
IA State Univ., Ames, IA
Burnett, L. C. Agronomy Small Grains 1907 to 1949 1/
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Hayes, KS
Halstead, A. L. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. Several Years
Swanson, A. F. Agronomy Wheat 1933 to 195?
KS State Univ., Manhattan, KS
Parker, J. H. Agronomy Sm.Grains,Sorgh. 1917 to 1939 1/
Reitz, L. P. Agronomy Wheat 1939 to 1946 1/
Heyne, E. G. Agronomy Wheat, Oats 1938 to 1961 1/
Weibel, D. E. Agronomy Oat, Wheat, Sorgh.1947 to 1953
MI State Univ., East Lansing, MI
Smith, D. H., Jr Genetics Small Grains 1965 to 1972
Univ. of MN, St. Paul, MN
Parker, J. H. Agron,Path. Small Grains 1913 to 1917 1/
Aamodt, O. S. Agronomy Wheat 1917 to 1928
Ausemus, E. R. Agronomy Wheat 1928 to 1964
Sunderman, D. W. Agronomy Wheat 1952 to 1960
Gilmore, E. C. Agronomy Wheat, Flax 1959 to 1965
Heiner, R. E. Genetics Wheat 1965 to 1972
MT State Univ., Bozeman, MT
Cardine, W. M. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1918 to 1921
McNeal, F. H. Agronomy Wheat 1949 to 1972
Berg, M. A. Agronomy Wheat 1953 to 1972
Haun, C. R. Agronomy Wheat 1957 to 1968 1/
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Moccasin, MT
Adams, E. L. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1909 to 1911
Sutherland, J. L. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1911 to 1933 1/
May, R. W. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1921 to 1927
Bayles, B. B. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1928 to 1930
Univ. of NE, Lincoln, NE
Suneson, C. A. Agronomy Wheat 1930 to 1936
Quisenberry, K. S. Agronomy Wheat 1936 to 1946
Reitz, L. P. Agronomy Wheat 1946 to 1954
Johnson, V. A. Agronomy Wheat 1954 to 1972
Dry Land Ag. Sta., North Platte, NE
Zook, L. L. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1912 to 195?
Sprague, G. F. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1924 to 1928
Jodon, N. E. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1929 to 1932
Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY
Craig, W. T. Agronomy Small Grains 1924 to 19?? 1/
Love, H. H. Agronomy Small Grains 1924 to 1940 1/
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Dickinson, ND
Clark, J. A. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1911 to 1914
Smith, R. W. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1914 to 1947
ND State Univ., Fargo, ND
Smith, G. S. Agronomy Wheat 1929 to 1947 1/
Heerman, R. M. Agronomy Wheat 1948 to 1956
Lebsock, K. L. Agronomy Wheat 1953 to 1969
Briggle, L. W. Genetics Wheat 1954 to 1956
Williams, N. D. Genetics Wheat 1957 to 1972
Joppa, L. R. Genetics Wheat 1968 to 1972
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Mandan, ND
Ausemus, E. R. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1925 to 1928
Hubbard, V. C. Agronomy Wheat 1929 to 1936
OK State Univ., Stillwater, OK
Schlehuber, A. M. Agronomy Small Grains 1945 to 1966 1/
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Woodward, OK
Stephens, E. Agronomy Wheat 1931 to 1948?
Hubbard, V. C. Agronomy Wheat 1936 to 1940
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Burns, OR
Breithaupt, L. R. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1911 to 1918
Martin, J. H. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1918 to 1919
Shattuck, L. R. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1919 to 1920
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Moro, OR
Umberger, H. J. C. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1910 to 1912
Stevens, D. E. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1913 to 1838
Schneiderhan, F.J. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1917 to 1918
Bayles, B. B. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1923 to 1927
Martin, J. F. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1927 to 1929
Schneiderhan, F. Agronomy Wheat 1917 to 1018
Hoskinson, R. B. Agronomy Wheat 1929 to 1933?
OR Ag. Exp. Sta., Pendleton, OR
Martin, J. F. Agronomy Primarily Whea 1929 to 1955
McNeal, F. H. Agronomy Wheat 1947 to 1948
Rohde, C. R. Agronomy Wheat 1953 to 1957
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Highmore, SD
Champlain, M. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1909 to 1911
Morrison, J. D. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1911 to 1919?
Mcfadden, E. S. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1918 to 1920
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Newell, SD
Salmon, S. C. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1908 to 1912
Martin, J. H. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1914 to 1918
Ellison, A. D. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1919 to 1920
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Amarillo, and Channing TX
Leidigh, A. H. Agronomy Sorghum, Wheat 1904 to 1908
Ross, J. F. Agronomy Primarily Wheat 1905 to 1920
TX A & M Univ., College Station, TX
Atkins, I. M. Agronomy Small Grains, Flax 1954 to 1969 1/
Gilmore, F. C. Agronomy Wheat 1957 to 1959
Merkle, O. J. Agronomy Wheat 1958 to 1972
TX Ag. Exp. Sta., Denton, TX
Atkins, I. M. Agronomy Small Grains 1930 to 1954 1/
Weibel, D. E. Agronomy Wheat, Oats 1953 to 1958
UT State Univ., Logan, UT
Leidigh, A. H. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1903 to ?
Woodward, R. W. Agronomy Small Grains 1930 to 1966
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Nephi, UT
Jardine, W. M. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1904 to 1906
Farrell, F. D. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1907 to 1910
Cardon, P. V. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1910 to 1912
Ellison, A. D. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1912 to 1915
Jones, J. W. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1915 to 1918
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Lind, WA
McCall, M. A. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1915 to 1924?
WA State Univ., Pullman, WA
Vogel, O. A. Agronomy Wheat 1931 to 1972
Peterson, C. J. Agronomy Wheat 1963 to 1972
Everson, E. H. Agronomy Wheat 1954 to 1956
Allen, R. E. Genetics Wheat 1957 to 1972
Craddock, J. C. Agronomy Wheat, Oats 1953 to 1958
Univ. of WI., Madison, WI
Shands, R. G. Agronomy Wheat, Barley 1929 to 1965
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Archer, WY
Jones, J. W. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1912 to 1915
Florell, V. H. Agronomy Dry Land Ag. 1915 to 1918
==================================================================
1/ State employees who cooperated closely with USDA, and
may have received some financial support from USDA.
Table 3 - Introduction and Maintenance of Wheat and Rye Germplasm in the U.
S. Department of Agriculture, 1897 to 1972
========================================================================
Years Explorers Countries visited Cereal Introduced
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1897-98 N. E. Hansen Russia, Turkestan, Kubanka Wheat,
and Siberia and other Cereals
1898 M. A. Carleton Russia Durum Wheat, Oats,
and Barley
1900 M. A. Carleton France, Russia Kharkov Wheat,
and Barley
1900 D. G. Fairchild, Algeria Durum Wheat, and
C. S. Scofield Barley
1903 E. A. Bessey Russia and Wheat
Turkestan
1923-24 H. V. Harlan Russia, India, Ethiopia Barley, and other
and North Africa Grains
1926 H. H. McKinney Weat Africa Virus Diseases of
Cereals (Wheat)
1948-58 D. J. Ward In charge, USDA Small Wheat, Rye,
Grains Collection Barley, and Oats
1958-72 J. C. Craddock In charge, USDA Small Wheat, Rye, Barley,
Grains Collection and Oats
============================================================================
Pathologic and Physiologic Research
Prior to 1933, most of the pathologists, who were studying
diseases of cereal crops in the Dept. of Ag., were in the Div. of
Pathology and Mycology. In a reorganization in Sept. 1933, those
pathologist were reassigned to specific Crop Invest. in the Div.
of Cereal Crops and Diseases. However, prior to 1933 some
pathologist-breeders, who were in the Div. of Cereal Crops and
Diseases, conducted research on the resistance of wheat to
pathogens. The discussion of the pathologic and physiologic
research on wheat will be divided into research that was
conducted prior to the 1933 reorganization, and to research that
was conducted after that reorganization. The research prior to
the 1933 reorganization will be described by when, who and where
the research on specific pathogens of wheat was conducted. The
research following the 1933 reorganization will be divided into
diseases caused by rusts, smuts, fungal pathogens other than
rusts and smuts, viruses, and physiologic research not disease
related.
The scientists who conducted pathologic and physiologic
research on wheat and rye are listed by location in Table 4.
Included is their major discipline, crops and diseases, and years
of service at specific locations. Since some scientists studied
many different diseases or physiologic stresses, the diseases or
stresses they studied are not indicated on the table. However,
when known they are mentioned in the discussion of the research.
Research on Wheat Pathogens conducted prior to 1933
The Commissioners of Ag. in articles or correspondence
dealing with cereal culture frequently included statements
regarding diseases of cereals, their causes and remedies. In
1886, the investigation of plant diseases was assigned to the
Div. of Botany. In 1887, a separate Section of Mycology under F.
Lamson-Scribner was created in the Div. of Botany. In 1888,
Lamson-Scribner was succeeded by B. T. Galloway, and in 1890, the
Section of Mycology was made a separate Div. of Veg. Path. In
1895, this Div. was reorganized as the Div. of Veg. Physiol. and
Path. In 1901, Galloway became Chief, of the Bureau of Plant
Industry (BPI), and A. F. Woods succeeded him as Head, Div. of
Veg. Physiol. and Path. which was continued until split into
separate offices in 1906.
The first contribution of the Dept. of Ag. to cereal
pathology was a description and illustration of corn smut, corn
rust, and remedies for wheat bunt in the 1887 report of
Mycologist, Lamson-Scribner. On March 30, 1891, W. T. Swingle
was appointed to the Div. of Veg. Path. to conduct studies of
cereal diseases. He wrote Farmers Bull. No. 5, "Treatment of
Smuts of Oats and Wheat" that was published in 1892. After
additional experiments he wrote Farmers Bull. No. 75, "The Grain
Smuts" How they are caused, and how to prevent them". That
bulletin was published in 1898.
In the autumn of 1891, a small grain nursery was planted at
Garrett Park, MD to investigate methods of controlling rust by
seed, and soil treatments, spraying and dusting. Those
experiments were continued for two years under the supervision of
Galloway, Swingle, P. H. Dorsett, and D. G. Fairchild, and were
supplemented by similar experiments near Manhattan and Rockport,
KS. It was concluded, from those experiments, that the best
method for controlling rust would be by developing rust resistant
cultivars. This led to the appointment of M. A. Carleton, in the
Div. of Veg. Path. on a full-time basis on Jan. 23, 1894. In
March, Carleton came to Washington, D. C., and began a search for
rust resistant grains. Field experiments with wheat, principally
for determining rust resistance, were conducted at Garrett Park,
MD in 1894, and 1895, at Salina, KS in 1896, at Manhattan, KS in
1897, and at Lincoln, NE in 1898. Laboratory and greenhouse
studies, and field collections of all cereals were conducted in
conjunction with the field experiments. After July 1898, when
Carleton began introducing and testing cereals from Russia and
other countries, only limited attention was given to cereal
diseases.
Carleton was the only cereal pathologist in the Dept. of Ag.
for more than 10 years from 1894 to 1905. The rust epidemic of
1904 again focused attention on pathological problems, and
emphasized the resistance of durum wheat to stem rust,
particularly the cultivar 'Iumillo'. On Aug. 17, 1905, E. M.
Freeman was appointed as pathologist at the Univ. Farm, Univ. of
MN, St. Paul. Carleton then devoted his time largely to agonomic
and administrative problems. Freeman's experiments dealt
principally with the causal organisms and the life history of
rusts and smuts, and the breeding for rust resistance. On June
13, 1907, E. C. Johnson became Freeman's assistant, and succeeded
to the position of cereal pathologist after Freeman's resignation
on Dec. 31, 1907 to become the first Plant pathologist of the Mn
Ag. Exp. Sta. Freeman continued his association with the Office
of Cereal Invest. on a part-time basis.
On July 16, 1908, A. A. Potter was appointed special agent
to assist with cereal disease experiments at Univ. Farm, St.
Paul, MN. On July 1, 1909, Potter was appointed as an expert on
cereal diseases, and was tranferred to Washington, D. C. to study
primarily sorghum smuts, and loose smuts of small grains
including wheat. Johnson resigned on Sept. 30, 1912, to become
Superintendent of Farmer's Inst. Work in KS. During the next
five months Potter was the only cereal pathologist in the Dept.
of Ag.
On March 1, 1913, H. B. Humphrey was appointed cereal
pathologist. Extensive cereal disease investigations were
established under Humphrey's direction. However, the expansion
was gradual previous to America's entrance into World War I. J.
H. Parker was appointed at St. Paul, Mn on July 1, 1913 to take
charge of cereal breeding for rust resistance, and other rust
investigations. Humphrey was directly in charge of the
experiments with bunt, until H. M. Woolman was appointed on Aug.
16, 1913, as a part time collaborator at Pullman, WA, to assist
in the bunt investigations in that state. In 1914, three of the
four full-time cereal plant pathologists were Christian
Scientists. On July 1, 1915, F. J. Piemeisel was appointed as an
agent to study the pathological phases of rust at Univ. Farm, St.
Paul where J. H. Parker was engaged in breeding wheat, and other
cereals for rust resistance.
Kolpin-Ravn of Denmark, who visited the U. S. in the summer
of 1915, was appointed a collaborator in the Office of Cereal
Invest. to survey cereal diseases and pathological research in
cooperation with various members of that Office. Kolpin-Ravn's
discovery of stripe rust, Puccinia glumarum, in western U. S.
resulted in the appointment of C. W. Hungerford on Oct. 1, 1915
to investigate that disease. By examining herbarium specimens,
Humphrey found that stripe rust had been present in Western WA
state as early as 1892.
After July 1, 1917, additional funds became available for
studying cereal diseases from increased appropriations, and from
was emergency funds designated for "stimulating Agriculture".
Consequently, numerous appointments were made for field surveys
to determine the losses from smut, rust and other diseases, for
conducting demonstrations on smut control, for the study of
overwintering and phases of the epidemiology of rusts. On Febr.
25, 1917, O. C. Drechsler was appointed field assistant to study
rust epidemiology at the Univ. of WI at Madison.
New appropriations available on July 1, 1918, included
$150,000 for barberry eradication, $100,000 for smut control, and
$100,000 for "black and stripe rust" investigations.
On July 1, 1918, E. C. Stakman was given immediate charge of
stem rust investigations, and until April 16, 1919 also directed
the barberry eradication campaign. From April 16 to July 1,
1919, C. R. Ball assumed direct supervision of the barberry
programs. From July 1, 1919, until Nov. 1927 F. E. Kempton was
in charge of barberry eradication, and on the latter date his
assistant, L. D. Dutton, took charge of that project. Kempton
remained in the barberry eradication work until his resignation
on Dec. 15, 1929, when a separate Office of Barberry Eradication
was set up with F. E. Meier in charge.
C. S. Reddy, at ND State Univ, Fargo, temporarily dropped
his flax disease investigations, to direct the smut eradication
campaign from July, 1918 to May, 1919. On Oct. 22, 1918 G. M.
Reed was appointed to take charge of smut investigations.
On Oct. 11, 1919, V. F. Tapke was transferred from Cereal
disease survey and extension work in pathology to take charge of
the loose smut investigation which Potter had been conducting
since his transfer to Washington, D. C. in 1909. Following
Tapke's appointment Potter devoted his efforts to the planning
and constructing a greenhouse at Arlington Farm, Arlington, VA,
which was to contain large chambers with controlled temperature
and humidity. Potter resigned on Dec. 31, 1919, after work on
the greenhouse was suspended owing to a shortage of funds.
Eventually, the greenhouse was completed without the control
chambers.
Reed resigned on Dec. 31, 1920, and on Jan. 1, 1921, W. H.
Tisdale was transferred from rice disease studies, and placed in
charge of smut investigations. From when Tisdale resigned on
Dec. 15, 1926 until J. A. Faris was appointed on June 1, 1931 to
take charge of smut investigations, Tapke was acting in charge of
smut investigations. Faris continued to direct the smut research
until his death on Sept. 24, 1933. In 1930, H. A. Rodenhiser was
transferred to Arlington Farm, Arlington, VA to work on the smut
project. From 1929 to 1931, when he transferred to conduct
research on flax rust at Fargo, ND, H. H. Flor conducted research
on wheat smut and other diseases at WA State Univ., Pullman.
After Flor left, the smut project was expanded in 1931 by the
addition of C. S. Holton to the staff at Pullman, WA.
On July 16, 1918, A. G. Johnson, at Univ. of WI, Madison,
was placed in charge of investigations of imperfect and sac
fungi, which included nearly all disease problems other than
those of rusts and smuts. About 1919, wheat scab research was
initiated at Univ. of Wi, Madison by Johnson. On July 1, 1925
Johnson transferred from Madison, to Washington, DC to be in
charge of all cereal disease investigations. At that time,
Humphrey assumed direct charge of rust investigations. Johnson
was in charge on Sept 25, 1933 when the Div. of Cereal Crops and
Diseases was reorganized on a crop investigation basis and all
pathologists were assigned to one or more of the Crop
Investigations.
During World War I the greatly augmented funds for emergency
pathological problems were difficult to administer. Appointees
were continually drafted for military service, and many were
poorly trained to conduct the studies. Delays in payment of
salary, and expenses occasionally resulted in individuals being
stranded in hotels for several days until money was received to
enable them to check out. One member of the staff on a field
trip was arrested as a suspicious charactor (or probably a German
spy), and escorted to the city limits. Two others were locked up
on suspicion of being draft evaders. In 1919, three barberry
scouts, due to mistaken identity, were jailed and charged with
bank robbery and murder.
In April 1919, the flag smut and rosette diseases of wheat,
(the latter at the time believed to be the Take-all disease,
Ophiobolus graminis) were discovered near Granite City, IL. An
appropriation of $50,000 for "Cereal disease control",. beginning
July 1, 1919, was obtained to study and eradicate those two
diseases. On April 8, 1919, H. H. McKinney was appointed at
Univ. of WI, Madison, and assigned to investigate those two
diseases. After several years, McKinney demonstrated that
"rosette" was a soil borne virus disease. On Aug. 16, 1926,
McKinney transferred to Arlington Farm, Arlington, VA to take
charge of virus diseases of cereals.
Research on Wheat Diseases conducted after 1933
This research is discussed by the diseases caused by rusts,
by smuts, by fungal pathogens other than rusts and smuts, and by
viruses, and physiologic research not related to diseases. Some
research initiated prior to the1933 reorganization, and continued
after that reorganization will be discussed.
DISEASES CAUSED BY RUST PATHOGENS
There were three rust diseases on wheat. Stem and leaf
rusts were most severe on Hard Red and Soft Red Winter, Hard Red
Spring, and Durum wheats. Stripe rust was restricted to wheat
grown in the Pacific Northwest. Much of the early research on
wheat stem and leaf rusts was conducted at the Univ. of MN at St.
Paul MN. However, some research was conducted by individual
scientists at other locations. The following is a discussion of
research on wheat rust diseases at various locations.
Univ. of MN, St. Paul, MN
E. C. Stakman, who was supported by the Cereal Office from
1915 until he retired in 1953, directed the USDA personnel
assigned to cooperative wheat rust projects at St. Paul. As
Head, Plant Pathology Dept, he initiated, and supervised many
special projects such as physiologic race surveys, uniform rust
nurseries, barberry eradication, breeding wheat for resistance to
rusts, and epidemiological studies.
The severe stem rust epidemics of 1953 and 1954 caused by
race15B, greatly reduced the production of Hard Red Winter, Hard
Red Spring, and Durum wheats throughout the midwest. E. B.
Hayden, who had been a graduate student since 1950, was appointed
in 1954 to cooperate with the wheat breeders in developing stem
rust resistant cultivars. When he resigned in 1955, J. D.
Miller, who had been a graduate student since 1953, was hired.
Miller initiated studies on genetics of host-pathogen
interactions between wheat and the stem rust pathogen. When
Miller transferred to Puerto Rico in 1965, D. V. McVey
transferred from Puerto Rico to St. Paul to be responsible for
that research. McVey was on that project through the 1972
reorganization.
In 1962, the Cereal Rust Lab. (CRL) was organized at St.
Paul. J. B. Rowell was acting Lab. Director until R. W. Romig
was hired in 1963 to be the Director. Romig was responsible for
planning the new Lab. facilities, and developed an elaborate
statistical procedure for determining the development of rust
epidemics in North America and in other countries. When Romig
resigned in 1968, Rowell became the Director, and was the
Director when ARS was reorganized in 1972.
Three scientists conducted physiologic studies on rust
diseases. Helen Hart conducted physiologic studies from 1924
until 1933 when she became a full time employee of the Univ. of
MN. She determined that one resistance mechanism of wheat to
stem rust was the exclusion of the infection peg of the fungus.
She also dermined other physiologic and morphologic relationships
between the wheat plant and the rust pathogens. In 1955, Rowell
was hired to conduct laboratory and field studies on the efficacy
of fungicides for controlling rusts. He continued those studies
while Leader CRL from 1968 through the 1972 reorganzation. In
1960, W. R. Bushnell was hired to study the physiology of rust.
Bushnell was the first to successfully culture rust fungi on
artifical media. He also developed procedures for photographing
the infection of wheat plants by rust and powdery mildew
pathogens.
ND State Univ., Fargo, ND
Support for pathologic research on wheat stem rust was
initiated at Fargo in about 1953 when E. A. Schwinghamer was
hired as part of a team to study the inheritance of resistance in
wheat to stem rust. After he resigned in 1955, F. J. Gough was
hired in 1957 to continue that research. When Gough transferred
to College Station, TX in 1967, J. D. Miller transferred from
Mayaguez, PR to Fargo. Miller continued that research through
the 1972 reorganization. Those pathologists cooperated closely
with the USDA wheat geneticists, Briggle, and Williams, in using
specific cultures of the stem rust pathogen to identify, and
transfer genes for resistance to stem rust into advanced
selections and cultivars.
Washington, D. C. and Beltsville, Ag. Res. Center, Beltsville, MD
Prior to 1933 many scientists, who were conducting
pathologic research on wheat rusts in Washington, D. C ., became
administrators and discontinued their rust research. From 1933
until 1950 little wheat rust research was conducted in
Washington, D. C. or at Beltsville.
In 1950, C. Lowther was hired to conduct research on wheat
stem rust. Lowther was initiating research on resistance of
wheat to stem rust when he suddenly died in 1953.
In the 1940s, during World War II, Rodenhiser conducted
cooperative
research on wheat rust with Fort Detrick, at Frederick, MD. They
established nurseries in Argentina, Peru, Chile, Brazil and
Puerto Rico to study reactions of wheat to rusts in those
countries. In 1954, Bayles in cooperation with the Rockefeller
Foundation in Mexico was arranging for the expansion of the world
wide testing program of wheat for reactions to rusts, when he
died in Beirut, Lebanon.
W. Q. Leogering, who had been on wheat rust project in St.
Paul for several years, was hired in 1953 to develop the
International Rust Nursery (IRN) program. The two primary
objectives of those nurseries were (1) to evaluate the reactions
of advanced breeding lines, and new cultivars for wheat breeders
world wide, and (2) to distribute outstanding new sources of rust
resistant wheat to all wheat breeders. In about 1955, Loegering
began coordinating the URNs, which had been coordinated at St.
Paul. The objectives of the URN program was to identify new
physiologic races of the wheat stem and leaf rust pathogens by
the reactions of differential varietes, and from collections of
the pathogens made at several locations in North America.
Loegering expanded the IRN to include over 50 countries and over
1000 entries. He also studied the genetics of host pathogen
interactions between wheat and stem rust.
When Loegering retired in 1967, R. A. Kilpatrick transferred
from College Station, TX to assume the responsibilities for the
IRN and URN programs. Kilpatrick was in charge of those two
programs until the 1972 reorganization. Both Loegering and
Kilpatrick conducted studies on lypholization and preservation of
rust spores, and cooperated with the evaluation of wheat
reactions to specific physiologic races of stem rust in Puerto
Rico.
USDA Plant Introduction Sta., Mayaguez, PR
Following the stem rust epidemics in 1953 and 1954 caused by
15B, the rust nursery program was established at Mayaguez. The
objective of that program was to evaluate the reactions of
advanced selections, and new cultivars of cereals developed by
both USDA and State Ag. Exp. Sta. breeders for their reactions to
physiologic races of rusts with new virulence characteristics
found at only a few locations in North America.
In 1954, T. N. Theis was hired to be in charge of that
program. He was in charge until 1961 when he was reassigned
within ARS. From 1959 until 1965, when he transferred to the CRL
at St. Paul, D. V. McVey assisted with that nursery program.
When McVey transferred to St. Paul, J. D. Miller transferred from
St. Paul to Mayaguez. Since the breeders became less interested
in having their breeding material tested, Miller transferred from
Mayaquez to Fargo, ND in 1967. From 1967 until the 1972
reorganization the program was supervised by L. P. Reitz, Leader,
Wheat Invest. at Beltsville, through technicians located in
Puerto Rico, and the assistance of Loegering and Kilpatrick.
Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN
The wheat rust research at Purdue was initiated by E. B.
Mains, a pathologist, and H. S. Jackson a breeder-pathologist.
From 1918 until 1930 when he resigned, Mains identified
physiologic races of leaf rust in cooperation with C. O. Johnston
at Manhattan, KS, and on breeding wheat for resistance to leaf
rust with Jackson from 1918 until 1928 when Jackson resigned.
In 1928, R. M. Caldwell was hired and assumed responsibility
for both the pathology of leaf rust and breeding of wheat for
resistance to diseases including leaf rust. Caldwell was
jointly supported by the Cereal Office and Purdue Univ. until
1937 when he became a full time employee of Purdue Univ., and the
direct support for pathology research at Lafayette was
discontinued.
Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS
The wheat leaf rust research at Manhattan was initiated by
C. O. Johnston in 1919. Johnston cooperated with Mains at Purdue
on the identification of physiologic races of wheat leaf rust.
After Mains retired in 1930, Johnston assumed complete
responsibility for that project. Until he retired in 1963, he
cooperated closely with the KSU, wheat breeder in developing
resistant cultivars.
In 1958, L. R. Browder was hired to study wheat stem rust.
By 1963, when Johnston retired, most of the new wheat cultivars
were resistant to stem rust, but most were susceptible to leaf
rust. Therefore, Browder assumed the responsibility for the
physiologic race identification of wheat leaf rust. Browder also
studied the genetics of host-pathogen interactions between wheat
and leaf rust pathogen, and the effect of environment on those
interactions.
In 1965 J. R. Burleigh, and M. Eversmeyer were hired to
study the epidemiology of wheat leaf rust. Burleigh resigned in
1971, and his position was discontinued. Eversmeyer continued
his research through the 1972 reorganization.
TX A. & M Univ., College Station, TX.
About 1952, M. C. Futtrell was hired to study wheat stem and
leaf rust at College Station. When R. A. Kilpatrick was hired in
1964, Futrell transferred to the Flax Invest. In 1967,
Kilpatrick transferred to Beltsville, MD, and F. J. Gough
transferred from Fargo, ND to College Station. The rust research
in TX was oriented toward surveying rusts in South TX and Mexico
as part of the rust epidemiologic surveys. They also cooperated
with the breeding programs. From 1958 to 1965, C. Hobbs assisted
on that rust project.
OK State Univ., Stillwater, OK
R. C. Bellingham was assigned to Stillwater as a pathologist
from 1957 until 1967, Bellingham cooperated closely with the
wheat breeders in OK and adjacent states in developing rust, and
virus resistant cultivars.
Univ of CA, Berkeley, CA
R. F. Allen's research at Berkeley, on the physiology and
cytology of the infection process of the wheat leaf rust
pathogen, was partially supported by ARS from 1918 to 1936 when
she became a full time state employee. Studies on the infection
process of rust were then discontinued in the Wheat Invest. until
W. R. Bushnell was hired in 1960, and assigned to the CRL, St.
Paul.
Univ. of ID, Moscow, ID
C. W. Hungerford began his studies on stripe rust in 1915 in
Washington, D. C. In 1919, he transferred to Moscow where he
conducted disease surveys, studies on the life cycle of the
stripe rust pathogen and resistance of wheat and grasses. After
Hungerford retired in 1927, W. M. Bever was hired in 1928. Bever
studied the effect of environment on the rust, and the
identification of physiologic races. When Bever transferred to
Urbana, IL in 1940, the research on wheat stripe rust in the
Wheat Invest. was discontinued.
WA State Univ., Pullman, WA
In 1953, L. H. Purdy began studies on stripe rust resistance
in wheat and pathogenicity of the pathogen at Pullman in
cooperation with State employees. After Purdy resigned in 1966,
R. F. Line was hired in 1968 to conduct the research on stripe
rust. Line expanded the studies on resistance, pathogenicity and
surveys. By 1972 he had conducted research on disease
forecasting, loss assessment, and the use of chemicals.
Diseases caused by smut pathogens
Smut diseases of wheat including loose smut (Ustilago Sp.)
and bunt (stinking smut) (Tilletia spp.), were among the first
diseases of wheat studied in the Dept. of Ag. Two of the
pathologist that were assigned to the Wheat Invest. when the Div.
of Cereal Crops and Diseases was reorganized in 1933 were
studying smuts. They were C. S. Holton at Pullman, WA and H. A.
Rodenhiser at Arlington, VA.
Arlington Farm, Arlington, VA, and Beltsville Ag. Res. Center
Beltsville, MD
Rodenhiser, who was at Arlington Farm and Beltsville, MD,
studied the effects of environmnent and physiology of the smut
fungi from 1930 until 1951 when he became Assist. Head Div.
Cereal Crops & Diseases.
WA Sta. Univ., Pullman, WA
From 1929 until 1931 when he transferred to study flax rust
at Fargo, ND, H. H. flor conducted studies on wheat smuts at
Pullman. Holton, who was at Pullman from 1931 until he retired
in 1968, studied all aspects of bunt and flag smut of wheat. In
1953, following a series of smut epidemics in the Pacific
Northwest the Northwest Regional Smut Lab. was established in
Pullman. Holton also studied oat smuts and part of his salary
came from Oat Investigations. J. P. Meiners and L. H. Purdy
were assigned to the Lab. in that same year, followed by E. L.
Kendrick in 1954.
Meiners studied the biology of dwarf bunt in wheat and the
relationships of bunts on grasses to those on wheat until he
transferred to Beltsville in 1958 as Assist. Chief Cereal Crops
Res. Branch (CCRB). The research on bunts on grasses was in
cooperation with J. R. Hardison of the Forage Crops Res. Branch
at Corvallis, OR. Meiners was succeeded by J. A. Hoffman in
1958. Hoffman, who reoriented that research to include dwarf
bunt, transferred to Logan, UT in 1971.
Purdy studied the efficacy of fungicides for the control of
smuts. Purdy's research was discontinued after he resigned in
1966.
Kendrick was responsible for cooperating with the breeders
in the identification and development of smut resistant wheat
cultivars. The research, that Kendrick conducted was
discontinued after Kendrick transferred to Beltsville, MD, as
Assist. Chief CCRB in 1965.
The research at the Regional Smut Lab. was in cooperation
with the Pacific Nortwest states of ID, MT, OR, UT, and WA, and
experimental nurseries were maintained in each of those states.
The comprehensive pathology and breeding programs on the wheat
smuts resulted in such effective control of the smut diseases
that all of the research on wheat smut conducted at Pullman had
been discontinued at the time of the reorganization in 1972.
Ut. State Univ., Logan, UT
From 1971 until the reorganization in 1972 Hoffman continued
much of the research on dwarf bunt and flag smut that he had been
conducting at Pullman.
OR. State Univ., Corvallis, OR
In 1954, research on wheat bunt was initiated at Corvallis
in cooperation with Or. State Univ. R. J. Metzger a genetists-
pathologist was hired to study host resistance to wheat bunt.
He determined the genetic resistance of wheat to different
pathogenic strains of the smut pathogen present in OR and in WA.
He also conducted studies on dwarf bunt and flag smut.
From 1954 to 1959 when he resigned, R. W. Newburgh studied
the physiology of the wheat smut smut fungi. Newburgh was
succeeded in 1959 by E. J. Trione who continued those studies.
Trione was conducting those studies in 1972.
Diseases caused by fungi other than rusts and smuts
Fungal diseases other that rusts and smuts were studied by
single pathologists at several locations. The following is a
list of those pathologists, and where, when and what diseases
they studied.
R. Sprague Corvallis, OR 1929-40 Septoria, foot & root rots
Mandan, ND 1940-47 All fungal diseases but
Rusts and Smuts
H. Fellows Manhattan, KS 1926-59 Root rots, eptoria tritici
R. A. Kilpatrick College Station,TX 1964-1967 Root rots, Seed borne
pathogens
C. Lowther Beltsville, MD 1950-1953 Powdery Mildew
H. R. Powers, Jr spp. " 1954-1959 P. Mildew,Septoria
A. L. Scharen spp. 1960-1972 P. Mildew, Septoria
D. M. Kline Raleigh, NC 1956-1972 Septoria spp.
R. J. Cook Pullman, WA 1965-1972 Soil borne diseases
A. G. Johnson Madison, WI 1914-1925 fungi imperfecti
J. G. Dickson " 1918-1961 Wheat scab
H. H. McKinney " 1919-1925 Ergot (rye),Take-all
(Virus Diseases)
H. Fellows " 1923-1926 Leaf spotting diseases
(Virus Diseases)
OR State Univ., Corvallis, OR, & ND Field Sta., Mandan, ND
R. Sprague conducted the first extensive studies of
epidemiology, taxonomy, and host range of many fungi pathogenic
on cereals and grasses throughout U. S. While at Corvallis from
1929 to 1940 he studied Septoria, Cercosporell, phaeoseptoria,
and Selenophora spp. His 1950 volume "Diseases of Cereals and
Grasses in North America: prepared while at Mandan from 1940 to
1947, which pertains to all fungi except smuts and rusts, remains
a classic reference today.
KS State Univ., Manhattan, KS.
At Manhattan from 1926 to 1959, H. Fellows studied many of
the root and foot rotting diseases affecting winter wheat in the
dry areas of Kansas, and Septoria tritici. He also cooperated
with the wheat breeding program
Texas A & M, College Station, TX
R. A. Kilpatrick studied seed borne fungi, and factors
affecting black point of wheat, and the root rotting pathogen
Sclerotium rolfsii while at College Station from 1964 until 1967
when he transferred to Beltsville, MD.
Beltsville Ag. Res. Center, Beltsville, MD
Three pathoogists were involved in research on diseases
other then the rusts and smuts at Beltsville from 1950 to 1972.
From 1950 until his death in 1953, C. Lowther initiated a
research program on wheat powdery mildew by collecting cultures
of the pathogen from many locations in U. S. From 1954 until he
resigned in 1959, H. R. Powers, Jr. conducted studies on the
genetics of the host-pathogen interaction between wheat and
powdery mildew. A. L. Scharen, who succeeded Powers in 1960,
continued the studies on powdery mildew, and initiated studies on
determining differences in physiologic resistance of wheat to
powdery mildew and Septoria pathogens. By using CO2 analysis
equipment to measure CO2 uptake (Photosynthesis) and CO2
evolution (respiration) he determined the effects of Septoria and
other diseases on plant growth and development. Scharen also
initiated uniform nurseries to determine the resistance of wheat
to powdery mildew and Septoria pathogens, and the pathogenicity
of those pathogens at various locations.
NC State Univ., Raleigh, NC
From 1956 until the 1972 reorganization, D. M. Kline
conducted lab. studies on environmental factors affecting the
growth and reproduction of Septoria, and the reactions of many
winter wheats in the field.
WA State Univ., Pullman, WA.
From 1965 until the 1972 reorganization R. J. Cook initiated
extensive studies to identify the pathogens causing foot and root
rotting of winter wheat in the dry soils in WA.
Univ. WI, Madison, WI
Four pathologists at Madison were involved in research
diseases of wheat caused by other than rust and smut fungi prior
to the 1933 reorganization. All that research was in cooperation
with the Univ. of WI. The research of those pathologists has
been described.
Diseases Caused by Viruses
Beltsville, Ag. Res. Center, Beltsville, MD.
McKinney was the pioneer in studying virus diseases of
cereals. He began studying the rosetting of winter wheat in
fields in IL while at Madison, WI from 1919 to 1925. He assumed
the rosetting was caused by a soil borne pathogen. He continued
those studies after coming to Washington, D. C. in 1926. Later
he proved that a soil borne virus transported by a motile spore
fungus caused that disease. McKinney use host plants to identify
and differentiate viruses, and to determine the pathogenic
variability and stability of several viruses which infect wheat.
His studies on wheat virus diseases were discontinued when he
retired in 1959. However, McKinney continued those studies until
the 1972 reorganization.
Univ. of NE., Lincoln, NE
The studies on wheat viruses at Lincoln were initated by W.
C. Burger, a biochemist, while he was at Lincoln for one year in
1953 to 1954. M. K. Brakke, pathologist-biochemist was hired in
1955 to expand the studies on wheat virus diseases. Brakke was
there through the 1972 reorganization. He developed new sucrose
density gradient procedures and other biochemical techniques for
identifying and differentiating viruses. In about 1970 he was
recognized as the pathologist whose papers were referred to more
than those of any other pathologist in U. S.
Disease and Insect Lab., Brookings, SD
E. D. Gerloff, a physiologist, and S. G. Jenson were at
Brookings from 1965 through 1972, and from 1962 through 1972,
respectively. They had a project on the determining the
resistance or tolerance of wheat to the Barley Yellow Dwarf
Virus (BYDV). They cooperated with wheat breeders in several
states on that project.
NC State Univ., Raleigh, NC
From 1950 until 1954, when he transferred to Beltsville,
MD., J. G. Moseman conducted field studies evaluating wheat
germplasm and cultivars for reactions to the soil borne viruses
in NC and VA. He cooperated with plant breeders in the Soft Red
Winter Wheat region. After Moseman transferred to Beltsville, MD
in 1954, N. F. Sommers was hired in 1955. Sommers continued that
research on viruses for the one year he was at Raleigh. The
research on wheat diseases at Raleigh was reoriented after
Sommers left, and the research on viruses was discontinued at
that location.
Physiologic Research not Disease Related
There were three physiologists involved in studies that were
not related to diseases. Two physiologists studied winter
hardiness and one studied drought resistance.
KS State Univ., Manhattan, KS
From 1954 until 1957, G. C. Throneberry cooperated closely
with plant breeders in developing methods for measuring the
drought resistance of hard red winter wheat grown in KS. When
he resigned, the research on drought resistance was discontinued
by the Wheat Invest., but continued by KS Ag. Exp. .
MI State Univ., East Lansing, MI
A. V. Barker was hired at East Lansing to study winter
hardiness of wheats in eastern U. S. He was only there for about
one year in 1967 to 1968. Although, primarily on the Barley
Invest., C. R. Olien did some research on winter hardiness in
cooperation with the MI State wheat breeder E. H. Everson between
1957 and the1972 reorganization.
OR Field Station, Pendleton, OR, and WA State Univ., Pullman, WA
D. W. George conducted research on winter hardiness of winter
wheat in the Pacific Nortwest at Pendleton from 1954 until 1965
when he transferred to Pullman, WA. He continued that research
at Pullman until the 1972 reorganization. He developed
effective methods for measuring the winter hardiness of winter
wheat that were used by plant breeders in developing winter hardy
cultivars for that region.
* * * * * *
Table 4. - Scientists, who conducted Pathologic and
Physiologic Research on Wheat and Rye in the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, 1887 to 1972
=====================================================================
Names Discipline Crops Years of Service
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Washington, DC, and Beltsville Ag. Res. Center,Beltsville, MD
Lamson-Scribner, F. Pathology Wheat, Corn (Smut) 1887 to 1889
Galloway, B. T. Pathology Small Grains (Rust) 1891 to 1893
Swingle, W. T. Pathology Wheat, Oats (Rust) 1891 to 1898
Carleton, M. A. Path-Agron. Cereals (Rust) 1894 to 1918
Potter, A. A. Pathology Cereals (Smut) 1909 to 1918
Humphrey, H. B. Pathology Cereals (All, Rust) 1913 to 1946
Johnson, A. G. Pathology Cereals (All) 1925 to 1940
Kolpin-Ravn, F. Pathology Wheat (Stripe Rust) 1916 to 1916
Hungerford, C. W. Pathology Wheat (Stripe Rust) 1915 to 1919
Ball, C. R. Agron-Path. Cereals (Barberry) 1918 to 1919
Kempton, F. E. Pathology Wheat (Barberry) 1919 to 1929
Dutton, L. D. Pathology Wheat (Barberry) 1927 to 1929
Meier, F. E. Pathology Wheat (Barberry) 1929 to 1938
Reed, G. M. Pathology Cereals (Smut) 1918 to 1920
Tapke, V. F. Pathology Cereals (Smut) 1919 to 1953
Tisdale, W. H. Pathology Cereals (Smut) 1921 to 1926
Faris, J. A. Pathology Cereals (Smut) 1926 to 1933
Rodenhiser, H. A. Pathology Wheat (Smut, Rust) 1930 to 1951
Lowther, C. Pathology Wheat (P. Mildew) 1950 to 1953
Powers, H. R. Jr. Pathology Wheat (P. Mildew) 1954 to 1959
Scharen, A. L. Pathology Wheat (P. M., Sept.) 1960 to 1972
McKinney, H. H. Pathology Small Grains (Virus) 1926 to 1959
Bayles, B. B. Agron-Path. Wheat (Rust) 1930 to 1954
Loegering, W. Q. Pathology Cereals (Rust) 1954 to 1968
Kilpatrick, R. A. Pathology Cereals (Rust) 1967 to 1972
Elliott, C. Pathology Cereals (Bacteria) 1918 to 1947
Hurd-Karrer, A. M. Physiology Wheat, Weeds 1918 to 1949
Boyle, L. W. Pathology Wheat 1931 to 1934
Univ. of CA, Berkeley, CA
Allen, R. F. Physiology Wheat (Rust) 1918 to 1936
Univ. of ID, Moscow, ID
Hungerford, C. W. Pathology Wheat (Stripe Rust) 1919 to 1927
Bever, W. M. Pathology Wheat (Stripe Rust) 1928 to 1940
Raeder, J. M. Pathology Wheat 1922 to 1932 1/
Univ. of IL, Urbana, IL
Bever, W. M. Pathology Wheat (Smut) 1940 to 1959
Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN
Mains, E. B. Pathology Wheat, Barley (Rust) 1918 to 1930
Caldwell, R. M. Path-Agron. Small Grains (All) 1928 to 1937 1/
KS State Univ., Manhattan, KS
Johnston, C. O. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1919 to 1963
Browder, L. E. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1958 to 1972
Burleigh, J. R. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1965 to 1971
Eversmeyer, M. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1965 to 1972
Fellows, H. Pathology Wheat (Other) 1926 to 1959
Throneberry, Physiology Wheat (Drought) 1954 to 1957
Ficke, C. H. Pathology Wheat 1930 to 1940
Haskett, W. C. Pathology Wheat, Oats 1952 to 1955
MI Stat Univ., East Lansin, MI
Barker, A. V. Physiology Small Grains (W. Hardy) 1967 to 1968
Olien, C. R. Physiology Barley, Wheat(W.Hardy) 1957 to 1972
Univ. of MN, St. Paul, MN
Freeman, E. M. Pathology Small Grains (Rust) 1905 to 1907
Johnson, E. C. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1907 to 1912
Potter, A. A. Pathology Small Grains(General)1908 to 1909
Parker, J. H. Path-Agron. Small Grains (Rust) 1913 to 1917
Piemeisel, F. J. Pathology Small Grains (Rust) 1915 to 1918?
Stakman, E. C. Pathology Small Grains (Rust) 1918 to 1953 1/
Levine, M. N. Pathology Wheat, Barley(Rust) 1917 to 1955
Bamberg, R. H. Pathology Small Grains (All) 1929 to 1936
Hayden, E. B. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1954 to 1956
Miller, J. D. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1957 to 1965
McVey, D. V. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1965 to 1972
Rowell, J. B. Physiology Wheat (Rust) 1955 to 1972
Romig, R. W. Pathology Wheat, Oats (Rust) 1962 to 1968
Hart, Helen Phys-Path. Wheat (Rust) 1924 to 1933
Bushnell, W. R. Physiology Wheat (Rust, P.Mild.)1960 to 1972
MT State Univ, Bozeman, MT
Bamberg, R. H. Pathology Wheat 1936 to 1948
Univ. of NE, Lincoln, NE
Burger, W. C. Biochemistry Wheat (Virus) 1953 to 1954
Brakke, M. K. Path-Biochem. Wheat (Virus) 1955 to 1972
Langerberg, W. G. Path-Biochem. Wheat (Virus) 1968 to 1972
NC State Univ., Raleigh, NC
Moseman, J. G. Pathology Small Grains (Virus) 1950 to 1954
Sommers, N. F. Pathology Small Grains (Virus) 1955 to 1956
Kline, D. M. Pathology Small Grains (Sept.) 1956 to 1972
ND State Univ., Fargo, ND
Reddy, C. S. Pathology Small Grain
Schwinghamer, E. A. Pathology Wheat(Rust)
Gough, F. J. Pathology Wheat (Rust)
Miller, J. D. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1967
ND Ag. Fld Sta., Mandan, ND
Sprague, R. Pathology Wheat(Root Rots,Sep.)1940 to 1947
OK State Univ., Stillwater, OK
Bellingham, R. C. Pathology Wheat (Virus) 1957 to 1967
OR State Univ., Corvallis, OR
Metzger, R. J. Path-Genetics Wheat (Smut) 1954 to 1972
Newburgh, R. W. Chemistry Wheat (Smut) 1954 to 1959
Trione, E. J. Chemistry Wheat (Smut) 1959 to 1972
Sprague, R. Pathology Wheat(Root Rots,Sep.)1926 to 1940
OR Br. Ag. Exp. Sta., Pendleton, OR
George, D. W. Physiology Wheat (W. Hardy) 1954 to 1965
North Grain and Insect Lab., Brookings, SD
Jensen, S. G. Pathology Wheat, Corn (Virus) 1962 to
1972
Fitzgerald, P. J. Agron-Path Wheat, Corn (Virus) 1962 to 1968
Gerloff, E. D. Physiology Wheat, Corn (Virus) 1965 to 1972
TX A and M Univ., College Station, TX
Futrell, M. C. Pathology Wheat, Sorgh. (Rust) 1962 to 1964
Kilpatrick, R. A. Pathology Wheat (Rust, Other) 1964 to 1967
Gough, F. J. Pathology Wheat (Rust, Sept.) 1967 to 1972
Hobbs, C. D. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1958 to 1965
UT State Univ., Logan, UT
Hoffman, J. A. Pathology Wheat (Smut, Bunt) 1971 to 1972
WA State Univ., Pullman, WA
Woolman, H. M. Pathology Wheat (Bunt) 1913 to 19?
Gaines, E. F. Pathology Wheat 1933 to 1960 1/
Flor, H. H. Pathology Wheat (Smut) 1929 to 1931
Holton, C. S. Pathology Wheat, Oats (Smut) 1931 to 1968
Meiners, J. P. Pathology Wheat (Smut) 1953 to 1958
Hoffman, J. A. Pathology Wheat (Smut) 1958 to 1971
Purdy, L. H. Pathology Wheat (Smut, Rust) 1953 to 1966
Line, R. F. Pathology Wheat (Stripe Rust) 1968 to 1972
Kendrick, E. L. Pathology Wheat (Smut) 1954 to 1965
Deitz, S. M. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1957 to 1966 1/
Cook, R. J. Pathology Wheat (Root Rots) 1965 to 1972
George, D. W. Physiology Wheat (W. Hardy) 1965 to 1972
Univ. of WI, Madison, WI
Johnson, A. G. Pathology Wheat (Imperf.,Sac) 1918 to 1925
Drechsler, O. C. Pathology Wheat (Rust) 1917 to 1919
Leukel, R. W. Pathology All Cereals 1919 to 1920
McKinney, H. H. Pathology Wheat (Smut,Take-all) 1919 to 1926
Dickson, J. G. Pathology All Cereals 1918 to 1961 1/
Fellows, H. Pathology Wheat (Root Rots) 1923 to 1926
USDA Plant Introd. Sta., Mayag uez, PR
Theis, T. N. Pathology Wheat, Oats, Sorgh. 1954 to 1961
McVey, D. V. Pathology Wheat, Oats, (Rust) 1959 to 1965
Miller, J. D. Pathology Wheat, Oats, (Rust) 1965 to 1967
Reitz, L. P. Agronomy Wheat 1967 to 1972
============================================================================
1/ State employees who cooperated closely with USDA, and may
have received some financial support from USDA.
* * * * * *
Wheat Quality Research
Analyses and quality determinations of cereals were
conducted in the Div. of Chemistry almost from the inception
of that Div. Those investigations were continued in the
Food Res. Div., Bureau of chemistry and Soils, and later in
the Regional Res. and Development Div., ARS.
The scientists who conducted wheat quality research are
listed by the five locations at which there were quality
laboratories. Included in the table are the names of the
scientists, their discipline, crops they studied and the
time of service at that location.
Studies of commercial grading and handling of grain
were begun in the Div. of Botany in the Bureau of Plant
Industry (BPI) in 1901 under F. V. Coville. C. S. Scofield
was in charge of those studies. In 1905, Scofield became
officer in charge of the Office of Western Ag. Ext., and the
grain grading investigations were transferred to the Seed
Lab. under Edgar Brown.
On July 1, 1906, a special authority in the BPI
appropriation permitted the sampling and examining of grain
as a basis of establishing grain grades. One Lab. was
established at Baltimore, MD under L. A. Fitz, and another
at New Orleans under C. E. Leighty. Additional Labs. were
established, and S. W. T. Duval transferred from the Seed
Lab. to take charge of laboratory methods. On Oct. 1, 1906,
the Office of Grain Standardization was established under J.
D. Shanahan. When Shanahan resigned in 1911, Duval was
appointed to be in charge of the Office of Grain
Standardization until 1916, when that Office was transferred
to the Bureau of Markets, and designated the Grain Div. In
1921, the Bureau of Markets was merged with other
organizations to form the Bureau of Ag. Econ.
M. A. Carleton became interested in the utilization of
durum wheat after introducing that crop in 1899.
Consequently, Carleton entered into a cooperative
arrangement with the Bureau of Chemistry to analysis and
test durum wheat and other cereals. In 1903, J. S.
Chamberlain was transferred, as Physiological Chemist, from
the Bureau of Chemistry to Carleton's payroll to cooperate
in the cereal technology studies. Chamberlain continued on
those cooperative studies until his resignation in 1909.
In 1905, Le Clarc, of the Bureau of Chemistry, was
assigned to investigate the relationship of crop environment
to cereal grain composition in cooperation with Carleton.
Those experiments were continued until about 1917. During
that period, the so call "tri-local" experiments in which
seed was exchanged between three stations was undertaken
with various grains.
In 1908, the Office of Grain Standardization, later
designated Grain Div., transferred Fitz from Chicago, IL, to
the ND. Ag. Ex.p. Sta. at Fargo, to take charge of the
Department's cooperative milling and baking experiments in
which samples of wheat from plot experiments at various
Cereal Field Stations were sent for testing. Beginning with
the 1915 crop, a uniform list of cultivars was sent to each
Field Sta. This cooperative arrangement continued until
1918, when the Dept. staff was transferred to Washington, D.
C., where a new laboratory of milling and baking quality was
established under the direction of J. A. Shellenberger.
Wheat Quality Lab. Washington, D. C., and Beltsville, MD
In 1924, J. A. Clark, who was in charge of Western
Wheat Research, began special studies on the inheritance of
protein content in wheat. Different individuals
were employed from time to time by the Cereal Div., and were
first detailed to the Grain Div. of the Bureau of Ag. Econ.
and later to the Bureau of Chemistry.
On July 1, 1929, experiments were undertaken in
cooperation with the Grain Div. to determine the quality of
wheat cultivars. On Dec. 16, 1929, C. C. Fifield was
appointed as Baking Technologist. Fifield was in charge of
that Lab. Res. until 1963, when the research on hard red
spring, & durum wheat was transferred to a Lab. at Fargo,
ND. Several chemists were assigned to the Lab. at
Washington, D. C. and then at Beltsville between 1929 and
1963. C. E. Bode was there from 1935 until 1937 when he
transferred to the new Soft Wheat Quality Lab. at Wooster,
OH. A. J. Pinckney, who joined the Lab. in 1941, was
transferred to the Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Lab. in
Fargo when the Lab at Beltsville was closed in 1963. W. T.
Greenway was in that Lab. from 1957 until 1963 when the Lab.
was closed. He accepted another position in the Beltsville
area. S. R.. Snider was a chemist in that Lab sometime
while it was associated with the wheat quality research.
Wheat quality research was an important part of the
Wheat Invest. Those earlier projects were expanded over the
years, so that, a laboratory facility was established to
study each of the four major classes of wheat. The
following is a description of the development, operation,
and objectives of each of those four Labs.
Soft Wheat Quality Lab. (SWQL), Wooster, OH
Prior to the l936 crop, the milling, chemical, and
baking quality of all classes of wheat were evaluated in the
USDA Lab. located in Washington, D. C., where C. C. Fifield
was in charge. In l936, the U. S. Congress established the
SWQL at Wooster, to work with plant breeders in the eastern
soft wheat region in cooperation with the OH Ag. Exp. Sta.
(Later renamed the OH Ag. Res. and Development Center,
OARDC). Studies were begun in that Lab. in 1937 with E. G.
Bayfield in charge. Bayfield was followed by V. H. Morris
from 1939 to 1948; by C. E. Bode, who had been transferred
from the Wheat Quality Lab. in Washington, D. C. in 1937,
from 1948 to 1961; and by W. T. Yamazaki, who had been in
the Lab. since 1944, from 1961 to 1972
In 1936, most of the commercial cultivars had poor
milling and baking quality, which generated demands by
processors for an eastern soft wheat improvement program.
The tests in use at that time were neither applicable to
small samples of wheat nor reliable for evaluating soft
wheat cultivars or breeding lines for confectionery
products such as cookies, cakes, and crackers, their
intended applications. The objectives of the SWQL were to
determine the biochemical bases for differences in milling
and baking quality, determine the contribution of flour
components to specific performance attributes, develop
appropriate tests based on those findings to more accurately
measure quality potential in breeding lines, adapt such
tests to micro scale for early generation screening, and
carry out cooperative evaluations of breeding lines to
ensure the quality level of released cultivars.
Chemists who were involved in research at that laboratory
are listed in Table 5. Many of those scientists were later
assigned to other quality laboratories.
Hard Red Winter Wheat Quality Lab. (HRWWQL) Manhattan, KS
In l937, the U. S. Congress established the HRWWQL at
Manhattan to work with plant breeders of the Great Plains,
and in cooperation with the KS Ag. Exp. Sta. at Manhattan.
Research began in the Lab. in l938 with M. A. Barmore in
charge, and K. F. Finney, as Res. Chemist, and M. E.
McCluggage as Experimental miller.
In 1937, a significant percentage of the commercial
Hard Winter Wheat cultivars included 'Chiefkan', 'Early
Blackhull', and 'Blackhull' which had undesirably short
dough mixing requirements, poor mixing tolerances, and
unsatisfactory loaf volumes. Also, in l937, there was a
lack of basic information on the effect of formula
ingredients and techniques in experimental breadmaking, and
breadmaking quality meant different things to different
people. The objectives of the HRWWQL were to develop bread
making methods that would give a full expression of the
potential quality of commercial cultivars and breeding
lines; apply those methods to reveal how protein content,
environment, harvesting at various stages of maturity,
disease infection, and processing variables affect
functional properties and breadmaking; develop micro tests;
and determine why cultivars
varied in quality. The researh in that Lab. resulted in the
identification and development of many outstanding high
quality hard red winter wheat cultivars.
In 1942 McCluggage left the Lab. In l943, Barmore and
Finney, together with research underway on hundreds of hard
winter and hard spring wheat flours, were transferred to the
SWQL at Wooster, where they continued research that included
soft winter wheats. In Dec. l946, J. A. Shellenberger, Head
Dept. Milling Industry, who was associated with Lab. until
l970, requested that Finney be transferred back to Manhattan
in charge of the HRWWQL. Finney was in charge of the Lab.
through the 1972 reorganization.
Other scientists and when they were at the HRWWQL are
listed in Table 5. Included is their discipline and when
they were at the laboratory.
Western Wheat Quality Lab. (WWQL), Pullman, WA
In l946, the WWQL was established as a part of the
Dept. of Ag. Chemistry of the WA. Ag. Exp. Sta. at Pullman.
M. A. Barmore transferred from the SWQL at Wooster to be in
charge of the WWQL. Barmore was in charge of that Lab.
until he retired in l969. G. L. Rubenthaler, who
transferred from the HRWWQL at Manhattan in l966, succeeded
Barmore, and was in charge in l972.
The primary purpose of the WWQL was to cooperate with
plant breeders of the western states by evaluating the
processing properties of new selections or hybrids being
developed, and those of commercial wheat cultivars; to
develop new and improved methods of determining and
evaluating processing properties (particularly those
required by major export customers of soft white wheat); and
to study factors responsible for quality differences in
wheats.
The scientists who were at the WWQL are listed in Table
5. Some of them were involved in special research projects.
Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Quality Lab. (HRS&DQL) Fargo,
ND
The quality Lab. for hard red spring and durum wheats
was in Washington, D. C., or Beltsville from l918 until
1963. During those years the laboratory was operated in
cooperation with the Ag. Marketing Service. C. C. Fifield
was in charge of the Lab. from l929 until l963. In 1963,
the HRS& DWQL was established in cooperation with the ND
State Univ. at Fargo. W. C. Shuey was in the charge of the
Lab. from l963 until l972.
The objectives of the HRS&DWQL were similiar to those
of the other Quality Labs. They cooperated with plant
breeders in the evaluation of their selections and advanced
lines and new cultivars, and conducted research related to
wheat quality.
Since the four quality laboratories were established,
there has been a profound improvement in the functional
properties of cultivars representing all classes of wheat,
and a highly significant understanding of what constitutes
wheat quality. Many of the contributions of the wheat
quality labs. were discussed in the publication, Finney, K.
F., and W. T. Yamazaki. 1967. "Quality of Hard, Soft, and
Durum Wheat", In K. S. Quisenberry and L. P. Reitz (ed.)
Wheat and Wheat Improvement. 1st. ed. Amer. Soc Agron.
Monograph 13:471-503.
Table 5. - Scientists, who conducted Quality Research on Wheat and Rye in
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1901 to 1972
=========================================================================
Name Discipline Crops Years of Service
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Washington, DC and Beltsville, MD
Scofield, C. S. Chemist Grain 1901 to 1905
Brown, Edgar Chemist Grain 1905 to 190?
Duval, S. W. T. Chemist Grain 1906 to 1916
Shanahan, J. D. Chemist Grain 1906 to 1911
Chamberlain, J. S. Chemist Grain 1903 to 1909
Le clarc, Chemist Cereals 1905 to 1917
Shellenberger, J. A. Chemist Wheat 1918 to ?
Fifield, C. C. Chemist Wheat 1929 to 1963
Bode, C. E. Chemist Wheat 1935 to 1937
Pinckney, A. J. Chemist Wheat 1941 to 1963
Greenway, W. T. Chemist Wheat 1957 to 1963
Soft Wheat Quality Lab. Wooster, OH
Bayfield, E. G. Chemist Wheat 1937 to 1939
Morris, V. H. Chemist Wheat 1939 to 1948
Bode, C. E. Chemist Wheat 1937 to 1961
Yamazaki, W. E. Chemist Wheat 1944 to 1972
Heiser, H. K. Chemist Wheat 1938 to 1968
Finney, K. F. Chemist Wheat 1943 to 1946
Barmore, M. A. Chemist Wheat 1943 to 1946
Pascoe, E. d. Chemist Wheat 1943 to 1945
Kissell, L. T. Chemist Wheat 1948 to 1972
McCammon, J. F. Chemist Wheat 1950 to 1952
Abbott, D. C. Chemist Wheat 1951 to 1954
Donelson, J. R Chemist Wheat 1955 to 1972
Clements, R. L. Chemist Wheat 1968 to 1972
Hard Red Winter Wheat Lab., Manhattan, KS
Barmore, M. A. Chemist Wheat 1938 to 1943
Finney, K. F. Chemist Wheat 1938 to 1943
McCluggage, M. E. Chemist Wheat 1938 to 1942
Shellenberger, J. A. Chemist Wheat ? to 1970 1/
Miller, B. S Chemist Wheat 1946 to 1961
McCammon, J. F. Chemist Wheat 1947 to 1949
Meyer, J. W. Chemist Wheat 1950 to 1952
Konecny, J. F. Chemist Wheat 1953 to 1955
Bolte, L. C. Milling Tech. Wheat 1955 to 1972
Hoseney, R. C. Chemist Wheat 1956 to 1970
Shogren, M. D. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1957 to 1972
Rubenthaler, G. L. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1961 to 1966
Pomeranz, Y. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1962 to 1969
Hubbard, J. D. Chemist Wheat 1968 to 1972
Western Wheat Quality Lab., Pullman, WA
Barmore, M. A. Chemist Wheat 1946 to 1969
Rubenthaler, G. L. Chemist Wheat 1966 to 1972
Seeborg, E. F. Chemist Wheat 1948 to 1960
Sollars, W. F. Chemist Wheat 1949 to 1972
Udy, D. C. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1950 to 1959
Bresson, C. R. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1951 to 1954
Barrett, F. F. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1956 to 1966
Kitterman, S. J. Chemist Wheat 1956 to 1972
Elling, H. R. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1957 to ?
Bequette, R. K. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1961 to 1966
Archiszewski, H. E. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1961 to 1966
Jeffers, H. C. Food Tech. Wheat 1966 to 1972
Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Quality Lab., Fargo, ND
Fitz, L. A. Chemist Wheat 1908 to 1918
Shuey, W. C. Cereal Tech. Wheat 1963 to 1972
Pinckney, A. J. Chemist Wheat 1963 to 1970
Youngs, V. L. Chemist Wheat 1965 to 1970
====================================================================
Cytogenetic and Interspecific Hybridization Research
Cytogenetics and interspecific hybridization was an
important part of the Wheat Invest. The scientists who
conducted cytogenetic and interspecific hybridization
research on wheat, rye, and
wheat related species are listed by location in Table 6.
Included are their names, discipline, major crops they
studied, and the years at specific locations.
The following is a discussion of the cytogenetic and
interspecific hybridization research conducted on wheat.
The genetic and cytogenetic research at Fargo, ND by L. W.
Briggle, N. D. Williams, and L. R. Joppa, was discussed
previously because it was part of a large project on
developing resistance in wheat to leaf and stem rust. That
project involved genetists, breeders and pathologists for
many years.
Univ. of MO., Columbia, MO
Columbia was an important center for cytogenetic and
interspecific hybridization research on wheat and rye. In
the late 1920s, L. J. Stadler used both diploid and
polyploid wheats in his pioneering X-ray mutation
experiments. The wheat cytogenetics research was started
about 1932 by Luther Smith when he was a Ph. D. student
under Stadler. Smith conducted a genetic analysis of
diploid wheat using varietal differences and induced
mutations. In 1935, a projected was established under
Stadler to investigate polyploidy in wheat, with Smith the
first employee. Smith continued studying diploid wheat in
cooperation with graduate students under K. S. Quisenberry
at NE Univ., until he joined the Army in World War II in
1943.
In 1936, J. G. O'Mara and E. R. Sears joined the
project. They studied procedures for chromosome doubling and
behavior in diploid and amphidiploid hybrids. O'Mara
pioneered in the production of wheat-rye addition lines and
developed the first systematic method for producing such
lines. He produced the first hexaploid triticale before
leaving the project for war-related service in 1942. In
1937, Sears began producing aneuploids and exploiting them
in the genetic analysis of common wheat. Sears extended the
knowledge of the origin and evolution of wheat by using
aneuploids, and transferred chromosome segments from wild
relatives to cultivated wheat. He developed the first set
of nullisomic and monosomic lines of wheat in the cultivar
'Chinese Spring', and many other cytogenetic stocks. Those
stocks have been used by many scientists throughout the
world in genetic studies and for cultivar improvement.
Sears received international recognition for developing the
highly resistant cultivar 'Transfer' by transferring high
rust resistance from Aegilops species, and later for
discovering and exploiting a genetic method for inducing the
transfer of genes from wild relatives. Sears continued his
research through the 1972 reorganization.
SD Field Sta., Redfield, SD, and TX A & M, College Station,
TX
E. S. McFadden was an intermittent USDA employee at
Redfield, SD from 1918 to 1934. In 1930, McFadden's
development of 'Hope' and 'H44' from a cross of 'Marquis'
wheat by 'Yaroslav' emmer was the first demonstration of
useful genes being transferred to bread wheat from other
Triticum species. The resistance of 'Yaroslav' emmer to
stem and leaf rust, bunt, and powdery mildew in 'Hope' and
'H44' has been transferred by other scientists into many
wheat cultivars. In 1934, after six months at the Univ. of
MN, St. Paul, McFadden transferred to College Station, TX.
Although assigned primarily to breeding wheat cultivars, he
maintained his research program on interspecific hybrids.
In 1944, in cooperation with E. R. Sears, he showed that
bread wheat had arisen as a constant hybrid (amphiploid)
between a macaroni-type wheat and a wild grass, Aegilops
squarrosa.
Washington, D. C. & Beltsville Ag. Res. Center, Beltsville,
MD
W. J. Sando, who was located in Washington, D. C. and
Beltsville, MD from 1921 until he retired in 1955, was
successful in crossing wheat with Agropyron, rye and other
related genera and species. He developed a tetraploid rye
that contained a high percentage of rutin. Rutin is used to
treat capillary fragility, a condition that may result in a
stroke. The fertile derivatives from Sando's numerous
crosses have been used by many wheat breeders. Sando
continued his research at Beltsville for several years after
he retired.
OK State Univ., Stillwater, OK
E. E. Sebesta, who was at Stillwater from 1958 through
the 1972 reorganization, cooperated closely with the wheat
breeding program at that location. Sebesta successfully
employed X-radiation for inducing the transfer of useful
genes to wheat from related species and genera.
Table 6. - Scientists, who conducted Cytogenetic and
Interspecific Hybridization Research on Wheat and Rye in the
U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1921 to 1972
====================================================================
Name Discipline Crops Years of Service
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Washington, DC, and Beltsville Ag. Res. Center,Beltsville, MD
Sando, W. J. Genetics Wheat 1921 to 1955
Univ. of MO, Columbia, MO
Stadler, L. J. Genetics Corn, Wheat 1930 to 1943 1/
Smith, L. Genetics Wheat, Sp.,Barley 1935 to 1943
O'Mara, J. G. Genetics Wheat Sp., Oats 1936 to 1942
1944 to 1950
Sears, E. R. Genetics Wheat Sp., Rye 1936 to 1972
ND State Univ., Fargo, ND
Briggle, L. W. Genetics Wheat 1954 to 1956
Williams, N. D. Genetics Wheat 1957 to 1972
Joppa, L. R. Genetics Wheat Sp. 1966 to 1972
Dry Land Ag. Sta., Redfield, SD
McFadden, E. S. Genetics Wheat Sp. 1929 to 1934
TX A & M Univ., College Station, TX
McFadden, E. S. Genetics Wheat Sp 1935-1955
OK State Univ., Stillwater, OK
Sebesta, E. E. Genetics Wheat Sp. 1958 to 1972
=======================================================================
1/ Employee supported by Univ. of Mo. and USDA.
--------------------
II. CONTRIBUTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES, INC.
Joe Smith*, John Moffatt*, Jim Reeder* --Berthoud, CO; (303-
532-3721)
Hard Red Winter Wheat. Research Assistant Steve Perry
resigned effective December 31, 1992. Steve will be taking
on managerial responsibilities for a family cattle operation
in Montana. We want to acknowledge the great contribution
that Steve made to our program and wish him well in his
new endeavor.
The 1991/92 crop year provided relatively good yield
information from only five of eleven locations planted with
those trial means ranging from 44 bu/a at Rome, KS to 129
bu/a at Berthoud, CO. We experienced significant levels of
leaf rust at every core site in Oklahoma and Kansas. Most
of our northern and western sites were affected or destroyed
by either hail or freeze damage late in the season. Severe
foliar disease pressure from both leaf rust and Septoria
were experienced at locations from Salina, KS south.
AgriPro Varieties "Laredo" and "Pecos" were released to
our associate network in 1992 and will be available to the
farmer in 1993. AgriPro Laredo (formerly tested as W87-018)
is a "Victory-type" with a much improved response to wheat
streak mosaic virus. AgriPro Laredo's performance to date is
comparable to that of AgriPro Tomahawk. AgriPro Laredo
displays yellowing symptoms to both soilborne and spindle
streak mosaic viruses and is being positioned as a western
wheat with good standability under irrigated conditions.
AgriPro Variety Pecos, formerly tested as WI88-181 and more
recently as Falcon, is a short statured semidwarf with early
maturity. It has resistance to Hessian fly (tracing to
Arkan). AgriPro Pecos has good performance in the west under
irrigation and in southern Kansas and Oklahoma. AgriPro
Pecos is resistant to the soilborne and spindle streak
mosaic viruses and has a fairly good response to wheat
streak mosaic virus, similar to that of Mesa.
Hard Red Spring Wheat. The hard red spring wheat
project personnel consist of Joe A. Smith, Breeder; John
Martin, Assistant Breeder; Barb Cook, Technician; Jerry
Betz, Technician.
The cool season of 1992 was good for generating high
yields and low disease infections. We were able to complete
harvest at three of our four Red River Valley sites. The
northern site at Stephen, MN was very late and very lodged,
therefore it was discarded. Our yield data was highly
correlated between sites with medium and late maturing
cultivars usually yielding the highest. AgriPro Nordic,
Norm and AgriPro Krona were in the top three spots.
We will be releasing a new hard red spring wheat
cultivar in 1993 to be named AgriPro Sonja. It was
previously tested as N87-0306. AgriPro Sonja is a strong
strawed semidwarf with medium-early maturity. It has very
good protection to leaf and stem rust and foliar diseases.
Its protein levels are intermediate, similar to Vance.
While AgriPro Sonja has performed very well across the
spring wheat region, its short height may limit it to the
high production areas.
Hard Wheat Hybrid Development. The Hard Wheat Hybrid
Development Project includes Jim Reeder, Manager, and Steve
Askelson, Sr. Assistant Plant Breeder.
Almost 950 hard red winter wheat hybrids were made in
1992 at Berthoud, CO and Hereford, TX. Chemical hybridizing
agent (CHA) technology was used to produce these hybrids.
The top 500 seed yielders will be performance tested in 1993
throughout the region. The yield advantages of previously
made hybrids continue to be very encouraging. The yield
stability of hybrids over locations and over years continues
to be high. During the 1993 season, we will continue out-
location test hybrid production at either Dumas or Hereford,
TX in anticipation of full hybrid production as CHA's become
registered.
Approximately 680 hard red spring wheat hybrids were
made at Berthoud using CHA technology. Approximately 300 of
these will be tested for heterosis in the Red River Valley
of North Dakota and Minnesota. The heterosis observed in
1992 was very encouraging. In addition to Berthoud, test
hybrids will be produced at two locations in North Dakota
and/or Minnesota in 1993.
Purification of inbreds is progressing so that pilot
production can be done as soon as a CHA is registered.
--------------------
Barton Fogleman, Keith Taylor -Jonesboro, AR (501-935-
3941)
Southern Soft Red Winter Wheat. The gentle spring of
1992 salvaged some very questionable wheat fields in the mid-
south and, coupled with a relatively dry heading and anthesis
period, produced some superior yields of scab-free grain.
Disease pressures were much less intense compared to the last
few seasons. A two week rainy period that began just as the
earliest cultivars were ready for harvest negated their ten
day time advantage and probably saved the late maturing wheats
from drought related test weight problems. This also led to
some minor head-sprouting problems. We did collect sprouting
data on harvested plots from our location near Stuttgart, AR.
Data from this location for maturity (based on average green
peduncles and heads on 5/12) and sprouting of harvested grain
is reported below with maturity on a 1-9 scale (1.5 - 6.0 =
early variety; 8.5 - 9.0 = late variety) and sprouting as a
percentage of 500 randomly selected kernels. Test weights
were very good to fair.
1991-92 ABI MATURITY AND PRE-HARVEST SPROUTING DATA
===================================================
5/12 %
Cultivar Mat. Sprout
-----------------------------------------
AGRIPRO HUNTER 1.5 1.0
NK/COKER 9227 2.0 1.4
MADISON 2.5 0.6
AGRIPRO SAVANNAH 3.5 0.8
NK/COKER 9803 4.5 0.2
AGRIPRO TRAVELER 5.0 0.8
FFR 525W 6.0 0.6
AGRIPRO MAGNUM 6.0 1.0
BAYLES 6.5 0.4
NK/COKER 9105 6.5 0.6
AGRIPRO CHEROKEE 6.5 10.6
ABI 88-1903 7.0 0.4
CLARK 7.5 0.2
PIONEER brd.2555 7.5 0.6
NK/COKER 9835 7.5 0.6
NK/COKER 9543 8.0 0.0
SALUDA 8.0 0.2
PIONEER brd.2548 8.0 0.2
AGRIPRO SAWYER 8.0 0.4
KEISER 8.0 0.4
AGRIPRO MALLARD 8.0 0.6
FLORIDA 302 8.5 0.0
NK/COKER 9024 8.5 0.2
TERRAL 101 8.5 0.4
AGRATECH 91W 8.5 0.6
NK/COKER 9877 9.0 0.4
VERNE 9.0 0.8
PIONEER brd.2510 9.0 1.8
NK/COKER 833 9.0 2.2
CARDINAL 9.0 44.0
=========================================
Keith Taylor has assumed responsibility for parent
identification and test cross production for our southern
hybrid program. Our hybrid data continues to be very
encouraging.
ABI 88-1903 is being released as a new variety and will
be named before the 1993 harvest. This cultivar is broadly
adapted and has shown high yields and good test weights from
southern Indiana to Maryland and from northern Louisiana to
South Carolina. This variety should be available to farmers
in the fall of 1994.
Koy E. Miskin, Gregory J. Holland, Curtis L. Beazer.
Brookston, IN 47923
Soft Red Winter Wheat. 1992 was a devastating year in
the northern soft wheat region. We had a very warm fall
which did not allow the wheat to properly harden off and
prepare for freezing temperatures. About October 31, the
temperature dropped from about 60 degrees to 7 degrees F.
This killed all of the top growth but the wheat did green up
again. However, these severe temperature fluctuations
occurred three more times killing most of the wheat. If any
wheat did survive, Rhizoctonia took full advantage of the
weakened plants and killed all survivors. Our main breeding
location was totally destroyed.
February 7 we had a break in the weather, the soil
thawed a little, and we replanted 16.5 acres on a sandy
field about 25 miles south of Brookston. It was very cold
and wet. It was snowing and the ground was freezing up as
we finished. All of our F2, F3, F4, F5, Pure Seed Increases
and 45 test hybrid production and Male Identification
blocks were re- planted. F1 seed from the fall crossing
block was vernalized and transplanted to the field in
April.
The February 7, planting was right at the limit of the
vernalization requirement for several lines. Varieties that
missed or nearly missed vernalization are listed below:
Nearly missed vern. Missed Vernalization
Caldwell Pioneer 2510
Cardinal Pioneer 2545
AgriPro Lincoln
Coker 833
Excel
Howell
Dynasty
Several of our experimentals missed vernalization
completely. We also observed a number of lines that seemed
to be segregating for spring type. We have seen this in the
South and mid-south but never in the northern soft wheat
area. The spring planting conditions allowed this
characteristic to be expressed.
Later in the spring we experienced a severe drought. In May
and June, we received a total of 0.5 inch of rainfall. The
late planting and drought resulted in lower yields and
reduced seed sets in test hybrid production. Frequent rain,
on the other hand, made harvest difficult and some sprouting
was observed. The Pure Seed Increase plots had yields in
the 30 to 40 bu/A range. Hybrid seed set averaged only 34
%. The climatic conditions of the year caused a number of
the hybrid combinations to miss nick.
Hybrid performance data was limited mainly to the lower
midwestern and the mid-south soft wheat regions since most
wheat across the northern region winterkilled. Only one
northern location, Findlay, Ohio, survived sufficiently to
produce reasonably good data. However, the yield of 250
hybrids averaged 11 bu/A above 150 advanced lines in yield
trials.
AgriPro Boone, is the name given to ABI88*2451. It
will likely be limited to the Kansas - Missouri area and
will be released to growers fall of 1993. AgriPro Boone is
a selection from an acquired F2 from the University of
Guelph. Its parentage is Tecumseh/Hybrid 841. It is an
awned, white chaffed, short strong strawed variety. It is
early in maturity (equal to Caldwell) and has excellent
milling and baking quality. Its test weight is a pound
higher than Caldwell. AgriPro Boone exhibits high
resistance to WSSMV, SBMV, and good to very good resistance
to powdery mildew, the Septoria complex, and leaf rust.
--------------------
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, Fort Collins, Colorado
Sid Perry * , Dave Johnston, Sally Clayshulte, Jill
Handwerk, and Dana Shellberg
1991-1992 SEASON. We evaluated F1's, F2's, and lines
at five locations, plus six contract test sites. Dry
planting conditions were present at several sites. The
winter survival differential in Nebraska was relatively
poor, and only slightly better in Colorado. Significant
leaf rust levels occurred at all locations. Infections of
septoria tritici and powdery mildew occurred in our Kansas
nurseries. Test weights were generally ower across the
region. Trial means ranged from 30 bu/acre at Coffeyville,
Kansas, to 116 bu/acre at Fort Collins, Colorado.
F1 PERFORMANCE. Almost 2200 hybrids were evaluated.
The donor lines, testers, tester hybrid, and variety checks
were included in the trials. There were 291 hybrids which
exceeded the yield of BH203 (the tester hybrid combination)
and possessed acceptable agronomics. The best performance
exceeded BH203 by 16%.
F2 PERFORMANCE. We continue to evaluate the potential
of F2 populations as a marketable product. There were 550
selected F2's tested over five locations. From these
trials, 52 combinations exceeded the performance of the best
check, and also had acceptable agronomics. Two years of
data have indicated F2 yields to be about 90% of their
corresponding F1 yields, although the best F2 yield in 1992
was 107% of its corresponding F1.
PERSONNEL. Dave Johnston, senior plant breeder, has
announced his retirement, effective January 1, 1993. Dave
has served with Cargill for 25 years, primarily as R-line
breeder. His contributions to Cargill, the hard winter
wheat region, and hybrid wheat in particular, are greatly
appreciated. His experience will be greatly missed. We
wish Dave a happy retirement.
--------------------
CARGILL ARGENTINA HYBRID WHEAT PROGRAM
N. Machado, P. Paulucci, H. Martinuzzi
We have had a very good season for selection and
production in our country. In the wide area of production,
different conditions affected the crop, but in general,
yields were above pre-harvest estimations. Diseases were
not signifi-cant and weather at harvest was moderately good.
The most important diseases were Xanthomonas and
Fusarium.Bacterial infection started before heading on upper
leavesand continued on peduncles and in some genotypes, on
the heads. The symptoms were very clear and selection notes
were quite effective. Apparently, when the infection did
not reach the head, the plant did not reduce its yield. For
the second consecutive year, excessive rain in the south
east delayed planting until early August(normal is
June/July). As in the 1991 season, an extremely cold spring
allowed good tillering, excellent head fertility and an
optimum grain quality expressed as 1000 kernel weight.
Yield Trials. Late plantings affected the evaluation
of intermediate cycles and also results for short cycles
will have to be considered very carefully due to the
abnormal weather conditions. Averages of years will be
considered.
Hybrid Production. Five hundred seventy CMS hybrids
were produced using 23 different restorers. The seed set
was fairly good in those combinations with good nicking.
Most new hybrids were produced based on results we obtained
from chemical hybrids. B-lines showing good combining
ability were used with different restorers and new restorers
were selected with the same criteria. We will see next year
if this procedure is efficient to predict the best
combinations.
Hybrid Evaluation. Four hundred seventy-eight CMS
hybrids were evaluated in our three main research stations
and twenty pre-commercials were tested in six locations.
Out of these twenty, we think we will select two new
commercials. Seven hundred chemical hybrids produced with
Monsanto 21200 were evaluated in one location. Results are
not ready yet.
Commercial Hybrids in Market.
Trigomax 204 Intermediate cycle Released 1992
Trigomax 201 Intermediate cycle Released 1987
Trigomax 200 Intermediate cycle Released 1986
Trigomax 100 Semi-short cycle Released 1988
Trigomax 101 Semi-short cycle Released 1993
Trigomax 202 Short cycle Released 1989
--------------------
CARGILL AUSTRALIA
Richard Daniel, David Donaldson, Garry Lane, Michael
Materne, Michael Nowland, Chris Tyson, Jane Wilson
& Peter Wilson - Tamworth, N.S.W., Australia
A SIMPLE HYBRID PRODUCTION SYSTEM? An investigation is
underway to examine the production of hybrid wheat using
material which expresses complete male sterility under
certain environmental conditions, yet is completely male
fertile under normal conditions.
RELEASE OF NEW HYBRID Cargill Seeds has released a new
F1 hybrid, named Hybrid Pulsar, for sowing in the 1993
season. This hybrid will complement our existing hybrid,
Hybrid Meteor.
Hybrid Pulsar has better leaf rust resistance than
Hybrid Meteor and is slightly higher yielding, especially
under more productive conditions. These two factors should
see Hybrid Pulsar find a niche in the better rainfall areas.
Hybrid Pulsar's outstanding feature is its high yield
in the seed production phase. Yields of 4.2 and 4.9 t/ha of
female were obtained in A x B and A x R production blocks
respectively, last season. This compares with 2.9 t/ha and
3.4 t/ha for Hybrid Meteor under similar conditions.
The higher yields in seed production fields help to
reduce seed costs.
Root lesion nematode (RLN) resistance. Root Lesion
Nematodes (Pratylenchus thornei) are a major problem in
large areas of the Queensland and northern N.S.W. wheat
belt. To date no resistant cultivars are available although
sources of resistance are currently being incorporated into
several adapted cultivars by other breeding programs.
In advanced trials this year a hybrid with RLN
resistance performed particularly well, outyielding the best
check by 13%. In the presence of RLNs it would be expected
that this advantage would be much greater. We hope to have
this hybrid released by 1995, giving farmers in badly
affected RLN areas a chance to return to wheat growing.
--------------------
GOERTZEN SEED COMPANY, Haven, Kansas
Kenneth*, Betty and Kevin Goertzen
Hard white winter wheat. In 1992 wheat the variety
Snow White was introduced. It has genetically high protein,
very good bread quality and will be grown on an identity
preserved basis under contract. It has good winter
hardiness and sprouting in the head resistance. Several new
white wheat lines are being considered for release. These
have a wide range of quality characteristics, and sprouting
in the head resistance. Some of these whites exceeded
yields of all the commercial hard red winter wheats in our
trials. The variety Haven which is grown on an identify
preserved basis was available to mills for the first time in
1992. The grain has been well received by millers.
Hard red winter wheat. The new variety Discovery is
being marketed. It is early and produced quite well in
South Central, Kansas in 1992.
Triticale. The forage variety Roughrider is now being
marketed.
Goertzen Seed Research will continue its development of
added value cereals and will focus much of its efforts on
white and red hybrid wheat and hybrid Agrotriticums.
Roy Lanning, a former employee of Goertzen Seed
Research was made Manager of Goertzen Quality Wheat Inc. and
is responsible for coordinating production and marketing of
Goertzen Seed Research developed identity preserved grain.
Goertzen Quality Wheat Inc. is owned by employees of
Goertzen Seed Research.
--------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Karolyn Ely, Dennis Delaney,
Bud Hardesty, Jerry Wilson - Wichita, KS;
Gordon Cisar - Lafayette, IN; Hal Lewis - Corvallis, OR
Hybrid Development. Our program continues to grow as
we initiated work in two additional market classes in 1992.
Dudley Leaphart transferred to Billings, MT to reestablish
our HRS project. Hal Lewis of Corvallis, Oregon was
employed to develop the SWW project. Hal has experience in
CHA technology and breeding. He will utilize our Genesis
compound in SWW hybrid development.
Our SRW program was devastated by severe cold in the
fall of 1991. All of the crossing blocks and much of the
breeding material at Lafayette, IN were destroyed.
We have begun testing our HRW germplasm for aluminum
tolerance. About 65% of the hybrids tested were rated
intermediate to tolerant, while 50% of the parents attained
the same level, and only 34% of commercial varieties
expressed this level of tolerance. Inheritance ranged from
partial to full dominance.
Male Project. Access to GHA (Genesis hybridizing
agent) technology continues to cause procedural evolution in
developing new males. We are gradually shifting emphasis
from cyto-sterile/restorer work toward developing male
parents with Triticum aestivum cytoplasm. More than 600 new
crosses for parent development were made in 1992 and 30%
have normal cytoplasm. We welcome the opportunity to
introduce new germplasm while not always being restricted to
the need for restorer genes.
Male breeding nurseries for 1993 are located at Wichita
(17,000 F4 headrows) and Leoti (6,000 F4 headrows) in Kansas
and Billings, Montana (8,000 F4 headrows). Bulk observation
plots are planted at these additional sites: Hoxie, KS
under irrigation, Hastings and Sidney in Nebraska, and Ft.
Benton in Montana. We are also evaluating 550 lines for
performance, 224 as lines and 326 in hybrids for 1993.
Seventy-seven of these are candidates for crossing block
males in 1994.
Spring freeze damage caused less than desired results
in our 1992 crossing blocks. The mean female yield on 1769
GHA hybrids produced at our Mt. Hope, KS farm was 41.5 BPA.
This was 83% of the mean male yield. We produced 884 CMS
and 440 GHA hybrids combined at the Wichita and Halstead, KS
sites. Yield levels were lower than at Mt. Hope.
Female Project. The 1991-1992 growing season provided
some good information, a March 10 freeze at Wichita
separated our winter tender material. Good leaf rust
infections at Wichita and Mt. Hope allowed us to select
different reactions. Stem rust was not prevalent at our
locations in 1992. We advanced 98 new lines to be used as
parents in our Southern crossing blocks, while 30 lines from
our Central area and approximately 100 entries from the
Northern program were selected.
For 1993, we have moved our Western Kansas breeding
material from Leoti to an irrigated site near Hugoton, and
have placed our line trials in the western areas of the
Great Plains solely under irrigation in addition to our more
eastern and northern locations.
We have also sent many of our advanced Central lines to
the University of Nebraska where they will be inoculated in
their stem rust nursery. The Cereal Rust Lab is also
screening several of our advanced lines to determine which
stem rust genes they contain.
Three A-lines were advanced to our foundation seed
division for initial seed increase.
Brett Sowers joined our project in 1992 as a research
assistant in charge of parent seedstocks and breeder seed.
Brett received his B.S. from Kansas State University and
M.S. from Washington State University.
Quality Lab. We finished the 1991 crop with slightly
over 10,000 samples tested. This was about 1,000 less
samples than the year before. Bread baking was completed
about mid-June, just as the 1992 crop samples began
arriving. So far we have tested, or are in the process of
testing, over 9,000 samples.
This past year was plagued by equipment breakdowns.
Our NIR (near infrared) analyzer needed major repair three
times during the year and in December we lost the use of our
Brabender Quadramat Sr. mill. We have devised an alternate
milling method using our Quadramat Jr. mill and a series of
sieve stacks. The alternate method is slower and more labor
intensive.
In conjunction with local AACC meetings, laboratory
staff have toured the USDA Grain Marketing and Research
Laboratories and the Kansas State University Milling and
Baking Department facilities in Manhattan, Kansas. We also
toured Kice Industries, a milling equipment manufacturer in
Wichita, Kansas.
Chemical Technology Department. Dennis Dunphy, Sam
Wallace, Richard Evans - Lafayette, IN; Kent Baker, Wally
Bates - Mt. Hope, KS; Sally Metz - St. Louis, MO
Performance of GENESIS in 1992. We continued to test
GENESIS (MON 21200) hybridizing agent over a wide range of
environments and genotypes in 1992. Excellent sterility was
obtained in all regions. Much of the wheat in Northern
Indiana was lost due to Rhizoctonia/winter injury, so
testing in the SRW region was concentrated north and south
of this area. Seed yields of the long term SRW check line
in research plots averaged 72 to 74 percent outcrossing,
compared to the seven year average for this region of 79%.
Seed set in the western HRW region was again excellent at
all locations, ranging from 60 to 100%, with an average of
83%. The six year average for this region is 87%.
Commercialization. HybriTech will market GENESIS
hybridizing agent for wheat as soon as regulatory approval
is received. Registration of GENESIS is proceeding on
schedule, and we anticipate receiving full registration for
this compound. We are continuing to provide technical
support to cooperating breeding programs who license the
GENESIS technology, and expect to have approval to produce
limited amounts of hybrid seed during the 1994 season.
--------------------
HYBRINOVA
Hybrid Wheat Research Developed by ORSAN/ORSEM, France
A. Gervais
In July 1992 HYBRINOVA was created by ORSAN with the
purpose of bringing to a fully successful commercial
operation the hybrid wheat research project which was
initially and mainly developed by SOGETAL and ORSEM, its
subsidiaries. In order to meet its goals the new company
has been equipped with the best technology and research
resources as follows:
A Chemical Hybridizing Agent (CHA): Initially
developed by SOGETAL laboratory, this CHA has been studied
since the fall of 1989. An application for registration was
filed in mid-1992 in France. A provisional approval is
expected in mid-1993.
A hybrid and parental line breeding program which is
performing today: This program was originated by ORSEM.
The first three hybrids entered CTPS registration trials in
France in 1992. Our breeding program is being pursued with
well-known partners located in the public sector (especially
INRA) and in the private sector (Partners of GIE HYBRIBLE, a
Research Association: UCASP, Momont, Blondeau). In 1993,
the company will extend its breeding activity to all
European countries where wheat crops play a strategic role.
A dynamic research activity in the field of industrial
production of F1 hybrid wheat seeds. The strength of our
research is based on the use of the previously mentioned CHA
and the mastering of its results. All the work is done
under the direction of HYBRINOVA and is being conducted with
the collaboration of French professionals in the wheat seed
sector.
An increasing marketing activity on hybrid wheats: Our
marketing activity focuses especially on the definition of a
technical itinerary to be used for each new developing
hybrid.
The management is confident that, with all the work
done, HYBRINOVA will be in a position to market its
varieties of hybrid wheats in two to four years in France.
HYBRINOVA'S organization centers around four location
sites:
1) Head Office: HYBRINOVA, Z. A., de Courtaboeuf 1, 16
Avenue de la Baltique, 91953 LES ULIS CEDEX (France).
General Manager: Alain Gervais. In his position, Alain
Gervais is responsible for the management of the company and
for setting up a distribution system for marketing the
products in the upcoming years.
2) Two breeding stations:
(a) Northern France: HYBRINOVA 56, Ryue Theophile Havy, 60190
ESTREES ST DENIS. Manager: Stephen Sunderwirth. In his
position, Stephen is responsible for the management of the
station and the hybrid wheat breeding program for Northern
Europe, including France, Great Britain, Belgium and
Germany.
(b) Southern France: HYBRINOVA - 32480 POUY-ROQUELAURE.
Manager: Christian Quandalle. In his position, Christian is
managing the station and the contiguous haplodiploidization
laboratory. He is also responsible for the hybrid wheat
breeding program for the Southern France, Spain, Italy and
other Southern European countries. He works in close
relationship with other hybrid durum wheat breeders.
3) A development station: Central France: HYBRINOVA, ST
Germain, 28310 FRESNAY L'EVEQUE. Manager: Laurent Batreau.
In his position, Laurent is responsible for the management
of the station and for the development of industrial
production techniques of F1 seeds for each developed hybrid
and of F1 cultivating techniques.
Prospects for 1993: In 1993, the industrial production
of hybrid wheat seed will be conducted on lots covering at
least one hectare and in close relationship with the Control
Assessment officials' department to obtain certified seeds.
Several hybrids, identified during the 1991 and 1992
testing programs, are multiplied in view of filling an
application for registration to the CTPS in August 1993.
Moreover, in 1993 we expect to create approximately 1800 new
hybrids and to test 1200 hybrid varieties. We have
integrated into our breeding program the new market
requirements and farmer needs which are changing under the
impact of the present economic environment.
--------------------
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
Fred Collins*, June Hancock, and Craig Allen - Bay, AR
Production Season. Whereas the previous season was the
worst for production in the Mid-South and Mid-West, the 1992
season was probably one of the best in the Mid-South and
Southeast. Production in the Mid-West, however, was
severely reduced by winter conditions. Wheat acreage is
being impacted by multiple years of poor production.
Race patterns of leaf rust and powdery mildew pathogens
are shifting. The pattern for leaf rust (LR) and powdery
mildew (PM) has changed little, if any, in the Southeast;
however, the new PM race(s) prevalent in the Southeast
appear to be moving east. Apparently it has entered eastern
Mississippi. A new LR race pattern has shown up in SW
Arkansas; Coker 9733 is susceptible to the new race(s) which
appear to be moving westward from Texas.
New Releases. Two new varieties were offered to TGN
(Two Great Names) seed growers/dealers who will produce
certified seed for sale in the fall of 1993. Coker 9134
(tested as C 87-13 wh) will be positioned to replace Coker
9766. Coker 9904 (tested as CL850643) will be a replacement
for Coker 9907 which succumbed to the new race(s) of PM in
the Southeast.
Coker 9474 has been approved for release and turned
over to our production department. It was tested as
AL880437. It will be positioned for Missouri, S.Illinois,
S.Indiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee.
--------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Department of Wheat Breeding
Ian B. Edwards
Wheat research operations remain focussed on North
America and Europe, but with additional support for the
Middle East and North Africa. Significant improvements were
made during 1992 in product performance advantages in both
North America and Europe. Use of High Molecular Weight (HMW)
glutenin subunit analyses conducted at the Pioneer
Laboratory in Aussonne, France, is greatly facilitating the
identification of soft wheat with favorable breadmaking
characteristics.
Varietal Releases:
l. U.S.A. - Soft Red Winter Wheat: 2571 - an early maturing for the U.S.
corn belt;
2566 - a high-yielding line with Hessian Fly resistance for the
south and southeast U.S.;
2580 - a top-yielding line with good overall disease
resistance for the south and southeast U.S.;
2. Spain : Estero - a hard white dwarf wheat of very high baking quality.
Mulero - a HRS wheat with broad adaptability.
3. Greece: Estero
Staff
Dr. Hyoung Suh of Pioneer's International Operations is
assisting with varietal testing and product line development
in the Middle East, Africa, and West Asia.
Dr. Paul Wilson joined the staff of Pioneer Hi-Bred (U.K.)
Ltd. during fall 1992, and he will be assisting with the
variety trial and selection nurseries in England.
Windfall, IN: Gregory C. Marshall, William J. Laskar,
and Ryle J. Lively
The 1991-92 Season. With the early corn and soybean
harvest during the fall of 1991, farmers had plenty of time
for fall tillage and wheat planting. Though seedbeds tended
to be dryer than optimum, rains and warm temperatures in
late October resulted in excellent seedling emergence and
good fall plant growth. However, the warm temperatures
provided little cold hardening of the rapidly growing wheat
crop. On November 9, a sudden drop in temperatures to a low
of 8øF severely burned back the non-dormant wheat fields
across much of our testing region. Mild temperatures in
November stimulated recovery of all but the most tender
lines, but a sudden return to cold temperatures, as low as
4øF in early December, repeated the severe plant damage.
Though mild overall, as the winter progressed, the erratic
temperatures continued; and more fields, including our plots
here in Windfall, showed more plant death. Conditions also
favored Rhizoctonia root rot, which confounded and magnified
the cold damage. In March an early green-up and another
period of severe cold finished off a lot of wheat. We
abandoned three off-station locations and all plots at
Windfall but the surviving F3 and F6 headrows.
For the wheat that survived mild spring and summer
temperatures, adequate moisture, and low disease pressure
resulted in an extended growing season. Harvest began nearly
two weeks later than average with excellent yields and test
weights, even in fields with some winter damage. Our Ft.
Branch nursery in southern Indiana was excellent, with just
enough disease pressure for selection and high yield levels.
The Ft. Branch location was especially valuable to us, in
that, it provided us a back-up for selection of the material
that was lost at Windfall, and the yield tests served as
seed source for fall 1992 planting. As the harvest moved
north, wet weather delayed harvest another two weeks or more
in many areas. With the rain, test weight of the standing,
mature wheat fields declined rapidly.
New Releases. In August of 1992, we released a new soft
red winter wheat variety, 2571. 2571 is an awned, early
maturing variety with excellent leaf and stem rust
resistance, as well as superior leaf blight tolerance for
its early maturity. On the average, 2571 heads 3 days
earlier than 2548, with a slight yield advantage. 2571 was
tested as XW502 in the 1991-92 Uniform Eastern and Southern
Cooperative nurseries.
Equipment. We purchased a belt style thresher to use
on some of our hand harvested material. It is the "SPT-1"
single plant threshing machine made by Agriculex. Probably
the best features of the machine are its safety and quiet
electric motor. There is adjustment to the belt clearance
and air flow to get a good, clean sample when threshing a
few heads at a time. We harvest our F3 headrows by cutting
off all the heads, with about six inches of straw and put
them in a large paper bag for threshing later. With the high
number of heads, they must be fed through the belt thresher
slowly so that clumps of heads don't get pulled through too
quickly without threshing. Also, to get the large sample
clean, some kernels may be blown out and/or some pieces of
heads may need to be screened out. However, if only a small
representative bulk sample is needed for replanting, then
the belt thresher can do an adequate job on headrows.
ST. MATTHEWS. SC: Benjamin E. Edge and Phil L. Shields
The 1991-92 Season. The 1991-92 growing season was
nearly ideal along much of the U.S. East Coast. In the
Mississippi River Valley, wet conditions and hard freezes
limited yields somewhat, but overall it was an average to
above average year. There were few serious disease
outbreaks, although leaf rust was severe at some locations.
There was some serious Hessian fly damage in the Pee Dee
area of Southern Carolina, but few reports otherwise. The
cereal leaf beetle continued to be a concern in some areas,
especially with the long, cool spring we experienced.
That long, cool spring gave wheat an extended grain fill
period, and yields and test weight were good, at least at
the beginning of harvest. Rain in June and July hampered
efforts to get the crop in, but test weight at the beginning
of the season was high enough that dockage was not as bad as
the previous year. Some early varieties did suffer from
sprout damage, however.
Selection Nursery. Again, the relative lack of disease
pressure made selection difficult in our nursery, but there
was probably enough leaf blight and leaf rust present to
make some progress. F3 headrows for 1992-93 will be around
45,000. Our yield plot numbers will be considerably higher
in 1993, around 8100. We continue to shuttle material
between the Windfall station and St. Matthews, and plan to
do more of this with our European stations in France and
Spain. We are conducting more specialized screening
nurseries (similar to our Hessian fly nursery) for problems
such as powdery mildew, leaf rust, leaf blight, and
bacterial blight.
Effect of Hessian Fly on Wheat Yield. Our Hessian fly
nursery was a failure in 1992, as warm days followed by cold
nights with temperatures just below freezing killed newly
hatched fly larvae. There were large numbers of fly in our
spreader strips going into the winter, but we never found
enough fly in the screening nursery to rate the lines for
resistance reaction. We did have a severe infestation of fly
at our Manning, SC, yield test location, and the yield data
appears below:
Effect of Hessian Fly on Wheat Yield in Southeastern US
(1991-92)
=========================================================================
Mean of 11 Mean of 10
Manning, S.C. Locations Locations
(Excl. Manning)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Variety Yield Rank Yield Rank Yield Rank HFE
(bu/ac) (bu/ac) (bu/ac) Score
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coker 9835 125.5 1 93.6 1 90.4 1 7
2580 100.3 5 90.5 2 89.6 2 1
2566 121.4 2 90.1 3 86.9 3 9
Coker 9766 100.6 4 81.2 4 79.2 6 7
Coker 983 57.0 6 80.5 6 82.8 5 5
2555 101.8 3 75.3 7 72.6 7 2
LSD (.05) 23.7 9.0 6.5
========================================================================
*HFE Score is a rating based on results of Purdue lab
screening to Biotype E. 9 = resistant, 1 = susceptible
This data offers a striking example of how Hessian fly can
affect yield test results. It also shows that there are fly
resistant varieties that have excellent yield potential for
the Southeast. Pioneer variety 2580 ranked second overall
in the yield test, but it fell to fifth at the severely
infested manning location. The variety ranked fourth with
the fly location excluded (Coker variety 983) fell to
seventh at Manning. Neither of these varieties has
resistance to Hessianfly, as evidenced by their biotype E
scores, yet 2580 yielded almost as well as two resistant
varieties, 2555 and 9766. coker variety 9835 and Pioneer
variety 2566, both resistant, performed equally well with
and without fly pressure. Pioneer brand 2555, which has
field tolerance (does not show up in lab screens)to biotype
E, was third ranked at Manning, but fell to seventh when the
effect of fly was removed as a limiting factor of yield.
New Releases. Pioneer brands 2566 and 2580 were
released in August of 1992 in limited quantities. Larger
amounts will be available for planting in the fall of 1993.
2566 is an awned, medium-early maturity, soft red winter
wheat variety adapted primarily to the East Coast and Gulf
Coast states. 2566 has high yield potential, excellent test
weight, and excellent overall disease tolerance. It is
resistant to the predominant biotypes of Hessian fly in the
Southeast. 2566 is 1-2 days earlier than Pioneer brand 2548.
It has exhibited better resistance to powdery mildew, leaf
rust, and soil borne mosaic virus than 2548, and is more
tolerant of soil borne mosaic virus. 2580 is susceptible to
Hessian fly. 2580 was tested as 'XW504' in the 1991-92
Uniform Southern and Uniform Eastern nurseries.
Frowille, France: Guy Dorlencourt, Robert Marchand
and Quitterie Vanderpol
The 1991-92 Season. The nurseries and test locations
were planted on time, December was dry and conditions very
mild. Fortunately, some rainfall and cooler temperatures in
late March slowed the regrowth, and good rain and cooler
than normal temperatures during April improved tillering.
Powdery mildew (Erysiphe araminis) and stripe rust (Puccinia
striiformis) appeared during April. Very hot temperatures
during May caused drought stress on the light, chalky soils
of Reims, and late tillers suffered severely. Good rains
came in late May around heading time and continued into
June. Good stripe and leaf rust infections were recorded on
susceptible lines. Overall, the season was patchy, with good
yields at Beauvais and Peronne, average to below average
yields at Oucques, and very poor yields at Reims.
Varietal Development. Four Pioneer varieties entered
first-year registration in September 1992 with a 3-8% yield
advantage over the official check cultivars, based upon
three years of multi-location testing. They are: 2254 - a
bearded semidwarf, medium maturity, very high yield
potential, good overall disease resistance and B2 quality.
2256 - a bearded semidwarf, medium-early, excellent overall
disease resistance, strong straw, high yield potential, and
B1 quality. 2259 - a bearded semidwarf, very early
maturity, top yield potential, and C2 quality. 2282 - a
bearded semidwarf with very early maturity, high yield
potential, excellent overall disease resistance, and B1
quality.
Of the four official check cultivars, Soissons was the
top yielder in 1992 (mean yield = 85.3 qu/ha) followed by
Apollo, Recital, and Thesee. Sideral was the highest
yielding of the released varieties (mean 88.7 qu/ha).
Hybrid Wheat. Seven hybrid trials of 30 entries each were grown
at three locations. Overall, the top hybrids outyielded the check
cultivars by 13-15%. Several showed superior mixograph scores to that
of either parent; this is the result of complementation of favorable
HMW glutenin subunits in the hybrid. The leading hybrids are now
showing yield, quality and disease resistance advantages over the top
cultivars. Additional efforts are being made to perfect the hybrid
delivery system, and consistently produce high yields of pure hybrid
seed.
Sevilla, Spain: JoQe-Maria Urbano, Maximiliano Hidalgo, and
Manuel Peinado
The 1991-92 Season. A large contrast between northern and
southern Spain was encountered during 1991-92. In the north heavy
rains delayed planting, and the latter was finally completed on
January 15, 1992. In contrast, the south was extremely dry and
moisture stress was encountered by early February, particularly
on the lighter textured soils. Despite some rain, moisture stress
became more severe in April, and two of the three locations in
Portugal were lost. At the irrigated locations, good powdery
mildew and Septoria differentials were obtained. Good data was
obtained in northern Spain from both the sprinq and winter wheat
test locations.
Spring Wheat Variety Development. The elite spring wheat
test was grown at 6 locations. The top-yielding variety, Moro,
outyielded Cartaya by 15% and Yecora Rojo by 24% in Andalucia (4
locations). It entered first-year registration in 1992-93, along
with two other new lines, Caro and Torero. These varieties,
respectively, fit into the early, medium, and late maturity
categories among the spring wheat in Spain, and have a ten-day
spread in flowering dates.
Mercero, a medium height, late-maturing wheat with high
yield and medium baking quality was advanced to second-year
registration in 1992-93. In addition, Estero and Mulero were
registered in 1992. Estero offers both yield and disease
resistance advantages over Yecora Rojo, and has similar maturity
and the same high quality. It is targeted for Andalucia.
Winter Wheat Variety Development. Testing was conducted at
Burgos, Navarra, Jaca, and Alava in northern Spain during
1991-92. The top-yielding line was WBE0189A, with a 7-13% yield
advantage over the check cultivars. Good differentials for
powdery mildew and Septoria tritici were obtained, with Recital
being the most susceptible check. Parent seed of Trento was sold
to a producer/distributor in 1992, and certified seed will be
marketed in 1993. A winter wheat trials network was established,
combining operations in southern France and northern Spain.
Durum Wheat Development. Trials were conducted at three
locations in Andalucia, and 80 experimental lines were tested.
Three new experimental durums are undergoing final seed
purification in 1992-93, and they have a 4-12% yield advantage
over the top check, Vitron. The durum program was increased
during 1992, and both spring and facultative lines are being
crossed. The durum wheat area increased in Spain from 383,000 ha.
in 1991 to 558,000 ha. in 1992. Mean yields and quality premiums
were higher than those of bread wheat.
Sissa (nr. Parma, Italy: Mauro Tanzi
The elite durum wheat test (consisting of 52 entries) was
grown at five locations in the Po River Valley. The top-yielding
location was Ferrara, where Pioneer Variety TDM0062 yielded 98.4
quintals/hectare, and five other experimentals exceeded 90
quintals. Eight new lines were identified with yields,
significantly above the check cultivars and the leading new
commercial variety. Final quality evaluations will be completed
during 1992-93, and seed purification and increase is being
handled in France.
PARNDORF, AUSTRIA: Gunther Reichenberger
Austrian program currently comprises screening nurseries,
preliminary variety trials and preregistration tests. Compared with
the official check cultivars, our experimental lines are
shorter-strawed, earlier-maturing (up to 10 days) and have improved
lodging resistance. A good powdery mildew differential was obtained,
with Claudius being the most susceptible check. Currently, two
varieties are in second-year registration, and five new lines entered
first-year registration in 1992-93. Austria currently has quality,
milling, and feed wheat categories, and these are defined on the basis
of wet gluten and gluten-swelling tests. With the impending entry of
Austria into the EEC, some changes may be anticipated in quality
standards and varietal classification.
Winsford, Cheshire, England: Ian Edwards and Simon Jones
In 1992 a selection nursery and segregating bulk populations were
grown at Eyeworth, Bedfordshire, and preliminary preregistration
trails were conducted at three locations. This was the second-year of
testing under U.K. conditions. Haven was used as the feed wheat check,
and Mercia was used as the quality check cultivar. Good differentials
were obtained for powdery mildew, stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis)
and Septoria tritici. Heavy lodging pressure was obtained at the Kent
location. In the preliminary test, four new experimental lines yielded
equal to or greater than Haven, with higher lodging resistance. A
quality wheat, WBE0431, outyielded Mercia by 23.4 percent. Three lines
were identified as candidates for National List trials in 1993-94.
Buxtehude, Germany: Heidemarie Schoenwaelder and Ian Edwards
Selection nurseries were grown at Rodinghausen in northern
Germany, and at Neuenstein-Kirchensall in southern Germany. The
northern nursery provided a stronger test for winterhardiness and
differentiated varieties better adapted to southern Germany, and the
U.K. Preregistration trials were grown at four locations with two
replicates given high management treatments (fungicides, etc.), and
two replicates given reduced management. Compared to the official
check cultivars (Contra, Ares, Orestis, and Henzog), the top four
Pioneer lines showed an average yield response to the high management
of 12.0 percent, versus 20.2 percent for the checks, and showed a 4
percent yield advantage under reduced management. It is a commonly
shared view that varieties requiring less fungicide and management
inputs will assume a greater importance in the future as attention is
focussed on maximum economic yield. Five wheat varieties are
undergoing seed purification in 1992-93, prior to entering
reqistration trials.
--------------------
TRIO RESEARCH, INC.
James A. Wilson, Wichita, KS
During 1992, one HRW wheat and two SRW wheats were released as
contract varieties. Farmers under contract with Trio distributors may
save seed for use on their own farms but are restricted from selling
the varieties for planting purposes. The hard wheat, T13, a T 107/T
105 derivative, was tested in the 1992 SRPN, and has been entered for
testing again in 1993. This variety is very similar to Tam 107 except
it is 3-4 days later in heading. It is presumed to be best adapted to
eastern Colorado, western Kansas and southwest Nebraska where leaf
rust resistance is of minor importance. The soft wheats, T441, and
T63, have been evaluated in the ESRWWPN. T441, a Tyler/Auburn
derivative, is earlier than either parent and is around Caldwell in
maturity. It has better leaf rust and Hessian fly resistance than its
Tyler parent and carries resistance to fly races GP, B and E derived
from its Auburn parent. It is intermediate in regards to leaf rust
resistance but carries high resistance to mildew that appears equal to
Tyler. It has been consistently higher yielding than Caldwell and is
expected to be adapted to the regions where Caldwell has been grown.
T63, is a Coker 747/2550 derivative that is higher yielding, shorter
and earlier than Caldwell. It is presumed to be best adapted to the
southern half of the areas where Caldwell is grown since it has
superior resistance to leaf rust. Certification has been applied for
with all 3 varieties but no PVP filing has yet been made.
A number of hybrid parent stocks are being evaluated by farmers
under direct contract arrangement with Trio in the southern plains
region. These lines, if successful as cultivars, will allow the
opportunity for increasing female seed stock under reasonable
isolation standards. We are totally committed to the Timopheevi cms
system, and thereby, need isolation which a significant acreage may
provide. Likewise, the successful use of a male parent may allow much
needed isolation and facilitate establishment of hybrid seed
production contracts.
--------------------
SVALOF WEIBULL AB - Wheat Breeding Activities
Landskrona, Sweden: Gunnar Svensson *
During 1992 the two Swedish breeding organisations Svalof AB and
W. Weibull AB have been merged. The new company Svalof Weibull AB,
owned by the farmers coops, SLR, has a wheat breeding program in
Landskrona, Sweden. Dr Gunnar Svensson is made responsible for the
spring wheat breeding and the international coordination, Dr Nils
Johansson is responsible for the winter wheat breeding and Jan J”nsson
runs a successful resistance breeding program for Sweden and Europe.
Actual varieties bred by this Swedish team are: Kosack the
leading winter wheat, Tjelvar a dwarf bunt resistant winter wheat,
Tryggve with good sprouting resistance, Dragon the leading spring
wheat with wide disease resistance, Dacke with 1 % higher protein
content and Sport with 2,5 % higher protein, Tjalve the leading spring
wheat in Norway, early, short straw, strong gluten and Satu one of the
most grown spring wheat varieties in Finland, Troll, recently listed
in Germany, nematod resistant and Canon recommended in England.
Svalof Weibull has wheat breeding programs in Great Britain, in
the Cambridge area at Abbots Ripton headed by Richard Gregory and at
Throws Farm headed by Douglas Joyce. In France Jean Pierre Josset and
his team have run an efficient wheat breeding program since 1981, see
below. In Lectour Maurice Schehr runs a program for southern France,
northern Spain and Italy. He has the quality variety Lony in advanced
trials. In southern Spain, Juan Pedro Hidalgo is breeding alternative
wheat varieties for different parts of the world. Varieties such as
Sofia, Alias, Bahia and Mouna are listed in Marocko and/or Alg‚r. In
the Netherlands Loek Suijs is breeding wheat varieties at Emmeloord
beside his main task: Triticale breeding. His spring wheat Jondolar is
a high yielding variety listed in some countries.
Through the daughter company, Semundo GmbH, Svalof Weibull has
the famous winter wheat breeding organisation in Hadmersleben in the
group with well known winter wheat varieties like Alidos, Faktor,
Kontrast, Mikon, Ramiro and Zenos. Prof Porsche and Dr K. Richter and
their team have made Saatzucht Agrar in Hadmersleben known for
varieties with good quality and stable disease resistance.
--------------------
SVALOF-WEIBULL, France
Jp. Josset, E. Menager, S. Martinon
As mentioned above, our company name has changed from W. Weibull
to Svalof-Weibull.
In 1992 winter wheat was grown on an area of about 4,680,000 ha.
The total production was slightly below that of last year with 30.8
million tons. Average yield in the country was 6,590 kg/ha, a
decrease compared to 6,800 kg/ha in 1991. The quality of the crop was
generally good.
Leading cultivars were Soissons (34%), Thesee (13%), Apollo (6%),
Recital (5%), Scipion (5%), Sleipner (2%), Festival (2%), Baroudeur
(2%).
For the fourth year in a row the growing season has been dry with
much lower rainfall than normal and a moderate disease pressure.
Powdery mildew was the most serious problem at our three screening
nursery sites.
The shuttle breeding system initiated in 1991 between Sweden,
France and Chile continues to work well for the facultative wheat
program.
One new cultivar was entered in first year of official trials in
France. It is a biscuit type wheat, medium early, combining high
yield with good overall disease resistance.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM ARGENTINA
College of Agriculture, kCordoba National University, Cordoba
F. Bidinost, B. Ferro, W. Londero, R. Roldan, and R. Maich,
Intravarietal Differences and Seed Source in Wheat. The
objective of this work was to determine the effect of the
environmental conditions where a seed is multiplied (ECM) on the
agronomic response of the plant developed from it. A second objective
was to determine the presence of intravarietal variability within a
wheat variety recently released (PROINTA Oasis). During 1991 was
evaluated the grain yield of G-derived lines visually selected in 1990
in two locations (C¢rdoba and Marcos Ju rez). The statistics analysis
was performed according a factorial model. Significant differences
between ECM were observed and between G-derived lines selected at
Marcos Ju rez. The ECM affected the agronomic performance of the
derived plant. In the other hand, the variability within variety
observed to point out the importance of a correct maintenance of
genetic purity during the seed production process.
C. Olmos, C. Ferraris, M.J. Miakra, and R. Maich
Selection During Early Generations under Interspecific and
Intergeneric Competition Conditions in Bread Wheat. II Testing
Environment x Competing Ability Interactions. To determine the effect
of plant competition on genetic gain, two segregating populations of
bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were planted in alternated rows
with others of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) and barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.) in 1989 using three sowing dates. One plant from each
experimental unit was selected. In 1990 (F2:3) and 1991 (F2:4) the
grain yield per plot of the F2-derived lines was evaluated. A
factorial model of Anova was performed. During 1990, a significative
and negative effect of plant competition on response to visual plant
selection was observed (AWN 38:52); however, in 1991, not significant
differences were observed between lines selected under any type of
plant competition. The results of this study could be discussed in the
light of the agrometeorological characteristics of the two years of
testing. 1991 was drier than 1990 showing evidence of a positive
relationship between the agronomic performance of the F2-derived lines
and intensity of competition used during the visual plant selection
process, principally in the earlier-maturing cross.
D. Bonelli, W. Londero, F. Salvagiotti, R. Roldan, M.J. Miarka,
C. Ripoll, S. Beas, F. Gil, and R. Maich
Integrated Teaching Programme. When Science Takes Up the Place
of Art in Plant Breeding.Art is important in plant breeding,
particularly when visual selection is being done; however, for
teaching plant genetics purposes is necessary to undestand some
concepts in genetics and to learn about methodology in plant breeding.
The objective of this study was to compare, through the response to
visual plant selection for grain yield, eight samples selected by
undergraduate students of our College. During 1990 a bulk of F3 seeds
of wheat was grown on an area of 900 m2, subdivided in 80 grids. Ten
grids were used by each Selector, from each one five plants were
selected according their own criteria. The sample of fifty plants from
each Selector was threshed in bulk. During 1991, the eight F4 bulks
were evaluated for grain yield (GY), biological yield (BY) and harvest
index (HI) in three sowing dates without replications per date. Not
significant differences were obtained among the eignt sample means for
GY and BY, except HI. Harvest index was positively correlated with
grain yield. Thus, those Selectors who chose higher and lesser
tillering plants produced populations with much higher HI than did
those Selectors who chose semi-dwarf plants with high tillering
ability. It is likely that the latter group of Selectors has the
opportunity to modificate their selection criteria looking for in the
future to improve the efficiency of visual plant selection.
R. Maich, W. Londero, M.J. Miarka, C. Ripoll, R. Roldan, F.
Salvagiotti, D. Bonelli, N. Guzman, and G. Manera
Agroecophysiological Aspects of Earweight in Wheat. The
environmental conditions (sites, sowing dates, years, densities,
spatial arrangaments, etc.) where a wheat crop is grown affect their
economic production. Moreover, the relationships of seed size and/or
seed source and yield have been investigated in various experiments. A
study was conducted to evaluate the influence of seed of different
weights and origins on wheat earweight. In 1990, the S1 seeds from one
segregating population of wheat was grown at three locations
(Ferreyra, Marcos Ju rez, and Casilda). A field experiment, using
sized or unsized S2 seeds obtained from the three sources, was
conducted in 1991 at Ferreyra in three sowing dates (may, june and
july), three densities (25, 50 and 100 seeds/m2) and two spatial
arrangaments (equidistance: 10x10, 15x15 and 20x20 cm, and rows: 5x20,
10x20 and 10x40 cm within and between rows respectively). Net plot
consisted of 50 seeds nearly without replications. A random sample of
five plants was taken from each experimental unit for determination of
earweight. Analysis of variance of the experiment was conducted
according to the factorial model. Significant differences were
obtained among densities (1 %), spatial arrangaments (10 %) and sowing
dates (1 %), but not by seed size and source. We concluded that the
impact of seeds of different sizes and origins was of relatively
little importance on earweight, however the data suggest there may be
merit in maintaining the seed source identity and to use the heavier
seeds.
W.H. Londero, C.A. Ripoll, J.C. Funes, and R.H. Maich
Effects of Seed Size on Response to Selection in Wheat. The
field performance in wheat with seeds of differing size is known; but
its impact on the efficiency of visual selection has not been well
documented. A S1 bulk of seeds was classified using a 2.5 mm diameter
sieve in five classes (C). During 1990 the material was cultivated in
three sowing dates (SD) and three locations. From each experimental
unit two plants were selected, wich progenies (S1:2) were tested
(1991) for grain yield (GY), biological yield and harvest index in
three dates of seeding. For GY there were not significant differences
between C; however, the significant C x SD interaction for all
characters indicate that in unfavourable environmental conditions the
mechanical classification of seeds would increase the efficiency of
visual selection.
R.M. Roldan, F. Salvagiotti, N.C. Guzman, C. Bainotti, and R.H.
Maich
Comparison of Alternative types of Recurrent Selection Schemes in
Wheat. The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of
three recurrent selection strategies in the first selection cycle. The
initial population (P0) was evaluated under three different levels of
imbreeding (S0. S1 and S1:2). Fifteen selected progenies from each one
were intercrossed to form P1, P2 and P3 filial populations. During
1989, 1990 and 1991 the genetic progress was evaluated using a random
sample of 40 progenies from each population. The results show that
significant progress can be obtained for grain yield when S0 progenies
are used as selection unit. However, if we assess the genetic gain
outside the environmental context where the plant breeding program is
being conducted, it is possible to find not significant differences
between cycles.
G.A. Manera, D.R. Bonelli, J.C. Miranda, and R.H. Maich
Visual and Indirect Selection for Yield in Wheat. Our objective
was to study the response to visual and indirect selection for grain
yield (GY) using the biological yield (BY), harvest index (HI) and
earweight (PSP) as selection criteria. During 1990 a random sample of
800 S1 plants was characterized through BY, HI and PSP. From each
selection criteria two groups (superior and inferior) of fifteen S1
plants each one were constituted. Simultaneously, the best fifteen
were selected according to the phenotypic value. In 1991, 105 S1:2
lines were tested for GY, BY and HI in three sowing dates. For GY,
significant differences among groups were found for PSP selection
criteria. Among superior groups, significant differences between
selection criteria were found for HI, where the material selected for
PSP and HI performed better.
S.E. Beas, M.J. Miarka, J.Casati, and R.H. Maich
Looking for Optimal Genotype x Environment Interactions in Plant
Breeding. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of
selection environment on the genetic progress under marginal
conditions of evaluation (the target area). During 1990 six
segregating populations of wheat with different biological cycles (BC)
were cultivated in three locations (L) and three sowing dates (SD) per
site. From each experimental unit two plants were selected, wich
progenies (S1:2) were tested (1991) in three dates of seeding in the
target area. For grain yield not significant differences were found
between L or SD; but, significant BC x L interaction existed. For
long-season materials the highest genetic progress was achieved
selecting under optimal environmental conditions, while for short- and
intermediate- tended to be greater at the marginal ones.
R.H. Maich, R.M. Roldan, W.H. Londero, and G.A. Manera
Early Generation Testing in Wheat. The purpose was to relate the
performances of F1/S0 progenies and F2-/S1- derived lines from them.
The F1 seed of 153 crosses (Trial 1) and S0 seed of 560 crosses (Trail
2) were evaluated for grain yield (GY). Within each trial two groups
(superior and inferior) of ten crosses each one were constituted. The
F2 and S1 generations were cultivated in three and two locations,
respectively. One or two plants were selected from each experimental
unit. The F2:5 and S1:2 lines were tested for GY, biological yield
(BY) and harvest index (HI). Significant differences among groups were
found for GY in Trial 1, and for BY and HI in Trial 2. For GY and BY,
the derived lines classified as superiors yielded more than those
inferior ones. The tendency was inverse for HI.
M.J. Miarka, F. Salvagiotti, C.A. Ripoll, N.C. Guzman, and R.H.
Maich
The Effect of Density and Spatial Arrangament on the Efficiency
of Visual Plant Selection in Wheat. The objective of this study was
to determine the effect of plant density-D (25, 50 and 100 seeds/m2)
and planting arrangament-S (equidistant: 10x10, 15x15 and 20x20 cm,
and rows: 5x20, 10x20 and 10x40 cm within and between rows
respectively) on response to selection in segregating populations of
wheat with different biological cycles and cultivated in three
locations. Two S1 plants from each experimental unit were selected,
wich S1 -derived lines were tested for grain yield, biological yield
and harvest index (HI) in three sowing dates. Significant differences
were found between D for HI. The highest values of HI were achieved by
selecting at 25-50 seeds/m2 densities.
D.R. Bonelli, S.E. Beas, J.C. Miranda, and R.H. Maich
Grid Selection in Wheat. To determine the relationship between
grain yield (GY) of a derived line and the agronomic characteristic of
the grid from wich the plant was selected, a bulk of F3 seeds
constituted by 40 crosses was cultivated on a area of 900 m2 divided
into 80 grids. A plant was selected from each grid. During two years,
in two contrasting environmental conditions per year, two groups of 13
F3 -derived lines each one were tested. GY, biological yield (BY) and
harvest index (HI) were recorded for each plot. Significant
differences among groups were found for BY. For all characters
examined the materials selected from agronomically inferior grids gave
the highest yield performance. Group mean differences tended to be
greater at the low yielding environmental conditions of testing.
N. Contin, D. Bonelli, F. Salvagiotti, C. Ripoll, and R.
Maich
Crossover Effects depend on the Biological Characteristic of the
Selected Material. The objective of this study was to determine the
effect of selection environment on the genetic progress under marginal
conditions of evaluation in wheat. Four different trials using
populations of wheat with different maturities (C) were cultivated in
two sites (E), high (HYE) and low (LYE) yielding environments. The
derived lines were tested in the target area (LYE). Grain yield,
biological yield and harvest index were recorded. For grain yield not
significant differences were found among E, but significant C x E
interactions existed. For long season materials the highest genetic
progress was achieved selecting under HYE, while for the short ones
tended to be greater at the LYE.
R. Maich, N. Guzman, M.J. Miarka, W. Londero and G. Manera
Density Effects on Response to Visual Plant Selection. Three
segregating populations of wheat with different maturities (M) were
cultivated under three densities - D (25, 50 and 100 seeds/m2) in
three sites - S (low, intermediate and high yielding environments).
From each experimental unit four S1 plants were selected and the S1:2
lines were evaluated for grain yield during 1991 in two locations
without replications per site. Not significant differences were
observed betweeen densities, however D x M and D x S significant
interactions existed. For the long season materials the highest
genetic gain was achieved selecting under the lowest density, the
inverse was observed for the early materials. In the other hand, a
negative relationship between site and density was observed. For the
high yielding environment increased genetic progress ocurred at the
lowest density, but under the low yielding environment the highest
density improved the efficiency of visual plant selection.
--------------------
Institute of Biological Resources, Castelar
G. Tranquilli, G. Covas, I. Cetour, B. Formica, L. Faraldo, L.
Bullrich, N. Zelener, M. Lorences, G. Perez
Camargo, L. Appendino, M. Arteaga, A. Suarez, L. Gonzalez and E. Y.
Suarez
Norin 10 Alleles Effects in the Argentinian Wheat Area. A wide
range of experiments using isogenic Rht lines, kindly supplied by M.
Gale of the Cambridge Laboratory JII, was carried out during 1991.
The lines were developed in two spring varieties: Maringa, from
Brazil, and Nainari 60, from Mexico. Rht alleles in Maringa
background showed the following general effects:
1. Plant height reduction
2. Slight increase on ear-emergence time
3. Tiller number increase
4. None or reduced effects on spike length
5. No effect on numb er of spikelets per spike
6. Increase in grain number per spikelet
7. Grain weight reduction
8. Yield increase from early sowing or at localities of high
soil fertility
Nainari 60 isogenic lines, on the other hand, showed similar
general effects, except that no differences were observed for tiller
number, spikelets per spike and yield. Particularly remarkable is the
last result, because even in the major wheat area rht genotypes showed
better or similar yields than the semidwarf ones.
G. Tranquilli and E. Y. Suarez
Gene Location for Leaf Rust Resistance in a Brazilian Line. The
Brazilian line of bread wheat PF 869107 is known to be resistant to a
large number of pathogen agents. It has a seedling resistance to two
Argentina biotypes, 66 and 77, of Puccinia recondita sp. tritici. To
determine the chromosomic location of the genes involved, 17 F2
monosomic families were evaluated against each biotype. Analyses
indicated a dominant allele was present in PF 869107 in each case, and
16 families displayed a good fit to the 3:1 ratio. The critical
chromosomes were 5A and 2B for biotypes 66 and 77, respectively.
Since chromosome 2B has been reported to carry genes for leaf rust
resistance (Lr23 and Lr16), the PF 869107 reaction could be due to one
of these. No information was found to suggest that chromosome 5A
carries genes for rust resistance. However, chromosomes 5B and 5D
have been reported as carrying Lr genes, so a homeoallelic form in 5A
could be expected.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES
CSIRO Grain Quality Research Laboratory (formerly Wheat Research
Unit), North Ryde, (Sydney) NSW, Australia
Progress towards more effective testing of wheat-grain quality
at the molecular level has been extended by further defining the
aspects of protein composition that relate to appropriate dough
properties (suited to specific products), or to either hard- or soft-
grained quality type. We also know more about what aspects of lipid
composition relate to baking quality and about starch structural
characteristics needed for noodle-processing quality. Improved test
methods arising from the basic research involve antibody-based test
kits, HPLC, gel electrophoresis, automated interpretation of
electrophoretic patterns, and the use of the micro Mixograph and of
the Rapid Visco Analyser. A major avenue for applying these tests has
been in breeding programs, with the aim of the early elimination of
unsuitable lines together with the retention of good-quality lines.
Gluten composition and dough quality. The established importance
of the glutenin fraction of dough protein has been ascribed to its
subunit structure involving combinations of high- and low-molecular
weight (HMW, LMW) polypeptides. The difficulties of screening for LMW
subunit composition have been alleviated with the development of a
one-step electrophoretic procedure. A further tool to assist in the
interpretation of glutenin-subunit composition is the software program
Allele , which can identify the specific alleles represented in an
electrophoretic pattern of LMW and HMW subunits allocating them to the
six relevant genetic loci. Using such means, we have assigned
notional contributions to dough strength by the various glutenin sub-
units (both bread wheat and durum wheat ), permitting their use to
predict genetic potential for dough properties.
The functional importance of subunit composition appears to lie
particularly in the ways in which the polypeptides associate,
particularly in the formation of very large aggregates, the
quantitation of which (SDS extra cation and SE-HPLC) provides improved
prediction of dough strength (phenotype, as distinct from genotype).
These associations have been studied directly by added purified
glutenin subunits to a dough in the MicroMixograph (2g flour), using a
cycle of rupture and re-formation of SS bonds to ensure incorporation
of the added subunit. In this way, we are establishing the
contributions of individual subunits to dough properties, thereby
checking contributions previously hypothesised by correlation studies.
Starch structure and wheat quality. In addition to dough
properties, starch structure plays an important part in the value of
wheat for processing into noodles. The Rapid Visco-Analyser has been
used as an efficient means of characterising starch properties to
select flours best suited for Japanese-style white salted noodles, in
collaboration with the Bread Research Institute. This approach is
being implemented in breeding programs in Australia and Japan, and is
being trialled in Western Australia by the Australian Wheat Board for
the improved segregation for such wheat types at receival. Study of
the structure of starch from genotypes well suited to noodle
manufacture has indicated the type of branching structure that is
apparently required in the amylopectin fraction, thus providing a more
basic approach to the selection of wheats suited to noodle
manufacture.
More efficient screening for quality. Near infrared spectroscopy
is being developed to exploit its great potential to analyse for basic
composition and to evaluate qualitative aspects such as baking quality
in wheat and malting value for barley. New developments with whole-
grain analysis offer great potential to breeders, since the analysis
is non-destructive. Our studies are also designed to assist the
breeder in coping with conflicting pressures e.g., to improve disease
resistance (using alien sources of genes) whilst maintaining grain
quality (sometimes impaired by the alien sources). The basic studies
have assisted in understanding the causes and thus developing
remedies. Antibodies are being developed to screen more efficiently
for specific proteins indicating the introgression of such alien
genes. In particular, we have made available to several breeding
programs, a prototype test kit that identifies 1B/1R progeny from a
cross involving this type of rye translocation line. We have also
provided all Australian breeding programs with an antibody-based test
kit to predict dough strength, thus allowing the breeder to eliminate
lines likely to later show excessive dough strength or weakness. This
type of testing is well suited to a breeding program, since large
numbers of small-sized samples may be processed efficiently with
automatic plate-reading equipment and low labour input. In addition,
antibodies have been used in the localisation of specific protein
fractions within the cells of developing wheat grains and to identify
the amino-acid sequences likely to be most responsible for differences
in dough properties. Antibody-based testing has also proved
particularly suitable for increasing the efficiency of screening for
the various "grain protectants" used to ensure that the range of food
grains are free from insect infestation during storage and transport.
Kits under development include assays for organophosphates, for
carbaryl (especially relevant to barley), for methoprene (an insect
growth regulator), and for synthetic pyrethroids. Manufacture and
distribution of the kits is being undertaken in collaboration with the
Millipore Corporation. The first set of prototypes kits has been
trialled with potential Australian users including grain-handling and
marketing authorities, food processors and maltsters. These studies
are now being extended into the analysis of environmental chemicals in
irrigation water and into new approaches to rapid detection.
--------------------
The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute
Plant Pathology, Sydney and PBI, Cobbitty, NSW
D. Backhouse, J. Bell, L.W. Burgess, G.N. Brown, R.A. McIntosh,
D.R. Marshall, J.D. Oates, R.F. Park, J. Roake, F. Stoddard, D. The, C.R.
Wellings
A major change at Cobbitty was the establishment of a National
Cereal Rust Control Program largely supported by the Grains Research
and Development Corporation. This program formally recognises our
activities in rust surveys for all cereal crops and introduces a local
research base for rust resistance in all winter cereal crops. Our
first objective is to increase the research effort on oat rust
resistance and two graduate students have been appointed in this area.
Pathogenicity Studies: The 1992 cropping season in Western
Australia and much of the southeast was wet. Inoculum carryover and
early infections resulted in high levels of leaf rust in W.A. and
South Australia where few cultivars have resistance. Approximately
100,000 ha of wheat were sprayed for leaf rust control in W.A. The
only pathotype isolated from W.A. was 104-1,2,3,6,(7),11. The
predominant pathotypes in the east were 104-2,3,6,(7),11 and 104-
1,2,3,6,(7),11 which differ in pathogenicity on wheats with Lr20.
Further studies showed that these pathotypes differ from the
previously predominant Australian pathotype, 104-2,3,6,(7), by several
pathogenic and isozymic characteristics indicating no evolutionary
closeness despite the similar pathogenic formulae based on the current
differential set. Two isolates of pt. 53-1,6,(7),10,11 and one of
10,1,2,3,4 were identified.
In contrast to oats, stem rust on wheat was at extremely low
levels throughout the country. However, later in the season, with
continuing wet conditions, samples of pt. 343-1,2,3,5,6 came from S.A.
and W.A. This may lead to carryover of inoculum into 1993.
Despite early sightings, stripe rust developed to significant
levels only in S.A. and a small area of southern N.S.W. where a non-
recommended susceptible cultivar from W.A. was grown. Pathotypes were
predominantly 104 E137 A- and 104 E137 A+. One pathotype was virulent
on seedlings of Carstens V. Stripe rust on barley grass was very
widespread and disease levels very high, strengthening our belief that
pathogenicity on barley grass has increased since stripe rust was
introduced in 1979. A graduate student will research this aspect.
Genetics and Cytogenetics: 1. A new gene for leaf rust
resistance was found in the Australian cultivar Harrier. The origin,
distribution and significance of this gene are yet to be determined.
2. The close association of Lr34/Yr18 has been further
confirmed by genetic studies. All leaf ust gene combination stocks
involving Lr34 and generated in Canada by Dr. Kolmer carry Yr18. The
near-isogenic line RL6070 with Lr34 carries two genes for adult plant
stripe rust resistance relative to Thatcher - the first is Yr18 and
the second can be separated by selecting for leaf rust susceptibility.
3. A set of monosomics in a highly (adult plant) susceptible
selection of Avocet will be used to examine the effects of aneuploidy
per se on stripe rust response, and as a parent for monosomic analyses
of genes for adult plant stripe rust resistance that have been
identified in crosses of the Avocet selection and Australian wheat
cultivars. We hypothesise that certain sources of durable resistance
are composed of gene combinations (including Yr18) and our aim is to
separate the genes, locate and characterise them and to reassemble the
combinations.
4. One of two genes in a hexaploid derivative from a durum wheat
produced by Dr. R.A. Hare is located in chromosome 6A - it is probably
allelic with Sr13 and a gene in Golden Ball. The second gene was not
located.
5. The Polish triticale, Lasko, possesses two genes for stem
rust resistance not present in Australian triticales.
Tan spot: Early generation material screened in the greenhouse
for tan spot response during the summer was field sown at Cobbitty for
rust assessments and at Narrabri for agronomic observation and field
response to tan spot. However, dry conditions prevented disease
development at Narrabri. The testing cycle will be repeated in 1993.
Studies on inheritance of tan spot resistance were commenced.
N.L. Darvey, S. Venkatanagappa and A. Aranzi
1. Triticale: A short selection of Madonna will be released in
1993 as "Maiden". Maiden has higher grain yield, but lower forage
production than the dual-purpose parent. A tall selection of Madonna
with high grazing potential is being increased for release in 1994.
2. Rye: Ryesun will be registered and re-released in 1993. It
was originally released in 1982. An improved forage rye is likely to
be released in 1994.
3. Anther Culture: Major advances were achieved in 1992-93 with
the use of hydroponically grown triticale plants. Several auxins
which produce high quality regenerants of wheat were identified. The
most effective were PAA (phenyl acetic acid) and PCPAA-ME (para chloro
phenoxy acetic acid-methyl ester).
P.J. Sharp, A.M. Bennett, H-S. Hwang, M. Turner, J. Silk, S.
Carlson, L. Ferrari, and C. Wiencke
The Australian Triticeae Mapping Intitiative probe collection is
well developed at Cobbitty. Over 1100 probes from wheat, barley, and
oats have been obtained from overseas and within Australia. They have
been transformed, checked, and stored, and are being distributed to
requesting workers. In addition, information about each RFLP probe is
being collated in a database.
Two projects are being undertaken in collaboration with R.
Appels, E. Lagudah and S. Rahman, CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra.
The first involves transferring HMW subunits of glutenin from
Triticum tauschii (subunit combinations 5+12, 2+T1+T2, and 5+10) and
hexaploid landraces (null+12, null+10, and 2.1+10) to cv Meering by
backcrossing. BC3 isolines were selected and bulked and field trials
will be grown this winter to provide material for dough and bread
quality tests. The second project involves development of further
tests for genetic variation at the grain softness protein locus on
chromosome 5D.
--------------------
Wheat Improvement Program, I.A. Watson Wheat Research Centre,
Narrabri.
L. O'Brien, F.W. Ellison, D.J. Mares, R.M. Trethowan, S.G. Moore,
M.J. Barnes, K. Mrva, M.N. Uddin and Z. Zhen.
Seasonal conditions at Narrabri in 1992 were characterised by a
mild winter with radiation frosts down to -4.5 C, a cool spring and
early summer. Rainfall was below average in late winter and early
spring and breeding areas were irrigated on two occasions. Rainfall
in November and December resulted in sprouting damage.
New cultivars: Sunstate (SUN148L) - a quick season, prime hard
quality wheat for the export market with improved stem, leaf and
stripe rust resistance and better flour milling and dough properties
compared with Hartog. Best suited to mid-late May to July plantings.
To be released in 1993.
Sunmist (SUN61A) - a midseason maturing, prime hard quality wheat
for the export market with improved stem and stripe rust resistance
compared with Miskle. Best suited for late April to late May
plantings. Released as a replacement for Miskle.
M3345 - a high yielding, stem, leaf and stripe rust resistant
feed grade wheat to be jointly released with NSW Agriculture in 1994.
Sunland (SUN155C) - a quick season, high yielding prime hard
quality wheat for the export market with different genes for stem and
leaf rust resistance. Best suited to late May to July plantings,
this cultivar is to be released in 1995.
Research: Protein composition in relation to wheat breeding:
(D.J. Mares and Z. Zhen). A new, simple extraction system and a one
step SDS-PAGE procedure allowing the complete separation of all high
molecular weight (HMW) and B group low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin
subunits was developed. These proteins account for a large part of
the variation in quality between cultivars. Prior to the development
of this new method the separation of these proteins required several
steps or multi-dimensional electrophoresis. As a consequence the new
method opens the way for large numbers of breeding lines to be
routinely and cheaply screened for quality-related grain storage
proteins at a very early stage in the breeding program. In addition
to its application in cultivar development the method facilitates the
characterisation of 1B/1R wheat/rye substitution and translocation
lines and the identification of the most common chromosome
substitution (2D(2R)) in substituted triticales.
Approximately 100 advanced breeding lines from the Sydney
University program, together with all wheat cultivars currently
recommended in Australia were characterised with respect to HMW and B
group LMW glutenin subunit composition and with respect to another
electrophoretic group of proteins consisting of C group glutenin
subunits and gliadins. The advanced lines were examined for a range
of quality attributes and placed in groups according to high molecular
weight subunit composition. Analysis of the data indicated that the
presence of HMW subunits 5+10 was associated with a significantly
longer mixing time than lines with the common alternate subunits 2+12.
Both sets of subunits are common in Australian germplasm, although
there has been a recent increase in the frequency of lines with 5+10
subunits which have been associated with better quality and strength.
In some populations the presence of 5+10 was also associated with a
significantly higher protein content. These observations were
confirmed in a study of sister lines from populations segregating for
the 5+10 and 2+12 alleles. Compared with cultivars in other wheat
producing countries, Australian wheats had a higher frequency of
reputedly good quality alleles at the Glu-B1 locus but this was
counterbalanced by the high frequency of subunits 2+12 at Glu-D1,
particularly in comparison with high quality Canadian and US wheats in
which subunits 5+10 predominate.
A population was developed from the parents Cook and Suneca,
which possess different Glu-1D and Glu-1B alleles and were
representative of the two main LMW glutenin patterns in Australian
wheats. The results confirmed the effects of subunits 5+10 on dough
mixing time and, in addition, showed that the LMW glutenins from
Suneca were associated with a significantly shorter dough mixing time
than those of Cook. These observations have important implications
for the development of high protein wheats with shorter mixing time
suitable for the Australian domestic market.
Studies of heterosis in bread wheat. (M.N. Nizam Uddin, F.W.
Ellison, L. O'Brien and B.D.H. Latter): A comprehensive study was
undertaken in north western NSW to investigate those aspects upon
which the decision to breed hybrids of pure lines is based. Hybrids
were evaluated along with their parents in replicated experiments sown
at three different planting times in each of two years and levels of
mid- and high-parent heterosis up to 31.5% and 26.8%, respectively,
were observed.
Hybrid versus parental performance and genotype x environment
analysis indicated the hybrids were marginally more stable than their
parents. The performance of hybrids replicated in a range of plot
types viz., spaced plants, hill plot and multi-row plots indicated
consistent ranking of performance across plot types with a reduced
level of heterosis in the multi-row plot compared with the other two
plot types. The yield of F6 and F7 pure lines developed by the single
seed descent procedure compared favourably with the hybrids from which
they were derived. These results indicated that sufficient levels of
heterosis are attainable to sustain a hybrid wheat breeding program.
However, the detection of pure lines comparable in yield to the hybrid
would suggest that the decision to breed or not to breed hybrids
depends more on commercial than scientific considerations.
Application of biochemical chromosome markers to wheat
improvement. (D.J. Mares and M. Barnes): The aim of this program is
to examine existing biochemical chromosome marker systems such as
isozymes, enzyme inhibitors, restriction fragment length polymorphisms
(RFLP's) for linkage to genes which are of considerable agronomic
importance but which are difficult to screen (e.g. recessive genes
which control grain dormancy/sprouting tolerance, and late maturity a-
amylase production) or which are masked by other genes (e.g. an
effective stem rust gene in an already resistant background). Systems
which show potential will be assessed for ease of use and any
limitations in applications.
Factors controlling the production of a-amylase in wheat during
the later stages of grain ripening. (D.J. Mares and K. Mrva): A
number of wheats developing unacceptably high levels of a-amylase
during the later stages of ripening in the absence of rain or pre-
harvest sprouting were identified. This phenomenon recently prevented
the release of some high yielding lines, with otherwise excellent
quality, from breeding programs in N.S.W., Victoria and Western
Australia. At least one W.A. line was released into commercial
cultivation before this problem was identified. There are also
confirmed reports of non-weathered grain samples from South Australia
in 1987 with very low falling numbers (high amylase). For some lines
the phenomenon occurs in all environments, albeit worse in some
seasons than others, whilst for other cultivars (e.g. the Victorian
line BD159 and the U.K. variety Huntsman and its derivatives) the
phenomenon occurs only occasionally. Such cultivars pose a
considerable threat to receival authorities (since there is no
physical evidence of the high amylase levels) and to markets which
utilise wheat for end products which are sensitive to higher than
normal levels to alpha-amylase.
--------------------
Agricultural Research Centre, Tamworth
R.A. Hare
Durum Wheat. The 1992 Australian durum wheat harvest increased to
80,000 tonnes. Record rainfall in South Australia resulted in high
grain yields however, continued rains before and during harvest caused
significant black point infection and pre-harvest weather damage.
Consequently there is a shortage of a good millable durum in Australia
this year. Domestic pasta sales (51,000 tonne in 1992) continue to
grow by 4% per annum, while imported pasta (14,000 tonnes) accounts
for 22% of the total market. A small export trade in pasta (4000
tonnes) is growing steadily, despite strong competition from Europe.
Australian pasta/semolina manufacturers have invested many
millions of dollars in new modern plant to capture the growing
domestic and overseas markets.
Durum Cultivar Improvement. The Tamworth based program will now
be recognised as the National Durum Wheat Improvement Program
following a detailed review of Australian grain crop improvement.
Significant expansion in the breeding/research activities is planned.
A new improved (quality) cultivar (Code No 880096) will be
released in 1993 as commercial acceptance is assured following the
completion of successful industrial processing trials in 1992. The
new cultivar is similar to Kamilaroi and Yallaroi in many respects
(agronomic/disease resistance) but has improved quality over the
previous cultivars (slightly higher grain protein content 0.5%,
bright clear yellow semolina/pasta, strong dough strength).
Tetraploid Research
Stem Rust. Our present understanding of the inheritance of stem
rust resistance in the tetraploid wheats and corresponding pathogen
virulence is rather limited especially outside North American
germplasm. As the majority of Australian durum germplasm is derived
from non-American sources, an investigation of this topic has been
commenced.
Protein Content. The pasta industry has called for a high
priority project to improve grain protein levels by 1%. Since the
genetic variability for grain protein in current breeding populations
is limited, additional diversity needs to be located. Twelve
accessions of Triticum dicoccoides selected for large grain size and
high protein content ( 18%) have been crossed to advanced durum lines
with the expectation that at least part of the high protein genetic
potential will be introduced into a commercial durum background. The
development of a series of RFLP linkage markers (group 1 chromosomes)
will facilitate the transfer of these protein genes. Within one F3
cross population, protein content in large seeded types has ranged
from 19% to 11%. Further experiments are being conducted to confirm
this variation.
--------------------
QUEENSLAND
QWRI Toowoomba, Australia
Brennan, P.S., Banks, P.M., Sheppard, J.A., Mason, L.R.,
Uebergang, R.W., Keys, P.J., Agius, P.J., Fiske, M.L.,
Ross, J.C., Hocroft, P.I., Haak, I.C. and Kammholz, S.
Dr Phillip Banks joined the QWRI wheat breeding group as a wheat
breeder after spending seven years with CSIRO in Canberra on the transfer
of barley yellow dwarf virus resistance from Thinopyron intermedium to
wheat. Dr Banks will run the midseason maturity wheat breeding program
and will set up and conduct of a laboratory for the routine screening of
breeding lines for molecular markers.
Jamie Ross replaces Graham Smith and will take responsibility for
early generation yield evaluation and will answer to Mr Sheppard.
Steven Kammholz joined the program to work on the recently funded
program to identify molecular and electrophoretic markers for the wheat
quality attributes flour yield, whiteness index, short dough development
time and long dough extensibility.
Breeding. Yield evaluation in Queensland was hampered by the
continuation of the drought which restricted our activities in 1991.
While most trials were successfully conducted, there has to be a
considerable concern about the predictive value of the data because of
the atypical conditions that prevailed.
There were widespread infections of crown rot. This disease has
increased in recent years which has been attributed to increased stubble
retention. This highlights the need to develop varieties with high
levels of resistance to this disease.
One variety, Houtman, was released in 1992. It has very high
yield
in central Queensland but has less than optimal dough extensibility. It
is recommended for cultivation in areas where the grower, because of
lower soil nitrogen, has a low probability of achieving higher protein
and, therefore, a maximum quality classification.
Four varieties will be considered for release in 1993:
QT4546: High yielding, short season, strong straw, prime hard
quality.
QT4639: Tolerant to the root lesion nematode, moderate crown rot
resistance, prime hard.
QT4636: Awnless Hartog with a functional level of yellow spot
resistance.
QT5648: Very quick maturing, high yielding, prime hard and a moderate
level of crown rot resistance.
Re-evaluation of our yield testing procedures have indicated that
the material coming through the QWRI program is more widely adapted than
that produced 10 years ago. This is seen as a strong endorsement of our
yield evaluation procedures and the classification procedures used to
devise this program. Details of this re-evaluation will be presented at
the 8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium in Beijing.
Other Research activities: A number of PCR markers unique to 2H
(the barley chromosome where the à-amylase inhibitor is located) have
been identified and these are being used to screen regenerants from
callus cultures of F1's containing a univalent of 2H and 42 wheat
chromosomes.
Single seed descent lines from three crosses involving the most
popular commercial variety Hartog and the weathering resistant lines
Transvaal, AUS1490 and Chile 59, were evaluated for weathering
resistance. Molecular marker profiles for these lines are being
generated.
A large number of wheats from many countries have been evaluated for
the target quality attributes (flour yield, whiteness index, short dough
development time and dough extensibility). Cultivars with high levels
of these attributes were identified and some have been crossed to Hartog.
Work to produce double haploid populations from these crosses will
commence in the near future using the maize pollen technique determined
by David Laurie (Cambridge Lab, Norwich).
--------------------
G.B. Wildermuth and R.B. McNamara
Severe crown rot in Queensland. Crown rot caused by Fusarium
graminearum Group 1 was widespread and severe throughout the wheat
growing area of Queensland in 1992. High levels of inoculum from
previously diseased crops and low rainfall during the growth of the crop
contributed to the high disease levels, high incidence of deadheads and
loss in yield. Both wheat and barley crops were severely affected by the
disease. In both wheat and barley the disease was so severe in some
crops that plants were killed before elongation was completed. High
levels of disease were found in all wheat and barley cultivars. However,
the high levels of disease in many crops of Batavia, a recently released
cultivar, were of concern.
Bread wheat, durum, triticale and rye cultivars and lines were tested
for susceptibility to crown rot in a field test. The bread wheat
cultivars and lines varied from being highly susceptible to partially
resistant, whereas all durum cultivars/lines were highly susceptible and
triticale and rye cultivars/lines were moderately susceptible. In some
paddocks where unexpected high levels of disease occurred in some bread
wheat cultivars, the previous crop had been a durum wheat. The high
inoculum levels in these paddocks is probably due to the high
susceptibility of durum wheats and the build-up of the disease under
those crops.
Eleven bread wheat lines which are in the final phases of yield
evaluation were tested for susceptibility to crown rot in a field test.
Three lines showed levels of partial resistance to the disease. Each of
the lines had Potam and Cook as parents. It is hoped that one or more
of these lines may be released as cultivars in the next 1 or 2 years.
Common root rot. Common root rot occurred in wheat and barley crops
throughout Queensland. Its presence was overshadowed by the severe
effects of crown rot. Incorporation of resistance to the disease is
occurring in association with Dr P. Brennan. Sources of resistance
include lines from Dr R.D. Tinline's program at Saskatoon. Three
backcrosses are made and resistant lines are being selected in the BC1F2,
BC1F3, BC3F2 and BC3F3 generations.
--------------------
R.G. Rees, P.S. Brennan and G.J. Platz
Resistance to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. The 1991 drought
resulted in a relatively low carryover of wheat residues and inoculum of
P. tritici-repentis. Continuing dry conditions during 1992 further
contributed to generally low levels of tan (yellow) spot in Queensland
wheat crops.
Progress continues to be made with developing adapted wheats
resistant to P. tritici-repentis. An advanced Vicam/3*Hartog line,
QT5360, was included in evaluation trials for a third year in 1992 as
quality measurements in 1991 trials were not as good as in previous
years. A decision on this resistant line will be made in 1993.
Resistance sources used in 1992 included BR23, BR37 and PF8721. In
addition, adapted lines developed in the program are now being used as
donor sources of resistance. Recurrent parents are generally advanced
elite lines from the Queensland wheat breeding program.
Greg Platz has been examining the effects of intermittent wetting
and drying on infection with P. tritici-repentis. Drying for as little
as 1 hour after germination commences has been found to almost prevent
infection. This is being examined further.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM BRAZIL
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo/EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo, RS
C.N.A. de Sousa*, E.P. Gomes, J.C.S. Moreira, J.F. Philipovski, L. de
J.A. Del Duca, P.L. Scheeren, and S.D. dos A. e Silva
New Brazilian wheat cultivars. Three new wheat cultivars from lines
produced by EMBRAPA (CNPT in Passo Fundo or UEPAE-Dourados in Dourados) were
released for cultivation in 1992. EMBRAPA cultivars are now coded as
EMBRAPA. Previously, EMBRAPA releases are coded as Trigo BR or CNT.
Between 1975 and 1991 10 CNT cultivars and 43 Trigo BR cultivars were
released.
EMBRAPA cultivars released in 1992.
===========================================================================
Cultivar Line Cross State*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
EMBRAPA 10-Guaj MS 21169-85 CNT 8*3/SONORA 64 MS
EMBRAPA 15 PF 85137 CNT 10/BR 5//PF 75172/ RS,SC
SEL TIFTON 72-59
EMBRAPA 16 PF 86238 HULHA NEGRA/CNT 7//AMIGO/ RS
CNT 7
===========================================================================
*MS = Mato Grosso do Sul; RS = Rio Grande do Sul; SC = Santa Catarina.
All these cultivars are spring type, awned, and mid-tall. EMBRAPA 15
and EMBRAPA 16 are tolerant while EMBRAPA 10 is susceptible to soil acidity
(aluminum toxicity). EMBRAPA 15 and EMBRAPA 16 are resistant to powdery
mildew (Erysiphe graminis tritici), to soilborne wheat mosaic virus, and to
all races of Puccinia graminis tritici found in Brazil. EMBRAPA 15 is also
resistant to all races of Puccinia recondita foundin Brazil. EMBRAPA 10 and
EMBRAPA 16 have a strong gluten.
--------------------
J.C.S. Moreira and C.N.A. de Sousa
1992 Wheat Cultivar Yield Trials in Passo Fundo. About 520 wheat
genotypes were tested in 20 yield trials in the National Research Center for
Wheat of EMBRAPA in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The process for
releasing a new cultivar in Rio Grande do Sul, the Southern State in Brazil,
was described in the 1986 Annual Wheat Newsletter 32:38-39.
Climatic conditions during the wheat cycle (June to November) were good
for the wheat development. Leaf rust and soilborne wheat mosaic virus
affected some genotypes. Yields were high and several lines yielded more
than 5000 kg/ha.
Trials were carried out in a rotation area (2 years without wheat) and
the fertilizer application was 12,5 kg/ha N, 63 kg/ha P2O5, 50 kg/ha K2O and
45 kg/ha N as top-dressing. No fungicide was applied. Checks used were BR
23, BR 35 and RS 8-Westphalen. BR 23 continues to be the main cultivar in
Rio Grande do Sul, occupying about 270,000 ha (56%) of the wheat growing
area in this state in 1992.
Cultivars have outstanding yield in some trials carried out in Passo,
as shown below:
===========================================================================
Cultivar Cross Yield(kg/ha)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar State Trial
EMBRAPA 16 16HLN/CNT7//AMIGO/CNT7 4247
EMBRAPA 15 CNT 10/BR 5//PF 75172/SEL TIFTON 72-59 3891
BR 35 (best check) IAC 5*2/3/CNT 7*3/LD//IAC 5/HADDEN 3810
RS 8 (check) CNT 10/BURGAS 2//JACUI 3687
BR 43 PF 833007/JACUI 3617
Trial Mean 3201
South Brazilian Trial
PF 88566 AMIGO/JACUI//PF 7673/CANDIOTA 4238
PF 87103 SL 5200/PAT 7219//TIFTON 4052
PF 87107 ENC/PF 79768//PF 80284 3970
PF 869120 PF 83743//PF 83182/F 25716 3922
PF 88603 TIFTON SEL/PF 79763/3/N BOZU/3*LD//B 7908 3909
BR 35 (best check) IAC 5*2/3/CNT*3/LD//IAC 5/HADDEN 3859
Trial Mean 3710
Regional Yield Trial
Regional A
PF 891 CEP 14/PF 79782//CEP 14 4300
PF 84316 PF 7650/NS 18-78//CNT 8/PF 7577 4204
CEP 8966 CEP 14/CEP 82113//BR 14 4153
PF 89122 PF 839278/MNO 82//PF 839278/PF 79547 4106
PF 88600 ENC/PF 79768//PF 80284 4094
RS 8 (check) CNT 10/BURGAS 2//JACUI 3864
Trial Mean 3741
Regional B
PF 89230 COKER 762/2*PF 79547 4213
PF 89232 CI 14119/2*PF 8237 4182
PF 89292 PF 8515/PF 85271//PF 82252/BR 35 4157
PF 89166 ENC/PF 79768/PF 80284 4048
RS 8 (check) CNT 10/BURGAS 2//JACUI 4051
Trial Mean 3652
Multilocated Preliminar Trials (5 locals with lines in 2nd
year of test)
Lines that outyielded the check - 1st M.P.T.
PF 86242 HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 4423
PF 889119 CEP 14 P/F 79782//CEP 14 4195
PF 86233 HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 4168
BR 35 (check) IAC 5*2/3/CNT 7*3/LD//IAC 5/HADDEN 4057
2nd M.P.T.
PF 904 BR 35/PF 84386//AMIGO/BR 14 4240
BR 35 (check) IAC 5*2/3/CNT 7*3/LD//IAC 5/HADDEN 3897
Preliminary Trials (lst year trial)
Wheat Genotypes out of 308 lines yielding more than
5000 kg/ha and were superior to the checks
PF 9132 PF 83743/PF 85362 5993
PF 9157 BR 35/PF 85946/3/PF 772003*2/PF 813// 5915
PF 83899
PF 91116 PF 91191/PF 839278//BR 8/SULINO 5721
PF 9194 PF 853048/PF 843025 5404
PF 91141 PF 839020/PF 83743/3/BR14*3//LD*6/FB6628 5366
PF 9190 F 31645/4/ENC/PF79768//PF80284/3/PF85489 5171
PF 91215 PF 853048//BR 14*2/CI 17959 5112
PF 91594 BR 35*5//BR 14*2/LARGO 5112
PF 9189 F 31645/4/ENC/PF79768//PF80284/3/PF85489 5083
PF 91198 PF 82899/PF 813//F 27141 5010
17th ERCOS (South Cone Wheat Cultivar Yield Trial)
Cooperative trial organized in Argentina with wheat cultivars
from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, and Paraguay.
Best 6 cultivars in the trial.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Cross Origin kg/ha
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
MY 74 "S"/MON "S" Bolivia 4791
BR 23 (best check) CC/ALONDRA SIB/3/IAS
54-20/COP//CNT 8 Brazil 4529
ALD "S"/PVN "S" Bolivia 4381
BR 20-Guat BH 1146*3/ALONDRA SIB Brazil 4329
BR 37 MAZOE/F 13279//PELADO
MARAU Brazil 4281
BR 35 (check) IAC 5*2/3/CNT 7*3/LD//
IAC 5/HADDEN Brazil 4017
===========================================================================
--------------------
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo - CNPT/EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo, RS
A. L. Barcellos
Effect of seed treatment with triadimenol on leaf rust in wheat flag
leaf. The objective of this research was to quantify the effect of seed
treatment with triadimenol (160 g/100 kg seeds) on leaf rust severity
(Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) in wheat flag leaf. Traditionally this
fungicide is used on seeds to control powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.
sp. tritici). In research on the genetics of the adult plant resistance to
leaf rust, under greenhouse conditions, powdery mildew is undesirable.
Wheat plants grown from seeds with and without the fungicide were compared
concerning rust severity, during the spring of 1991 in the National Center
for Wheat Research at Passo Fundo. Flag leaves of 8 cultivars wee uniformly
inoculated with one isolate of Puccinia recondita to compare the fungicide
effect. From 43 to 79 days after seeding, while the flag leaf was fully
extended and no later than anthesis, approximately 14 days after the
inoculation, the severity was assessed. Reduction on the rust severity was
detected for 67% of the flag leaves of the plants which seeds had been
treated with triadimenol. This reduction ranged from 3.5 to 100% and was
observed on early and susceptible plants (cv. IAC 13) as well as on late
plants with adult plant resistance (cv. Toropi). It can be concluded that
triadimenol applied to the seeds reduce the leaf rust on the flag leaf and
is not an appropriate chemical to control powdery mildew in adult plant
research.
Ph.D. thesis supplemental investigation, Universidade Federal do Rio
Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
--------------------
EMBRAPA/Dourados, MS
A. C. P. Goulart and F. de A. Paiva
Control of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) by
fungicide spraying, 1991. The objective of this experiment was to select
fungicides for the control of wheat stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.
sp. tritici. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, at the
Experimental Station of EMBRAPA, Dourados, during 1991. Wheat, cv. BR 18-
Terena, was sown on July 3, 91 in 11-row plots (2.2 x 7.0 m) arranged in a
randomized complete block with 11 treatments with four replications.
Fertilization consisted of 240 kg/ha of 4-30-10 (N-P-K) applied at planting.
Fungicides were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer (rate of flow - 240
1/ha). Two sprayings were made, the first of Zadoks' growth stage 54 and
the second at stage 68. Plots were harvested on Sept. 27. Treatments were
(g.a.i./ha):mancozed (2,000); diniconazole (75); flusilazole (125);
prochloraz (450); flutriafol (94 and 125); propiconazole (125); tebuconazole
(187.5); cyproconazole (20 and 30) and untreated control.
Stem rust was better controlled with tebuconazole and propiconazole, 98
and 96% of effective control respectively, followed by cyproconazole 30
(92%), flutriafol 125 (88%) and diniconazole (88%). Prochloraz and mancozeb
were the least efficient treatments, with less than 70% effective control.
All treatments increased yield, with distinction to tebuconazole (increase
of 106.5%) and propiconazole (103.5%). All treatments improved test and
kernel weights. A highly significant negative correlation (r=-0.65) was
obtained between infection and yield.
Evaluation of fungicides for control of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.
blast (Pyricularia grisea), 1991. The aim of this work was to select
fungicides for control of wheat blast (Pyricularia grisea). The experiment
was carried out under field conditions, during 1991, at Itapora county,
State of Mato Grosso do Sul, using the Anahuac cultivar. The plots were
planted April 17 and harvested August 9, using a randomized complete block
design of eight treatments and four replications. The field was fertilized
at the time of planting with N4+P30-K10, at the rate of 240 kb/ha. Three
sprayings of fungicides were applied with CO2 pressurized sprayer (flow rate
= 240 1/ha). The first at Zadoks growth stage 54 and the others at 12 day
intervals. The evaluation was done by calculating the percentage of blasted
heads. The treatments were (g.a.i./ha): mancozeb (2,000); methyl
thiophanate + mancozeb (350 + 1,600); triphenyl tin acetate + mancozeb (88 +
1,248); tricyclazole (255); tebuconazole (250); prochloraz (450);
flusilazole (125) and unsprayed control.
The fungicides tricyclazole (39% effective control), tebuconazole
(32%), mancozeb (28%) and methyl thiophanate + mancozeb (27%) for the
control of wheat blast. These results show low efficiency of the tested
fungicides for blast control however, fungicide treatments increased yield
above the unsprayed control, with distinction to tricyclazole (35.5%
increase) and tebuconazole (29.8%). Improved and kernel test weights were
obtained with all fungicide treatments. A highly significant negative
correlation coefficient (r=-0.51) was obtained between spikes infected by P.
grisea and yield.
Evaluation of fungicides for the control of brown spot
(Helminthosporium sativum) in wheat, 1991. The aim of this work was to
evaluate the efficiency of several fungicides in the control of wheat brown
spot, their effect on yield, kernel weight, test weight and on incidence of
Helminthosporium sativum in harvested seeds. The experiment was carried out
under field conditions, during 1991, at EMBRAPA, Dourados, Mato Grosso do
Sul State. The cultivar IAPAR 6-Tapejara was planted in 11-row plots (2.2 x
7.0 m) April 17, using a randomized complete block design with 11 treatments
and four replications. The field was fertilized with 240 kg/ha of 4-30-10
(N-P-K) applied at planting. The plots were harvested on August 7, 1991.
Fungicides were twice applied with CO2 pressurized sprayer and the flow rate
was adjusted to 240 1/ha. The first application was at growth stage 54 and
the second at stage 68 (Zadock's scale). The treatments were (g.a.i./ha):
mancozeb (2,000); diniconazole (75); flusilazole (125); prochloraz (450);
flutriafol (94 and 125); propiconazole (125); tebuconazole (187.5);
cyproconazole (20 and 30) and untreated control.
Propiconazole and tebuconazole gave best control of brown spot, both
with control efficiency of 92% Next best were flutriafol 125 (88% of
control efficiency), flusilazole (85%) and prochloraz (81%). The least
effective fungicides were cyproconazole 20 and 30, with less than 54% of
control. The best yield results were obtained with tebuconazole and
propiconazole, with increases of 35.2 and 38.3%, respectively. Test kernel
weights were increased by all chemicals. The incidence of H. sativum on
harvested seeds was reduced with fungicide sprayings with the best results
from tebuconazole, propiconazole and flutriafol. A negative and relatively
low (r=-0.46) correlation coefficient was found for brown spot incidence and
yield.
Associated fungi with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds produced in
mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, 1991. Samples of wheat seeds of several
cultivars, from seven counties (Dourados, Itapora, Rio Brilhante, Amambai,
Maracaju, Ponta Pora and Aral Moreira) were analyzed in the Plant Pathology
Lab at EMBRAPA, Dourados, to determine the fungi incidence in wheat seeds
produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State, during 1991. A total of 498 samples
from 23 cultivars were analyzed. The sanity of wheat seeds was determined
using the blotter test, without pretreatment. Samples of 200 seeds were
placed into germboxes containing three layers of filter paper previously
sterilized and soaked in 0.02% 2,4-D solution and incubated for 7 days at
22-24 in cycles of 12 hours darkness and 12 hours light (day and NUV
lights). Each seed was examined under a stereoscopic microscope and the
incidence of each fungus was recorded.
Twenty-four genera of fungi were detected. The most prevalent,
detected in 100% of the analyzed samples, was Helminthosporium sativum,
followed by Aspergillus sp. (92.2%), Penicillium sp. (68.1%), Alternaria
tenuis (60.1%), Rhizopus stolonifer (51.0%), Phoma sp. (47.9%), Culvularia
lunata (42.3%), Fusarium spp. (42.1%) and Cladosporium sp. (41.5%).
Pyricularia grisea was registered in 15.9% of the samples, at relatively low
levels. The storage fungi (Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.) were
detected at relatively high levels. The results showed that H. sativum was
the most important fungus associated with wheat seeds produced in Mato Mato
Grosso do Sul State, with an average incidence of 38%.
Efficiency of chemical treatment of wheat seeds on the control of
Pyricularia grisea and Helminthosporium sativum, 1991. The objective of
this research was to evaluate the efficiency of several fungicides applied
as seed dressing for the control of Pyricularia grisea and Helminthosporium
sativum. Lab (blotter) and field tests were performed, using seeds of the
wheat cultivar Anahuac with 16% and 65.5% of natural contamination with P.
grisea and H. sativum, respectively. Seed treatments were applied just
prior to planting by shaking seeds and chemicals in erlenmeyers. In
laboratory experiments, 10 replications of 20 seeds/treatment were placed
into germboxes (20 seeds/germbox) and maintained for 7 days at 22-24 C in
cycles of 12 hours darkness and 12 hours light (day and NUV lights). Each
seed was evaluated and the incidence of both pathogens was recorded. In the
field, plots were seeded April 22 using a randomized complete block design
consisting of 17 treatments and 4 replications. Plots were composed of six
rows x 1.5 m with a row spacing of 0.2 m and fertilized with 240 kg/ha of 4-
30-10 (NPK) at planting. Percentage field emergency and disease were
recorded 2 and 3 weeks after planting. The treatments were (g.a.i./100 kg
of seeds): carboxin + thiram (94 + 95); iprodione + thiram (50 + 150);
iprodione + car bendazim (52.5 + 26.2_; triflumizole + methyl thiophanate
(30 + 90); guazatine + imazalil (60 + 4); thiram (210); prochloraz (50);
flutriafol (7.5); diniconazole (8); pyroquilon (125); difenoconazole (30);
triflumizole (45); iminoctadeine (62.5); triadimenol (40); tebuconazole +
thiram j(4.5 + 150); tebuconazole (5) and control.
All chemical treatments reduced the incidence of both pathogens in lab
(blotter) test. P. grisea was eradicated when the seeds were treated with
iprodione + thiram, iprodione + carbendazin, triflumizole + methyl
thiophanate, guazatine + imazalil and iminoctadine. Carboxin + thiram,
triflumizole and prochloraz were less efficient. Seed transmission of P.
grisea was detected in the field in seedlings coming from the following
treatments: control, prochloraz, flutriafol, tebuconazole, tebuconazole +
thiram, pyroquilon and thiram, which showed, respectively, 4.5, 1.9, 1.8,
1.8, 1.8, 1.6 and 1.3% of seedlings with P. oryzae. The best control of
Helminthosporium sativum in the seeds was obtained with guazatine +
imazalil, followed by iminoctadein and triflumizole. Iprodione + thiram and
triflumizole + methyl thiophanate gave a good control of this pathogen. No
treatment completely eradicated the fungus from the seeds. In the field,
difenoconazole, guazatine + imazalil, iminoctadine, triflumizole, iprodione
+ thiram, flutriafol, triadimenol and triflumizole + methyl thiophanate were
the best in controlling the transmission of H. sativum. Significant
differences in emergence and yield due to fungicide treatments were observed
in the test.
Losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Pyricularia grisea.
Yield losses due to Pyricularia grisea infection regardless of the effects
of other diseases, under natural conditions and without fungicide sprayings,
were determined during the 1988, 1989 and 1990 growing seasons for the cv.
Anahuac. Commercial fields and experimental plots at Rio Brilhante, Dourados
and Itapora counties were used. The losses were determined using the
following formulas:
GWHS
PY = NHS x NTS PY = Potential yield
GWHS = Grain weight of healthy spikes/m2
NHS = Number of healthy spikes/m2
NTS = Total number of spikes/m2
AY = GWHS + GWIS AY = Actual yield
GWHS = Grain weight of healthy spikes/m2
GWIS = Grain weight of infected spikes/m2
L = PY - AY L = Losses
In 1988 and 1989, at Rio Brilhante, yield losses were 10.5% of the
estimated yield. An average of 48% white spikes was observed. In 1990, at
/Dourados, losses were greater than those recorded in 1988 and 1989,
reaching 40% of the estimated yield, with the 93% average incidence of white
spikes. In the same year at Itapora losses were 32% with 86% white heads.
In the three years, the spike weight loss caused by early infection was
greater (48%) than with late (24%), regardless of locality. It was observed
that grains below the infection point in the rachis were larger than the
normal ones, thus compensating to some extent for presence of empty
spikelets. Because white spikes were more visible, disease incidence may be
over estimated.
Table 1. Percentage of infected spikes and losses caused by
Pyricularia grisea in wheat, cv. Anahuac, at Rio Brilhante, Dourados and
Itapora counties, MS, in 1988, 1989 and 1990.
==========================================================================
% Loss
County Year infected spikes Kg/ha %
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rio Brilhante1 1988 51 274 11
Bio Brilhante2 1989 45 270 10
Dourados3 1990 93 892 40
Itapora4 1990 86 1,034 32
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1Average of 2 replications 2Average of 3 replications
3Average of 6 replications 4Average of 5 replications
Table 2. Grain weight/spike and losses in relation to healthy spikes, in
wheat, cv. Anahuac, at Rio Brilhante, Dourados and Itapora counties, MS, in
1988, 1989 and 1990
============================================================================
Grain weight/spike (g) % loss
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Early Late Early Late
Country Year Healthy infection infect. infect. infect.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rio Brilhante1 1988 0.77 0.56 0.66 27 14
Rio Brilhante2 1989 0.96 0.50 0.78 47 18
Dourados3 1990 0.77 0.31 0.31 59 27
Itapora4 1990 1.30 0.53 0.55 60 38
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1Average of 2 replications 2Average of 3 replications
3Average of 6 replications 4Average of 5 replications
Response of wheat cultivars and breeding lines to blast (Pyricularia
grisea) under field conditions, 1991. The objective was to evaluate the
response of several wheat cultivars and breeding lines to blast (Pyricularia
grisea) under field conditions. This experiment was carried out at Itapora
County, Mato Grosso do Sul State. The experiment was seeded April 23, in
five-row plots (1.0 x 5.0 m) and the fertilized with 240 kg/ha of 4-30-10
(NPK) at planting. In laboratory evaluations only spikes that showed
characteristic blast symptoms (infection black point in the rachis) were
considered infected. Cultivars and breeding lines were classified using the
following scale based on percentage of spikes with blast symptoms:
R (resistant) = 1 to 5% MR (moderately resistant) = 6 to 25%
MS (moderately susceptible) = 26 to 50% S (susceptible) = 51 to 75%
HS (highly susceptible) = more than 75%
The results obtained showed different behavior among cultivars and
breeding lines tested (Tables 1 and 2).
Only cv. BH 1146 was considered resistant (R), with 4.5% blanched
spikes. Cultivars BR 18-Terena, BR 21-Nhandeva and BR 40-Tuiuca were
moderately resistant, with 8.2; 17.2 and 24.6T, respectively, of blasted
spikes. Cultivars BR 29-Juvae, BR 20-Guato, BR 30-Cadiueu and IAC 18-
Xavantes were moderately susceptible (MS) and cultivars that showed
susceptible (S) behavior were BR 36-Ianomami, BR 41-Ofaie, IAC 5-Maringa, BR
17-Caiua and BR 11-Guarani. Highly susceptible (HS), cultivars exceeding
76% blanched spikes were: IPAR 29-Cacatu, IAPAR 28-Igapo, IAPAR 6-Tapejara,
IAPAR 17-Caete, Anahuac, IAC 13-Lorena, BR 31-Miriti and INIA 66.
The highest yields were produced by BR 40-Tuiuca, BR 18-Terena,
followed by BR 36-Ianomami, IAPAR 29-Cacatu and BR-17 Caiua. Although BH
1146 was the most resistant (R), its yield was lower than cultivars rated
MR, MS and S. Lodging observed in BH 1146 plots may explain this
difference. The cultivars classified as HS showed lowest yields with P.
grisea and yield. A significant negative correlation (r = -0.53) was found
for P. Grisea infection and yield.
No breeding line was resistant (R). Only breeding lines UEE-PJN, MS
1132-87 and cultivars OCEPAR 16, BR 42, SERI 82, OCEPAR 14 and GEN were
considered MR. The higher yields were obtained with UEE-PJN and SERI 82,
with 548.00 and 522.56 g/plot. OCEPAR 16, BR 42, OCEPAR14, IAPAR 47, BR 37
and Jupateco 73 were used as controls.
Table 1. Percentage of blanched spikes (Pyricularia grisea) resistance
rating and yield of wheat. EMBRAPA, Dourados, MS. 1991
========================================================================
Blanched Resistance Yield(c)
Cultivar spikes(a) (%) rating(b) (kg/ha)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
BH 1146 4.5g R 2.179 bcd
BR 18-Terena 8.2 fg MR 2.425 b
BR 21-Nhandeva 17.2 ef MR 2.71 bcd
BR 40-Tuiuca 24.6 e MR 2.856 a
BR 29-Havae 42.2 MS 2.090 cdef
BR 20-Guato 46.8 cd MS 1.799 fgh
BR 30-Cadiueu 47.0 MS 2.180 bcd
IAC 18-Xavantes 49.0 cd MS 1.751 gh
BR 36-Ianomami 53.1 cd S 2.300 bc
BR 41-Ofaie 60.4 bcd S 2.127 bcde
IAC 5-Maringa 60.6 bcd S 1.853 defgh
BR 17-Caiua 63.5 bc S 2.188 bc
BR 11-Guarani 64.4 bc S 2.120 bcdef
IAPAR 29-Cacatu 76.8 b HS 2.220 bc
IAPAR 28-Igapo 85.2 HS 1.845 efgh
IAPAR 6-Tapejara 90.0 HS 1.578 h
IAPAR 17-CAETE 90.9 a HS 1.758 gh
Anahuac 90.9 a HS 1.831 efgh
IAC 13-Lorena 92.3 a HS 1.567 h
BR 31-Miriti 93.2 a HS 2.004 cdefg
INIA 66 96.1 a HS 1.593 h
----------------------------------------------------------------------
MEAN 59.85 - 2.020.45
C.V.(%) 13.72 - 9.91
----------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) Transformation used: arc sine x/100
(b) R = resistant; MR = moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible;
S = susceptible; HS = highly susceptible.
(c) Means followed by the same letter are not signficantly different
(Duncan, 5%).
Table 2. Percentage of blanched spikes (Pyricularia grisea), resistance
rating and yield of wheat. EMBRAPA, Dourados, MS. 1991.
========================================================================
UEE-PJN 10.7 j MR 548.00
MS 1132-87 11.0 j MR 417.89
OCEPAR 16 (cv) 13.7 j MR 433.94
BR 42-Nambiquara (cv) 14.0 j MR 371.61
SERI 82 18.6 i MR 522.56
OCEPAR 14 (cv) 21.3 hi MR 317.44
GEN 23.0 gh MR 467.12
BT 501 27.0 g MS 313.34
MS 1012-87 42.7 f MS 401.01
PF 86525 49.3 e MS 308.43
MS 3187 53.3 e S 363.66
IAPAR 47 (cv) 67.7 S 332.31
MS 5587 73.7 S 351.69
MS 2-87 76.0 HS 308.90
BR 37 (cv) 80.0 b HS 223.12
Jupateco 73 (cv) 95.0 HS 288.47
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
MEAN 42.31 - 373.72
C.V. (%) 5.42 - -
========================================================================
(a) Transformation used: arc sen x/100.
(b) R = resistant; MR = moderately resistant; MS = moderately susceptible;
S = susceptible; HS = highly susceptible.
(c) Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different
(Duncan, 5%).
--------------------
L.J.A. Del Duca*
Small Grain Yield Trials in Anticipated (Early) Sowing In order to
identify wheat genotypes adapted to early sowing, 4 trials comprising 93
wheat cultivars and lines and one cultivar each of triticale, rye, and
barley were tested at the National Research Center for Wheat of EMBRAPA, in
Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, during 1992. Knowledge of early maturing
wheats could provide a valuable alternative for the Brazilian southern
region (states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and southern - Center
of Paran ) to reduce soil losses caused by erosion as well as to minimize
nutrient losses as a result of better soil covering after soybean harvest
(March-April) and before planting winter crops (from June onwards in most
areas). Furthermore, theoretically it could increase grain yield potential
due to better crop development (increased root development and best
agronomic type). Additionally, such technology could reduce grain yield
losses through greater stability in crop production, due to the
diversification of cultivars and sowing periods.
Outstanding cultivars and lines in the four different trials (TP 1 to
4) yielding higher than the best check (RS 8) are detailed in Table 1.
Additional data regarding rye, barley and triticale varieties and BR 23
(another wheat check) are also listed.
===========================================================================
Line/ Yield % RS 8 Height
Trial Cultivar Cross (kg/ha) (check) (cm) Flowering
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
TP-1 COKER 80.33 - 4256 109 95 Sep, 14
TP-1 FL 301 - 4204 107 110 Sep, 11
TP-1 FL 303 - 4056 104 90 Sep, 4th
TP-1 EMB 16 HULHA NEGRA/CNT 7// 3992 102 110 Sep, 4th
AMIGO/CNT 7
TP-1 IPF 55204 FL 301/COKER 762 3981 102 80 Sep, 14
TP-2 PF 87128 TIFTON SEL/PF 79763/ 4411 126 105 Sep, 4th
3/N BOZU/3*LD//B 7908
TP-2 PF 86247 HULHA NEGRA/CNT 7// 4318 124 115 Sep, 9th
AMIGO/CNT 7
TP-2 PF 87451 COKER 762/BR 14 4030 115 80 Sep, 14
TP-2 PF 86245 HULHA NEGRA/CNT 7// 3989 109 110 Sep, 8th
AMIGO/CNT 7
TP-2 PF 87158 TIFTON SEL/PF 7668// 3744 107 115 Sep, 14
JACUI/PF 79583
TP-2 PF 87338 COKER 762/CEP 14 3726 106 90 Sep, 4th
TP-2 PF 8945 PF 839197/F 22449 3681 105 100 Aug, 28
TP-2 PF 87163 CNT 9/TIFTON SEL//PF 3607 103 100 Sep, 4th
7658/IAS 20
TP-3 PF 89131 PF 7815/LAP 689//PF 4663 112 115 Sep, 14
7815/PF 80278/3/PF
813019
TP-3 PF 87452 COKER 762/BR 14 4556 109 90 Sep, 9th
TP-3 PF 88708 COKER 762/BR 14 4544 109 80 Sep, 4th
TP-3 PF 89111 CEP 14//ALD SIB/3*
JACUI/3/UM 75 R
27-1//JACUI
TP-3 PF 88512 LAP 689/2*CNT 10//PF 4278 103 90 Sep, 4th
79777
============================================================================
Line/ Yield % RS 8 Height
Trial Cultivar Cross (kg/ha) (check) (cm) Flowering
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TP-4 TCL BR 4 (TRITICALE) 4904 125 80 Aug,28
TP-4 PF 89224 IAC 5*6/AGENT//CEP 4181 106 110 Sep,14
7780/3/PF 839278
TP-4 PF 89191 PF 79547/MNO 82 4063 103 105 Sep, 9th
TP-1 CENTEIO BR 1 (RYE) 2674 68 140 Sep, 4th
TP-1 MN 599 (BARLEY) 2315 59 85 Sep, 8th
TP-1 BR 23 CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54- 3630 93 95 Sep, 4th
20/COP//CNT 8
============================================================================
--------------------
L.J.A. Del Duca*, J.F. Philipovsky*, E.M. Guarienti*, C.N.A. de Sousa,
P.L. Scheeren
Breeding Activities Aiming at Alternative Wheat Ecoideotype for
Southern Brazil - Considerations regarding potential use of an alternative
wheat ecoideotype were described previously in the 1992 Annual Wheat
Newsletter, 38:72. This ideotype particularly adapted to early sowing, with
a long vegetative phase and a short reproductive phase could: a) reduce soil
erosion and nutrient leaching; b) increase grain yield potential due to
better crop establishment, and enhancement of nitrogen absorption, resulting
from extending the vegetative phase; c) escape from frost damage at
flowering; d) fit the wheat-soybean crop system; e) provide greater crop
stability due to the diversification of cultivars and periods of sowing.
To reach the goals of disease resistance and good breadmaking quality,
crosses were made in 1992. For this purpose, 282 populations (F1 to F6
generations) were planted at a low seed rate and selected for resistance to
prevalent diseases, agronomic type and the conceived ecoideotype. In order
to simplify the selection procedure for the conceived cycle, 92 populations
(F2 to F7 generations) were seeded under a normal seed rate with clipping of
the plants that flowered up to September 15. We admit that frost risks
after September 15-20 are greatly reduced under Passo Fundo conditions. As
a higher breadmaking quality standard wheat is required by the industry,
selections based on the sedimentation test were performed.
Plots derived form 429 single plants selected in 1991 were seeded under
low seed rate and selected for the above-mentioned characteristics. Certain
crosses involving germplasm from the southeast areas of the USA (lines from
University of Georgia, Florida 301, Coker 762, Coker 80.12 and Coker 80.33),
EMBRAPA lines and cultivars (PF 79547, PF 84410, PF 8569, PF 869107, PF
869120, PF 87107, PF 87451, PF 89261, PF 89263, CNT 8, EMBRAPA 16, BR 14, BR
23, BR 27, BR 35) and others like Hulha Negra, CEP 14, Century, Oasis,
Sullivan, Vezhen, and Klein Chamaco were outstanding.
--------------------
Pedro Luiz Scheeren, Leo de J.A. Del Duca, Cantidio N.A. de Sousa,
Sergio D. dos A. e Silva and Edar Peixoto Gomes
Frost Tolerance in Wheats - The objective of the present project,
initiated in 1980 at the National Research Center for Wheat, Passo Fundo,
RS, was to assess damage caused by frost. Initially, differences in frost
tolerance were observed in some cultivars, evidencing the possibility of
selecting for that trait. Hundreds of lines and cultivars were then
evaluated.
Tests were carried out in growth chambers and in the field, and notes
on plant reaction to leaf damage, spike damage spike fertility, stem damage
(strangling), and relative yield reduction were taken.
In tests previously conducted in growth chambers, the following
cultivars showed higher tolerance: Kite (Australian); Erithrosperum 74,
Buriatskaja 79, Karagandinskaja 2, Karasnodarskaja 57, and Taieznaja
(Russian); CNT 1, CNT 8, CEP 19, and CEP 21 (Brazilian). In addition to
these cultivars, lines PF 87451, PF 87452, and PF 84455, selected in Passo
Fundo in anticipated sowings for tolerance to frost, also deserve to be
mentioned. On the other hand, cultivars IAC 5-Maring and BR 35 showed
higher susceptibility to frost.
In field tests using anticipated sowing, in an attempt to match wheat
flowering date with the occurrence of heavier frosts, it was observed that
among assessed genotypes none showed tolerance to frost, resulting in
shriveled, or simply undeveloped, grains.
It was possible to distinguish a number of genotypes for leaf and stem
damage. Lines PF 87451 and PF 87452, as well as cultivar Coker 8033, showed
more tolerance to leaf damage, whereas BR 35 and IAC 5-Maring showed high
percentages of leaf and stem damage, thus confirming test results under
controlled conditions. Additionally, some genotypes have higher tillering
capacity also showed a better grain yield recovery capacity.
Therefore, considering the many years of research activity, it seems
extremely difficult to succeed in obtaining either tolerance or resistance
to frost, when frost occurs at flowering or the beginning of grain
formation.
--------------------
O. S. Rosa*, O. s. Rosa Filho and A. C. Rosa
OR Melhoramento de Sementes Ltda (OR Seed Breeding Co), Passo Fundo, RS
We began the first crosses of our Wheat Breeding Program in 1987
winter. After 6 years of crosses, selections and introductions were
possible last year to make our first yield evaluation in the wheat region of
Rio Grande do Sul and Southern Parana States.
Looking for lines with good lodging resistance, high yield potential,
tolerance to diseases and improved industrial quality it was possible to
select lines which yield 6,500 kg/ha. At Passo Fundo, the most important
diseases of 1992 were soilborne mosaic virus, glume blotch, mildew and scab.
We are also developing a wheat program for warmer areas, located north
of parallel 24. Our greater yields were around 4,000 kg/ha, at Londrina,
Parana. In this region, the main diseases in 1992 were mildew, bacteria,
Helminthosporium sativum, a new race of leaf rust effective for Anahuac 75
(the main cultivar) and Piricularia oryzae. Continuous rains at harvest
resulted in spouting damage.
--------------------
O. S. Rosa
Theory about the origin of the durable leaf rust resistance of the
Brazilian wheat varieties. In many countries the adult plant resistance of
the Brazilian variety Frontana (Lr344+Lr13+LrT3) is being used with very
good results. In Brazil the cross of Frontana (Fronteira/Mentana) was made
in 1930 and the variety was released in 1942. At the present time, all
Brazilian cultivars with durable leaf rust resistance probably have this
type of resistance.
How this kind of resistance was selected? The mentioned resistance is
linked with resistance to stripe rust and the first selections were made for
stripe rust. Our former breeders looking for plants with resistance to
yellow rust selected together with leaf rust adult plant resistance. Our
theory is based on the following points:
1. During the beginning of this century, wheat production in South of
Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina was relatively good.
2. The first improved varieties used in South of Brazil named Artigas
and Larranaga came from Uruguay and Argentina. After good results, by the
year of 1927, a new problem - the yellow rust - destroyed all the fields of
these varieties and the wheat production in the South Cone of South America.
3. During this period it was possible to identify lines with good
resistance to stripe rust. The lines were called `Alfredo Chaves 1-20',
selected at the Veranopolis Experimental Station from land races used by
farmers in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.
4. Using this kind of resistance made it possible to release yellow
rust resistance varieties in Argentina (Klein Acero, Klein 32), in uruguay
(Renascimiento, Porvenir and Centenario) and in Brazil (Nordeste, Farrapo,
Fronteira).
5. Since then, stripe rust is not a problem in this big region. It is
practically impossible to select for this disease because it is, nowadays,
only a curiosity on a few introduced varieties in cold years.
6. We have ecological conditions for occurrence of stripe rust in our
region. One year after the release of the variety Tifton (introduced from
USA-1970/80) the farmers had to apply fungicides to control stripe rust on
the fields of this variety. Brazilian varieties, at the same fields, had no
symptoms of the disease.
7. If we think about what happened 50 years earlier, it is possible to
conclude that it was easier to select drastic differences caused by Puccinia
striformis than quantitative differences at adult plant stage, due to
Puccinia recondita infection.
8. The information from Australia (Wheat Newsletter 38, p. 56) about
the `close genetic association of Lr34 and Yr18' gave us the first
scientific confirmation of our theory. Similarly, other Yr genes are
probably linked to other Lr genes, as Lr13, LrT3 etc. These genes in
combination are responsible for the durable and effective leaf rust control.
Fifty years of effective resistance, in this region, conditioned by Yr
genes is a very good indication for the breeders and phytopathologists from
other regions where yellow rust remains as a very important disease.
Possibly in areas with colder temperatures, this kind of resistance may be
less effective than in our ecological conditions, where it's important to
select for yellow rust as it's a mere curiosity today.
Publications
M. de Cunto, E. R. Cramer and D. V. Salgado. 1956. Estudos sobre o Trigo.
Servico de Alimentacao da Previdencia Social. p. 105-149.
--------------------
O. S. Rosa, C. E. de O. Camargo, S. Rajaram and A. C. A. Zanatta
Productivity of aluminum tolerant wheat. Aluminum tolerance linked to
limited wheat productivity has been affirmed by many breeders. Such
statement was based on results of some breeding programs relating progress
on Al tolerance with limitation on yield potential. In order to provide
further enlightenment on this question during the period that the first
author was working in EMBRAPA, Al tolerance was incorporated into cultivars
with known yield potential. Higher level of tolerance to Al in the soil was
incorporated, through back crossing method, into Jupateco 73 and Trigo BR-12
Aruana, wheat cultivars bred in Mexico, at CIMMYT. Seven and six lines
derived respectively from BR-12 and Jupateco 73 as recurrent parents were
evaluated for Al tolerance, in nutrient solution (IAC-Campinas/SP) as well
as under field and screen house conditions (EMBRAPA - Passo Fundo/RS). The
productivity of these lines was evaluated in irrigated trials, with
fungicide treatment, in soil without Al toxicity (Tatui, SP/Brazil and
Ciudad Obregon, Son./Mexico). In general, the lines yielded at least as
much as the respective recurrent parent cultivars. At Ciudad Obregon, all
lines yielded more than 6 t/ha, yielding equally or exceeding the recurrent
cultivars. The most productive lines reached 7.6 t/ha. The results
indicated that Al tolerance is not linked with low grain yield in wheat
germplasm. An article about this research was sent for publication in
Pesquisaq Agropecuaria Brasileira, August 1992.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM BULGARIA
K. Malkov, Institute of Introduction and Plant Genetic Resources, 4122
Sadova-Plovdiv
V. Vassilev
Estimation of quantitative wheat resistance to facultative
pathogenic microorganisms in the ear, using infectivity titration.
Pseudomonas syringae pv.atrofaciens (PSA) and Fusarium culmorum (FC)
cause bacterial glume rot and fusarial head blight of wheat ear,
respectively. In some years, they develop epiphitotically, reduce
significantly the yield, and deteriorate the grain production quality
in Bulgaria.
The PSA and FC inoculation was made by the methods of Vassilev et al.
(1990). Plants with PSA lesions out of the spot of inoculation were
considered as susceptible, and those with local necrosis only on the site of
injection or without any symptoms - as resistant. The median effective
dose (MED) at which 50% of the inoculated plants had a susceptible
response, was calculated by the method of moving averages. The median
effective dose at which 50% of the spikelets were blighted by FC, was
calculated by the regression analysis. The quantitative evaluation of
wheat resistance to the corresponding facultative pathogens was made by
comparing their MED.
The methods applied in wheat-PSA and wheat-FC systems allowed us to
estimate the resistance of the lines and cultivars precisely. Their
rating coincides with the responses to the PSA and FC at a slight, moderate
and severe natural attack by each of the pathogen in the field. These
methods allow the check of a sufficient number of accessions in all links of
the breeding process.
Sadovo 1, Sadovo super, Momchil, Pobeda and Katya are widely
extended in wheat production in Bulgaria (about 40% of the sown area) and
possess resistance to PSA. Some of them (Sadovo 1, Sadovo super and
Pobeda) were partially resistant to FC, but their resistance were quite
different than the top resistant cultivars (Sumai 3, Shanghai 3, Nanging
7840 and Nobeoka Bozu). Nobeoka Bozu and Shanghai 3 had complex resistance
to both pathogens.
PUBLICATIONS
Boyadjiev P. & Vassilev V. 1991. Influence of syringomycin on
differentiation of androgenic cultures in rice. International rice research
newsletter 16(1): 5.
Boyadjiev P., Vassilev V., Kabadjova D. & Ivanova E. 1991.
Influence of syringomycin on the differentiation and regeneration of wheat
callus culture. In Proceedings of the 4th International working group on
Pseudomonas syringae pathovars. Florence, Italy, 10-13 June 1991, 131-135.
Vassilev V., von Kietzell J., Toben H., Mavridis A. & Rudolph K. 1991.
Studies on wheat-Pseudomonas syringae interactions. In Proceedings of
the 4th International working group on Pseudomonas syringae pathovars.
Florence, Italy, 10-13 June 1991, 109-116.
Vassilev V. & Rudolph K. 1991 Pseudomonas pathogenicity of cereals.
In 3rd International Symposium on Pseudomonads Biology and Biotechnology.
Miramare-Grignano, Trieste, Italy, 16-20 June 1991, 127.
--------------------
S. Stoyanova
Variation of Gliadins Induced by Seed Aging and Regeneration of Wheat
Seeds - Genetic changes may occur in stored seeds, during their
regeneration, treatment and evaluation. Genetic drift happens in the
cultivars, within which differences may not be significant individually and
may depend on environmental factors.
Shifts of gliadin electroforetic spectra (GES) have been used in
analyses of wheat cultivars subjected to aging and regeneration for four
successive years. Gliadine spectrum biotypes (GSB) and their variation were
determined by analyzing individual seeds using acid (pH = 3.1) PAG-
electrophoresis. Genetic shifts of GES were estimated as a result of aging
treatment, differences between GSB in the genotype and the effect of
multiplication. The common effect of seed aging and regeneration on the
genetic integrity of seed accessions was described as a function of seed
productivity and seed survival per GSB, the biotype fractional composition,
the number of reproductions and seed sample size. Examination of 30
Bulgarian wheat cultivars and local populations showed that 12 of them
consist of more than 2 GSB.
Except for genetic shifts induced by seed aging, a dominant mutation
presented by new band configuration of GES of wheat cv. Sadovo 1 was
determined. The frequency of segregation in the next four generations
confirmed suggestion for homozygous dominant mutation (Table 1).
Table 1. The segregation ratio for a dominant mutation in Sadovo 1.
======================================================================
No. of No. of No. of Assumed x2-test
examined normal mutant segregation for ratio
Progenies lines genotypes genotypes ratio indicated
---------------------------------------------------------------------
A1 25 24 1 - -
A2 6 - 6 - -
A3 20 5 15 3:1
A4 85 24 61 3:1 0.47*
======================================================================
* degree of freedom, DF=1, probability P=0.05.
List of recent publications
Stoyanova, S.D. 1991. Genetic shifts and variation of gliadins induced by
seed aging. Seed Science and Technology 19(2).
Stoyanova, S.D. 1992. Effect of seed aging and regeneration on the genetic
composition of wheat. Seed Science and Technology, 20(13).
--------------------
K. Kolev, A. Dimov, V. Vassilev
The soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) collection consists of 6,312
accessions. Mostly they originate from the former Soviet Union, Europe,
Canada, Mexico, etc. The preserved samples are evaluated by their
morphological properties, biological features and economic virtues.
Their resistance to Puccinia graminis tritici, P. recondita tritici,
Erysiphe graminis, Fusarium culmorum, and Pseudomonas syringae pv.
atrofaciens is evaluated in the field with natural and artificial
inoculation, respectively. Some of the phytopathological tests are carried
out in terms of glasshouse or by the method of detached leaves.
Certain genotypes possessed resistance to one or two of the
investigated plant pathogens. Only a few accessions have a complex
resistance.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM CANADA
PRAIRIE WHEAT VARIETY SURVEY AND PRODUCTION
The 1992 Prairie Wheat Variety Survey was conducted jointly by Alberta
Wheat Pool, Manitoba Pool Elevators and Saskatchewan Wheat Pool. Percentage
of seeded area is indicated, with the 1991 figures in brackets.
Common - Katepwa 37.1(37.3), Laura 15.5(15.6), Columbus 15.3(14.5),
Neepawa 9.1(11.4), Roblin 7.7(5.7), Conway 4.2(4.6), Biggar 2.6(3.3),
Genesis 1.6(1.6), Leader 1.2(1.0), Park 1.1(1.5), Lancer 1.1(1.2), Makwa
1.0, Glenlea 0.7(0.7), Pasqua 0.3, Oslo 0.2(0.2), unlicensed 0.7(0.5) and
others 0.6(0.9) of 12.4(12.3) million hectares.
Durum - Kyle 56.5(52.2), Wakooma 10.7(11.3), Sceptre 9.8(11.3), Medora
9.4(9.1) Wascana 8.5(9.4), Plenty 2.4, Arcola 0.6(2.1) and others 2.0(4.6)
of 1.51(2.05) million hectares.
Winter - Norstar 94.5(95.9), Norwin 4.0(2.9), others 1.5(1.2) of
0.05(0.07) million hectares.
Statistics Canada's November estimate of 1992 wheat production on the
prairies:
========================================================================
Hectares Seeded Metric Tonnes Produced
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Manitoba - common 2,104,300 5,655,300
- durum 64,700 144,200
- winter 4,000 8,200
Saskatchewan - common 7,324,800 13,607,700
- durum 1,214,100 2,558,300
- winter 16,200 26,100
Alberta - common 2,994,700 5,832,300
- durum 232,700 435,400
- winter 28,328 59,900
--------------------
ALBERTA
Winter Cereal Development in Central Alberta
D.F. Salmon1, V.S. Baron2, P.A. Burnett2 J.H. Helm1, and P.E Jedel
In the early 1970's a winter cereal screening program was intiated by
Alberta Agriculture at Lacombe. The intention of this early work was to
determine the feasibility of producing winter cereals such as winter wheat
and winter triticale outside what is cconsidered to be the traditional
winter wheat area of southern Alberta. It was concluded that the available
varieties were not suitable due to poor straw strength and that agronomic
practises were not easily transfered outside of the tradition area of
production. However, with the exception of occasional losses due to
snowmould, winter wheat and triticale planted in late August and early
September demonstrated exceptionally high yield potential and were at least
3 weeks earlier in maturity than the hard red spring types.
In 1978 Alberta Agriculture initiated a small scale breeding program in
winter wheat and triticale at the Field Crops Branch (now Field Crop
Development Centre) Lacombe. The target area for the Lacombe program is the
black soil zone of central Alberta ranging from 52o to 54o north latitude
and 111o to 115o west longitude. This area produces primarily barley, canola
and oat. Consequently, crop divesification with winter cereals is a definite
benefit. This area produces approximately 300,000 acres of spring wheat
grading on average CWRS #2/#3. Approximately, 100,000 acres of early
maturing high quality winter wheat is well within reason.
The breeding program is currently concentrating on the development of
short statured cold tolerant winter wheat cultivars with good milling
quality. In the winter triticales, forage is an additional priority. Because
of the higher snowfall in the target area compared to the more traditional
winter wheat area of southern Alberta, snow mould resistance has become a
breeding objective. A second disease, powdery mildew has over-wintered
during the past two seasons and is currently under consideration.
At present, the long term impact of snow mould and powdery mildew is
not well defined. Cooperative evaluation trials at the field level are
currently been carried out by Alberta Agriculture and Agriculture Canada at
Lacombe. Lines identified as showing acceptable levels of snow mould
resistance have been sent to D. Gaudet at Agriculture Canada Lethbridge for
confirmation. Lines demonstrating resistance to powdery mildew are currently
under test along with common susceptible winter wheat cultivars to determine
the impact of the disease on yield potential.
Although the high snow cover in the target area provides good soil
insulation, early seeding of the crop in late August and early September is
required to insure good levels of winter survival. This is in direct
contrast to the traditional winter wheat area where delaying seeding until
mid-September is a way of escaping common winter wheat diseases and may have
a major impact on controlling losses due to the Russian Wheat Aphid. At the
present time the Russian Wheat Aphid has not been detected in the target
area.
Currently, the Alberta beef herd stands at 1.6 million head. Therefore
alternative end uses for winter cereals are also being considered by the
programs at FCDC Lacombe. Winter cereals have shown excellent potential as
forage crops. Winter cereals can be conventionally planted in the fall and
used for a grazing crop in the fall and spring prior to seed production.
However the growing season is extremely short (1300 growing degree days)
using conventional systems. Thus novel grazing systems have had to be
developed. Winter cereals can be planted in the spring alone or in
combination with spring cereals for silage production and fall grazing or
for season-long grazing (June-November). As a spring seeded grazing crop
winter wheat produces high quality forage during the early and mid-season
period. However spring seeded winter triticale cultivars such as Pika and
Wintri as well as fall rye provide superior late summer and fall grazing.
Due to the important forage potential of winter cereals in many areas of
Alberta, all advanced lines in the breeding program are evaluated for forage
potential as well as conventional seed production. This work is being
carried out in part as a cooperative project with Agriculture Canada
Lacombe.
The winter triticale cultivar Pika (PI547164) was registered in Canada
in 1990. Winter wheat lines with short stature and potentially acceptable
milling quality are in the preliminary stages of cooperative testing.
1 Field Crop Development Centre, Alberta Agriculture, Bag #47, Lacombe,
Alberta, Canada T0C 1S0.
2 Agriculture Canada, Research Station, Bag #5000 Lacombe, Alberta, Canada
T0C 1S0.
MANITOBA
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Winnipeg
Over-production of 1B HMW glutenin subunits. - O.M. Lukow
Seed of TAA 36, a landrace from Israel, was examined by SDS-PAGE and
was confirmed to produce twice as much of the high molecular weight (HMW)
subunit 7 as most allelic 1Bx subunits in commercial cultivars. Analysis by
RFLP using a HMW glutenin subunit probe strongly suggested a gene copy of
two for this subunit instead of a single copy reported for the other HMW
subunit genes. The Canadian cultivar Glenlea was also confirmed to over-
produce subunit 7 but only by 30%. This was shown to be not a result of
gene duplication. The over-production of subunit 7 may be related to
increased dough mixing strength.
Wheat leaf rust in Canada in 1992. - J.A. Kolmer
Wheat leaf rust was first detected in 1992 during the second week of
June, in winter wheat plots at Portage, MB. However, the lack of southerly
winds in June and July reduced the initial amount of inoculum and slowed the
general rate of leaf rust increase. By the first week of July, leaf rust was
present only in trace amounts at scattered locations throughout southern
Manitoba. By the second week of August, leaf rust had increased to moderate
severity levels in fields of Katepwa, Neepawa, and Biggar in southern
Manitoba. Yield loss due to leaf rust was possible in late planted fields of
these cultivars. Leaf rust levels were very low in fields of the resistant
cultivars Roblin, Columbus, Pasqua, and Grandin. The severity of leaf rust
infection on susceptible cultivars was significantly lower in eastern
Saskatchewan. Only trace levels of rust could be found north of Regina.
Losses were not expected in this area.
Physiologic specialization of Puccinia recondita on wheat in Canada in
1992.
Table 1. Frequency (%) of the most common virulence phenotypes as identified
on the Prt1 differentials.
======================================================================
Virulence Eastern Canada(2) Praires(3) British Columbia
phenotype
---------------------------------------------------------------------
KBG-14a,10 0.00 32.00 0.00
MBB-14a,10 0.00 0.00 40.90
MBG-14a 7.29 0.00 0.00
MBG-14a,10 26.04 2.00 0.00
MCB-14a,10 0.00 0.50 22.70
MFB-14a,10 2.08 13.50 0.00
PBD-10 0.00 0.00 27.30
PBL-B,10 34.30 0.00 0.00
TBG-14a,10 2.08 15.50 0.00
TDG-14a,10 0.00 8.50 0.00
TFB-14a,10 0.00 8.00 0.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Number 96 200 22
of isolates
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Phytopathology 79: 525-529
2 Ontario and Quebec
3 Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Table 2. Frequency (%) of wheat leaf rust isolates virulent to isogenic
Thatcher lines with different leaf rust resistance genes
=======================================================================
Resistance gene Eastern(1) Canada Prairies(2) British Columbia
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Lr1 94.70 61.50 100.00
Lr2a 7.29 78.50 0.00
Lr2c 56.25 78.50 36.40
Lr3 89.58 100.00 100.00
Lr9 1.04 0.00 0.00
Lr16 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lr24 8.33 41.50 0.00
Lr26 5.20 29.00 0.00
Lr3ka 44.79 1.00 0.00
Lr11 38.50 66.00 0.00
Lr17 0.00 0.00 36.40
Lr30 1.04 1.00 0.00
LrB 48.90 0.00 0.00
Lr14a 57.29 100.00 72.70
Lr18 6.25 0.50 0.00
Lr10 90.60 100.00 100.00
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Number of 96.00 200.00 22.00
Isolates
1 Ontario and Quebec
2 Manitoba and Saskatchewan
Downgrading of wheat due to smut from a weed. - P.L. Thomas, L.A.
Cooke, R.M. Clear.
Two reports of smut associated with "wild millet" were received in 1991
from farmers who noticed black clouds of spores while swathing or combining
their fields in southern Manitoba. Kernels in a sample of wheat from the
affected field near Treherne were all blackened by smut spores, especially
at the brush end. The sample lacked the smell that is characteristic of the
wheat bunts, but was downgraded because the Canadian grading standards state
that when more than 5% of kernels are "naturally stained", wheat will be
downgraded to feed. An examination of the sample, and the field yielding it,
revealed the presence of both yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv.)
and green foxtail (S. viridis (L.) Beauv.), but only the yellow foxtail
plants were affected by the smut. As many as 70% of the plants in dense
patches of the weed were smutted. Only two normal seeds were found on
examining 167 affected plants - the remaining seeds were all replaced by
smut spores. When examined by light and electron microscopy, the smut
teliospores from both the weed and the wheat sample fit the description of
Ustilago neglecta (Niessl.), a species that is world-wide in appearance on
Setaria species. This smut was listed as infecting S. glauca in Manitoba in
1938, but has not been noticed by plant pathologists since that time. Yellow
foxtail has only become common in farm fields in southern Manitoba in the
last decade.
Over 200 fields were searched during a routine cereal smut survey in
Manitoba in 1992. Yellow foxtail was only observed in 10 of these fields and
none of the plants that were observed were affected by smut. Due to its
potential to cause downgrading of seed of cereals, we plan to continue to
monitor the development of this disease in southern Manitoba. If the weed
continues to be widespread, and if a significant proportion of the
population becomes infected by smut, resultant reductions in grades of crops
could necessitate more stringent weed control measures.
Note: Address for LAC and RMC: Canadian Grain Commission, Grain
Research Lab. 1404-303 Main St., Winnipeg, Manitoba R3C 3G8.
PCR-based DNA marker for a leaf rust resistance gene. - S. Fox, W. Kim,
F. Townley-Smith, E. Czarnecki, M. Wolf, N. Howes and J. Procunier.
By combining the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with
the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) gel system, a high level
of DNA polymorphism between wheat cultivars and/or alien species has been
observed. Amplified DNA fragments that differ by a single base pair can be
distinguished on polyacrylamide gels. These polymorphisms have been shown
to be repeatable by using different DNA extractions and PCR samples.
Utilizing a 20-60% denaturant gradient and random primers (Biotechnology
Laboratory, UBC), a single polymorphic band was observed between a pair of
near-isogenic lines (NIL) RL6043 and RL6044. Nearly 200 different random
primers were screened. Line RL6043 has the wheat leaf rust resistance gene
(Lr21) introgressed into the recurrent parent `Thatcher'. Line RL6044 lacks
this alien introgressed DNA segment and the resistance gene. Eleven other
`Thatcher' NIL lines which have different introgressed Lr genes did not show
this polymorphic band. Segregating F2 populations of crosses involving Lr21
are currently being tested to verify the linkage between the Lr21 gene and
the DNA marker.
Infestations of Hessian fly on cultivars/lines of wheat at Glenlea,
Manitoba, in 1992. W.J. Turnock and R.I.H. McKenzie
The numbers of reports of infestations of Hessian fly, Phytophaga
destructor (Say), have been increasing in Manitoba in recent years,
particularly in fields of HY320 or Biggar. At the same time, some heavy
infestations were noted among breeders lines at the Agriculture Canada
Glenlea Research Station. Although the Hessian Fly has been present in
Manitoba for about 100 years, it has not caused noticeable economic loss to
the Hard Red Spring Wheats. However, some reports indicate that Hessian fly
has become more abundant in these cultivars as well as in HY320 and Biggar,
which are known to be highly susceptible.
Current trends toward the growing of shorter-strawed wheats (Canadian
Prairie Spring type) coupled with an emphasis on the harvesting crops at a
more mature stage (no swathing) could lead to serious losses from Hessian
fly. Incorporation of resistance genes in new cultivars therefore seems
highly desirable. To efficiently incorporate genetic resistance into
cultivars for Manitoba it is necessary to identify the Hessian fly biotypes
that are present and to evaluate the performance of cultivars/lines that may
be used.
In 1992, the susceptibility/resistance of cultivars/lines from the
USDA-ARS Uniform Hessian Fly Nursery plus other lines in which the type of
genetic resistance to Hessian Fly was known were grown in a block at
Glenlea, MB.
After maturity, all the plants within, each row were pulled up and
stored in a labelled bundle at ~5øC. Subsequently, three plants were taken
from the bundle and each stem was examined for the presence Hessian Fly.
The number of infested stems and the number of Hessian Fly per infested stem
was recorded. Additional plants were examined for cultivars/lines in which
the numbers of stems per plant was small or if the percentage infestation
varied widely among the first three plants.
Response to resistance genes: Hessian fly was quite abundant at
Glenlea in 1992, when wheats with no resistance to Hessian fly had 30-33%
infested stems and Biggar, a super-susceptible cultivar, had 66% infestation
(Table 1). The Glenlea population of Hessian flies did not show virulence
to resistance genes H3, H5, H6, (H7-H8), H11, H13, H18, and 2RL.
Infestation on two cultivars said to have H3 (Howell and Cardinal) can be
attributed to variability in the presence of this gene.
Low levels of infestation occurred on cultivars with resistance genes
H9, H10, H12, (H14- H15), Marquillo, and T. tauschii. These results
probably indicate the presence, in the Hessian fly population, of some flies
that are virulent on this resistance gene. However, the possibility that
the Glenlea population has some tolerance for this type of resistance cannot
be excluded.
TABLE 1. Hessian fly differentials on wheat at Glenlea, 1992
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Resistance Source Numbers of Stem HF/stem
infected(%)
Plants Stems
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
None Blueboy 3 83 30 1.9
" Augusta 5 105 32 2.0
" Fl 302 4 52 33 1.5
" Biggar 64 64 66 2.8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
H3 Monon 3 82 0 -
" Howell 5 124 35 2.3
" Cardinal 5 183 11 2.2
" Norkan 47 47 0 -
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
H3 H5 Oasis 3 45 0 -
" SD8036 3 92 0 -
H3 H6 Clara Fay 3 70 0 -
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
H5 Abe 3 53 0 -
H5 H6 Clark 3 57 0 -
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
H6 Compton 4 73 0 -
" Caldwell 4 112 0 -
H6 H7 H8 Knox 62 3 62 0 -
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
H7 H8 Seneca 3 90 0 -
" Stacey 3 60 0 -
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
H9 Ella 3 55 2 1.0
" 8521B1-4-5 5 122 11 2.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
H9 H10 Stella 5 149 8 1.1
H10 76529A5-3 5 80 1 2.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
H11 Kay 3 72 0 -
H12 841453H15-1-1-2-5-2 6 96 2 1.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
H13 KSH 8700 3 35 0 -
H13 86925RA1-16 3 87 0 -
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
H14 H15 82104 B1-3-2-5 5 100 3 1.0
H18 8686 A1-8 3 68 0 -
H18 Brule 3 70 0 -
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
2RL KS86HF012-23-6 3 44 0 -
Marquillo SD 8073 5 106 1 1.0
" Guard 6 96 2 3.5
T. tauschii KS89WGRC06 5 102 10 2.1
============================================================================
Durum wheat quality. - Howes, N.K., Leisle, D., Kovacs, M.I.P. and
Zawistowski, J.
We have been screening hybridomas secreting Monoclonal Antibodies
(MAbs) specific to cereal endosporum proteins for clones that have potential
applications in wheat breeding. One MAb specific to low molecular weight
glutenins subunits (LMWGS-2) binds to à 45 gliadin durums having LMWGS-2
(eg. Vic, Edmore, Quilafen) but does not bind to à 45 gliadin durums having
LMWGS-2- (eg. Medora, Sceptre, Kyle) or to durums having LMW1.
Progeny from a cross segregating for LMWGS 2 or 2- were evaluated for
protein (PRO), cooked gluten viscoelasticity (CGV) SDS sedimentation volume
(SV) and cooked pasta disc viscoelasticity (PDV). Lines homozygous for
LMWGS-2 had similar PRO and CGV but higher SV and PDV. These results show
that this MAb would be useful in selecting breeders lines having higher
cooking quality amongst à45 gliadin durums. Furthermore, protein and LMWGS
independently contributed to superior lines as measured by the cooked pasta
viscoelasticity test.
Screening for pasta quality with viscoelastograph. - M.I.P., Kovacs, G.
Dahlke and J.S. Noll
The usefulness of gluten viscoelasticity to predict pasta cooking
quality in durum wheat breeding programswas evaluated. Cooked gluten
viscoelasticity was expressed as relative recovery calculated from the creep
curve obtained by a viscoelastograph. Varieties with different quality
characteristics were tested for protein content, sodium dodecyl sulfate
sedimentation volume (SV), mixograph mixing development time (MDT), pasta
disc viscoelasticity (PDV), and cooked gluten viscoelasticity (CGV).
Pearson correlation coefficients and principal component analyses indicated
that cooked gluten viscoelasticity was associated with SV, MDT and PDV, but
not with protein content. Cooked gluten viscoelasticity can be used to
predict gluten strength and consequently durum wheat pasta quality.
Modifications to the method of measuring viscoelasticity have resulted in
better reproducibility and high sample output, both important in breeding
programs.
Developing Tolerance to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus in Spring Wheats for
Western Canada. - S. Haber and F. Townley-Smith.
Until 1989 wheat streak mosaic (WSM) had not attracted much attention
in southwestern Manitoba and southeastern Saskatchewan. Since 1989, locally
severe losses have been observed in spring wheat fields in the vicinity of
winter wheat. We observed losses as high as 100% in some popular cultivars,
such as Laura and AC Minto, while other cultivars, such as Katepwa and
Columbus appeared to have been less seriously affected. A devastating
outbreak of WSM at Indian Head, Saskatchewan in 1989 not only showed that
popular cultivars such as Laura were extremely vulnerable, but also
provided, if unintentionally, a selection nursery for wheat lines with
greater disease tolerance. It was particularly striking that three head row
selection lines of BW122, an advanced breeding line then in the third year
of co-operative testing, were much less seriously affected by WSM than all
the others and, indeed, the BW122 bulk population.
Greenhouse experiments conducted in 1990 confirmed the initial
observations made at Indian Head, and showed that the apparent differences
in disease tolerance that had been observed in the field were due to
differences in tolerance to the virus disease and not to differences in
resistance to the mite vector (Table 1).
Table 1. Effect of Wheat Streak Mosaic (WSM) on Seed Yield 1990 Greenhouse
Test.
============================================================================
Yield per plant (8 reps)
---------------------------------------
Mock inoculated WSMV inoculated
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Laura 5.75g 1.31g
Katepwa 9.26 5.27
BW122 7.52 4.83
" /43 8.83 6.88
" /50 7.82 7.13
" /100 7.36 7.10
============================================================================
The relative differences in sensitivity to WSM observed in greenhouse
trials were confirmed in controlled, replicated field trials. The absolute
effects of WSM were greater in the field trials because the
greenhouse-reared plants did not experience stresses related to extremes of
temperature or water deficit, and the additional effects these stresses
imposed on diseased plants. The three headrow selection lines of BW122 that
had appeared less severely affected by WSM at Indian Head than the BW122
bulk population in controlled field experiments (Table 2) as well as in
greenhouse tests. Wheat germplasm, such as the American cultivars Butte and
Oslo, that had been developed under the pressure of naturally-occurring WSM,
were also relatively tolerant (Table 2). After similar results were
obtained again in 1991, and it had become clear that WSM in spring wheat was
a serious problem that would accompany planting of winter wheat in
southwestern Manitoba and southeastern Saskatchewan, we decided that
tolerant germplasm already in the wheat breeding program should be
identified and exploited on a systematic basis.
Table 2. Effect of Wheat Streak Mosaic (WSM) on Seed Yield 1990 Field Test.
============================================================================
Yield per 50 cm row (8 reps)
-------------------------------------------
Mock inoculated WSMV inoculated
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Laura 110.1g 59.7g
Katepwa 122.1 64.8
BW122 107.7 47.3
" /43 110.8 80.4
" /50 122.3 90.9
" /100 122.9 97.7
Butte 128.1 92.0
Oslo 113.5 83.2
===========================================================================
Before embarking on a full-scale selection program, we needed to know
whether artificially inoculated disease nurseries would enable reliable
screening of large numbers of entries, and the accurate identification of
the best candidates for selection. To be of greatest benefit in breeding
superior wheat cultivars, any identified WSM tolerance to be exploited would
need to protect seed quality as well as yield. The 1992 field trials
showed: a) that yield losses were fully accounted for by the combination of
reduced tillering, reduced number of seeds per head, and reduced seed size
(Table 3); b) that disease sensitivity or tolerance in one of these yield
components was reflected in total yield and, for the most part, the other
two yield components (Table 3); and c) that visual disease ratings taken at
mid-season (after tillering was completed) were excellent predictors of
yield loss (Table 4) and good predictors of loss of seed quality as
reflected in 1000-seed weight (Table 5).
Table 3. Effect of Wheat Streak Mosaic (WSM) on Yield Loss Factors: 1992
Field Test (virus- vs mock-inoculated).
=========================================================================
Wheat line Loss of Loss of Loss of Total
tillering seeds/head seed size yield loss
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Laura 8.862 2.621 1.016 52.481
AC Minto 1.268 1.044 0.729 8.710
Katepwa 0.914 0.655 0.494 3.236
Columbus 0.653 0.489 0.536 2.570
Butte 0.636 0.406 0.474 2.344
Oslo 0.412 0.635 0.403 2.188
BW 155 0.463 0.259 0.546 1.820
BW 122/100 0.260 0.315 0.373 1.758
=========================================================================
Loss factors are expressed by the logit transformation: logit(x) = x/(1-x),
where x is the proportion of loss compared to mock-inoculated controls.
Table 4. Relationship between Wheat Streak Mosaic visual rating (0..best,
9..worst) at mid-dough and final yield loss (virus- vs mock-inoculated).
=========================================================================
Wheat line Visual Logarithm of Correlation
rating yield loss logit coefficient
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Laura 7.81 1.72
AC Minto 5.81 0.94
Katepwa 5.13 0.51
Columbus 4.06 0.41 0.97
Butte 3.75 0.34
Oslo 4.44 0.37
BW 155 3.56 0.26
BW 122/100 3.38 0.25
========================================================================
Table 5. Relationship between Wheat Streak Mosaic visual rating (0..best,
9..worst) at mid-dough and loss of seed size (virus- vs mock-inoculated).
========================================================================
Wheat line Visual Seed weight Correlation
rating loss logit coefficient
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Laura 7.81 1.02
AC Minto 5.81 0.73
Katepwa 5.13 0.49
Columbus 4.06 0.54 0.93
Butte 3.75 0.40
Oslo 4.44 0.47
BW 155 3.56 0.55
BW 122/100 3.38 0.37
========================================================================
Our quantitative analysis of the differential effects of WSM on a
selected group of wheat cultivars and advanced breeding lines shows that
accurate, large-scale, screening of spring wheat germplasm for tolerance to
WSMV is feasible. Starting in 1993, the Western Canada Grains Foundation is
supporting a three-year project to screen and select bread-, durum-, and
Canada Prairie spring wheats. By identifying and exploiting improved
tolerance already available in germplasm adapted to western Canadian
requirements, it will be possible to develop superior tolerant breeding
lines and cultivars relatively quickly.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Charlottetown
H. G. Nass and H.W. Johnston
Winter survival. Severe winter killing over most of the Atlantic
region of Canada had a negative effect on the winter wheat crop. In early
April it appeared that most fields had survived the winter as new growth
began to appear. However, several weeks later, it became evident that
fields of winter wheat were turning brown and the plants were dead. What
had happened during those 2-3 weeks in April ? Apparently growth had begun
in early April but around the middle of the month the night temperatures
dropped to -10 oC or lower for 3 days in a row. Most winter wheat crops,
irrespective of variety, were unable to withstand these severe conditions
and the plants winterkilled.
Greater emphasis is being placed on developing varieties of winter
wheat with a higer level of winter hardiness than in presently grown
varieties in Atlantic Canada. The LT50 test is conducted to supplement
field
data. This test is conducted on field grown material in late November just
before the onset of winter and before the frost settles into the ground.
Our best sources of winterhardiness come from Norway and the Soviet Union.
Diseases. The optimum time for data collection on resistance of wheat
to fusarium head blight (scab) is limited to the window of time between
symptom and onset of head senescence. On Prince Edward Island this window
of time allows for observations to be made over a period of about two to
three weeks. A method was devised using seed characteristics that can be
measured during the winter as an alternate method to ensure all lines in a
test are evaluated for disease resistance when time has not permitted
disease severity ratings to be completed in the field.
The best positive correlations between field symptom ratings and winter
observations were between symptom severity and percentage of lightweight
seed of each head, determined by using an air column separator and heads
that had been hand threshed without cleaning. Field disease severity and
ratings were also significantly correlated (negative) with yield loss
calculated on the basis of kernel weights.
Greenhouse data collection, while not considered to be as appropriate
as measurements of disease severity based on percentage of spikelets and
heads diseased, would allow disease severity data to be collected during the
winter to substitute for data not collected in the field during the summer.
--------------------
SASKATCHEWAN
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Swift Current
R.M. De Pauw*
New cultivar. AC Taber, red-kernel spring wheat, resembles Biggar but
has improved resistance to prevalent races of leaf rust and common bunt; and
exhibits superior quality to Biggar with higher protein content, better
milling quality, and increased gluten strength. It is eligible for grades
of the recently established wheat class, Canada Prairie Spring (red).
The Canada Prairie Spring class was established in 1985 and has grown
rapidly to become the third largest at about 1.6 million acres. There are
two sub-divisions based on kernel color, red and white. The end-use
suitability levels of this class are a medium protein content (11.0% to
12.0% on 13.5% moisture basis); medium kernel hardness (starch damage of 19
to 33 farand units); farinograph water absorption 56% to 60%; good milling
quality comparable to Canada Western Red Spring. The CPS-red would have a
strong gluten of good baking quality similar to USA Hard Winter Ordinary
while the CPS-white would have a medium gluten strength similar to the
Australian Standard White.
M.R. Fernandez; J.M. Clarke*; R.M. DePauw; B. Irvine; J.G. McLeod
Leaf spotting fungi in irrigated durum wheat grown at Swift Current and
Outlook, Sask., in 1991-1992. Leaf spots may cause significant yield
loss in wheat and have an adverse effect on grain quality. High levels of
resistance or tolerance to this disease complex are required to avoid the
financially and environmentally costly alternative of using chemical
control. A strategy for breeding for resistance to these pathogens includes
the assessment of the relative prevalence of each of the pathogens involved
in the leaf spot complex. Leaf samples from 14 durum varieties and advanced
breeding lines, grown under sprinkler irrigation at two locations in
Saskatchewan, Swift Current and Outlook, in 1991-1992, were plated on water
agar for identification and quantification of fungal pathogens causing leaf
spots. In both years and locations, leaf spots were mostly attributed to
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (average of 76%). This was followed by Septoria
nodorum (19%), with Cochliobolus sativus being the least common (6%). For
both locations, P. tritici-repentis and C. sativus were more frequent in
1991 than in 1992 (84% and 11% in 1991, and 68% and 0.6% in 1992, for P.
tritici-repentis and C. sativus, respectively), with S. nodorum being more
prevalent in 1992 than in 1991 (5% and 32% for 1991 and 1992, respectively).
In both years, P. tritici-repentis was more frequently isolated from leaf
samples from Swift Current (81%) than from Outlook (71%). This was
accounted for by a greater presence of C. sativus in 1991, and of S. nodorum
in 1992, at Outlook than Swift Current (average for C. sativus: 15% and 7%
in 1991, and for S. nodorum: 39% and 25% in 1992, for Outlook and Swift
Current, respectively).
Black point and pink smudge on durum wheat kernels grown under
irrigated conditions near Outlook, Sask., in 1990-1992. Black point, pink
smudge, and red smudge on kernels reduces semolina quality and is reflected
in lower returns to the grower. Durum wheat is more susceptible to these
diseases than hexaploid wheat. Incidence of black point and pink smudge was
determined in 155-200 durum varieties and advanced breeding lines grown
under sprinkler irrigation in 1990-1992, at Outlook, Saskatchewan. Black
point was present at an average frequency of 27%, 19% and 41.3% in 1990,
1991 and 1992 respectively. The most prevalent organisms isolated from
black-pointed seeds of 14 genotypes from the 1991 and 1992 season were
Alternaria spp. (average of 75% and 55.6% in 1991 and 1992, respectively).
In 1991, these were followed by Cochliobolus sativus (13%) and Pyrenophora
tritici-repentis (5%). Other fungi, mostly saprophytes, and bacteria, were
isolated at a combined frequency of 9%. In 1992, the latter group of
organisms were the second most prevalent ones (31%), with C. sativus and P.
tritici-repentis being isolated at low frequencies (<5%). Pink-smudged
seeds were observed at less than 0.5% in 1990 and 1991, and at an average of
2.3% in 1992. P. tritici-repentis was isolated from all pink-smudged seeds.
Publications
Clarke, J.M., Romagosa, I., and DePauw, R.M. 1991. Screening durum wheat
germplasm for dry growing conditions: morphological and physiological
criteria. Crop Sci. 31(3): 770-775.
McLeod, J.G., Townley-Smith, T.F., DePauw, R.M., Lendrum, C.W.B., McCrystal,
G.E., and Payne, J.F. 1990. 'Frank' spring triticale. Can. J. Plant Sci.
70: 1155-1157.
McLeod, J.G., Townley-Smith, T.F., DePauw, R.M., Clarke, J.M., Lendrum,
C.W.B., and McCrystal, G.E. 1991. Registration of 'Kyle' durum wheat.
Crop Sci. 31: 236-237.
DePauw, R.M., and McCaig, T.N. 1991. Components of variation,
heritabilities and correlations for indices of sprouting tolerance and seed
dormancy in Triticum spp. Euphytica: 52: 221-229.
DePauw, R.M., Preston, K.R., Townley-Smith, T.F., Hurd, E.A., McCrystal,
G.E. and Lendrum, C.W.B. 1991. Biggar red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant
Sci. 71: 519-522.
McLeod, J.G., Townley-Smith, T.F., DePauw, R.M., Lendrum, C.W.B., McCrystal,
G.E. and Payne, J.F. 1991. Registration of 'Frank' spring triticale. Crop
Sci. 31(2): 490.
McLeod, J.G., Townley-Smith, T.F., DePauw, R.M., Clarke, J.M., Lendrum,
C.W.B. and McCrystal, G.E. 1991. Registration of 'Kyle' durum wheat. Crop
Sci. 31: 236-237.
McLeod, J.G., Townley-Smith, T.F., DePauw, R.M., Clarke, J.M., Lendrum,
C.W.B. and McCrystal, G.E. 1991. Registration of DT367 high yielding durum
germplasm. Crop Sci. 31: 1394.
McLeod, J.G., Townley-Smith, T.F., DePauw, R.M., Clarke, J.M., Lendrum,
C.W.B., and McCrystal, G.E. 1991. Registration of DT369 high yielding,
semidwarf durum germplasm. Crop Sci. 31: 1717.
McCaig, T.N. and DePauw, R.M. 1992. Breeding for preharvest sprouting
tolerance in white seed-coat spring wheat. Crop Sci. 32: 19-23.
De Pauw, R.M., McCaig, T.N., Clarke, J.M., McLeod, J.G., Knox, R.E., and
Fernandez, M.R. 1993. Registration of sprouting tolerant white-kernelled
wheat germplasm. Crop Sci. 32:838.
Clarke, J.M., DePauw, R.M. and Townley-Smith, T.F. 1992. Evaluation of
methods for quantification of drought tolerance in wheat. Crop Science 32:
723-728).
Knox, R.E., De Pauw, R.M., Morrison, R.J., McCaig, T.N., Clarke, J.M., and
McLeod, J.G. 1992 AC Taber red spring wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. (in
press).
McCaig, T.N., J.G. McLeod, J.M. Clarke, and R.M. DePauw. 1992. Measurement
of durum pigment with an NIR instrument operating in the visible range.
Cereal Chem. 69:671-672.
McCaig, T.N., R.M. DePauw, J.G. McLeod, J.M. Clarke, and N.B. McCrie. 1992.
Registration of near-isogenic wheat genetic stocks differing in
glaucousness. Crop Sci. 32:(in press).
--------------------
ITEMS FROM CHINA
Wheat Breeding Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing
210014
Zhaosu Wu, Shirong Yu, Xizhong Wei, Youjia Shen, Guoliang Jiang, Jimin
Wu, Yong Xu, Xhaoxia Chen, Qimei Xia, Shijia Liu
Studies on the development of scab-resistance gene pool in wheat - A
preliminary report on effects of population improvement in the scab-
resistance resource gene pool. Different cyclical populations RODC, RC1,
RC2 and RC3 of the scab resistance resource gene pool (SRRGP) in wheat and
the resistant cultivar Sumai 3 were investigated during two crop seasons
1989-90 in Nanjing to evaluate the effects of the population improvement.
The experimental results showed that the resistance of the population to
scab was significantly improved by phenotypic recurrent selection. The
number of percentage of diseased male-fertile plants was significantly
reduced in the populations. Of these plants, the average of diseased
spikelets was decreased by about 20% per cycle and the frequency of plants
with R-level resistance tended to increase distinctly. The effects of
improvement were significant with spike length, total and seeded spikelets,
number and weight of grains per spike, population means of which increased
cycle by cycle. However, kernel weight in RC3 was lower than that in RC1
and RC2, and obvious change of plant height was not found during the
recurrent selection for the resistance. Genetic variability of the gene
pool was maintained, and the probability of superior plants obtained with
improved resistance as well as some desirable agronomic traits from it was
obviously enhanced. It was suggested that both selection for scab-
resistance and some agronomic characters should be simultaneously conducted
in further recurrent selection programs in order to improve the synthetic
performance of the gene pool.
A study on re-selection method for advanced strains of wheat. Re-
selection was made in two advanced generation strains. Genetic variation
and genetic gains of several principal characters of the two strains were
estimated, then the re-selection methods and effects were discussed. The
number of plants (basic population size) needed in multiple character
selection for different demands were estimated by using approximate
calculation of muultiple normal distribution. A new idea served for study
on genetic gains of multiple characters and estimation of basic population
size was represented in this study. Through analysis and probability
calculation on the two strains, we showed results that about 2.5%-5%
relative genetic gains of grains per spike and 1/grain weight of Nannong 82-
4 strain can be got while maintaining ears per plant at the original level
from pure line selection of 700-1500 plants, and about 2.5%-5%, 2.5%-5% and
7.5%-15% relative genetic gains of scab injury degree, anthesis and pre-
harvested sprouting rate of Nannong 2101 strain can be obtained when its
yield character remains at the original level from pure line selection of
2000-3000 plants.
Effects of phenotypic recurrent selection and mass selection on
improvement of agronomic traits in wheat populations. Two cycles of
phenotypic recurrent selection for plant height and spikes per plant of
sterile plants and two cycles of mass selection for plant height and yield
per plant of fertile plants in a wheat base population were evaluated to
measure the direct response for correlated traits. Results showed a
significant decrease of plant height for both sterile plants and fertile
plants, but no increment of spikes per plant and yield per plant were found.
Negative correlated responses were found in ear length and spikelets per
spike. The realized genetic gain achieved by mass selection for plant
height was greater than that of recurrent selection. Recurrent selection
for sterile plants could maintain more genetic variation than the mass
selection for fertile plants. Realized genetic gains of all agronomic
traits were lower than expected genetic gains.
Testing seed germination and screening of white-kerneled germplasm
resources for sprouting resistance. 141 wheat cultivars and breeding lines
from various regions of China and abroad were evaluated for seed
germinability in ears by plastic sack wrapping (PSW) and field testing
methods, respectively, in Nanjing during 1990-1991 crop season. There were
positive and highly significant correlations between the results of
germinability measured four times by three methods and the mean correlation
coefficient was 0.8389. A significant and negative correlation existed
sprouting percentage of grains in spikes and seed-coat color level (total
jr=-0.7344). Although germination rate of seeds in spikes of white-seeded
cultivars and lines was generally greater than that of the red-seeded ones,
obvious varietal differences were found for both the former and the latter
in sprouting resistance. Estimate of broad-sense heritability was 83.38%
for the resistance to viviparity with 51 breeding lines and one cultivar
(Yangmai 5) grown in a two-replicate randomized block layout. It was
suggested that 12 white cultivars and lines having sprouting resistance
could be used in wheat breeding programs and production.
Studies on principles and ways concerning the coordinative enhancement
of biomass and harvest index in wheat cultivars. A study was made by a
series of experiments involving genetics, physiology, anatomy and
morphology, etc. carried out in 1989-1991, and the principles and ways
concerning the coordinative enhancement of biomass and harvest index in
wheat cultivars are discussed at the levels of individual, of population and
of the relationship between individual and population.
Statistical genetic analysis with 125 cultivars, representing the
current genetic resources of the lower Yangtze region showed that the
harvest index of main stem of the available genetic resources is higher, but
the variances with high biomass are not plentiful and needed to be explored
for enriching the breeding basic materials. One cluster analysis based on
biomass components divided by vertical direction indicates that enhancing
the upper internode proportion of biomass is favorable for coordinate
increment of biomass and harvest index. Another cluster analysis based on
biomass components divided by horizontal direction hints that the
contradiction between biomass and harvest index is mainly a reflection of
the contradiction between culm dry weight and grain yield, and reducing the
lower internode proportions of biomass is profitable. Reforming the weight
proportions of different internodes by improving the length proportions of
internodes is expected to reduce the risk of lodging in practical breeding
programs. Anatomic morphological survey of main culm of 17 cultivars
suggests that increasing macro- or micro-bundles could enhance spikelet
fertility, and enhancing macro-bundles of the upper internodes is proposed
due to the positive relationship between macro-bundles and biomass. A
simultaneous test for dry weight development of different organs with 6
cultivars suggests that the dry weight of the upper internodes loses little
with higher filling rate, and brings about successive biomass increment
after flowering in stable high yield cultivars as Yangmai 5.
By approaching the physiological factors related with differences of
population biomass in 12 cultivars, it was discovered that nitrate reductase
(NR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of three enzyme system, i.e., carbon
assimilation, nitrogen nutrition and endogenous protection, is significant
for biomass development, because NR activity affects biomass by affecting
the tiller survival rate, and in different stages higher SOD activity is
needed for luxuriant growth of wheat plants in that time. The non-linear
regression analyses separately and synthetically on development of grain
yield, vegetable dry weight and biomass of population after flowering in 12
cultivars suggests that grain filling stage, grain filling rate and
vegetables dry weight could affect biomass. The necessary factors for
coordinately enhancing biomass and harvest index are proposed as higher
biomass in flowering stage, higher filling rate following lower and later
vegetable losses.
A significant cultivar x culture pattern was noted by carrying out a
contrast test between mixed cropping and pure cropping and using profitable
competition for enhancing population biomass is proposed based on a
discussion involving the results of heterosis utilization, the theory of
ecological genetics and progress on researches of plant ideotype.
PUBLICATIONS
Jiang, Cuoliang, Zhaosu Wu, Zhaoxia Chen, Dechong Huang, Qingpu Xiao, Huiagu
Chen, Han Zhu and Yimin Fang. 1992. Studies on the Development of Scab-
resistance gene pool in wheat. A preliminary report on effects of
population improvement in the scab-resistance resource gene pool (SCIENTIA
AGRICULTURA SINICA) 25(6):30-37.
Jiang, Guoliang, Zhaosu Wu and Zhaoxia Chen. 1992. Preliminary Report on
Determining Seed Germinability in Spikes and Selecting White-kerneled
Germplasm Resources with Sprouting Resistance in Triticum aestivum. Acta
Agriculturae Shanghai, 9(3):9-14.
Jiang, Guoliang. 1992. Advances on Genetic Mechanism of Resistance to
Headblight of Wheat and Improvement of Variety. Chinese Agricultural
Science Bulletin 8(5): 10-13.
Yang, Zhuping and Zhaosu Wu. 1992. Effects of Phenotypic Recurrent
Selection and Mass Selection on Improvement of Agronomic Traits in Wheat
Populations. (ACTA AGRONOMICA SINICA), 18(1):50-60.
Xu, Yong, Shirong Yu and Zhaosu Wu. 1992. A Study on Reselection Method
for Advanced Strain of Wheat, Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 25(6):38-43.
Yu, Shirong and Yong, Xu. 1992. Regional Evaluation of the Cultivar in
Cultivar Regional Test. J. of Nanjing Agricultural University, 15(4):12-18.
--------------------
Germplasm Enhancement Program in Henan Province
Ying-Jie Wang
Henan Province is the largest wheat producer in China, accounting for
about 18% of the wheat production in the country. There are several wheat
breeding programs aiming at developing new varieties for commercial use, and
our germplasm enhancement program focuses on collecting, identifying, and
preserving germplasms for breeding purpose and for creating new germplasms,
particularly for disease resistance, such as strip rust and powdery mildew.
A total of about 4,000 accessions have been collected and identified. Those
accesions represent germplasms from China and 40 other countries. A series
of V.P.M. from France has been used as resistant sources for diseases and a
series of T.J.B. from Britain have also been collected and utilized in
breeding programs. As a result of efficient use of germplasms, a high
yielding line Zhengzhou 79212, was developed. In addition, two other high
yielding cultivars, Yumai 13 and 16, have also been developed by our
breeders by using our local germplasm collections as donor materials.
The general procedure of using the germplasm resources is that crossing
the local high yielding cultivars as recurrent parents, such as Yumai 13 or
Yumai 16 (average yield under irrigation is 88 bu/acre) to selected
germplasms for disease resistance, followed by selection. Several advanced
lines with multiple disease resistance, short statue (70 cm), and good
agronomic characteristics have been produced in this manner. R84019,
R85100, and Zhengzi 8204 are some of the examples.
We continue to collect germplasms from different parts of the world,
identify and catalog their characteristics for breeding programs.
--------------------
Wheat Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences - Zhengzhou,
Henan
Zuoji Lin, Shenhui Jie, Xidan Zhou
1991-1992 season: A dry sowing season followed by dry winter caused
less tillering and vegetative growth. However, sufficient rainfall in
spring and favorable climate in grain-filling period resulted in high kernel
weight (about 3 g higher than under normal conditions). The total yield was
similar to that of last year, and a lot of larger area high yielding records
even occurred in irrigation regions due to the shorter plant causing less
lodging damage. The leading public cultivar was Yumai 13, which occupied
about 15% of the wheat area in Henan Province, and its high-yielding record
was up to 8.5 tons/ha.
Quality difference between Chines and western wheat varieties: Grain
protein content, sedimentation value, farinograph parameters, bread-making
quality and steam-bread-making quality of 36 Chinese varieties or lines and
21 western cultivars or lines were tested to study quality difference
between Chinese and western cultivars. Results indicated that the protein
content, sedimentation value and dough strength (measured with farinograph)
of Chinese cultivars or lines, except several cultivars with good baking
quality, were commonly lower than those of western cultivars or lines. Most
exotic and some domestic good quality cultivars or lines possessed good
bread-making performances. However, most local cultivars and Chinese main
cultivars had poor-bread-making quality. The results of HMW glutenin
subunits analysis showed that most Chinese good baking quality cultivars and
western cultivars had 5+10 subunits, indicating they possessed the same good
quality genes. This might be due to the fact that most of the good baking
quality Chinese cultivars had western resources in their pedigree. As to
steam-bread making quality, the performance of some Chinese main cultivars
were the best. Grain protein content and valorimeter value of these
cultivars usually were below 14% and 50. Most western and Chinese good
baking quality cultivars had poor steam-bread making quality. Steam bread
made from these cultivars usually had a shrunk surface and a dark color,
caused by high protein content (average about 15.5%) and high dough strength
(average valorimeter value about 65). The experiments suggested that the
quality requirements in protein content and dough strength for bread and
steam bread making are different.
--------------------
Dry Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 053000,
Hengshui
F.W. Zhao, H.M. Li, H.W. Li, Z.Z. Bai, C.S. Guo, L.Z. Sun, and Z.E.
Zhou
Preliminary research on a double-sexual line - Five year's research has
shown that advanced line 91-1, a newly developed genotype in our breeding
program, belongs to a double-sexual line (DSL) or a photo-thermo-sensitive
(PTS) nuclear male sterile/fertile line. Its fertility transition (FT) is
clear which is convenience for hybrid wheat production . The index of
realizing FT for temperature/daylight and young spike differentiation (YSD)
in Hengshui (37o44'N, 115o42'E) from 1991-1992 results were: planting before
October 6 in which total temperature (TT)/total sunshine time (TST) were
508.9o/397.5 hr and the YSD and spike stalk initiation (SSI) stage were
reached before winter, causing sterility. On the contrary, planting after
October 10 under the YSD was under elongation stage (ES) or under initiation
stage (IS) through winter produced good fertility and the seeds were viable.
Its characteristics were very satisfied both in the yield performance and in
heteroses utilization. Two studies were conducted.
1. 3-line study phase. DSL 91-1 was developed from the progenies of
FO (Jimai 21/Jinfeng 1) treated with Co60 irradiation. In 1987, it was
planted October 3, in our breeding nursery and produced sterile progeny.
Field managements were normal which ruled out the possibility of the
environmental factors causing the sterility. Eight steriles were pollinated
in order to save the sterile seeds and try to set up a new 3 cms system.
Unfortunately, progenies either from self-pollinations or from backcrosses
failed to set seed. Segregation for other characteristics occurred.
2. DSL/PTS nuclear male sterility study phase. After the failure
of setting up the 3 line system, fertility identification has been carried
out in 4 different wheat habit ecologic areas covering 3 states. In 1988-
89, plantings made at Jejiang Agricultural University, Hangzhou, Jejiang
province, performed fertile. In 1989-90, planting at Sichuan Crops
Institute, Chongqing, Sichuan province, segregating occurred between plants
and between main stems and tillers of individual plants; some fertile and
others sterile. In 1990-91 and 1991-92, plantings at Chong Agricultural
Research Institute, Chongqing, showed high sterility in the 2 years. In
1991-92, plantings on October 6 and on 12 in Hengshui, different results
were obtained in which the first planting performed sterile, the second
fertile.
Our results were:
1. Morphological index of FT of DSL 91-1. If planted before October
6 under which the YSD got to the SSI stage before winter, the end of
November in Hengshui, sterility resulted. But planted after October 10
under which the YSD is under IS or ES, fertile plants were produced. It
seems that the SSI stage is the morphological index for FT.
2. Factors influencing the index of FT. Two year results of 1991
and 1992 have shown that DSL 91-1 could reach the SSI stage where there was
more than 5 leaves and less than 6 leaves for the young plants. During this
period the TT was 435.5 - 508.9oC and the TST was 360 - 397.5 hr. For
practical purposes the TT/TST of 500oC/390 hr were more acceptable. In
Hengshui, this is the very time for wheat planting which could be analyzed
from meteorological data of 30 years (shown as CK below) 1960-1990 and from
the current year (CY) of 1991-92 wheat growing season.
Table 1. Average meteorological data of wheat growing season.
============================================================================
Month/Year 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CY 14.1 5.1 -1.7 -1.7 1.4 5.8 15.5 20.3
Temp. CK 13.8 5.4 -1.5 -4.0 -1.3 5.9 14.0 20.9
oC Vari. 0.3 -0.3 -0.2 2.3 2.7 -0.1 1.5 -0.6
Sun- CY 238.1 189 172.8 163.4 23.2 164.3 273.5 275.4
shine CK 222.4 178.4 176.7 181.5 177.8 220.0 235.5 284.2
hr. Vari. 15.7 10.6 -3.9 -16.1 58.4 -55.7 33.0 -8.8
============================================================================
So we can see that if planted between October 1 and 10, the TT and TST could
be sufficient for FT.
3. The phenomenon of over-stage development of DSL 91-1 - Among the
cultivars grown DSL 91-1 performed an over-growth stage from early planting
but none from late planting. The results were as follows:
From Table 2 we can see: 1. Planted on October 6, the jointing,
flagging and flowering date of DSL 91-1 were 8-10 days earlier than checks.
Fertility data gave 2 different results in which 91-1 was sterile and the 2
checks, fertile. Planted on October 12, there were not many differences
among cultivars not only in growth stage but also in fertility. Comparing
planting dates, the differences with same check was only 1-2 days but with
DSL 91-1, 9-11 days. For DSL the heading date from first planting and
flagging date of second planting occurred the same day of April 22 which
gave a clearer picture in field.
Table 2. Growth differences between planting times and cultivars, 1991-92.
============================================================================
Planting Cultivar Winter Erecting Flagging Heading Flowering Maturity
Date Name Tolerance Date Date Date Date Date
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
91-1 2+ 15/3 11/4 22/4 28/4 5/8
6/10 Jimai 30 2- 23/3 21/4 1/5 5/5 9/6
Jimai 24 1 25/3 21/4 3/5 8/5 11/6
91-1 2 25/3 22/4 2/5 7/5 10/6
12/10 Jimai 30 2 25/3 22/4 2/5 7/5 10/6
Jimai 24 1 26/3 23/4 5/5 9/5 12/6
============================================================================
Note: 91-1 and Jimai 30= half-winter habit; Jimai 24 = winter habit.
4. Over-phase differentiation of young spike of DSL 91-1. In autumn
of 1992, 7 planting date (PD) experiments were made from September 10 to
October 20 in Hengshui. On December 2 the YSD of main stems was examined
under light microcrope in which big differences were observed. See results
in Table 3.
Table 3. Microscope results of YSD in different planting date, 1992.
============================================================================
Cultivar 91-1 Jimai 30 Jimai 24
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
PD Leaf No. YSD Leaf No. YSD Leaf No. YSD
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
10/9 8 meiosis 7.47 SIS 7.37 SSI
19/9 7.33 SIS 6.75 SSI 6.73 SSI
1/10 6.1 SSI 5.74 ES 5.18 ES
6/10 5.69 SSI 5.43 ES 5.46 IS
10/10 4.22 ES 4.59 IS 4.43 IS
15/10 3.53 ES 3.66 IS 3.68 IS
20/10 2.66 IS 2.29 IS 2.39 IS
============================================================================
SIS, spikelet initiation stage
Table 3 shows that DSL 91-1 is a thermophase non-sensitive line which
is very flexible to low temperatures during this period and enters easily
into photophase. It could reach this stage with 3 completely emerged leaves
but the checks, 5. Also, the over-phase differentiation of young spikes
happened at all planting dates. During this period the average d-
temperature/d-sunshine time were 20.8oC/6.92 hr, 12.3oC/6.92 hr and
4.3oC/6.26 hr for September, October and November, respectively. If planted
October 1-10, actual planting time in Hengshui, during which the plant
passes through winter in the SSI phase, there is no cold damage effect in
field, similar with previous research showing that cold tolerance decreases
after jointing.
5. DSL 91-1 has good agricultural characteristics - It is a half-
winter habit genotype: height, 78 cm; head length, 8.1 cm; spikelet, 30;
grain-weight, 42 g and with white-seed coat. As a normal cultivar, 5,250
kg/ha yield could be got and as a male sterile line, with 80% or more seed
set. Its combining ability is higher under which the crosses of 91-1/888-1
and 91-1/90117 performed 10% more advantage of heteroses than check, Jimai
24.
DSL 91-1, although found in 1987, its value has not been identified
until recently. Based on the point that it was easily passing on the
thermophase and easily to enter into photophase, and under SSI phase in
winter, maybe belongs to a photo-thermo sensitive nuclear sterile line. It
seems that the illumination is a main factor causing the fertility
transition in which the temperature has had a supplementary function. As
the mechanism of FT and the relationships between temperature and sunshine
time, morphology and cytology as well as its fertility inheritant behavior
should be further studied.
--------------------
Beijing Agricultural University, Department of Agronomy
Tiecheng Huang, Qixin Sun, Aimin Zhang
Semidwarf hybrid wheat breeding Several female lines with dominant
dwarf genes have been developed, two of them, BAU2410 (with
Rht3,45cm),BAU3338(with Rht gene from Agropyron, 55cm, good baking
quality),were used to produce hybrid seed in pilot plot using CHA
technology. Over 50 hybrids were tested for yield potential this year, two
of them yielded 20% more than best check cultivar,they will be retested next
year in 4 sites for yield stability,while the seed production plot was
planted for these two hybrids. The yield advantage over cultivars is mainly
contributed to heterosis in both kernel weight and grain number per spike.
Qi-xin Sun , Yinmin Song, Jihua Wang
A-line and R-line development. 1) CMS system of T.timopheevi
cytoplasm.Emphasis is placed upon the development of dwarf A-lines of easy-
to-restore and upon improvment of yield potential. We found that BAU2410A is
easy to restore and has good combining ability. For ten years,we are
developing R-lines by Cultivar/R1//R2 hybridation, using our local R-lines
as one parent, crossed by R-lines from Yugoslavia, including Zg41, Tc51887.
We developed R-lines with quite good restoring ability, even for those A-
lines, such as Honglian5A, Jingshuang3A, they can give nearly complete
fertility restoration under different environments.
2) CMS system of Ae.kotschyi and Ae.ventricosa cytoplasm. Although it is
reported that most common wheat cultivars without 1B/1R translocation can
restore fertility, we only found 3 out of 100 cultivars have fertility
restoration over 90%. It is interesting to note one of the three R-
lines,Yuan67/Youmanghong7 is also a restorer for T. timopheevi cytoplasm A-
line. Haploid production is still major limitation for using the kind of CMS
system with haploid production ranging from 0-50% for F1 hybrids.
Qixin Sun, Jihua Wang
Comparative study on pollen abortion in CMS lines with different
cytoplasms:CMS lines with T. temopheevi, Ae. kotschyi and Ae. ventricosa
cytoplasm are compared. Sectioning of anther and scanning electron
microscope of pollen in both A- and B-lines indicated that the abnormality
of anther development begin at differet developmental stages for T-type and
K-type CMS lines, uninucleate pollen stage for T-type, binucleate pollen
stage for K-type, resulting in differences in morphology of anther and
pollen with K-type showing partially stained pollen.
Ruqiang Xu, Tiecheng Huang, Aimin Zhang, Qixin Sun
Studies on BAU-2 induced male sterility in winter wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.): CHA(Chemical Hybridizing Agent) induced male sterility has
been used in production of hybrid wheat.BAU-2 is a newly synthesized
chemical hybridizing agent,the cytological mechanism and the performance of
BAU-2 induced male sterility and its application in production of hybrid
winter wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) were studied using four cultivars in the
year of 1990-1991.All field experiments were conducted at Dongbeiwang
scientific experimental station in Beijing,in which treatments included 3
stages, 4 concentrations and 3 liquid volumes of spraying in two completely
randomized split-block designs with 2x1.8m sizes of plot with three
replications. Observation on micro- and macroscopic events that take place
in anthers from treated plants were accomplished by optical microscope and
electron microscope.The results were as follows: (1)BAU-2 could induce
nearly complete male sterility, with 99.5%, 99.9%,97.2%and 100% male
sterility for the four cultivars, respectively.Among treatments of 95-100%
male sterility,the seed sets of natural cross pollination of the four
treated cultivars were up to 66.9%,30.4%,30.8% and 38.8%,respectively;and
that of supplementary cross pollination were up to 78.5%,66.5%,49.7% and
76.5%, respectively. (2)The height of treated plants was lightly
reduced,this was mainly due to the reduction of the first,second and third
internode length counted from the top. (3) The 100 kernel weight of
naturally cross pollinated seed from treated plants was significantly
decreased when overdose rate was applied,which could reduce germinating
rate. (4) It was found that primordial differentiation of pistil and stamen
to the formation of pollen mother cell was appropriate developmental stage
for spraying BAU-2,this was the stage of elongation of the second and third
internode counted from the base. 1-2 kg/ha was appropriate spraying dose
rate for BAU-2,but it was relatively narrow for a given cultivar. (5) The
performance of BAU-2 induced male sterility depended on variety,dose rate
and stage of spraying,and there was a significant interaction among the
three factors. However, dose rate was more important than concentration and
liquid volume of spraying. (6) The abortion of one nucleus microspore was
responsible for the BAU-2 induced male sterility,which was related closely
with the functional abnormality of tapetum in anther.
Xiyun Song, Tiecheng Huang, Aimin Zhang, Qixin Sun
Studies on heterotic parental group for hybrid wheat: In order to
increase yield advantage of hybrid wheat over cultivars, the selection of
parents is important. So it is necessary to study the heterotic parental
group for hybrid wheat with strong heterosis. In this paper,the performance
of wheat hybrids was studied with parents having special characters in order
to find the way for identifying crosses of strong heterosis.
The experiment was carried out at Dongbeiwang scientific experimental
station in Beijing from 1990 to 1992 with 16 parents. The parents were
classified into four groups:
A:with early maturity (parent No.1-4). B:with more spikes per
plant(parent No.5-8).
C:with large spikes (parent No.9-12). D:with larger kernels (parent
No.13-16).
The 16X16 diallel cross (120F1s) and their coresponding parents were
grown in autumn of 1991 with random plot design of 3 replications. The plot
was 2 rows and 2m long,spaced seeding with plant distance 10cm and row
spacing 30cm.Ten plants were taken for measurement of the following
characters:plant height(cm),main spike length (cm), the spike number per
plant, the kernel number of main spike, the kernel weight of main spike(g),
1000 kernel weight (g), and the yield per plant (g).
With a diallel cross of 4 special types of parents, 10 types of crosses
can be obtained. The heterosis values of various characters of different
types were calculaeted (see Tab.1).
Tab.1 The heterosis over mid parents and the heterosis over CK of
different cross types
---------------------------------------------------------------
cross Grain Yield spikes kernels 1000 kernel
per plant per spike weight
HM% HK% HM% HK% HM% HK% HM% HK%
----------------------------------------------------------------
BXB 41.23 43.59 -3.68 32.90 7.75 -8.98 13.27 2.82
BXD 38.56 51.72 4.87 23.15 3.81 -10.98 9.76 14.29
BXA 37.40 39.45 1.55 17.97 7.92 -4.66 12.72 2.56
BXC 27.03 40.00 -2.29 16.26 4.45 -9.40 14.25 17.33
AXD 23.80 36.15 1.81 4.61 4.03 -9.00 6.94 14.86
AXA 23.14 26.93 16.20 10.95 6.78 -0.90 7.47 -0.48
AXC 21.98 34.61 4.35 2.99 8.04 -2.90 8.80 13.96
CXC 18.54 41.65 0.61 2.09 6.32 -5.55 7.95 24.20
CXD 17.50 40.12 3.85 8.23 6.79 -6.55 6.60 25.43
DXD 10.18 26.86 0.82 8.92 3.12 -9.92 0.06 18.06
---------------------------------------------------------------
* HM: heterosis over mid- parent. HK: heterosis over check (Jing411).
From Tab.1,it seemed that the cross between parents group B had the
highest heterosis of 41.23%,followed by the cross between parents group B
and group D ,with an average heterosis of 38.56%. While the cross between
parents group D was the lowest (10.18%). Taking one of four group as one
parent(femal or male), the average heterosis over mid-parent is: for group
B:35.10%, for group A:27.22%,for group D:24.79%,for group C:21.77%. It is
found that group B give the most significant heterosis.From that, it could
be concluded that in order to increase the heterosis it was necessry to
select parents with more spikes under the experimental conditions. The
application of a hybrid depended not only on the heterosis (over mean of
parents),but also on the heterosis over the check.From Tab.1 ,the heterosis
over the check for crosses between parents group B and parents group D was
the highest (51.72%),much higher than the cross between parents group B. It
seemed that the crosses between parents group B and parents group D would be
more valuable.
Strong heterosis crosses with heterosis above 50% are listed in Tab. 2.
Tab. 2 Strong Heterosis and their parent type
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
parents type heterosis(%) parents type heterosis(%)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1x6 AxB 84.17 5x10 BxC 57.78
5x13 BxD 71.00 6x8 BxB 56.15
4x6 AxB 62.44 7x13 BxD 55.01
5x14 BxD 62.43 5x8 BxB 54.14
6x13 BxD 62.16 4x5 AxB 52.93
6x14 BxD 59.74 5x9 BxC 50.56
1x5 AxB 58.67 1x15 AxD 50.28
8x14 BxD 58.59 4x13 AxD 50.14
---------------------------------------------------------------
From Tab.2,it seemed that among the 16 crosses of strong heterosis, 14
had parents from group B,eight had parents from group D, six had parents
from group A and two had parents from group C. It was concluded that in
order to get a strong heterosis cross, it was very important to select
parents with more spikes. Also among the sixteen crosses of strong
heterosis, six are crosses between parents group B and D, four are crosses
between parents group A and B, two are crosses between parents group B, two
are crosses between A and D, and the first group had the largest proportion.
So it could be concluded that it
was a very effective way to select one parent with more spikes and the other
with greater genetic difference so as to increase heterosis. Parents with
early maturity and large kernels were also useful for getting strong
heterosis.
Guangtian Liu,Jinbao Zhu and Shuzhen Zhang
Strategies for breeding of winter wheat in north China. Through
investigations and studies on grain protain content, gluten content,flour
percentage, Farinogram, Extensogram, Mixogram and sedimentation value of
wheat varieties released in Beijing areas in 40 years, we concluded that (1)
The gluten quality of varieties in Beijing was poor with low gluten strength
, weak gluten elasticity and too high gluten extensibility. These were the
differences between chinese varieties and varieties from forein contries.
The key point for the improvement of grain quality suitable for making bread
and noodle in Beijing areas was not the increase of grain protein content
but the increase of gluten quality. (2) The yield has increased greatly for
40 years, but the grain protein content did not appear to decrease and
gluten quality also did not deteriorate or improve apparently. High yield
and good quality cold be integrated in one genotype. Breeding for high-
yield and good-quality varieties was possible. Since yield has been the
first priority since the beginning of wheat breeeding in China, quality has
now become the limiting factor and would be more and more important in wheat
production. Through importing new germplasm from foreign contries and other
researchers in China, we have finished crosses with good agronomic varieties
and selected better lines by sedimentation value in early generations and
baking tests in high generations. Some newly-bred lines with better baking
quality have been tested and might be released in the near future.
Jinbao Zhu, Guangtian Liu, Shuzhen Zhang and Jianshe Wang
Genetic studies on quality and agronomic characters. The heterosis of
yield and yield characters was greater and positive. The heterosis of
quality characters such as grain protein content (GPC), gluten content and
sedimentation value was lower than that of agronomic characters. The
heterosis of GPC was usually negative, while that of sedimentation value was
positive.
Grain protein content was negatively and significantly correlated with
all yield components except 1000 kernel weight. Sedimentation value was
negatively correlated with 1000 kernel weight, but had no relationship with
other components such as the number of spike of per plant, the number of
kernel of per spike, the weight of kernel of per plant. Bread-making quality
and yield could be improved simultaneously.
Studies on high molecular weight (HMW) and Low molecular weight (LMW)
glutenin subunits. Most of chinese wheat varieties contained 2 7 8 12 or 2 7
9 12 HMW glutenin subunits. Only a few varieties had 5+10 subunits. Although
5+10 subunits were positively correlated with bread-making quality, there
were exceptions. Other subunits such as 1 and 2* also had importent role in
bread-making quality.
An one-step one-dimensional SDS-PAGE procedure for the separation of
HMW and LMW glutenin subunits has been developed. The HMW subunits were
named as A group, while LMW subunits could be divided into B and C group. A
and B group had positive, while C group had negative influence on bread-
making quality.
The HMW glutenin subunits in F1 were co-dominant with gene dose in the
triploid endosperm. This could be used to detect the hybrid purity. Under
various enviroments, the SDS-PAGE band patterns of the same variety could
not be changed, while the quality of the same variety might be changed. The
changes were mainly caused by the differences of the contents and their
proportions of different protein components such as HMW, LMW glutenin
subunits and gliadin.
Selection responce. Grain quality characters appeared to be continous
distribution in F2 and F3 generations. Grain protein content, dry and wet
gluten content mainly deviated to the inferior parent or the mid-parent,
while sedimentation value mainly tended to be near or over the superior
parent.
As the generations increased, the contradictional relation between
grain quality characters and the yield per plant also its components
reduced. Sometimes there was significant or extremelly significant negative
correlation, but there appeared to be weak correlation in most cases, even
there was weak positive correlation. This indicated that it was possible to
improve wheat grain quality characters in keeping yield undecreased or to
improve these two classes of characters simultenously.
The selection of grain protein content in early generations was
effective. If plants with low grain protein content were selected in F2
generation, the decrease of the genetic advance of grain protein content of
F3 lines would be expected. On the contrary, if plants with high grain
protein content were selected, the increase of the genetic advance would be
expected. The selection of grain protein content in F2 also had positive
effect on other quality characters and yield, especially in some crosses,
the selection of high grain protein content plants did not result in the
yield decrease of F3 lines.
--------------------
Institute for Application of Atomic Energy, Chinese Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, Beijing
Luxiang Liu*, Jungyuan Cheng, Guoqin Sun and Linshu Zhao
Wheat Hybrid Breeding
Hybrid Production. Hybrid wheat seed was produced utilizing both
cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) and chemical hybridizing agent (CHA)
production systems during the 1991-1992 season. Ten CMS hybrid were produced
in 2 isolated plots that produced good amount of seed. Twenty-four CHA
hybrids were produced using the chemical hybridizing agent Sc 2053.
Combinations were done including advanced lines of different origins and
breeding material as well. Four advanced CHA hybrids, i.e., H91031, H91037,
H91040 and H91333 were produced in 3 hybrid production plots. These will be
tested in large areas in different environments in 1993.
Hybrid Evaluation. Three hybrid yield tests were grown during 1991-92.
Statistical analysis of data from 18 CMS hybrids with either T. timopheevi
(T) or Ae. kotschyi (K) cytoplasm showed that the hybrids yielded from 3 to
20 percent more than the check cultivar "Yuandong No. 3". The best T-
cytoplasm hybrid "T7125A x R344" and K-cytoplasm hybrid "K78-1A x Yuanhui-6"
outyielded the check by 20 and 19 percent respectively. These two hybrids
will be extensively produced during the 1993 season. Sixty-eight CHA hybrids
were evaluated in two yield trials and we have selected 10 combinations that
outyielded the check by 15 percent more, and one hybrid with excellent
bread-making characteristics and good yield pocential. We expected 2 more
hybrids will be released in 1994. Furthermore, from these trials, it was
found that 1000 kernel weight showed the highest vigour among the yield
components, being the main factor contributing to yield heterosis. We have
also evaluated and classified the parent germplasm accordingto their
combining ability.
Parent development. We have not only utilized the best current
conventional cultivars and advanced lines to directly produce CHA hybrids or
develop A-lines but also created or improved the special parental germplasm.
During the 1991-92 season, nearly 100 excellent individual plants were
selected in the F2 generations from the crosses between several special
germplasm, and most of them have large spike, high grain weight, semidarf
plant height, medium to early maturity, main diseases resistance, and good
anther extrusion. These will be again grown and selected in 1993. Six
outstanding A-lines with T. timopheevi cytoplasm and 3 good restorer lines
were made though backcrossing and accumulation method respectively. Twelve
A-lines with Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm have been developed, in which the
frequency of haploid production was zero or only 3 percent. Three restorer
lines with good yield potential and anther extrusion were also identified.
In addition, we were surprised to find some complete male sterility in
the F1 or F2 generations of 2 crosses between common wheat cultivars. The
sterile plants had complete seed set in all testcrosses, but the
headingdates were distinctly delayed than their sisters' lines. It was
expected that if these sterility can be used to produce hybrid wheat, then
these systems will be superior to current used CMS systems. Further
evaluation are needed.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM CROATIA
Plant Protection, Ltd., Zagreb
Bogdan Koric
Investigations of the Most Important Wheat Diseases in Croatia
Scientific work on diseases, namely on the problem of stem rust
Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici were begun before the second World War. At
that time, stem rust was the most serious disease in Croatia and was the
main reason to initiate investigations to determine pathotypes and to screen
for different sources of resistance effective against pathotypes encountered
in Croatia. The selected sources of resistance were utilized in a breeding
program to provide the highly promising line Zg 414/58 for that time.
Breeders incorporated the resistance of Zg 414/58 into several varieties,
the best known of which is Zlatna dolina. Almost all varieties available
today in Croatia possess stem rust resistance which originates from Zg
414/58. Upon development of high-yielding wheat varieties another disease
known as powdery mildew become increasingly evident. As soon as this was
observed, phytopathological investigations on this causal organism, i.e.,
the fungus Erysiphe graminis f. sp.tritici, was initiated. Investigations
focused on pathotypes and Pm genes for resistance. Many of our wheat
varieties possess in their pedigree some of these genes for powdery mildew
resistance namely resistant Pm2, Pm4, Pm6 and Pm8.
The problems of wheat disease in Croatia did not stop there. In the
meantime new diseases, such as Septoria nodorum blotch and scab (fusarium
head blight) appeared as a result of specific cultural practices.
Scientific workers again chose the most effective method of control, i.e,
phytopathological investigation and breeding for resistance. Investigations
of the fungi Leptosphaeria nodorum and Fusarium graminearum and today is
prevalent Fusarium moniliforme var subglutinans produced effective sources
of resistance which breeders incorporated by crossing and through the
breeding processes into new varieties Davorka and Iva (scab resistance from
cv Roason and two lines of Chinese wheat). The variety Marina has septoria
nodorum blotch, resistance incorporated from Nadodores 63.
--------------------
Slobodan Tomasovic
Institute for Breeding and Production of Field Crops, Department of
Small Grain Cereal Crops - Zagreb
Winter Wheat Breeding Based on Increased Grain Production of Spike -
With permanent reduction of acreages under wheat, necessity arises to
increase yield per area. One of the ways of doing it is by increasing grain
production per spike as one of the basic yield components.
Breeding winter wheat based on high spike production involves continuous
work many years, the beginnings of which date from long past, 1921 (Mirko
Koric). Genetic material we are working with is very rich. It was obtained
by mutually crossing the best genotypes, the carriers of traits for
programmed wheat ideotype. By accumulating various polymeric genes, among
which fertility genes, recombination of favorable genes took place, which
resulted in obtaining the most fertile genotypes. Multiple crossing
produced spike forms with elongated rachis and increased number of spikelets
and more kernels. Those crossings produced spike forms with 33 well-
developed spikelets. Spikes were found with more than 100 kernels. From
this material, and especially from the combination S9xT25, the first spike
forms were selected in 1946 that preceded the first branching (Ramifera,
1951), furrowing (Tetrastichon) and normal spike forms (normal) with
branching gene complex which elongates spikes and increases spikelet number.
A considerable contribution to the investigations dealing with increased
yield per spike was made since the discovery of genes that control
branching, furrowing and normal spike forms in Triticum aestivum ssp.
vulgare (Rm, Ts, and Nr genes) (Svetka Koric). Branching hexaploid wheat T.
aestivum ramifera S.K. was developed in the Institute for Breeding and
Production of Field Crops in Zagreb, and numerous genetic investigations
were carried out with it. The work was especially intensified after 1965
(Svetka Koric). Manifestation of genes that control branching or furrowing
may be inhibited by an inhibitor-normalizer factor (NR) which then permits
the development of normal spikes with branching gene complex. In this case,
the branching gene complex positively enhances higher production per spike
in three ways: increased number of spikelets per spike, increased number of
grain per spikelet (7-8 grains per spikelet have been reported, even 2-3
grains in a floret), and increased kernel weight. How this gene complex
will be manifested depends on the interaction with other genes of hexaploid
wheat, especially "major genes QQ, CC, and SS.
In our breeding work, we frequently use genes that control branching
for developing highly productive normal genotypes. Normal spikes with
branching gene complex may weigh 6.70 g with 103 kernels and kernel weight
of 50.3 mg. Branching genes account for a consideration contribution in
breeding winter wheat for development of high-productive genotypes with
normal spike form. In the near future, they will probably be used in a form
of productive furrowing or branching spike. This germplasm has attracted
world-wide interest because of the new spike architecture (sink capacity)
that is receiving growing importance, although this concept was abandoned
until the 1980's.
Regarding the guidelines for the future work on the above program aimed
at increasing grain production per spike, it is necessary to lengthen spikes
of normal forms even more and increase the number of their highly fertile
spikelets. The objective is to develop what cultivars with even higher
yielding capacity that is based on elongated spikes and increased kernel
number per spikelet, which is potentially made possible by branching or
furrowing genes called yielding genes.
Importance of Winter Wheat Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium Heat
Blight - In wheat production, genetic yielding potential is not being fully
realized, because of some negative factors adversely affecting yield, grain
and flour quality, as well as their sanitary condition. One of the negative
factors is Fusarium head blight, most frequently caused by Fusarium
graminearum Schw. and, more recently, by Fusarium moniliforme var.
subglutinans in our wheat growing areas.
Disease development is particularly favored by high temperatures at
anthesis, above 26oC, with high relative air humidity. Higher severities
usually occur as a result of narrow crop rotation (maize-wheat and vice-
versa and wheat following wheat), and intensive fertilizer rates, especially
nitrogen. Semidwarf genotypes and dense stands have lately favored more
severe spike infection. The parasite is permanently present in the soil and
has simple nutritional requirements. it is both parasite and saprophyte by
nature, which means that it can survive on living or dead organic matter.
Fusarium head blight may cause considerable yield reduction of as high as 50
or even 80% depending on the above environmental factors and the genotype.
By applying adequate crop rotation and planting healthy and quality
seeds, reliable results in protecting wheat against this disease can be
achieved. However, the most economical and most effective control is
achieved by growing resistant genotypes, because chemical control of this
problem has not been completely solved. Therefore, what wheat growers are
expecting most for the future are the solutions offered from breeding, i.e.,
growing resistant cultivars. A program of incorporating resistance to spike
Fusarium diseases into wheat is very complex, so is breeding mechanism and
mode of inheritance because we are dealing with a facultative parasite.
As early as in the beginning of the 1970's, while monitoring spike
disease development we came to realize that Fusarium diseases on spike would
pose a big problem in wheat production. Increased severities on spikes in
Republica Croatia were reported from 1975 on. Because of the growing
damages resulting from Fusarium, the Zegreb Institute for Breeding and
Production of Field Crops initiated work on solving this problem in terms of
developing resistant cultivars. Breeding program was started in 1978 and
was aimed at developing wheats resistant to Fusarium head blight. Prior to
that, in 1976 and 1977, work on collecting sources of resistance was
started. By 1980, 870 genotypes were collected and tested in Botinec under
artificial and natural infection and 25 genotypes stood out, of which 7
sources of resistance were chosen for further work based on their level of
resistance and valuable agronomic traits.
By using suitable methods of crossing, resistance genes from various
sources can be accumulated in progenies. Thus, new sources of improved
resistance level are obtained and then used in breeding programs for
developing of high yielding lines (cultivars) resistant to this disease.
During breeding process, the most resistant progeny was screened under
artificial infection from certain combinations among which the most
resistant plants with good agronomic traits were selected, and from which
new lines with improved resistance level relative to their parents (initial
sources) were selected in preliminary and comparative small-scale trials.
Five Zg-lines were screened which exhibited good agronomic traits and
improved resistance to Fusarium head blight was compared to the existing
resistance level in the world.
In the future work and further investigations for an improved
resistance level, we intend to introduce new techniques and methods,
especially those more effective screening methods. Improvements achieved by
using these new methods could provide higher effectiveness of breeding for
resistance to Fusarium head blight, which, in economic terms, is becoming an
increasingly important disease in some wheat growing areas. What we intend
to do in the next breeding cycle is to further improve grain and flour
quality of the new wheat lines.
Publications
Koric, Bogdan, and Slobodan Tomasovic. 1991. Wheat Disease Research.
Improvement of sources of resistance of new wheat lines (Triticum aestivum
ssp. vulgare) to Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum Schw.). Ann.
Wheat Newsletter, Vol. 37, 1985-186.
Tomasovic, Slobodan and Bogdan Koric. 1991. Effect of Fusarium graminearum
Schw. on reductions in yield of wheat. Wheat Information Service, Number
73, 11-14, Yokohama, Japan.
Tomasovic, Slobodan. 1992. The present level of knowledge on how to
improve wheat yield through increased production per spike and increased
resistance to Fusarium spp. on spikes. Ann. Wheat Newsletter, Vol. 38, 93-
95.
Tomasovic, Slobodan. 1992. Improvement of wheat yield through increased
production per spike. Ann. Wheat Newsletter, Vol. 38, 95-96.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Research Inskitute Or Crop Production, Prague 6 - Ruzyne
Z. Stehno, L. Dotlacil and M. Vlasak
Wheat genetic resources evaluation, newly released cultivars and
catalogue of wheat cultivars.
Genetic resources evaluation. ln 1992 collections of spring and winter wheat
have increased (133 and 130 accessions respectively). Into the main
evaluation (each cu]tivar on plot 4 m2 in one replication) 264 winter and
226 spring wheats have been included. Twenty seven most promising winter
cultivars and 30 spring ones were evaluated in experiments with 4
replications.
Among winter cultivars check variety 'Regina' (CSK) was outyielded by
'Albrecht'(DEU), 'Tombola'(NLD), 'Adular'(DEU), 'Hubertus'(AUT),
'Caste]l'(REL), 'Apollo'(DEU), 'Hana'(CSK) and 'Typhon'(NLD).
Only one cultivar of spring wheat 'Hanno' (fy. Nickerson) outyielded
check variety 'Sandra'(CSK). Next two cultivars 'Ventura' (FRA) and
'Dragon'(SWE) approached check in grain yield.
New cultivars released. Three winter and one spring cultivars were
released in l992.
'Blava' (Viginta/Fundulea 29) was bred at "Selekt" Bucany. It is
mid-early, mid-high winter cultivar with good tillering ability. Spike is
awned. The cu]tivar reaches middle level of grain baking qua]ity. Resistance
to powdery mildew and leaf rust is good, but resistance to stem rust and
Septoria is middle.
'Torysa' (Maris Marksman/Vala) is winter cultivar bred at Breeding
Station Maly Saris. The cultivar is mid-early ripening, mid-high, having
mid-high tillering ability. Spike is awned and 1,000 kernels weight reaches
48 - 51 g. Baking quality is low, and cultivar is suitable for feeding
purposes. Resistance to powdery mildew is very good, to leaf rust and
septoria good and to stripe rust middle.
'Vega' (Hana/Selekta) was bred at Breeding Station Hrubcice. This
winter cultivar is mid-late, higher (99 cm) wheat having awned spike. Baking
quality is good (7th degree within 9 degree scale). It has good resistance
to Septoria and mid-resistance to powdery mildew, stem rust and temporary
races of stripe rust. Resistance to logging is quite good.
'Linda' is a spring wheat bred at Breeding Station Stupice as a result
of crissing (Rena/ST-802-74) when ST-802-74 = (Mironovska 808/ Siete
Cerros). The cultivar is mid-early, with short straw (82 cm). Spike is
awned, mid-condensed. 'Linda' is fodder wheat with good resistance to stem
rust, powdery mildew and Septoria and mid-level of resistance to temporary
races Of stripe rust.
Catalogue "Genealogy and Gene Alleles Identified in 31 000 Cultivars
and Lines of Wheat" has been prepared and published by a group of authors
from Russian Academy of Agriculture, Information and Computation Center,
Tver and Research Institute Or Crop Production, Gene Bank, Prague-Ruzyne.
The catalogue contains data on genealogy and identification of major genes
completed by another 8 characters.
All available information from summary catalogues, national wheat data
bases, professional publications, lists of registered cultivars, recommended
lists of cultivars, breeding companies catalogues and personal communication
was taken as a source of data for this catalogue. Catalogue can be ordered
on the enclosed form. Publication: Martynov,S.P. Dobrotvorskaya,T.V.
Stehno, Z. Dotlacil, L. Faberova, I. Holubec V. 1992 Genealogy and Gene
Alleles Identified in 31 000 Cultivars and Lines of Wheat.
--------------------
P. Bartos, R. Hanusova and E. Stuchlikova
Genes for resistance to rusts and powdery mildew in Czech and Slovak
wheat cultivars. In 1992 the list of registered cultivars in the Former
Czechoslovakia contained 21 bread winter wheats, 2 durum wheats and 5 spring
bread wheats. Genes for rust 3nd powdery mildew resistances were estimated
according to the reaction to a set of rust and powdery mildew races and in
many cases results were conrirmed by analysis of F2 hybrids. Results are
listed in the table. Undetermined genes for seedling resistance are
designated with + or have preIimjnary designation derived rrom the name of
the cultivar. Blank = no seedling resistance to any of the races used in the
tests. Inh. = a specific gene inhibitor of expression of Pm8.
===========================================================================
Cultivar Reg. Pedigree Sr Lr Yr Pm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Winter Wheats:
Agra 1985 Purdue 66278 x (Aurora x S985) 31 +3,26 9 2,6,8
Blava 1992 Viginta x Fundulea 29 + + +
Branka 1988 (Weihenstephan 378/57x
x Mironovskaya 808) 31 3,26, +9 4b, 8 (BR
III 55 x
San
Pastore) x
Bezostaya
1x x No.
444
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Danubia 1984 (Aurora x SO g85) x
Purdue 5571 31 26+ 9 5,8
Hana 1985 (NS 984-1 x Mironovskaya 808)
Moisson 29 3 2
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ilona 1983 Amika x (Siete Cerros x
Kaykaz) 11+ 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iris 1983 Siete Cerros x Kavkaz 31, 26 9 5,8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kosutka 1981 (Nebojska x Kosutska x
Fleuron/ x Yaktana
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Livia 1991 K 3756-1-76 x Kosutka 31 26 9 8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mironovska 1966 = Mironovskaya 80 Bmp 3 from former USSR
Regional 1982 (Yubileynaya 50 x Zo-1,Z, S ra) x TadornaHe IV'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Selekta 1985 Slavia x Weihenstephan 378/57 31 26 g,+ 4b,8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Senta 1991 (Benno x Sava) x
9Mironovskaya 808
Artois Desprez) 31 3,26 9 8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Simona 1991 (WeihensteDhan 378/57
Zdar x Maris Huntsman)
x Zdar 2,4
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sofia 1990 (Mironovskaya 808x x
Artois Desprez)x x
(Weihenstephan 378/57 x
Maris Huntsman) 31 3,26 9 2,4b,8
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sparta 1988 same as Sofia 31 3,26 g ,4b,
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Torysa 1992 Maris Marksman x Vala + + 2,6
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vega 1992 Hana x Selekta 3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Viginta 1984 (Norin 75 x Alba)x x
Ilyitchovka 5,+,+ 3 2,3a,4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vlada 1990 Mironorskaya 808 x
/(Kasticka osinata x
T.timopheevi x
Harrachsweizen) x
(Harrachsweizen x San
pastore x Kavkaz)/
=========================================================================
After Bartos, P. -Johnson, R. -Stubbs, R.W., 1987: Postulated genes for
resistance to yellow rust in Czechoslovakia in wheat cultivars. Cereal Rusts
Bull., 15:79-84.
** After Lutz, J. -Limpert, E. -Bartos, P.-Zeller, F. J., l992:
Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) I. Czechoslovakian cultivars. Plant Breding 108:33-39.
Publications:
Bartos, P., Stuchlikova, E., Hanusova, R. 1992. [Physiologic specialization
of wheat leaf rust (Puccinia persistens Plow. var tricicina/Eriks./Urban et
Markova) in Czechoslovakia in the years 1987-1990] Orig. Czech. a Slecht.,
28, (1):103-119.
Bartos,P., Stuchlikova, E., Hanusova, R. 1992. Wheat leaf and stem rust
virulences in Czechoslovakia (1970-199O). ln: Cereal Rust and mildews, Proc.
8th European and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts and Mildews Conference, Sept.
8-11, Weihenstephan, :91-93.
Hanusova, R. ]992. Powdery mildew resistance of wheat cultivars with lB/lR
translocation/substitution. In: Cereal Rusts and Mildews, Proc. 8th European
and Mediterranean Cereal Rusts and Mildews Conference, Sept. 8-11,
Weihenstephan:237-238.
Stuchlikova, E. 1992. Transfer of Lr9, Lrl9 and Lr24 into productive winter
wheat cultivars.In: Cereal Rusts and Nildews Proc. 8th European and
Mediterranean Cereal Rusts and Mildews Conference, Sept. 8-11,
Weihenstephan,:214-215
==========================================================================
Results of Experiments:
Year Cultivar Number of days till heading Elongation
Long Day Short Day
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sonora 64 s 58.42+-2.32 69.10+-2.17 10.68
Kosutka w 61.45+-1.37 73.70+-1.69 11.75
Vala w 63.20+-0.92 81.15+-3.77 17.95
1991 Jara w 61.75+-1.49 102.31+-4.48 40.56
Sandra s 64.05+-2.6 103.79+-6.97 39.74
Zlatka x 62.11+-1.16 115.00+-9.32 59.89
Zdar w 70.80+-1.45 123.40+-7.17 52.60
Sonora 64 s 53.30+-1.22 74.09+-4.61 20.79
Torysa w 67.17+-5.20 90.89+-3.83 23.72
Viginta w 66.15+-2.48 93.00+-2.89 26.85
Maja s 65.00+-2.35 97.10+-1.52 32.10
Livia w 63.90+-2.99 98.08+-5.44 34.18
ST 50 r 70.00+-5.20 99.00+-2.93 29.00
UH 682 w 69.08+-2.73 100.60+-2.66 31.52
1992 Vlada w 64.89+-3.04 102.13+-3.17 37.24
Senta w 69.23+-3.15 103.43+-5.60 34.20
Hana w 66.00+-2.34 103.50+-16.96 37.50
Linda s 61.10+-1.92 104.00+-4.83 42.90
Saxana s 62.69+-2.37 105.14+-2.80 42.43
Regina w 69.00 +-2.45 107.00+-4.31 38.00
Zdar w 71.47 107.00+-4.60 35.53
Simona w 67.78+-1.91 107.63+-3.84 39.85
==========================================================================
J. Kosner and P. Bromova
Photoperiodic sensitivity of cultivars of the Czechoslovak wheat
assortment. In the years l991 and l992 photoperiodic sensitivity of
cultivars of the Czechoslovak wheat assortment and relation between the
photoperiodic sensitivity and the total basic earliness were studied. Tested
cu]tivars were of winter as well as spring character. The total basic
earliness was derived from the number of days from emergence to heading
under natural daylength (more than 14 hrs light period). Photoperiodic
sensitivity was derived from the number of days from emergence to heading
under the short - 10 hrs day. Dependence of the total basic earliness on the
sensitivity to the photoperiod was evaluated by means of correlation
coefficient and regression analysis.
In both experiments in 1991 and 1992 all used materials of spring and
winter character were vernalized for 8 weeks at +l to +3 C, planted on 20,
April (at the geographic latitude of the experiment day longer than 14 hrs
starts by that date) on a plot undarkened and darkened by an automatic
device, light period being between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. Period from planting
vernalized plants till heading was evaluated.
Check cultitvars in both experiments were 'Sonora 64', insensitive to
photoperiod, with dominant alleles Ppdl and Ppd2 and 'Zdar', sensitive to
photoperiod. The evaluation showed that cultivars of the Czechoslovak wheat
assortment are sensitive or medium sensitive to the photoperiod. Iosensitive
or only little sensitive is of the Czechoslovak cultivars only the wheat
cultivar `Kosutka'. The evaluation also showed that dependence of earliness
on sensitivity to the photoperiod is considerable. Correlation coefficient
was r = 0.745 in l991 and r = 0.675 in 1992. In the both years the effect of
Vrn genes (vernalization reaction) on the basic earliness showed up, spring
cultivars (dominant alleles Or Vrn genes) being in most cases earlier
inspite of sensitivity to the photoperiod.
Publications:
Kosner, J. 1992. Vliv jarovizace a fotoperiody na dobu metani dvou typu
psenice ozime (The effect of vernalization and photoperiod on the earing
period of two winter wheat types). Genet. a Slecht., 28 (2): 85 - 93.
Kosner, J. l992. Fotoperiodicka citlivost nekterfch odrud psenice a
substitucni linie Zlatka(Ceska Pfesivka 3B) (Photoperiod sensitivity of some
wheat varieties and the substitution line Zlatka(Ceska Presivka 3B). Genet.
a Slecht., 28 (3): l95-203.
Kosner, J. - Beletkova, P. 1992. Testovani psenice obecne na citlivost k
fotoperiode (Common wheat testing for photoperiodic sensitivy). Genet. a
Slecht., 28 (4): (in press).
--------------------
L. Kucera, V. Sip and M. Skorpik
Winter wheat doubled haploids (DH) produced by anther culture. Anther
culture ability was studied in more than 60 Czech breeding materials and
varieties of wheat and triticale. None of the tested genotypes overcame the
winter wheat variety Florida. Recently we analysed the effects of
saccharides, Ficoll, proline, 5-AZA and Ag-ions in the introduction medium
C17. Ag-ions increased proportion of regenerated green plants. Best results
have been obtained using filtered liquid C17 medium with Ficoll.
Randomly chosen DH lines (A2 generation) derived from F1 hybrids
between the Czech variety Zdar and the varieties Resceler (FRA), Bernine
(CHE) and Branka (CR, lBL/lRS translocation) were tested in Field
experiments together with random populations of F4 lines. F4 lines of all
three crosses were taller (by 14 cm on an average) than respective DH lines
but differences in grain fields between these two groups were not
significant. Preferential gametophyti selection for lBL/lRS translocation in
Zdar/Branka DH lines (ratio :2) resulted in a lower average SDS
sedimentation volume (DH' s:47.8ml/ F4' s: 64.6 ml) and a higher resistance
to the stem rust and to the yellow rust. Our preliminary results suggest
that not only lBL/lRS translocation is preferentially transmitted into
doubled hap]oid lines but that there is also nonrandom transmission of some
gliadin gene clusters.
Publications:
Kuvera, L., and V. Sip.1991. Die Ausnutzung androgenetischer Doppelhaploider
in der Weizenzuchtung. Ber. 42. Zuchtertgung, Gumpenstein: 35-42.
--------------------
V. Sip and M. Skorpik
Performance trials with near-isogenic lines for Rht genes.
Near-isogenic lines carrying Rht genes in the genetic baclgrounds of the
spring wheat varieties Nainari 60 (Mexico) and Maringa (Brazil) were
obtained from CIMMYT Mexico (by courtesy of Dr. S. Rajaram) and tested in
Prague-Ruzyne (altitude 350 m) for two years. As to grain yield, no Rht line
showed a significant positive difference from the respective tall, rht,
line, but the Maringa single and double dwarfs with Rhtl and Rht2 were
higher yielding than the Rht8 line (significantly in 1991 trials). Lower
yields were obtained in the very short Rht3 and Rhtl2 lines. When compared
with the talls (rht),the Rht lines had more ears but a similar number of
grains per ear. The reduction of thousand grain weight was consistent only
for the Rhtl+2 and the Rht3 lines. The effect of Rht genes on SDS
sedimentation volume was not evident. The Rhtl, the Rht2 and the Rhtl+2
lines mostly showed reduction of about 1 % protein but the protein content
was not lower in lines with Rht3 and Rhtl2.
Publications:
Sip, V., and S. Skorpik. 1993. Performance trials with spring wheat lines
isogenic for the dwarfing genes. Genet. a Slecht. (Prague) 29 (1): (in
press).
ITEMS FROM ESTONIA
Institute of Experimental Biology of the Estonian Academy of
Sciences, Department of Plant Genetics, Tallinn/Harku
O. Priilinn*, M. Tohver, T. Enno, H. Peusha
Utilization of induced mutants. Breeding work on wheat mutants
in the Institute of Experimental Biology represents a part of the program of
wheat production in this country. Efforts have been made to develop
cultivars that combine genes for high yields, good quality, disease
resistance and different climatic stresses.
In 1991 we started with utilization of chemically induced mutant
lines, which have the complex of agronomically important characters as
increased productivity and improved quality. Estonia belongs to northern
countries, where it is still possible to deal with wheat cultivation. But
in our climate (cool, moist, not much sunlight) wheat has unstable yields
with low quality. Our purpose is to obtain wheat cultivars with 13% protein
and 25% gluten quantity in flour with Falling Number 240-250 and yield
potential 5-7 t/ha.
Five selected wheat mutant breeding lines (2 winter and 3 spring)
were entered into trials in 1991 and 1992. In 1992 they were field grown at
two locations in Estonia under regular agronomical conditions along with the
high-yielding cultivar Arkas (spring) and Mironovskaya 808 (winter).
The 1992 growing season was characterized by abnormal climate:
very dry, especially at grain-filling which resulted in decrease of grain
weight. Yields were variable, decreased significantly from last year,
ranging from 3 to 6 tons per hectare depending on soil type and local
rainfall. Harvest began in August as usual and was completed under very
favorable dry conditions.
In terms of botany two winter wheat mutants St 6-11-32 and St 5-
15 (from cultivar Starke) belong to Triticum aestivum var. lutescens.
Spikes are pale yellow, contain 18-20 spikelets with 3-5 kernels each.
Kernel weight is 43-46 mg. Stem is strong with good resistance to lodging.
These mutants are high-yielding with potential above 6 t/ha. Quality of
grain and flour is good. By their gluten quantity they belong to quality
class II (I).
Spring wheat mutants A-57 (developed from cultivar Arkas), S 7-4-
12 (developed from mutants S 7-4), and 146-155-58 (developed from mutant
146-155) belong to Triticum aestivum var. lutescens. Spikes are yellow and
have 17-19 spikelets of 3-4 kernels each. Kernel weight is 39-40 mg, stem
height is about 70-80 cm for A-57, 80-90 cm for S 7-4-12 and 146-155-58.
Data (average of 1990, 1991, 1992) for these mutants are given in Table 1.
Wheat mutant material under study is genetically very rich. We are
now
crossing the bet winter mutant genotypes, carriers of agronomically
important traits for the programmed wheat ideotype. In September 1992 we
planted about a hundred hybrids, obtained by conventional crossing methods.
Analysis will be made of the following traits: ear length, number of
spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, total production per spike,
kernel weight plant height, etc. to select the better hybridizations. The
parent material was represented by earliness, short-stature, increased
productivity and improved quality mutant forms.
Table 1. Characterization of wheat mutant lines and their parental
cultivars, which were entered into state trials.
============================================================================
Plant Kernel Falling Gluten
Mutant height, weight Number quantity Gluten Quality Yield
parent cm mg sec. % in flour index group t/ha
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
A-57 81.3 39.7 335 28.5 42.5 II 3,4
Arkas 68.3 40 304 21.3 25 II' 3,5
S 7-4-12 89 37 307 25 41.7 II(I) 3,5
S 7-4 89 43 311 24 36 II 3,3
146-155-58 88 41 356 24 12 II 3,4
146-155 103 44 443 26 20 II 3,4
St 6-11-32 108 45 272 21 61 I 6,1
St 5-15 110 42 254 23 27 II 6,1
Starke 110 40 243 24 25 II 5,8
Mironovskaya
808 as
Standard 115 39 257 19 89 II 5,2
============================================================================
Genetic analysis of resistance to leaf rust in introgression
lines of common wheat. The production of wide crosses among the members of
the Triticea promotes an increase of alien genes available to wheat
breeders. In wide crosses with common wheat cultivars we have used
tetraploid wheat species Triticum timopheevii and Triticum militinae, which
are distinguished by exceptionally high immunity to diseases.
Plants of the mutant 146-155, induced in the spring wheat cv.
Norrona after NMU treatment, were used as female parent for crosses with T.
timopheevii. Backcrossed and advanced generations of the derivatives have
been screened in natural and artificial epiphytotic conditions. Out of
timopheevii derivatives the line 146-155-T, resistant for leaf rust, was
isolated.
A number of lines (CMT 5, CMT 11, CMT 14, CMT 16, etc.) with
different levels of resistance to rust were selected in hybrid progeny of
crosses between common wheat cv. Saratosvkaya 29 and hybrid F1 (T. militinae
x T. timopheevii). Genetic analysis of F2 population from crosses between
rust resistant lines and susceptible cv. Saratovskaya 29 has revealed
segregation fitting a 3 resistant:1 susceptible ratio indicated that plants
of resistant lines have a single dominant gene which governed resistance to
local population of pathogen (Table 2). In our earlier studies it was found
that introgression lines of wheat possessed new resistance genes, different
from effective genes Lr 9, Lr 19 and Lr 24 (Peusha, Enno, 1992).
Benzimidazole tests were made to determine the host plant genotype, using
strains of pathogen with known virulence to isogenic line Lr 23 of cv.
Thatcher. Phytopathological testing of lines with strains of rust, virulent
to gene Lr 23, has shown resistance to lines CMT 26, CMT 67 and 146-155-T to
the pathogen.
Table 2. Segregation of F2 hybrids from crosses of resistant lines with
susceptible cv. Saratovskaya 29
===========================================================================
Proportion of resistant and susceptible plants
Cross No. of
combination plants observed expected chi2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CMT 14x Saratov. 29 99 71:28 3:1 0.05
CMT 37x Saratov. 29 97 74:23 3:1 0.09
CMT 27x Saratov. 29 100 71:29 3:1 1.01
CMT 16x Saratov. 29 91 67:24 3:1 0.19
CMT 26x Saratov. 29 100 73:27 3:1 0.21
CMT 11x Saratov. 29 60 48:12 3:1 0.80
CMT 67x Saratov.29 94 75:19 3:1 1.59
============================================================================
chi2 = 3.84 P = 0.05
It was ascertained that gene(s) conferring resistance to leaf rust
in these lines are not identical to known effective genes, conditioning
virulence to gene Lr 23. It is assumed that the other introgression lines,
susceptible to the pathogen, possess gene(s) equal to or closely linked to
gene Lr 23.
Cytological analysis revealed significant variability of meiosis
behavior in resistant lines with the range of multivalent formation at MI
from 1.5 to 30.8% (Table 3) with the high frequency of ring tetravalent
associations in line 146-155-T, indicating chromosome translocation
occurrence (Enno, Peusha, 1992).
Table 3. Meiotic pairing at MI in introgressive lines of common wheat
resistant to leaf rust
============================================================================
No. % of
of cells Average number per cell PMC with
Line observed bivalents univalents multivalents multivalents
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CMT 16 265 20,6 0,4 0,06 5,7
CMT 24 60 20,6 0,6 0,05 5,0
CMT 27 67 20,6 0,6 0,03 2,9
CMT 28 73 20,6 0,6 0,02 2,7
CMT 30 101 20,3 1,2 0,04 2,9
CMT 34 76 20,9 0,2 0 0
CMT 36 113 19,7 1,8 0,23 23,9
CMT 37 68 20,8 0,3 0,01 1,5
CMT 41 78 20,8 0,3 0,02 2,6
CMT 42 48 19,6 2,8 0 0
CMT 45 91 19,2 2,3 0,31 30,8
146-155-T 47 20,9 0,02 0,06 6,4
============================================================================
Publications
Enno, R., Peusha, H. 1992. Introgression of genes for rust resistance from
Triticum timopheevii to common wheat. Vortrage fur Pflanzenzuchtung. HF.
24:197-199.
Reusha, H., Enno, T. 1992. The genetic analysis of resistance to leaf rust
in introgressive lines of common wheat. Proceed. of the Estonian Academy of
Sciences, Biology, 41:141-148.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM GERMANY
Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Georg-August University,
G”ttingen
E. Kazman*, R. Bothe, T. Lelley*1
Present address: Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding University
for Agriculture, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
Incorporation of chromosome 1RS from different inbred lines of rye into
established German wheat varieties.
Worldwide, numerous wheat varieties carry the 1BL/1RS translocation. Apart
from carrying agronomically valuable genes, i.e. disease resistance,
increased fertility and better adaptation 1RS is said to affect bread making
quality of wheat adversely. Due to a limited number of sources of 1RS so far
used, however, genetic variation available on this specific chromosome arm
is insufficiently exploited. Therefore, it is of interest to study a larger
number of sources of 1RS to estimate its genetic variation useful for wheat
breeding. Moreover, the extent of interaction between wheat and rye
chromatin, which may affect the phenotypic expression of rye genes in
1BL/1RS lines has to be evaluated. For these purposes 12 specially selected
wheat varieties were orthogonally crossed with 6 different rye inbred lines,
chosen on the basis of differences in their secalin pattern in SDS-PAGE.
Altogether, 95 F1 plants with 28 chromosomes were obtained and each was
cloned into 2-5 individuals. The resulting 293 plants were treated with
colchicine to produce primary octoploid triticales. Disregarding the success
of colchicine treatment the same plants were backcrossed to their respective
wheat parents resulting in 49 chromosome BC1F1-plants. After another
backcross 42, 43 and 44 chromosome plants are being selected and screened by
C-banding technique, SDS-PAGE and isozyme systems. The progeny of those
BC2F1 plants having 1R will again be screened for 1BL/1RS translocations and
then selfed to obtain plants homozygous for 1BL/1RS. The newly developed
lines will be tested for disease resistance and characters of performance
under field conditions as well as for bread making quality by SDS-PAGE and
by baking tests.
Exploitation of the D genome of hexaploid wheat for the improvement of
hexaploid triticale. Hexaploid triticale lacks the D genome of wheat. This
genome, however, controls valuable traits in wheat including bread making
quality which, if present, may greatly improve the value of triticale.
Substitution of chromosomes of the D genome for those of the rye genome were
not successful. Consequently the incorporation of the chromosomes of the D
genome into A and/or B genomes of triticale allows the full use of a
complete rye genome.
Line establishment: F1 hybrids were produced by crosses between 18
different tetraploid triticales, (AB)(AB)RR, developed at our institute and
9 primary octoploid triticale lines. In addition to selfing, these F1s were
backcrossed each to its octoploid triticale parent. Based on F2 and BC1F1
generations, 250 lines were developed of which 112 were karyotyped using the
C-banding technique. The number of chromosomes of the D genome substituted
for chromosomes of the A and/or B genome ranged from 0 to 6 per line. From
61 different karyotypes so far established 39 appeared to be stabilized,
i.e. each chromosome pair is homologous, while 22 exhibited 1-3 heterologous
chromosome pairs. The frequency of stabilized karyotypes was higher among
lines originating from backcrosses than among those derived from successive
selfing of F1s. While chromosomes 3D and 1D each were found to substitute
with the highest frequency (50%) for their homoeologues, the least frequent
was chromosome 4D which substituted for its homoeologues in less than 20% of
the analyzed lines. No 6D(6B) and no 3D(3B) substitutions were obtained.
Field trials: In 1991/92 in a preliminary field trial, yield
components of 30 hexaploid triticale lines with D(A/B) substitutions were
studied and compared with the triticale varieties "Lasko" and "Clercal" and
with the spring wheat variety "Kolibri". For most of the studied characters,
i.e. kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight and floret fertility, the
majority of the tested lines appeared to be superior to all the three
control varieties. For kernel characteristics most of the tested lines were
comparable or even better than the two triticale varieties, but, in this
respect none of them reached the level of the wheat variety "Kolibri".
In 1992/93 all the available lines (250) are being tested in double rows
under field conditions for diseases, yield and morphology. Moreover, the
best 30 lines are being compared with the control varieties in a twice
replicated field trial with plots of 2m squared size.
Quality evaluation: Allelic variation in the HMW subunits of glutenin
has been shown to be associated with variation in bread making quality of
wheat. These subunits are encoded by Glu-1 genes located on the long arm of
chromosomes of the homoeologous group 1. Hexaploid triticale normally lacks
Glu-D1 locus which has been shown to positively affect the bread making
quality in wheat. Using SDS-PAGE, 50 lines derived from crosses between
octoploid and tetraploid triticale have been analyzed so far for their
allelic composition at Glu-1 loci. At Glu-R1 (Sec-3), identified in all
lines, and Glu-B1, identified in all 1D(1A) substitution lines, a high
allelic variation was observed. Subunits encoded by Glu-D1 were identified
in 20 lines: 2+12 in 15 lines and 5+10 in 5 lines. The remaining 200 lines
are being analyzed. Attempts are being made to establish a quality score for
these new triticales.
******
Publications
Hartmann, H., S. Schiele and T. Lelley, 1993: Isoenzyme electrophoresis, a
simple way to identify 1B/1R substitutions and translocations in wheat.
Plant Breeding (in press).
Kazman, E., 1992: Eine neue Methode zur Substitution von D-Chromosomen in
das A- und B-Genom des hexaploiden Triticale. Ph.D. Thesis, University of
G”ttingen.
Lelley, T., 1992: Triticale still a promise? Plant Breeding 109, 1-18.
Lelley, T. and E. Kazman 1990: Identifizierung von Genen und Analyse ihrer
Wechselwirkungen in tetraploidem Triticale. Vortr„ge Pflanzenzchtung. 18,
26-35.
Ren, Z. L. and T. Lelley, 1989: Hybrid necrosis in triticale and the
expression of necrosis genes in allopolyploids. Theor. Appl. Genet. 77,
742-748.
Ren, Z. L. and T. Lelley, 1990: Chromosomal localization of genes in the R
genome causing hybrid necrosis in rye and triticale. Genome, 33, 40-43.
Ren, Z. L., T. Lelley and G. R”bbelen 1990: The use of monosomic rye
addition lines for transferring rye chromatin into bread wheat I. The
Occurrence of translocations. Plant Breeding, 105, 257-264.
Ren, Z. L., T. Lelley and G. R”bbelen, 1990: The use of monosomic rye
addition lines for transferring rye chromatin into bread wheat II. Breeding
value of homozygous wheat/rye translocations. Plant Breeding, 105, 265-270.
--------------------
Institut fur Pflanzenpathologie und Pflanzenschutz der
Universitat, Grisebachstr. 6, 3400 Gottingen
J. von Kietzell, A. Fessehaie and K. Rudolph
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens, the incitant of basal glume
rot of cereals, was isolated for the first time in Germany in 1986. In the
following years the disease has repeatedly been reported in several parts of
Germany.
During the summer of 1992 the occurrence of the disease was
surveyed in the area of G”ttingen. In early June the weather was humid and
cold at the heading stage of wheat (EC 41-59).
As a consequence, a few plants with weak but characteristic, brownish or
black discolorations at the base of the glumes occurred in almost every
wheat and oat field. In barley fields, the ears of nearly all plants showed
brownish discolorations covering the whole glumes. Nevertheless, the disease
did not seem to cause marked losses in 1992. On the other hand, the wheat
yield had been reduced by Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens up to 50% in
preceding years when the climatic conditions in certain regions had been
humid and cold at the heading stage.
The pathogen was isolated on the semiselective medium KBC (S.K. Mohan and
N.W. Schaad, Phytopathology 77, 1390-1395) and identified by colony
morphology, fluorescence on King's medium B, hypersensitive reaction on
tobacco leaves and a specific pathogenicity test on wheat seedlings (Toben
et al., 1989). The incitant could be isolated from 21 out of 50 wheat
samples, 15 out of 21 barley samples and 2 out of 10 oat samples (from
glumes, leaves and stems). Although suspicious symptoms were observed on rye
and triticale we were never successful in isolating the pathogen from these
species.
Additionally, the incitant could be identified in leaf and stem
homogenates of grassy weeds (Elymus repens, Lolium perenne, Avena fatua and
Arrhenatherum elatius). The weeds were collected near cereal fields. Since
the pathogen was isolated in rather low concentrations, an epiphytic
colonization of the weeds was assumed.
The incidence of the disease was further studied by randomly collecting seed
samples from wheat and barley fields in different regions in Germany. The
seeds were washed for 30 sec under running tap water before analysis. In
these experiments, the pathogen was identified in 35 out of 37 barley
samples and in 13 out of 15 wheat samples. These results reveal that
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens is widespread on wheat, barley and oat
in Germany. Obviously, the pathogen can also survive on several other
Gramineae.
One reason for the widespread occurrence of the disease may be the
prohibition of seed dressings containing mercury compounds in Germany since
1982. Our experiments revealed that treatment with phenylmercuric acetate
and phenylmercuric chloride resulted in bacteria free seeds, while the
fungicides Baytan, Sibutol and Arbosan only reduced the contamination of
seeds by Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens. In the future, studies on
resistance of wheat and barley cultivars, on epidemiology, and on
characterization of the incitant are planned.
Publications
Toben, H.M., A. Mavridis and K. Rudolph, 1989: Basal glume rot (Pseudomonas
syringae pv. atrofaciens) on wheat and barley in FRG and resistance
screening of wheat. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 19, 119-125.
Toben, H.M., A. Mavridis and K. Rudolph, 1991: Zum Vorkommen der basalen
Spelzenf„ule an Weizen und Gerste, hervorgerufen durch Pseudomonas syringae
pv. atrofaciens, in Deutschland. J. Plant Diseases and Protection, 98,
225-235.
Von Kietzell, J.M. and K. Rudolph, 1991: Variation in virulence of different
isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens causing basal glume rot of
cereals. Proc. of the 4th International Working Group on Pseudomonas
syringae Pathovars, 117-123.
Von Kietzell, J.M., B. Baharuddin, H.M. Toben and K. Rudolph, 1993:
Identification and characterization of plant pathogenic pseudomonads with
Biolog Microplates and Microlog: Proc. of the 8th International Conference
on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, in press.
--------------------
Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben
A. Boerner*, R. Schlegel*, J. Plaschke, R. Kynast, I. M. Ben Amer, D.
Mettin, A. Meinel
GENETIC AND CYTOGENETIC STUDIES IN WHEAT
Pleiotropic effects of Rht genes on grain yield. Under field conditions
in Germany the pleiotropic effects on grain yield and its components of four
sets of near isogenic lines carrying the GA insensitive dwarfing alleles
Rht1, Rht2, Rht3, Rht1+2, Rht2+3 or rht (tall) were examined over four
seasons (1989-1992). It was shown that the GA insensitive dwarfing genes of
wheat induced major effects on plant height. Whereas the percentage of
reduction seemed to be independent of the genetical background, the absolute
plant height of the isogenic lines was correlated to the final plant height
of the appropriate recipient genotype. By analysing the yield components it
was shown that in all four years the semi-dwarfs realized a higher number of
grains per ear compared to the tall controls which was accompanied by a
lower grain weight. Depending on the conditions in a particular year, the
increase in grain number was sufficient to compensate for the reduction in
grain size and resulted in higher yields. It was suggested that plant
breeders in Central Europe could successfully use the GA insensitive
dwarfing genes Rht1 or Rht2, particularly when in combination with high
grain weight donors, giving a better adaptability to climatic stress.
Alternatively, the utilization of weaker alleles of the GA insensitive
dwarfing genes, could be recommended, like that from 'Saitama 27' which show
a lower susceptibility to higher temperatures.
The effects of the chlormequat (CCC) on plant height and yield in
GA insensitive wheats. Seven GA insensitive wheats differing in their final
plant height were grown, over three years, in randomized field plots and
analyzed for their response to CCC. Whereas the shorter lines were virtually
unaffected by the chemical, the 'tall dwarfs' responded with reduced straw
height and higher yields as a consequence of higher number of grains per
ear. The positive effect of CCC on yield of 'tall dwarfs' appears to result
from shortening the stature of the plant. Even in the case of GA insensitive
wheats, which already realize higher yields in comparison to sensitive ones,
a reduction to a plant height optimum may be beneficial. Therefore,
depending on the genetical background, spraying with growth retardants to
achieve optimal plant height may be beneficial to grain yield.
Tissue culture ability. The influence of the seed weight on
tissue culture performance was studied using immature embryos. There was
clear indication, that the weight of the maternal grain had a significant
effect on culture response. The effect was more pronounced on regeneration
ability, i. e. lines with low seed weight showed lower percentage of calli
with green spots. Since all embryos were cultured at almost the same stage
after anthesis, it is expected that embryos cultured from large grains will
be larger in size and better developed than those cultured from smaller
grains. If grains are allowed to develop to a larger size before culturing
or if embryos were cultured from lines with higher grain weights the callus
weight and callus differentiation were improved. It is concluded that direct
and/or indirect genetical and environmental factors that facilitate larger
grains are useful to improve culture response in wheat.
Homoeologous relationships of GA3-insensitive dwarfing genes in
wheat and rye. It is known that there are gibberellic acid (GA3) insensitive
dwarfing genes in wheat and in rye. The wheat Rht genes are widely used in
breeding, mainly due to their ability to resist lodging under high
fertilizer conditions and to their pleiotropic effects on increased grain
number per spike. The Rht genes show a dominant/partial dominant mode of
inheritance, whereas the rye compactum (ct) genes act as simple recessives.
The wheat genes are located on the chromosome arms 4BS (Rht1/3) and 4DS
(Rht2/10), and the rye genes on the chromosomes 5R (ct2) and 7R (ct1). For
all these loci multiple alleles are known. Although there is a presumed
chromosome 4/5 translocation in rye relative to wheat, the ct2 locus is well
separated from this segment, as shown by RFLP mapping. Chromosome 7R appears
also to be rearranged relative to wheat, involving a segment of homoeologous
group 4L. But it is not certain yet whether ct1 lies on this segment. In
biochemical terms, there is an increased endogenous gibberellin A1 content
in leaf expansion zones of Rht wheat lines compared to tall controls,
whereas the effects detected in rye were much lower.
Nullisomic-tetrasomic analysis. A greenhouse pot experiment was
used in order to determine the contribution of wheat chromosomes to
different yield components. 42 nullisomic-tetrasomic lines with three
replications and the hexaploid variety 'Chinese Spring' as control were
designed in a random block:
CS Chinese Spring
01 N1A/T1B 07 N2A/T2B 13 N3A/T3B 19 N4A/T4B 25 N5A/T5B
02 N1A/T1D 08 N2A/T2D 14 N3A/T3D 20 N4A/T4D 26 N5A/T5D
03 N1B/T1A 09 N2B/T2A 15 N3B/T3A 21 N4B/T4A 27 N5B/T5A
04 N1B/T1D 10 N2B/T2D 16 N3B/T3D 22 N4B/T4D 28 N5B/T5D
05 N1D/T1A 11 N2D/T2A 17 N3D/T3A 23 N4D/T4A 29 N5D/T5A
06 N1D/T1B 12 N2D/T2B 18 N3D/T3B 24 N4D/T4B 30 N5D/T5B
31 N6A/T6B 37 N7A/T7B
32 N6A/T6D 38 N7A/T7D
33 N6B/T6A 39 N7B/T7A
34 N6B/T6D 40 N7B/T7D
35 N6D/T6A 41 N7D/T7A
36 N6D/T6B 42 N7D/T7B
EINBETTEN MSGraph\s \* FormatVerbinden
Fig. 1 Mean spike length (cm) of different nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of
the wheat variety
'Chinese Spring'.
As can be seen from the Fig. 1-5 there are remarkable differences between
the lines and to 'Chinese Spring' for the five characters which were
considered: (1) Spike length (cm); (2) Spike density (number of spikelets
per spike); (3) Fertility (number of seeds per spikelet); (4) Yield (number
of seeds per spike); (5) TGW (g).
(FIGURES NOT SHOWN)
Fig. 2 Mean spike density (spikelets per spike) of different
nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of the
variety 'Chinese Spring'
Fig. 3 Mean fertility (seeds per spikelet) of different
nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of the variety
'Chinese Spring'
Fig. 4 Mean yield (number of seeds per spike) of different
nulllisomic-tetrasomic lines of the
variety 'Chinese Spring'
Fig. 5 Mean thousand grain weight (g) of different nullisomic-tetrasomic
lines of the variety
'Chinese Spring'
Intervarietal chromosome translocations. Hexaploid wheat
varieties and wheat species are frequently differentiated by reciprocal
translocations. The chromosomes involved are identified after common
chromosome studies as well as intercrossing and F1 analysis. In meiosis the
hybrids of several combinations showed, besides non-translocated karyotypes
(20%), multivalent configurations of 14 (52%), 24 (22%), 34 (3%), 16 (1%),
18, 14+16, and 24+16 with different frequencies. A list was compiled
summarizing data on the presence and number of translocations, on
configurations observed and their frequencies of occurrence and on involved
chromosomes from 406 wheat combinations.
Ph1 effect of wheat chromosome 5B. Experimental results
demonstrated that the dominant Ph1 allele of chromosome 5B of wheat affects
the homologous pairing of rye chromosomes. A rye-wheat monotelosomic 5BL
addition line was produced and used for meiotic studies. Comapred with the
14-chromosome control plants, the 5BL addition to rye causes an increase in
univalents and rod bivlaent formation, i. e. a significant reduction of
chiasma frequency (11.21 Xta/PMC). The 5BL telosome itself does not
associate with any of the rye
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genotypes Mean number of chiasmata per PMC
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RR 13.74
RR+5BL 11.21
RRABD 5.81
ABRR 7.01
ABDRR (N5A/D5B) 7.53
AABBRR 11.70
ABBDDRR 11.59
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
chromosomes. Calculated data in the table above show that the decrease in
the number of chiasmata between rye chromosomes is much lower in the 5BL
addition line and in the 6x and 8x triticales than in the ABRR, ABDRR and
RRABD hybrids: Thus the double dosage of 5BL, present in hexaploid or
octoploid triticale, could be one one of the main causes of pairing failure
of the rye genome.
Publications
Ben Amer, I. M., A. Boerner and R. Schlegel: The effect of the hybrid
dwarfing gene D2 on tissue culture response of wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.). Cer. Res. Comm. 20 (1992) 87-93.
Ben Amer, I. M., A. J. Worland and A. Boerner: In vitro culture variation of
wheat and rye caused by genes affecting plant growth habit in vivo.
Euphytica 61 (1992) 233-240.
Boerner, A., G. Melz and J.R. Lenton: Genetical physiological studies of
gibberellic acid insensitivity in semidwarf rye. Hereditas 116 (1992)
199-201.
Boerner, A., A.J. Worland and C.N. Law: Chromosomal location of genes for
gibberellic acid insensitivity in 'Chinese Spring' wheat by tetrasomic
analysis. Plant Breed. 108 (1992) 81-84.
King, I.P., R.M.D. Koebner, R. Schlegel, S.M. Reader, T.E. Miller, C.N. Law:
Exploitation of a preferentially transmitted chromosome from Aegilops
sharonensis for the elimination of segregation for height in semidwarf bread
wheat varieties. Genome 34 (1991) 944-949.
Melz, G., R. Schlegel and V. Thiele: Genetic linkage map of rye (Secale
cereale L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 85 (1992) 33-45.
Mettin, D.: 1939-1989, 50 Jahre Aneuploidieforschung beim Saatweizen. Wiss.
Z. Univ. Halle 39 (1992) 13-24.
Schlegel, R., A. Boerner, V. Thiele and G. Melz: The effect of the Ph1 gene
in diploid rye, Secale cereale L.. Genome 34 (1991) 913-917.
Schlegel, R., A. Boerner, D. Mettin, A. Houben, R. Kynast and J. Plaschke:
Progress report on wheat aneuploid research. EWAC Newslett. (1992) 43-47.
Schlegel, R., A. Boerner, D. Mettin, A.J. Worland, T.E. Miller and C.N. Law:
Maintenance and evaluation of precise cytogenetic stocks. EWAC Newslett.
(1992) 106-116.
Worland, A.J., A. Boerner and S. Petrovic: Genetics of final plant height in
European wheat varieties. EWAC Newslett. (1992) 94-105.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM HUNGARY
Cereal Research Institute, 6701 Szeged, P.O.B. 391
Kertesz, Z*., J. Matuz*, J. Pauk, B. Beke, M. Csosz, L. Bona* and A.
Mesterhazy
New bread and durum wheat cultivars released. In 1990-1992 seven winter
bread wheat cultivars and three winter durum wheat varieties were released
for Hungary.
T. aestivum:
GK CSUROS Arthur 71/Tiszataj
GK KATA Zg884/GT6272
GK ORSEG GKF2-Hays59
GK GOBE Mini Mano/Kincso
GK OLT Lilla/Mv8
GK DELIBAB Mini M.//Jubilejnaja 50/Sadovo S/3/Mini M./Mv12
THEESE Horace/M.Hunstman (Verneuil Sem., France)
T. durum:
GK TISZADUR Leukomeljan/Minaret
GK LAJTADUR NR 36 (Austria)
GK MULTIDUR Rugby /Capdur//Edmore (GAE, France)
GK CSUROS is an awnless, middle tall, middle ripening and highly productive
winter wheat with satisfactory level of baking quality. It is acceptable for
stock feed, too.
GK KATA is an awnless, early ripening, highly productive cultivar with
medium level of milling and baking quality.
GK ORSEG is a middle tall w. wheat cultivar with good general field
resistance to fungi except Fusarium.
GK GOBE is a semi-dwarf, tip-awned, early cultivar, resistant to mildew,
stem and leaf rust. It has a stabile good milling and baking quality under
wide range of environment.
GK OLT was released as and awnless, semi-dwarf wheat in the intermediate
ripening group. It has very strong straw, high lodging resistance and good
adaptability to a range of soils and environments.
GK DELIBAB was released as the "promise of androgenesis". This is the second
cultivar produced by the technique of anther culture in Europe. It is a
very early-ripening wheat with excellent baking quality (A1-A2 farinograph
category).
THEESE This release is a result of the cooperation betweenVerneuil Semences,
France and CRI. Theese is a late maturity cultivar .
GK TISZADUR was released as an awned winter durum wheat with good pasta
and gluten quality and good winter hardiness.
GK LAJTADUR is a spring durum wheat ith excellent lodging resistance and
cooking quality.
GK MULTIDUR is an early ripening spring wheat with excellent pasta and
cooking quality.
Kertesz , Z., J. Pauk and J. Matuz
Comparison of the traditional selection with haploid breeding in winter
wheat.. Confusing results have appeared about the breeding value of the
doubled haploid lines. The present work deals with the comparison of doubled
haploid R1 lines with the respective F3 lines selected by pedigree system in
winter wheat.
In the study starting from 21 F1 population 424 R1 doubled haploid
lines were produced by in vitro androgenesis. Parallel with this work, 252
F3 strains were selected from the same crosses by pedigree system. Five
agronomic characteristics were compared in the two systems.
From the five traits examined four cases statistically significant
differences were found between the doubled haploids and the lines selected
by pedigree system. The DH lines were shorter and later in heading. For
grain yield and 1000 kernel weight the lines from the pedigree system were
slightly better than the DH lines. No significant differences were found in
mildew resistance between the two groups.
The basic statement is that statistically significant differences were
found between the agronomic performance of the R1 DH lines and the
respective F3 lines. But these differences where not so high, that we can
consider them basic. The causes of differences are due to the selection
carried out in F2 in the conventional breeding.
It can be concluded, that there is no reason to make preference for one
or other method. It can also be stated that the DH lines are comparable to
those selected in F2 by conventional way. The in vitro androgenesis can be
an effective way of the wheat breeding beside the conventional selection.
Kertesz, Cs., J. Matuz, J. Proksza and Z. Kertesz
Comparison of variety maintenance methods in wheat. Three maintenance
systems were evaluated in a study on two different cultivars: pedigree 1.
when single plant progenies ware grown in a spaced planting system (50x10 cm
spacing) and their progenies were tested in yield trials under normal
density. Pedigree 2. means that single heads were selected, head rows were
evaluated and the progenies of the head rows were tested in yield trials. In
the third (Jensen's bulk method) a thousand of heads were selected and the
blends of the head rows were harvested as breeder's seed.
In both cultivars only slight differences were found in grain yield
when we compared the three methods. Although the bulk, established by
Jensen`s method yielded more than the others, according to the statistical
test. It was found that all the methods are suitable to achieve adequate
homogeneity during the maintenance process, but the pedigree 1. is the most
expensive, space and time consuming.
The first two methods were compared based on 9 quality characteristics
as well. In the case of Jubilejnaja 50 cultivar the used method did not
effect the quality of the progenies during the maintenance. The other
variety GK Sagvari was more sensitive to the used method.
Both methods were suitable to maintain, or even improve the quality of
the cultivars during the maintenance process.
L. Cseuz
Abiotic stress resistance studies. Drought resistance of 110 winter
wheat genotypes was studied by chemical desiccation test in the field. The
trial was four replicated, completely randomized. The single -row plots were
divided to two parts, and one of each was desiccated by spraying with sodium
chlorate solution 14 days after anthesis.
Significant differences were found among the genotypes in kernel mass
depression due to the stress treatment. The mean of the depression in
thousand kernel mass was 31 %. (LSD 5%= 12.69)
Water retention ability of 82 winter wheat varieties and breeding lines
were tested by the desiccation test of excised leaves. Young and fully
expanded, turgid leaves were collected from the field. Their turgid weight
were immediately measured by a precision balance, then they were placed in a
controlled environment cabinet (20 oC, 60 % r.h.). After 24 hours the
measurements were repeated, and the leaves were dried at 70 oC for 24 hours.
In the loss of water content large differences were found among the
genotypes evaluated. (mean loss 51.1 %, LSD 5%=11.23).
L. Bona
A survey for seedling tolerance to aluminum toxicity in winter wheat.
Aluminium (Al) toxicity, associated with critically high soil acidity (pH
4.5-5.5), is a major limiting factor to high-level crop production in many
parts of the world. Recently, the problem has expanded in the high
production-level areas including Hungary. This condition has prompted us to
screen a range of winter wheat genotypes for Al tolerance. The purpose of
this research was to identify the seedling tolerance to Al toxicity among
winter wheat genotypes used in crop production/breeding in Hungary, and to
determine gene sources carrying Al tolerance. A total of 84 pureline
cultivars, ancestors, and breeding materials were tested in our survey.
Wheat seedlings were grown in nutrient solution containing 0.18, 0.36 and
0.72 mM Al, 6-day-old plant roots were stained in a 2 % hematoxylin
solution. The tolerance level can be quickly and accurately determined based
on visual staining patterns of root tips.
Most of the Hungarian-origin cultivars tested (66 %) showed a very
sensitive or moderately sensitive response; 25 % showed an intermediate
response to Al toxicity. Cultivars Jubilejnaja 50, GK Szoke and Martonvasari
9 were moderately tolerant but non of the cultivars was tolerant to Al
toxicity. According to the study, many gene sources from Brazil, Mexico,
Argentina or the US. can be useful to improve the Al tolerance of wheat.
A. Mesterhazy
Breeding for resistance in wheat to fusarial head blight. This disease
of wheat causes about in every third year reasonably yield losses in
Hungary, but because of the toxin production (zearalenone, deoxynivalenol)
also the remaining yield can be poisonous. As fungicide treatment is costly
and its efficiency is only moderate, the best way is the use of resistant or
more resistant genotypes. In the past 20 years an intensive methodical,
pathological and breeding work has been done to develop a higher resistance
being useful also in commercial production.
The winter wheats, which were earlier not consequently screened for a
higher degree of resistance, proved a high degree of variability, where the
best genotypes are practically field resistant under epidemic conditions.
Such genetic differences were found in materials from many breeding
programs. A genetic program is under way to create from crosses of the best
winter type materials even higher degree of resistance to achieve the
resistance of the best spring type wheats. The best sources for resistance
are of Asiatic origin, the Japanese Nobeoka Bozu, the Chinese Sumey-3 (or
Soo-moo 3) and several strains from the Wuhan series, and all are of spring
time. From crosses with these materials we have now winter type lines with
very high degree of Fusarium head blight resistance and resistance to rusts
and powdery mildew with much better agronomic characteristics than that of
the outgoing spring types. A widely based crossing program is under way with
these materials. The toxin contamination is one of the worst and hazardous
consequence of Fusarium head blight attack. The resistance level largely
determines the possible toxin contamination. So more toxin will be produced
on the susceptible genotypes. There are, however, cultivars with low
infection severity and higher DON content and vica versa. So a direct
forecasting of DON contamination from head infection, kernel infection or
yield loss data cannot be made with an exactness outlined in some
publications. In most cases the higher pathogenicity leads to a higher level
of DON content, e.g. a correlation exists between pathogenicity and DON
contamination. However, an isolate was found practically without toxin
production and with high pathogenicity. This shows that pathogenicity should
not be related automatically with high DON production. As a conclusion, the
DON content in the invaded grains does not automatically follow the level of
resistance and pathogenicity and Fusarium species patterns, each variety or
isolate needs a special consideration. In the past twenty years a number of
lines were tested by artificial inoculation to check Fusarium scab
resistance. The developed methods are more reliable than the methods
conventionally used. Therefore the data are suitable to draw conclusions for
the durability of resistance. The resistance is complex, it has a number of
factors which should be considered in a breeding program. Analysis of two
natural epidemics helped to compare natural and artificial head blight data
and allowed to identify the higher plant height and absence of awns as
morphological resistance factors.
Also significant tolerance differences exist. This means that genotypes
having ear infection severity not differing from each other, differ
significantly in yield reaction. In the field tests also seed infection
severities were compared with ear infection data. They suggest that there
are genotypes with similar ear infection values, but highly differing seed
infection rates. As these data originate also from tests over several (4-6)
years, we are sure that here another factor of resistance is present, namely
which inhibits the spreading of infection from the glumes to the seeds. Such
genotypes are for example Bu-20 and Kincso. Many lines kept their
susceptibility or resistance over years, but several increased or decreased
their relative disease response. Many cultivars have reasonably variability
for this trait, in Kincso and Zombor maintaining sister lines provided 2-3
times' differences. Maintaining selection therefore is desirable under
pathological selection pressure.
As the pathogenic population did not show significant differences in
pathogenicity from susceptible and resistant cultivars, the possibility of
durable resistance from the side of the pathogen seems to be secured. A
further fact is that isolates of F. graminearum and F. culmorum from
different countries of Europe react the same way, we are sure that the
stability of resistance is not in jeopardy from the pathogen's side, as we
know it now. As the pathogenicity of the isolates differs from year to year,
this may cause a variation in disease reaction, but we can neutralise this
by using more (we use 4) isolates separately of different pathogenicity.
From the genetic side we can ensure the stability of resistance, and many
years' data support the stability of many cultivars like Sumey-3, Nobeoka
Bozu, Ringo Star, 85-50 or Bence.
The chemical treatment seemed nearly hopeless to control head blight
effectively. A great advantage of recent years the Folicur EC 250, which has
a much better effect against scab than the fungicides until now based on
carbendazime active agent. But the highly susceptible materials under heavy
natural infection pressure cannot be protected economically even by this
way.
M. Papp
Resistance of wheat to cereal leaf beetle. Resistance of 50 winter
wheat genotypes to cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus L.) was estimated in
1992. Plots consisted of one row, 165 cm long with 20-cm row spacing, with
four replications in a randomised complete block design. In each
replication, each of the 50 entries was sown twice. Experiment was made in
two isolated cages covered by insect nets in the beginning of April. In the
first cage chemical control was used to provide a reliable check. In the
other about 3000 adult cereal leaf beetles were introduced on 13 April. The
feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle was determined on the flag leaf as a
percentage of the whole surface. To harvest 20 heads were chosen from all
plots by random sampling and their grain yield as well as thousand kernel
mass were measured, in addition, these values were expressed as a percentage
related to the not infested control. Average leaf-feeding damage by cereal
leaf beetle in 50 genotypes studied was 29.5%. Highly significant
differences were found between genotypes. The most resistant genotypes
(Downy, GK Reka, Mini M/GK Reka, Mv 15, Plk/VPM-MoixAqlj, P 106.89) had
5.0-18.8% feeding damages. The most susceptible ones (GK Kincso, GK Asztag,
Bucsanyi 20, GK Lili, GK Kalaka, Zo-Pu 6638A) had 42.5-48.8%. Both the grain
yield and thousand kernel mass decreased by 14% on average. The grain yield
of the most tolerant genotypes (GK Reka, GK Orzse, Mini M/GK Kincso,
Jubilejnaja 50) decreased by 0-2%, and thousand kernel mass of those was
reduced by 4-9%. The grain yield of the most sensitive cultivars (GK
Ambitus, GK Csuros, GK Lili, GK Kincso, GK Kalaka, GK Szoke) decreased by
24-29%, and thousand kernel mass of those was reduced by 19-26%. A medium
correlation was found between leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle and
yield as well as thousand kernel mass reduction (r = 0.4525, P < 0.001;
r = 0.5492, P < 0.001 respectively).
Trichome length of the flag leaf provided reliable information about
the level of resistance to cereal leaf beetle (r = -0.8026, P < 0.001), but
the trichome density of that leaf did not correlate significantly with
feeding damage.
M. Papp and A. Mesterhazy
Resistance of wheat to virus diseases. Resistance of 120 wheat
genotypes to viruses was analysed in three replications in 1992 at early
sowing and wide spaced surrounded by grassland. Fall was long and warm and a
heavy bird cherry oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) population developed on
the plants. As outlined, due to natural conditions a mixed virus infection
could develop in 1992 with BYDV dominance.
Due to the fall infection 52% of the total 19618 plants evaluated were
killed on average to 11 March. Genotypes showed highly significant
differences in degree of resistance. At the most resistant cultivars (GK
Csornoc, GK Repce, GK Pinka) 12-32% of plants were killed to 11 March, and
at the most susceptible ones (GK Korany, GK Delibab, GK Bence, Mv 21) 68-
79%. At 3 May the healthy plants as a percentage related to the fall number
of plants changed between 15% and 74% at different genotypes. At 1 June the
most susceptible cultivars were the GK Basa, GK Minaret, GK Orseg, GK Barna
and GK Korany, which had more than 80% virus infection, and the most
resistant ones were the GK Csornoc, GK Novodur, Mv 17, Mv 20 and GK Repce,
which were infected only to 13-30%. Relationship between general estimations
at 1 June and percentage of killed plants to 11 March was medium (r = 0.64,
P < 0.001). The correlation between the healthy plants as a percentage
related to the fall number of plants at 3 May and general estimations at 1
June was close (r = -0.72, P < 0.001). Durum wheats were the most
susceptible cultivars, except for GK Novodur, which was resistant. The data
show that we have an important amount of variability in wheat population to
be used for breeding purposes.
M. Csosz
"Twin plot" field experiments for investigation of resistance to stem
rust. In Hungary and in Middle-Eastern Europe the most important diseases
of the winter wheat are the powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp.
tritici), leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) and stem rust
(Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici). These diseases can cause a yield
reduction of 5.0 to 40.0 percent depending on the resistance of the
cultivars and the effectiveness of the fungicide control. We studied 30
winter wheat entries in "Twin plot" experiment in 1992. The varieties were
sown in 4 replicates under stem rust infected and disease free environment.
The artificial infection was made by a mixture of stem rust races (1, 11,
34, 218), when the first node was visible.The value of stem rust infection
was low because of the dry spring weather. From the 13 resistant varieties
only GK Pinka decreased significantly its yield and the 1000 grain mass due
to serious powdery mildew epidemic. From the moderately susceptible and
susceptible varieties the Mini Mano/Mv 12 lines showed tolerance against the
stem rust infection. In spite of the higher infection severity caused by E.
graminis, the stem rust caused more severe damages. The following
correlations were found in the study; stem rust x yield r=-0.2452 NS, stem
r. x 1000 grain mass r = -0.4292 P=2%, podw. m x yield r = 0.0335 NS, and
powd.m x 1000 g.mass r = -0.2138, NS
Effect of artificial stem rust and natural powdery mildew infection on yield
and 1000 kernel weight, Szeged, 1992.
Infection severities are given in ACI indexes(x) D = difference, P =
protected, I = infected
Tables 1 and 2 (NOT SHOWN)
2 Tables here(NOT SHOWN)
Barabas, Z., K. Felfoldi and T.Monostori
Hybrid seed production - an unconventional way. A new hybrid seed
producing method based on the complementation of recessive nutritional
mutants (auxotrophs) was successfully employed in the production of hybrid
tomato. Recently auxotroph mutant induction work has been started in cereals
like barley, rice and wild wheat species (T.monococcum, T.tauschii),
spreading the system over monocotyledons as well. Interspecific crosses
between diploid wild wheat species and hexaploid bread wheat are also under
way, together with mutant induction work meaning the first steps towards the
introduction of the described scheme into hybrid wheat production. The work
is complemented with RFLP gene mapping to trace auxotrophic mutations after
crossing.
J. Pauk, Z. Kertesz, B. Jenes, L. Purnhauser, L. Hommo, S. Pulli and Z.
Barabas
Development of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) protoplast-plant
system based on suspension cultures. We obtained regeneration of fertile
green plants from wheat protoplasts isolated from regenerate suspension
culture initiated from somatic embriogenic callus. It took 2-3 years to
find a reproducible culture method to produce totipotent fine suspension
culture for protoplast isolation. It has been found that 'Aura' a Finnish
winter wheat variety, could produce embriogenic callus type and we succeeded
to regenerate fertile protoplast derived wheat plants. Green plantlets were
regenerated from protoplast-derived calli through somatic embriogenesis.
Regenerants were transferred to soil and fertil plants were recovered under
greenhouse condition. Their self pollinated and outcrossed progenies were
viable. The progenies are grown for further tests and cell culture
improvement.
J. Pauk
Breeding with half the genes: 'GK. Delibab' released, patented and 'GK.
Ambitus' patented new winter wheat varieties. Breeders try to combine old
and new methods to develop improved crop varieties in the shortest possible
time. In vitro haploids have been used extensively in breeding to achieve
genetic homozygosity. To avoid long selection period, in which each cycle
requires one growing season, we are developing methods to establish stable,
homogeneous breeding lines in one generation by working with plants having
only half of their somatic chromosomes.
Nearly two thousand haploids are induced from different wheat crosses.
To restore fertility for seed collection, the chromosomes of these haploid
plants are doubled. The doubled haploid is equivalent to a stable homozygous
line produced through consequent selection, inbreeding. This projejt started
for breeding purposes eight years ago. During this time two cultivars were
developed.
GK Delib b released and patented winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
variety was developed by J. Pauk, Z. Barabas, Z. Kertesz, J. Matuz, B. Beke,
M. Csosz, L. Bona, M. Schulcz. GK Delibab originated from the cross Mini
Mano x Jubilejnaja 50 - Sadovo Super / Mini Mano-Mv.12. The performance of
GK Delibab was tested prior to release in the national wheat perfomance
tests during 1990-1992 and released in December, 1992. GK Delibab is an
awnless, early winter wheat cultivar with high yield, excellent winter
hardiness and baking quality. It is moderately resistant to powdery mildew,
leaf rust and moderately susceptible to stem rust. Breeder seed of GK
Delibab will be maintained by the C.R.I.
GK Ambitus patented wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) variety was developed
by J. Pauk, Z. Barabas, Z. Kertesz, J. Matuz, L. Bona, J. Falusi, M. Schulcz
and I. Pusztai. GK Ambitus originated from F2 bulk selected for powdery
mildew in 1985. The 'DH An 6' line - later called GK Ambitus - was developed
from anther culture in 1986. GK Ambitus was patented in January,1993.
GK Ambitus is an awnless, medium ripening, winter wheat cultivar with
high yield, excellent baking quality. It is moderately resistant to powdery
mildew, leaf rust and stem rust. Breeder and foundation seed of GK Ambitus
will be maintained by the CRI.
L. Purnhauser
Improving plant regeneration in callus cultures of wheat. Randomly
selected 44 wheat cultivars formed calli on MS medium supplemented with 1.0
mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, and the frequency of callus induction
generally did not vary significantly among genotypes. The frequency of
regeneration ranged from 1% to 93% (40% an average). Small proportion of
regenerating calli of wheat cultivars ranged from 0% (30 cultivars) to 39%
(5% an average) contained embryoid-like structures. Precocious germination
of immature embryos showed a negative, while callus growth showed a positive
relationship with the regeneration. ( K. Felfoldi)
Copper ion used as cupric sulfate and applied at 5 to 1000 times higher
concentration than that of the original medium effectively promoted shoot
regeneration in wheat callus cultures derived from immature embryos. The
highest number of shoots (at 10 uM CuSO4) was eight times higher than on the
medium containing the original amount of MS CuSO4 (0.1 uM), and 23 times
higher than those on CuSO4-free medium. Similarly to the shoot production,
cupric sulfate also had a strong stimulating effect on root formation.
Cupric sulfate used at high concentrations also resulted in a significantly
higher increase in shoot regeneration than kinetin or benzyladenine (0.5 to
4 mg/l) treatments.
When equal concentrations of CuSO4 were applied in different media (MS,
N6, B5 and SH) it was found that the components of the basal media had only
modifying effects. CuSO4 pretreatment also promoted plant survival when
regenerated wheat plants were transferred directly to potting soil. In
contrast with CuSO4, AgNO3, which also stimulated shoot regeneration,
inhibited rooting in wheat.
This time we are investigating the effects of ethylene inhibitors and
heavy metals on the morphogenesis of wheat cultures. Tissue culture methods
are also used in our wide hybridization programs.
Personnel: Dr. J. Matuz has been appointed to Director of Wheat Res.
Unit at CRI. This Unit has a wheat breeding programme headed by Z. Kertesz.
A research group handles a programme on disease resistance and plant
pathology headed by A. Mesterhazy. A special programme is being carried out
on the use of in vitro techniques leaded by J. Pauk. A small group is
working on analytical methods headed by T. Bartok, and another one on
milling and baking quality headed by Mrs. E. Acs. Separate group works on
agronomy and crop physiology headed by I. Petroczi, and on seed
multiplication headed by L. Bona, as well as one for marketing headed by B.
Beke. A. Mesterhazy has been named as Honorary Professor of Plant Pathology
teaching graduate students at Agric.Univ., Godollo, Hungary. L. Bona ,
Wheat breeder has returned to Hungary after spending two year sabbatical in
the US at Iowa State, Oklahoma State and USDA-ARS, Beckley, WV. His Advisors
were Profs. K.J. Frey (ISU), B.F. Carver & E.L. Smith (OSU) , V.C. Baligar,
R.J. Wright & D. Belesky (USDA-ARS). F. Sagi has retired as Plant
physiologist and this time he serves as a part time Advisor at CRI. Dr.
Sagi advices Mr Kasem Z. Ahmed a grad. student from Egypt who works for his
doctoral degree in wheat biology.
Publications:
Barabas, Z. 1991a. Hybrid seed production by nutritional mutants. FAO/IAEA
Working Material, Pullman, USA, p.19
Barabas, Z. 1991b. Hybrid seed production using nutritional mutants.
Euphytica 53: 67-72
Bona, L., Wright, R.J. and Baligar, V.C. 1992. Acid soil tolerance of
Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf. genotypes. Cereal Res. Commun.
20:95-101.
Bona, L. and Carver, B.F. 1992. Seedling tolerance to aluminum toxicity
among winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. (in Hungarian with
English summaray) Novenytermeles. 41: 381-391.
Carver, B.F. and Bona, L. 1992. Genetic improvement of acid soil tolerance
in hard red winter wheat. p. 91. In: Agronomy Abstracts, ASA, Madison, WI.
Csosz, L. 1991. Expression of inheritance of 1000 kernel weight with and
without stem rust infection. (Abstr.) In: M. V nova, J. Benada, L. Tvaruzek
and R. Frecer [eds.], Conference on genetics of disease resistance in
cereals. November 12-14, 1991. Kromeriz, Czechoslovakia, p.41-43.
Csosz, M.,- Matuz, J., Pusztai, I., Barabas Z., 1992. Effect of reduced
doses of Bayleton 25 WP on the infection and yield of winter wheat varieties
susceptible and resistant to powdery mildew. (in Hungarian with English
summary) Novenytermeles, 41:485-495.
Csosz, M., - Matuz, J., - Mesterhazy, A., - Barabas, Z. 1992. Field testing
methods of the durable resistance of wheat to stem rust (Puccinia graminis
f.sp. tritici). (Abstr.) Symposium on durability of disease resistance,
February 24-28. 1992. IAC, Wageningen, p.42.
Csosz, M., - Mesterhazy, A. 1992. Comparison of the inheritance expression
of wheat with and without stem rust infection measured by yield and 1000
grain mass. Vortr. Pflanzenzchtg. 24, 292-294.
Felfoldi, K. and Purnhauser, L. 1992. Induction of regenerating callus
cultures from immature embryos of 44 wheat and 3 triticale cultivars. Cereal
Res. Commun. 20: 273-277
Kasem, Z. Ahmed, Mesterhazy, A. and Sagi F. 1991. In vitro technics for
selecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for Fusarium-resistance. I. Double -
layer culture technique. Euphytica. 57:251-257.
Kertesz, Z. , Pauk J. 1991. Evaluation of anther culture responses of wheat
breeding material. Cereal Breeding Proc. Eucarpia Cereal Section Meeting,
Schwerin 139-140.
Kertesz, Z., Flintham, J. E. and Gale, M. D. 1991. Effect of Rht dwarfing
genes on wheat grain yield and its components under Eastern European
conditions. Cereal Res. Commun.8: 297-304.
Kertesz, Z., Pauk, J. and Matuz, J. 1992. Practical results of the in vitro
androgenesis in wheat. Book of Poster Abstracts, XII EUCARPIA Congress,
Angers, France. 173-174.
Kertesz, Z., Pauk, J., and Barabas, Z. 1991. Production and utilisation of
doubled haploid wheat mutants in hybrid and conventional breeding.
Proceeding of the second FAO/IAEA meeting, Katowice 1988 Cereal Res.
Commun.19: 109-117.
Manninger, K., - Csosz, M. and Tyihak, E. 1992. Biochemical immunization of
wheat plants to biotrophic fungi by endogenons fully N-Methylated compounds.
Proc. of 3rd International Conference on Role of Formaldehyde in Biological
systems 18-22. May 1992. Sopron, Hungary, p. 157-162.
Matuz, J., Shamkie, J.A. and Mesterhazy, A. 1992. The effect of selection on
yield in F2, F3 generations of wheat. Cereal Res. Commun. 20:25-32.
Matuz, J. 1992. Development of methods and tools for spaced seeding in wheat
breeding in Szeged. Proc. Eight Int. Conf. Mech. of Field Exp. (IAMFE, 1992)
Soest, Germany, July, 19-23. p. 48-50.
Mesterhazy, A., - Csosz, L., - Manninger, K., - Barabas, Z. 1991. Vertical
resistance or tolerance, a methodical challange? Acta Phytopathologica et
Entomologica Hungarica. 26 (3-4), pp.271-279.
Mesterhazy, A. 1991. Biologische und methodische Voraussetzungen, um
genetisch gltige Inokulationsergebnisse bei Weizenfusariose zu erreichen.
Mitt. Dt. Phytomed, Ges., 21:55. (Abstr.)
Mesterhazy, A. 1991. Resistance components of wheat to scab. 2nd Eur.
Seminar Fusarium mycotoxins, taxonomy, pathogenicity, Poznan, Mycotoxin
Research. 7:68-70.
Mesterhazy, A. 1992. Durability of scab (Fusarium graminearum and F.
culmorum) resistance in wheat. Durable Resistance, Wageningen, Abstr.
Mesterhazy, A., Csosz, L., Manninger, K., Barabas, Z. 1992. Vertical
resistance or tolerance, a methodical challenge? Acta Phytopath. and
Entomol. Hung. 26:271-279.
Papp, M. 1992. Resistance mechanism of wheat to cereal leaf beetles (Oulema
spp.). An Overwiev. (in Hungarian with English summary) Novenytermeles 41:
455-461.
Papp, M., Kolarov, J., Mesterhazy, A. 1992. Relation between pubescence of
seedling and flag leaves of winter wheat and its significance in the
resistance breeding to cereal leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).
Environmental Entomology 21: 700-705.
Papp, M., Nyitrai, A., Mesterhazy, A. 1991. Variability in wheat for virus
resistance and the cereal leaf beetle reactions. In M. Vanova, J. Benada, L.
Tvaruzek and R. Frecer [eds.], Proc. of the Conference on Genetics of
Disease Resistance in Cereals, November 12-14, 1991. Kromeriz,
Czechoslovakia. pp. 47-49.
Pauk, J., Fekete, S., Vilki, J., Pulli, S. 1991. Protoplast culture and
plant regeneration of different agronomically important Brassica species and
varieties. Journ. of Agric. Sci. in Finland, 63: 371-378.
Pauk, J., Manninen, O., Mattila, I., Salo, Y. and Pulli, S. 1991.
Androgenesis in hexaploid spring wheat F2 populations and their parents
using a multiple-step regeneration system. Plant Breeding 107: 18-27.
Pauk J., Mesterhazy, A., Kertesz, Z. 1992: Beurteilung der androgenetischen
Haploidenherstellung in der Weizenzuchtung. 42. Arbeitstagung der
Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Saatzuchtleiter 1991. Gumpenstein: 77-81.
Pauk, J. and Szarka, B. 1991: Protoplast isolation and culture investigation
in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Abs. 8th Int. Protoplast Symp.
Physiol. Plantarum 82(1): A4/27.
Proksza, J., Kertesz, Cs., Matuz, J. 1991. Comparative test of winter wheat
variety maintenance procedures. (in Hungarian with English summary)
Novenytermeles. 40: 303-312.
Proksza, J., Kertesz, Cs., Matuz, J. 1992. Effect of the maintenance process
on the quality in two winter wheat cultivars. (in Hungarian with English
summary) Novenytermeles. 41: 289-303.
Proksza, J., Kertesz, Cs., Kertesz, Z. 1991. Effect of stabilizing
selection in two winter wheats. (in Hungarian with English summary)
Novenytermeles 40: 385-394.
Purnhauser, L. 1991. Stimulation of shoot and root regeneration in wheat
Triticum aestivum callus cultures by copper. Cereal Res. Commun. 19:419-423.
Purnhauser, L. 1991. The effect of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and
ethylene inhibitors on the shoot regeneration of wheat callus cultures.
International conference on plant growth substances.. Amsterdam, July 21-
26. MO-C12-P40. Abstr .
Sagi, F., Ahmed, K. Z., Sagi, H., , Bartok, T., Mozsik, I. and Mesterhazy,
A. 1991. Anwendung einiger klassisch-biotechnologischer Methoden in der
Weizenzchtung: Produktion von Somaklonen und in vitro Selektion auf
Fusarium Toleranz. 42 Bericht ber die Arbeitstagung 1991 der Ost.
Pflzchter, Gumpenstein, 83-85.
--------------------
Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Martonvasar
Z. Bedo T, L. Balla* T, L. Szunics* T, L. Lang* T, Lu. Szunics, I.
Karsai, Gy. Vida
Wheat production
The 1991-1992 economic year was unfavourable for wheat production in
many respects. In October, rain prevented sowing at the proper time, so
only 840,000 hectares were sown instead of the usual 1.1-1.2 million.
The winter was mild and dry, followed by an extremely dry spring
lasting until mid-June, when the rain finally arrived, but with a very
uneven distribution: in some places there was far too much, and in other
places too little. This had a damaging influence on wheat quality. The
yield finally harvested amounted to 4.06 t/ha, some 1.0-1.4 t less than
the average over previous years.
Breeding. Two new Martonv s r wheat varieties were registered in 1992.
Martonv s ri 24 (line Mv 218-88) was selected from the hybrid population
GT 13A 305//K1/ZG 1477-69/3//K1/ZG 1477//Kavkaz and gave the highest
yields in the three-year state variety trials. It has excellent stem
rust resistance, winter hardiness and lodging resistance. Farinograph
tests show it to have medium quality (B2-C1), so it is chiefly of value
for animal feeding.
The other new variety, Fatima 2, is the result of breeding in
cooperation with I.C.C.P.T. (Research Institute for Cereals and Industrial
Crops), Fundulea, Romania. It was selected from the hybrid population
Fundulea 29/Lovrin 32, being selected up to F4 in Fundulea and from then
on in Martonv s r. In the three-year state variety trials it yielded
significantly more than the standards. It excels with respect to its
good quality, high gluten content, good winter hardiness and lodging
resistance. It has medium or better disease resistance (powdery mildew, stem
and leaf rust).
Pedigree analysis. A computerised pedigree analysis was carried out
on the breeding stock used over the last 8 years, during which time more
than 1300 parental lines took part in the combinations tested. Each year
the breeding stock consists of crosses involving 600-700 parents and
around 80 % of the genetic background of the breeding stock has changed over
the last 8 years. The variability of the programme is demonstrated by
the fact that, due to the use of initial stocks of various origins,
the dominance of certain parental types is not perceptible. Bezostaya 1,
which previously occurred with great frequency, is now only present
in the pedigree of Martonv s r lines through its progeny. In the present
breeding stock the most frequent crossing partner, though it occurs in
only some 6-8 % of the combinations, is Martonv s ri 15.
Effect of freezing on yield components. The survival percentages of
winter wheat varieties with good and poor frost resistance, and the extent
to which individual plants were damaged, were determined after freezing at
-14oC and -16oC. The survival % of varieties with good frost resistance
did not differ significantly from each other at the two freezing
temperatures, but for varieties with poor frost resistance a
substantial degree of plant destruction was recorded. The scoring value gave
a good reflection of the variety order determined on the basis of
survival %. Plants which survived after freezing despite frost damage
(scores of 2-3) and those which suffered no frost damage (scores of 4-5)
were raised to maturity. Less reduction was observed in the yield
components of plants damaged by freezing at -14oC than at -16oC. Of
the eight characters examined, the extent of damage suffered by individual
plants was exhibited primarily as a reduction in the number of ears per
plant, and consequently in the number of grains and grain mass of side-ears
and in the total grain yield. There was no change in plant height, while
the number of grains and the grain mass in the main ear only decreased in
a few varieties after freezing at -16oC.
Resistance studies. Due to the dry, warm, droughty weather,
very few diseases occurred in Hungary. A moderate extent of powdery
mildew infection was recorded, while a very weak infection with leaf and
stem rust was observed in places. On a few susceptible varieties, symptoms
of Helminthosporium leaf spots and ear Fusarium were visible.
In 1992, 23 races of wheat powdery mildew were isolated. The
prevalent races and their frequencies were: 51 (22.38 %), 72 (1.9%),
90 (20.96%), 75 (6.6%), 67 (4.75%). Very few races were virulent to
genotypes containing the resistance genes Pm 4a and Pm 4b. Satisfactory
protection against leaf rust is provided by the resistance genes Lr 9,
Lr 19, Lr 24 and Lr 25, against stem rust by Sr 9b, Sr 11, Sr 21, Sr 24, Sr
31 and Sr 36, and against bunt by Bt 5, Bt 8, Bt 9 and Bt 10. A host-plant
(wheat) - parasite (Puccinia recondita) - hyperparasite (Sphaerellopsis
filum) chain was discovered.
Personal news
Ildiko Karsai is currently spending six months in the US at
Oregon State University, Corvallis. Yan Zifu, from the Henan
Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China, is spending a year in
Martonv s r. Otto Veisz, who was previously responsible for plant raising in
the phytotron, moved to the Wheat Breeding Department as a breeder in
September 1992.
--------------------
Cell biology and pollen biotechnological studies
B. Barnabas* T, G. Kovacs, E. Szakacs, E. Korbuly, G. He, I.
Takacs, I. T¡mar
The research activity of our laboratory is focused on the in vivo and
in vitro manipulation of the reproductive processes. The projects
carried out in the last year are the following:
In vitro androgenesis: A highly efficient anther culture technique to
produce dihaploid wheat plants has been elaborated. Chromosome doubling
of the uninucleate microspores produced by colchicine added to the
induction medium is significantly more efficient and economic than the
conventionally used routine. Phenotypic characters of the next DH
progenies can be better stabilized by this new method.
Regenerable, embriogenic haploid cell suspensions were initiated and
established from pollen calli of two cultivated genotypes. Repeated
callus and cell selection during the culture procedure led to stable
haploid suspensions consisting of fine clusters each containing 20-50
cells. These suspensions were able to to maintain their morphogenic ability
during 8 months of subculture. Fertile, seed-producing plants were
successfully grown from an 8-month-old suspensions. The experimental
system holds promise for use in haploid protoplast isolation and genetic
manipulation.
The haploid callus and cell cultures are extensively used in
mutant selection experiments for aluminium tolerance and frost
resistance. The preliminary results suggest that the regenerants from low
pH and aluminium containing culture media have better tolerance to
aluminium than that of the original genetic source. The inheritance of the
increased resistance is under study.
In vitro pollen maturation. A method to produce functionable pollen
and to get mature seeds in in vitro cultured wheat florets has been
elaborated. Several wheat genotypes were compared for their in
vitro pollen maturation capacity in detached spikelet cultures on a
defined solid medium. Under these in vitro conditions the genotypes
studied produced normal trinucleate pollen grains at a range of 37-68%,
depending on the genotypes. The pollen maturation process from the middle
uninucleate microspore stage took approximately 3 days longer in vitro than
in vivo. The viability, germination capacity, and fertilizing ability of
the in vitro ripened pollen also differ between the genotypes. The seed set
achived in vitro (averagely 13%) offers promise for the practical
application of this method to produce controlled or selected offspring. On
the other hand, development of male and female gametophytes in vitro provide
an opportunity to study the regulation and morphogenetical basis of their
development.
Cryopreservation. A deep freeze storage method was worked out for
triticale pollen which allows the viability and fertilising ability of
partly dehydrated pollen to be prolonged for up to 10 years.
--------------------
Physiological and biochemical studies
E.Paldi, T.Janda, J.Kissimon, M.Kovacs, L.Stehli
Specific polyamine synthesis during vernalisation in wheat. The
quantitative and qualitative characteristics of polyamine synthesis in
the developmental physiological processes taking place at low temprature
(0.5oC, 7 weeks, darkness) were studied in winter (Mv 15, Mironovskaya 808,
Rana 2) and spring (Super x) wheat varieties. It was found that the
alternative arginine-agmatine-putrescine metabolic pathway occuring only in
plants during the course of the process the quantity of agmatine
constantly rises, but only in winter wheat varieties with a cold
requirement. In spring varieties the significance of this synthesis is
negligible. Agmatine can be reliably identified using modified forms of the
HPLC techniques previously applied.
Changes in Polyamine Levels during Cold Treatment of Wheat.
Examinations were made on the polyamine accumulation in the leaves,
crowns, and roots of winter wheat plants (cultivars: Mv 4, Mv 14, Bucs nyi
20, Vitka) subjected to short low-temperature stress (6hs,-2oC). A marked
accumulation of Putrescine, was obserwed: Spermidine showed a much
slower, but general and sustanined increase in concentration and
Spermine levels appeared to be the least responsive to cold stress.
Agmatine accumulation was also examined and found comparable to that of
Putrescine. We establish that Agmatine which is an intermediate product of
a specific pathway only in higher plants, can play an important role
during short-term cold treatment. Polyamine concentrations were highest
in the crowns of the stressed plants while roots generally exhibited the
lowest accumulation.
Effect of DL-S-Methyl Methionine on polyamine biosynthesis, in wheat
cultivars.. Low concentration of S-methyl methionine occurs in all
plants. The treatment of wheat seedlings (cultivars: Mv 4, Mv 14,
Bucs nyi 20, Vitka) with S-methyl methionine led to a 20-30% increase
in the polyamine content. This increase was particularly great in the case
of putrescine. The examinations showed that S-methyl methionine not only
stimulated polyamine biosythesis, in wheat cultivars, but also took an
active part in it. The carbon chain and amino group of S-methyl
methionine are incorporated into the carbon chain of spermidine by means
of the following pathway: S-methyl methionine homoserine aspartic
acid semialdehyde + putrescine carboxyspermidine spermidine.
Effect of light on the activity of the protein synthesising
system in wheat seedlings.
The experimental results indicate that the protein synthesising ability of
etiolated plants depends to a great extent on the degree of modification
of their tRNAs under-modified tTNAs, which only display around 70%
activity even in aminoacylation reactions, have the great influence on
the functioning of the cell-free protein synthesising system, reducing the
incorporation of the labelled amino acid to two-thirds. Considering the
fact that tRNAs normally have the highest minor nucleotide content, this
result is not surprising. Light-dependent changes in other components of
the protein synthesising system, including the under-modification of the
rRNAs, play a lesser role in reducing the intensitysince the RNAs
contain fewer minor bases than the tRNAs even in green plants, so the
reduction in minor basecontent during etiolation has less effect. If all
the RNAs participating in the system are under-modified tRNA and S23
fraction obtained from etiolated plants), the intensity of protein
synthesis drops to little more than half that in green plants.
--------------------
Genetic Studies
J. Sutka, M. Molnar-Lang, G. Galiba, B. Koszegi
Production of fertile wheat-barley amphiploids 190 regenerants were
grown from five wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring) x
barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Betzes) hybrid plants produced at
Martonvasar in 1990. 79 hybrids were treated with colchicine by different
methods. Altogether 40 seeds were developed by means of
self-pollination on isolated ears on twelve plants. When the next
generation (R2) was raised 399 seeds developed through self-pollination.
Up till now twelve plants have been grown from the R3 generation and
all of them set seeds by self pollination. The chromosome numbers of
all the selfpollinated plants were analysed in mitosis and
meiosis. By the R3 generation all the self-pollinated plants contained
56 chromosomes. On studying the meiotic configurations, mostly
bivalents were found.
Possible chromosomal location of genes determining the
osmoregulation of wheat. Stress induced free amino-acid
accumulation in the presence of 0.7M mannitol has been compared
in tissue cultures of moderately stress-tolerant 'Chinese Spring' and
stress-sensitive 'Capelle Desprez' cultivars and in disomic chromosome
substitution lines of 'Capelle Desprez' into 'Chinese Spring'. The
profile of amino acid accumulation was different in the two parents. The
amino acid concentration of the substitution lines belonging to the A, B
and D genomes, respectively, altered characteristically under stress
condition. The 'Capelle Desprez' chromosomes associated with non-ionic
osmotic stress-induced free amino acid accumulation were 5A and 5D.
Publications
El Maksoud M.M. - Bedo Z. 1992. Half diallel analysis of different
characters in wheat anther culture. Acta Agronomica, 41. 3-4.
235-242.
Bakonyi J., Fischl G. Szunics L. 1992. Comparison of the pathogeneity of
Helminthosporium (Drechslera, Bipolaris, Xxserohilum) species and
isolates in artificial inoculation experiments on winter wheat varieties.
Novenyvedelem, XXVIII, 9. 361-365.
Barnabas B. 1992. Application of in vitro techniques in cereal pollen
biotechnology. Atelier pollen. Connaissances et implications en
amelioration des plantes. Les 6 et 7 fevrier 1992. Toulouse, pp. 49-52.
Barnabas B., Kovacs M., Kovacs G.: 1992. Long term cryopreservation of
gramineaceous pollen. XIIIth EUCARPIA Congress, Book of Abstracts, Angers,
France, pp. 409-410.
Barnabas, B. Kovacs, G. 1992. In vitro pollen maturation and siccessful
seed production in detached spikelet cultures in wheat [Triticum aestivum
L.]. Sex. Plant Reprod., 5:286-291.
Barnabas B., Kovacs G. 1992. Application of in vitro technoques in cereal
pollen biology. In: Ottaviano,E., Mulcahy,D.L., Sari-Gorla,M.,
Mulcahy,G.B. [eds.]:Angiosperm pollen and Ovules. Springer-Verlag, New
York, pp. 291-297.
Bedo Z., Karsai I., Vida G., Lang L. 1992. Breadmaking quality of doubled
haploid lines derived from wheat anther culture. J. Genet. and Breed.,
46:263-268.
Bedo Z., Karsai I. , Vida G. 1992. Bezostaya 1 es Mironovszkaja 808
szarmazekok cs¡ranovenykori aluminium- toleranciaja. (Aluminium tolerance
in seedlings of Bezostaya 1 and Mironovskaya 808 derivatives.)
Novenytermeles, 41. 393-400.
Galiba G. , Kovacs G., Sutka J. 1991. Genetic analysis of water deficit
and frost resistance in wheat tissue culture. In Proceedings of
International Symposium. Wheat Breeding. Eds.: Panayotov,I. and Pavlova ,S.
Albena, Bulgaria pp. 12-17.
Galiba G., Simon-Sarkadi G., Kocsy G., Salgo A., Sutka J. 1992. Possible
chromosomal location of genes determining the osmoregulation of wheat.
Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:415-418.
Galiba G., Tuberosa R., Kocsy G., Sutka J. 1992. Involvement of
chromosomes 5A and 5D in cold-induced asicic acid accumulation and
frost tolerance of wheat calli. Plant Breeding (inpress).
Guang Yuan He, Korbuly E., Barnabas B. 1993. High frequency callus
formation and regeneration of fertile plants from haploid cell
suspensions derived from anther culture in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Plant Science, in press.
Karsai I., Bedo Z., Balla L. 1992. Effect of donor plant growth
environment on in vitro androgenesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Acta Agronomica.
Karsai I., Bedo Z., Balla L. 1992. A fajtan beluli variabilitas
tanulmanyozasa buza (Triticum aestivum L.) antera kulturaban. (Studies
on the variability within the variety in wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]
anther cultures.) Novenytermeles, 41. 2. 105-112.
Kovacs G., Takacs I., Barnabas B. 1992. Gamete maturation and in vitro
fertilization in cereals; a new tool for plant breeding. Novenytermeles,
41: 177-184. [In Hungarian].
Kovacs G., Takacs I., Barnabas B. 1992. In vitro pollen maturation and
fertilisation in detached spikelet cultures of wheat. Novenytermeles, 42:
in press.
Kovacs G., Takacs I., Barnabas B. 1992. Pollen selection in self pollinated
cereals. XIIIth EUCARPIA Congress, Book of Abstracts, Angers, France, pp.
287-288.
Kovacs G., Takacs I., Barnabas B. 1992. Genetic stability of wheat
dihaploids produced by different colchicine treatments. XIIIth EUCARPIA
Congress, Book of Abstracts, Angers, France, pp. 285-286.
Kovacs M., Paldi E., Racz I., Lasztity D. Changes in Polyamine Levels
during Cold Treatment of Wheat. Plant Science (in press).
Lasztity D., Racz I., Kiraly I., Jakucs E., Paldi E.: 1992. Effect of light
on the activity of the protein synthesising system in wheat seedlings.
Plant Science, 77: 173-176.
Lasztity D., Racz I., Paldi E. 1992. Effect of DL-S-methyl methionine on
polyamine biosynthesis. Abstracts of the 8th Congress of the Federation
of European Scienties of Plant Physiology, Antwerpen. Physiol. Plantarum
85(3): A68.
Molnar-Lang M., Galiba G., Stankovics L., Nagy A.H., Sutka J. 1992.
Genetic manipulation of wheat-barley hybrids in vitro. Book of poster
abstracts. XIII the Eucarpia Congress. Angers, France. 259-260.
Novoselskaya A. Yu., Metakovsky E.V., Sutka J., Galiba G.: 1991.
Spontaneous and induced genetic variability in gluten proteins in
bread wheat. In: Gluten Proteins 1990. Ed: Bushuk,W., Tkachuk, R. Published
by the American Association of Cereal Chemists. St. Paul, Minnesota USA,
pp. 558-568.
Paldi E., Kremmer T., L sztity D. 1992. Specific polyamine synthesis
during vernalisation in wheat. Abstracts of the 8th Congress of the
Federation of European Societies of Plant Physiology, Antwerpen. Physiol.
Plantarum 85(3): A70.
Szunics L. 1992. Significance of wheat powdery mildew and the
physiological specialisation of the pathogen. Novenyvedelem, XXVIII, 5-6.
217-218.
Szunics L., Szunics Lu. 1992. Virulence of wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe
graminis) to certain resistance genes. Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg.,
Weihenstephan, 24-. 183-184.
Szunics L., Szunics Lu. 1992. Race composition and virulence of wheat
powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis). Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg., Weihenstephan,
24. 181-182.
Szunics L., Vajna L., Szunics Lu. 1992. The combined effect of leaf rust and
the fungus Sphaerellopsis filum (Biv. et Bern. ex Fr.) Sutton on young
wheat plants in the glasshouse.
Novenyvedelem, 28. 7-8. 269-273.
Szunics Lu., Szunics L. 1992. Methods for infecting wheat with ear Fusarium
and the susceptibility of the varieties. venytermeles, 41-. 3. 201-210.
Upelniek V.P., Novoselskaya A.Yu., Sutka J., Galiba G., Metakovsky E.V.
1991. Variability of electrophoretic spectra of seed storage proteins in
wheat regenerants. Genetika 27: 1597.
Veisz O., Sutka J. 1991. Frost resistance studies with wheat in natural and
artificial conditions. In Proceedings of International Symposium. Wheat
Breeding. Eds. Panayotov,I. and Pavlova,S. Albena, Bulgaria pp 12-17.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM INDIA
Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
R. W. Sawhney*, J. B. Sharma, D. N. Sharma, H. B. Chowdhary and Harsh
Mehta
Strategic Approaches in Wheat Breeding for Increased Yield
Potential with Diverse and Durable Resistance to Rust Diseases
Use of rust resistance alien variation in the Development of wheat
cultivars. A number of alien genes were identified as effective against
Indian flora of three rusts. Because most of the alien genes being
available in ill-adapted and agronomically poor backgrounds, it was
extremely difficult to recover high yielding wheats with desired resistance
from crosses involving these stocks. These genes, were, therefore,
transferred through backcross breeding to 2 popular and well-adapted wheats,
Kalyansona and Sonalika.
One Kalyansona backcross derivative, designated as DL 896-2 deriving
Agropyron elongatum (Lr24/Sr24) resistances from a white seeded stock TR
380.27*r/3Ag3, kindly supplied by Dr. R. A. McIntosh, University of Sydney,
was identified in 1990 as a superior genotype for on-farm tests in farmer
fields for timely sown irrigated conditions in Peninsular zone in 1990-91
crop season. The results have established that it is possible to achieve
high yield potential, at least comparable with the recurrent parent, in
contrast to the reports that alien derived resistances produce depression in
yield (The et al. 1988. In: Proc. 7th Intl. Wheat Genet. Symp. Cambridge
901-06). A number of other backcross derivatives deriving different alien
resistances with higher or comparable yield with the recurrent wheats having
resistance to one, two or three rust diseases have been identified.
New Release. Kalyansona backcross derivative with Lr24/Sr24
resistances when crossed with HD 2281 has given rise to a still improved
cultivar named `Vaishali' (DL 784-3) that has been identified for
cultivation in timely sown irrigated conditions in Eastern Plains Zone
comprising Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal and Far Eastern States
in 1992. This wheat combines high yield potential, shorter growing period
and superior grain quality. This cultivar has shown resistance to all the
leaf and stem rust races in seedlings and possesses high level adult plant
resistance to both rusts under field conditions. No leaf rust race
pathogenic on Lr24 is so far known from India. Stem rust pathotype 40-1 and
34-1 that infect Sr24 are non-pathogenic on DL 784-3 which suggests that
this cultivar carries at least additional stem rust resistance gene(s),
effective against 40-1 and 34-1. Vaishali will not only increase wheat
production but also provide diversity for rust resistance, so far
unexploited, in the country. Genetic diversity is known to improve the
durability for resistance, because it serves as a means of reducing
vulnerability against diseases.
Adult plant interactive genes for increased yield potential and durable
resistance to all the three rusts. Resistance determined by certain
interactive specific genes in the host is known to be more durable as
compared with that controlled by interaction between a specific gene for
resistance in the host and a corresponding gene for avirulence in the
pathogen (GFG interaction). An adult plant leaf rust partially effective
gene Lr34 interacts with seedling complementary genes Lr27 and Lr31 for
enhanced and durable resistance to leaf rust (Sawhney 1992, Euphytica 61:9-
12). In another study, the complementary interaction of adult plant
resistance genes in Fed*4/Kavkaz involving 1B/1R translocation (Lr26) and
`Federation' (Lr10 have produced adult plant resistance to pathotype 77-1
that is highly pathogenic to Lr26 and Lr10, present in `Kavkaz' and
`Federation', respectively (Sawhney 1993. In: Proc. 8th Intern. Wheat
Genet. Symp. July 20-25, Beijing - in press). The possibility that the
observed resistance in the stock Fed*4/Kazkaz is due to interaction between
Lr26 (Kavkaz) and Lr10 (Federation) (1992 Ann. Wheat Newsl. 38:124) is ruled
out because seedlings of Fed*4/Kavkaz and F1 from a new cross between
`Federation' and `Kavkaz' were susceptible to 77-1.
The wheat-rye 1B/1R translocation carrying three rust resistance genes
(Lr26, Sr31, Yr9) is a highly exploited source for development of high
yielding cultivars in different parts of the world. Increased yield
potential, stability and wide adaptation in a number of cultivars derived
from a cross involving 1H/1R translocation was achieved (Rajaram et al.
1983. Proc. 6th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. Kyoto, Japan). Leaf rust resistance
attributed to Lr26 in 1B/1R translocation has become ineffective in many
parts of the world, including India. The complementary adult plant
resistance identified in Fed*4/Kavkaz provides a new source with 1B/1R
translocation effective to leaf rust. Stem rust resistance attributed to
Sr31 in 1B/1R translocation is still highly effective throughout the world
and is expected to be durable. Associated stripe rust resistance gene Yr9
is also highly effective in India, although virulences attacking Yr9 have
been isolated in Europe.
A number of Indian cultivars under cultivation have been found to
possess leaf rust resistance effective for a long period of time. This was
suggested to be due to Lr34, either alone or in combination with other adult
plant resistance genes (Sawhney et al. 1992. Plant Breeding 109:248-254).
Various studies have shown Lr34 to interact in a complementary manner to
enhance the level of resistance when present in combination with other
resistance genes. Lr34 has therefore, been advocated for use in breeding
programs because of its durability and interactive characteristic.
Furthermore, this gene has been reported to be linked with Yr18 (Singh 1992.
Phytopathology 82.835-838), which confers adult plant resistance likely to
be durable for resistance to stripe rust.
It may, therefore, be concluded that the use of this newly identified
source (Fed*4/Kavkaz) with complementary adult plant resistance in
combination with Lr34 in wheat breeding is likely to produce cultivars which
are endowed with increased yield potential and durable resistance to all
three rusts.
Publications
Sawhney, R. N. 1992. The role of Lr34 in imparting durable resistance to
wheat leaf rust through gene interaction. Euphytica. 61:9-12.
Sawhney, R. N. 1993. Management of genetic control of rust diseases in
wheat, current status and future strategies. In: Proc. National Symposium
on Plant Breeding. "Crop Breeding in India - current status and future
strategy". G. B. Pant Univ. of Agric. & Tech., Pantnagar Hill Campus,
Ranichauri, Dist. Tehri Garhwal, U. P. Nov. 2-4, 1992. (In press)
Sawhney, R. N., J. B. Sharma and D. N. Sharma. 1992. Genetic diversity for
adult plant resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) in near-isogenic
lines and in Indian wheats. Plant Breeding, 109:248-259.
Sawhney, R. J., J. B. Sharma and D. N. Sharma. 1993. Identification of
adult plant resistance and its role for durable resistance to leaf rust in
Indian wheats. In: Proc. Golden Jubilee Symposium on Genetic Research and
Education: Current Trends and the next fifty years. Ind. Soc. Genet. &
Plant Breeding, IARI, New Delhi, Feb. 12-15, 1991. (In press)
Sawhney, R. N., J. B. Sharma and D. N. Sharma. 1993. Adult plant
interactive genes for durable resistance to leaf rust with increased yield
potential in wheat. In: Proc. 8th Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. Beijing, China,
July 20-25, 1993. (In press).
Sawhney, R. N., J. B. Sharma, D. N. Sharma and S. Nagarajan. 1993. Adult
plant resistance sources for breeding durably leaf rust resistant wheats.
In: Proc. Gregor Johann Mendel Birthday Lecture Series and Symposium
International, Department of Botany, University of Calicut, Calicut, Kerala,
July 22-23, 1992. (In press)
--------------------
S. M. S. Tomar*, M. Kochumadhavan and Alice K. Vari
Screening of wild wheats against stem and leaf rusts at adult plant
stage: A number of accessions of diploid and tetraploid wild wheat species
were screened in adult plant stage against 40-1 and 117-1 races of Puccinia
graminis tritici and 77-2 and 104B races of P. recondita over two seasons.
Rust reactions are given in Table 1. It is observed that wild diploid and
some of the tetraploid wheat species offer resistance excellent sources for
stem and leaf rust races mentioned above.
Screening of wild wheat species against aphid infestation under natural
conditions: Wheat in India is attacked by Sitobion avenae (Macrosiphum
miscanthi) and Rhopalosiphum maidis, the former being more common and the
latter is occasionally observed (usually attack barley). In recent years
aphid infestation has become a serious problem in bread wheat (Triticum
aestivum) in the areas where weather remains cloudy and humid during the
crop season. This problem may turn into a serious threat to future wheat
production in northern parts of the country. Wheat species listed in Table
1 were also screened against aphid infestation under natural conditions.
The aphid species infesting the wheats was identified as S. avenae. Since
the wheat species were not artificially inoculated, no scale for recording
the infestation was followed. However, the heavy aphid infestation observed
on the leaves, stem, peduncle and spike was considered to be of high level
incidence (highly susceptible). T. aestivum cv Chinese Spring and an
accession of T. zhukovskyi fell under the above category. Accessions with
asterisk mark in Table 1 were found susceptible to aphid.
============================================================================
Type and Percent
infection to
Name of the species stem rust leaf rust
Triticum aegilopoides EC182961, T. boeoticum
accs. G2171, G2398, G2508, PI427446 0 0
PI427447, PI427481; T. urartu; T. monococcum accs.
G863, G1372, G1471, G1481, Var. nigraflavescence; T. thoudar; T. tauschii;
Aegilops speltoides accs. TS08, M, PI369602, var. ligustica; Ae. sharonensis
EC162416*; Ae. longissima accs. A*PI276977, SWAN655*; Ae. comosa accs. 15-1,
EC162406; Ae. caudata; Ae. mutica*; T. dicoccoides accs. G1456, G1458,
G1460, T. araraticum accs. PI427312, PI427314; Ae. variabilis TKE02; T.
peregrina EC162408; T. timopheevii accs. SWAN 281*, 284*, 286*, 493*, PBI*,
K47798*, K28541
T. timopheevii K38553; T. militinae 0 10-20R
Ae. columnaris, Ae. biuncialis A, Ae. triaristata 0 TR
T. zhukovskyi accs. PBI**, G986**, G987** 0 0
Ae. umbellulata K590, T. araraticum PI427345 5S 0
T. dicoccoides accs. SWAN432, PI272582*,
Ae. kotschyi; Ae. cylindrica A, Ae. 20S 0-TR
triuncialis X, Ae. uniaristata PI276995
Ae. triuncialis H, Ae. ovata A 20S 10XR
Ae. bicornis accs. PI162412, var. mutica; 0-TS 20-30S
T. urartu SWAN718; T. dicoccoides accs. TTDO8*,
TTD13*, TTD15*, PI429119, var.
immaturatium*, var. fulvovillosum*, Ae. triaristata
Ae. bicornis accs. TB01, SWAN657, var. typica;
T. dicoccoides accs. G2067, 30S & 30S &
SWAN238*, VIR 26118**; Ae. ovata; Ae. turcomanica
PI173615; T. araraticum above above accs.
PI427415, PI427430; Ae. crassa A and Ae. crassa G
----------------------------------------------------------------
accs. =accessions; * = susceptible to aphid; ** = highly susceptible to
aphid
--------------------
Division of Genetics, Regional Station Wellington and Shimla of Indian
Agricultural Research Institute
S. M. S. Tomar, M. Kochumadhavan, M. Prashar and P. Bahadur
Introgression of useful genes for leaf rust resistance from Aegilops
speltoides into wheat: A number of accessions of diploid wild wheats
belonging to Sitopsis group (S) carry a good level of seedling and adult
plant resistance to Indian leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) races. Selections
derived form Triticum aestivum cv. Sonalika4 X Ae. speltoides with six
subsequent selfings have exhibited adult plant resistance under natural and
artificially created leaf rust infection at Wellington, New Delhi and Lahual
Spiti. Seedling reactions of these selections against nine leaf rust races
are given in Table 1. Material was tested in seedling stage at Shimla and
New Delhi. The pattern of seedling reaction indicated that the resistance
showed by the selections is presumably different than that of Lr28. The
leaf sheath of some of the derivatives have hairs like that of Ae.
speltoides which may serve as an useful marker in genetic studies.
Table 1. Seedling response of Triticum aestivum cv. Sonalika
derivatives of Aegilops speltoides against nine races of Puccinia
recondita
=================================================================
Derivatives 12-1 77 77A-1 77-1 77-2 77-5 104-2 104B 162A
----------------------------------------------------------------
Sel. 1826 ;1 ;1 ; ; ;1 ;1 ; ;12 ;1
Sel. 1827 ;1 ; ; ;1 ;1 ; ;1 2 x
Sonalika ; 3 3+ 3 3+ 3+ ;1 2+ 2
Ae. speltoides - ; ;1- ; ;N - - ; ;N
CS 2A/2M 4/2 0; ;- ;- ; ;- ;- 0; ; ;
(Lr28)
----------------------------------------------------------------
- = not tested
--------------------
IARI Regional Station, Wellington, The Nilgiris
M. Kochumadhavan* and S. M. S. Tomar
Improvement of wheat cultivars through backcrossing: Aegilops
speltoides derived gene Lr28 is highly effective against Indian leaf rust
virulences in seedling as well as in adult plant stage. This effective
resistance of Lr28 has been incorporated in a popular Indian wheat cultivar
Sonalika. The line CS 2A/2M 4/2 was used as a donor parent for resistance.
Selections constituted after seven backcrosses from Sonalika(7) X CS 2A/2M
were tested in seedling stage against the race 77 and its biotypes. The
improved cultivar showed resistance to all the biotypes of race 77 to which
Sonalika is susceptible. A trial in RBD with six replications was conducted
during the current season to compare the yield potential of improved line
with that of the recurrent parent.
Under our ongoing program of introgression of Agropyron elongatum-
derived resistance gene Lr24 and other alien genes, we have further improved
the leaf rust susceptible Indian cultivars, HD 2009, UP 262, VL 421 and WL
711. An amber grained Australian line TR 380-14 # 7/3 AG 14 has been used
as the resistance donor. The yield potential of the improved cultivars is
being tested in a trial in RBD with six replications.
--------------------
G. Guha and J. G. Bhowal*
Transfer of genes for resistance against stem, leaf and stripe rusts
from Triticum timopheevi to bread wheat. Genes for resistance against brown
(Puccinia recondita), black (P. graminis tritici) and stripe rusts (P.
striiformis) from T. timopheevi have been transferred to bread wheat
cultivars Kalyansona and CM108-31 and CM108-33 (induced reduced height
mutants of C 306).
A number of timopheevi derivatives showing immune, resistant or
tolerant reactions against all three rusts in adult plant stage have been
identified (Table 1). These lines have been stabilized for morphological
characters, fertility and disease reaction.
A set of 21 of these stable lines was subjected to multilocation tests
in disease nursery (IRSN, Initial Rust Screening Nursery) conducted by Wheat
Project Directorate, New Delhi. A number of them have shown resistance or
tolerance against stem, leaf and stripe rusts both in south as well as in
north of India as a few either in the north or in the south (Table 2).
Seedling reaction tests against a few important virulent races of stem,
leaf and stripe rusts was first conducted with F5 plant progenies. Test was
again repeated with stabilized timopheevi derivatives. These lines have not
only shown a high degree of resistance against these virulent races but also
some have shown different reactions than those observed for earlier reported
genes from timopheevi (Sr36, Sr37 and Lr18), thereby indicating that these
derived lines may possess different genes (Table 3). These new sources of
resistance against all the three rust diseases of wheat should prove useful
to the wheat breeders as donor stocks for broadening the genetic base of
resistance against rusts.
Six lines were also subjected to screening in the field nursery against
specific leaf rust races, 77-1, 77-2, 104B and 12-2. Four lines have shown
a high degree of resistance whereas the parents were susceptible (Table 4).
It is apparent that genes, or combination of genes which impart both adult
plant resistance and seedling resistance are present in these new lines.
These lines were designated for genetic analysis to identify genes imparting
resistance against Lr, Sr and Yr races.
The RA4 line gave `;' and `;,;1' reaction against the Lr race `77-1'
and 104B and the parent (CM108-33) gave `4' type of reaction. F1 seedlings
of the cross RA4 x CM 108-33, when tested against races `77-1' and `104B'
exhibited reactions similar to RA4 indicating complete dominance of genes
conferring resistance. The F2 data of this cross showed a segregation of 3
resistant:1 susceptible when tested with race `77-1' and 104B, respectively.
It can be inferred that one dominant gene govern resistance against Lr races
and 77-1 and 104B in RA4. F2 segregation from a cross of RA4 with a stock
having a known resistance gene, Lr24, showed segregation in a ratio of 15:1
and 63:1 indicating that the gene in RA4 is different from Lr24 (Table 5).
--------------------
J. G. Bhowal, G. Guha and R. Singh
Ne1locus mutation of the Var. C 306. To study the type of change in
the Ne1 locus of non-necrotic mutants of C 306, an F2 population from a
cross of a Ne1 mutant x Kalyansona (Ne2Ne2) was studied. Though F1 plants
were completely normal, F2 plants showed segregation of necrosis of
different intensity.
Nt = necrotic areas restricted to leaf tip only, seed normal
Ne = leaves necrotic, seed fertility not affected, seeds somewhat
shrivelled
Nr = Normal (Table 6)
Results showed that the Ne1 locus in C 306 has mutated to a very weak
allele instead of being mutated to a recessive allele ne1.
A comparative study was made of agronomic behavior of 6 tall necrotic,
5 tall non-necrotic and 4 short non-necrotic mutant lines derived from C 306
(Table 7). The tall necrotic and tall non-necrotic mutant lines were all
derived as progenies of a single tall mutant (CM 42) of C 306. The other
four non-necrotic mutants of C 306 were independent from each other and all
(except one) had shorter height than C 306.
Though the necrotic and non-necrotic derivatives of CM 42 are all as
tall as C 306 in rainfed condition, a few from both the groups showed
reduced height than C 306 in irrigated condition. Of the other four non-
necrotic mutants, one was as tall as C 306 while three others had reduced
height in irrigated condition (and also in rainfed condition). Tiller
number/plant was higher in 2 necrotic and two non-necrotic lines, same in
other non-necrotic lines. Yield per plant was higher than C 306 in two
necrotic and two non-necrotic lines, same in other non-necrotic lines.
Grain weight per ear was higher only in one non-necrotic line (NN50). Grain
weight was higher than C 306 in only one non-necrotic mutant, and a littler
lower than C 306 in one necrotic and two non-necrotic mutants, others had
grain weights similar to C 306. That some of the non-necrotic mutants of C
306 showed significantly higher yield than C 306 and higher values than C
306 in important yield contributing factors (tiller number/plant, grain
weight/ear and grain weight) is of particular interest from a breeding point
of view.
Table 1. Adult plant reactions of a few T. timopheevi derivatives against
stem, leaf and stripe rusts
==================================================================
Derivatives Wellington 1990 Lahaul 1990 Pusa 1990
Checks Crosses Leaf Stem Stripe Leaf
-----------------------------------------------------------------
8 M5B x time x CM108-31 0 0 0 0
12 CM108-31 0 0 5R TR
28 (CM108-31 x time) x 0 5MR 50S 10MR
CM108-31(2)
40 CM108-31(2) 0 0 5R 5MR
44 (CM108-31 x time) 0 0 5R 0
Kalyansona
53 Kalyansona 0 0 0 5MR
65 (CM108-31x time) x 5R 0 0 TMR
CM108-31(3)
81 (CM108-31 x time) x 0 0 0 TR
CM108-33(3)
CM108-31 check 40S 40S 30S 80S
CM108-33 check 40S 40S 30S 80S
Kalyansona check 60S 40S 60S 100S
T.timopheevi check 0 0 0 0
Lr18 70XR 50S 30S 100S
SrTt1 (Sr36) 10MR 40S 60S MS
SrTt2 (Sr37) 60S MS 100S MS
================================================================
Table 2. Adult plant reactions of T. timopheevi derivatives against stem,
leaf and stripe rusts in multilocation tests
=================================================================
Adult plant reactions against
----------------------------------------------------------------
Derivatives/ Leaf rust Stem rust Stripe Checks
rust
Checks Crosses South North South North South North
-----------------------------------------------------------------
8 (CM5B x time) x 30S 0 40MS 0 TS 0
CM108-31 (8.5)* (0.0) (6.0)
12 CM108-31 40S 10S 50MS 0 TS 0
(13.0) (3.4) (12.1)
28 (CM108-31 x time) 20S 5S 60S TS 5S 5S
x CM108-31(2) (6.4) (3.0) (28.5)
40 " 20S 5S 30S 0 5S 0
(5.4) (2.3) (11.0)
44 (CM108-31 x time) 30S 5S 40MS 0 0 0
x Kalyansona(3) (12.2) (1.7) (8.6)
53 " 10MR 20MS 5S 10MS TS 0
(1.2) (6.0) (1.3)
65 (CM108-31 x time) 20S 5S 16S 5S TS 0
x CM108-31(3) (5.2) (3.8) (7.3)
81 (CM108-31 x time) 20S 10S 20S TS 0 0
x CM108-33(3) (7.7) (5.0) (7.3)
CM108-31 Check 60S 80S 60S 40S 0 0
(32.5) (46.6) (30.5)
CM108-33 Check 60S 80S 60S 40S 0 0
(37.7) (15.2) (32.5)
Kalyansona Check 60S 100S 80S 40S 0 0
(41.2) (76.6) (60.0)
Triticum
timopheevi Check 0 0 0 0 0 0
==================================================================
* Coefficient of infection in parenthesis
Table 3. Seedling reactions of T. timopheevi derivatives against a few
important virulent races of stem leaf and stripe rust.
==================================================================
(NOT SHOWN)
Table 4. Adult plant reactions of six T. timopheevi derivatives
against specific Lr races
----------------------------------------------
Derivatives
Checks Crosses 77-1 77-2 104B 12-2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
91RA 1 (time x Ks) x Ks(3) TR TR TR TR
" 2 (Chph x time) x Ks(2) 0 TR TR TR
" 3 (CM108-31 x time) x Ks(3) TS S MR MR
" 4 (CM5B x time) x CM108-31 TR 10MR TR TR
" 5 (CM108-31 x time) x CM108-31(2) MR MS 10MR 40MR
6 (CM108-31 x time) x CM108-31(3) TR MS MR MS
" 7 CM108-31 check 60S 100S 100S 80S
" 8 Kalyansona check 100S 100S 100S 100S
=================================================================
Table 5. Results of seedling reactions test in F(2) population from the
cross RA 4 x CM 108-33
==================================================================
Reaction type Parents/
Lr 77-1 Lr 104B
----------------------------- ---------------------
Cross Resistant Susceptible Resistant Susceptible
----------------------------------------------------------------
RA4 ;N - ;,;N,;1 -
and ;1N
CM108-33 - 4 - 4
Triticum timopheevi ;0 - ;1 -
F(1) (RA4 x CM108-31) ; and ;N - ;1 -
F(2) (RA4 x CM108-31) ;,;N 4 ;,;N,;1, 4
(117 plants) (39 plants) ;1N (23 plants)
(73 plants)
F(2) (RA4 x LR 24) ;,;N 4 ;N,;, 4
(119 plants) (6 plants) ;1, ;1N (3 plants)
(169 plants)
==================================================================
Table 6. Segregation of necrosis in F2 of a cross between non-necrotic
mutant CM 42 x Kalyansona
==================================================================
Types of F2 plants
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Progeny No. Nr Ne Nt Total
-----------------------------------------------------------------
27 54 9 24 87
28 103 29 43 175
29 51 28 69 148
30 96 34 74 204
Total 304 100 220 614
P.C. 50% 50%
=================================================================
Table 7. Comparative study of different necrotic and non-necrotic mutants
C.306 under irrigated conditions
==================================================================
Culm Ear Tiller Grain Grain 1000-
Culture length length No./ weight Weight grain
Mutant types No. (cm) (cm) plant plant(g) ear(g) wt.(g)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Necrotic N34 93.13* 8.83 14.13 19.61 1.38 32.00*
(derivative N38 91.60* 10.47* 18.87* 30.60* 1.61 37.24
CM 42) N43 101.47 9.93 16.73 24.08 1.43 41.37
N44 100.41 10.65* 20.83* 32.45* 1.58 38.21
N45 95.87* 11.86* 14.93 21.87 1.59 38.23
N46 101.20 10.60 16.27 23.40 1.44 39.60
Non-necrotic NN37 101.80 9.77 16.33 26.59* 1.60 36.67
(Derivative NN39 98.80* 9.70 14.10 19.62 1.34 39.10
CM 42) NN40 99.17* 10.09 16.33 24.06 1.59 38.18
NN41 95.93* 9.40 18.73* 23.79 1.29 32.72*
NN42 90.10* 9.70 20.40* 27.22* 1.31 34.40*
Other NN47 94.33* 9.10 14.80 23.36 1.61 39.80
Non-necrotic NN48 85.16* 8.68 9.06 14.04 1.53 36.22
NN49 89.33* 8.68 15.60 21.87 1.31 35.23
NN50 104.60 8.30 13.80 25.05 1.79 44.85*
Parent C306 110.50 9.20 10.10 14.90 1.48 38.90
SEm 3.2537 0.3962 2.4391 3.6769 0.0793 1.3135
CD 9.39 1.1430 7.04 10.61 0.23 3.79
CV 5.78 7.0742 26.89 27.57 9.19 6.04
================================================================
--------------------
Dalmir Singh
Transfer of Desirable Traits From Rye to Wheat Through Recombination
and Mutation
Induced translocations between Kalyansona and rye chromosomes -
Kalyansona, a high yielding wheat cultivar was developed using Mexican
material in the 1960's. Despite the fact that the cultivar has become
highly susceptible to rust pathogens, it is still being cultivated because
of its high yielding ability. Keeping in view the above problem it was
thought proper to incorporate rust resistance from Secale cereale through
translocation. Kalyansona was crossed with a smooth peduncle mutant of rye
and a total of 144 seeds were obtained (1989-90). Crossed seeds were
irradiated with 35 Kr of gamma rays. In M1 generation, the surviving 14
plant plants produced 452 spikes but only 137 seeds were harvested (1990-
91). In M2 generation, there were 64 plants, some of which were analyzed
cytologically at first meiotic metaphase. Chromosome numbers ranged from
39 to 50. Increased and sufficient spike fertility were observed in some
plants. In the 1991-92 season, about 100 seeds from 5 different M2 plants
were planted at Wellington (hot spot wheat diseases). All M3 populations
segregated for rust resistance while the parent Kalyansona rusted heavily.
Seeds were harvested from a large number of plants resistant to rust and
powder mildew for further evaluation.
Genes for rust and powdery mildew resistance in wheat-rye recombinant -
At the Wellington hot spot wheat disease site, wheat-rye combinant
(Selection-212) was found to carry genes for resistance to all the three
rusts and powdery mildew. To identify and locate genes on specific
chromosomes for rust and powdery mildew resistance, Selection-212 was
crossed with Chinese Spring, the 21 monosomic lines. A cross was also made
with disomic Chinese Spring. The F1 monsomic hybrid plants were identified
at first meiotic metaphase. Normal chromosome pairing was observed in all
hybrid plants. Monosomic and disomic F1 hybrids were selfed and seeds were
taken from individual plants to be further studied as F2 populations in the
coming season (1992-93).
Publication
Singh, D. 1991. Gene transfer from rye to wheat and their location. Ind.
J. Genet., 51:235-239.
--------------------
Genetic Studies in Wheat and Rye
1. Hairy vs. smooth peduncle - A large number of spikes from 130 M2
plants were selfed, harvested separately and data recorded for hairy/smooth
nature of peduncle. Of the 130 plants, 93 had hairy peduncles and 37 were
smooth or a ratio of 2.5:1, very close to a 3:1 monogenic ratio.
2. Non-pigmented and albino seedlings in M5 and M6 generations of
amber seeded self-compatible mutants of rye - Basis spike fertility (ranging
from 50 to 92%) a large number were selected form 20 different amber seeded
self-compatible plants in M4 generation (originally treated with 30 Kr of
gamma rays) and seeds were planted for M5 generation. At the seedling
stage, segregation was observed for albino and non-pigmented traits and were
recorded for each.
In the M5 generation of progeny form 20 M4 plants arising from non-
pigmented seedlings, 7 plants produced 272 pigmented (control types) and 73
non-pigmented (mutant type) seedlings. This segregation ratio of 3.7:1
closely 1 3:1 monogenic ratio (Table 1) indicating the involvement of only
one gene for the development of pigments in rye. Segregation was also
observed for albino trait. Out of a total of 49 selfed M4 spikes, 6 spike
progenies of 289 seedlings, exhibited segregation for albino seedlings. Out
of these, 209 were green and 80 were albino (Table 2) fitting closely a 3:1
monogenic ratio. A similar phenomenon was again observed in M6 generation
of 6 selfed M5 spike progenies. The seedling segregation pattern was close
to a monogenic ratio of 3:1 (Table 2). These results indicate that the
chlorophyll synthesis in Secale cereale is controlled by a major gene or
gene complex.
Since traits like non-pigmented and albino seedlings were still
segregating into the 6th generation (from selfed spikes), one could surmise
that similar amounts of heterozygosity might still remain for induced
mutants of amber seed.
3. Comparison of root, shoot and coleoptile in wheat-rye
recombinants with well adapted varieties - Optimum yield is uniform seed
germination and one feature of proper stand in the field. In wheat,
coleoptile length is known to be an important trait relating to seedlings
emergence. Similarly, root number and root length contributes to uniform
stand of the plant. It therefore, becomes necessary to search for new
variability for these traits. In this context, two wheat-rye combinants,
sel. 111-25 and sel. 7-1 were compared with four well adapted cultivars viz.
C 306, HD 2329, Kundan and Kalyansona for coleoptile length, seedling
height, root number and root length. In each of 3 replications, seeds of 25
each of the 6 cultures were germinated in the petri dishes and data
pertaining to coleoptile length, seedling, height, root number and root
length were recorded on 8th day of imbibition. Mean values were calculated
for each trait (Table 3). The data clearly indicate that Sel. 111-25
possesses the highest mean values for coleoptile length, root number and
root length compared to the rest of the cultures.
Table 1. Segregation for seedling pigment in M5 generation of selfed
spikes of rye.
=================================================================
Total Seedlings
----------------------------------------------------------------
Spikes seedlings Pigmented Non-Pigmented
----------------------------------------------------------------
1 52 40 12
2 41 31 10
3 36 31 5
4 51 44 7
5 59 46 13
6 53 42 12
7 53 38 14
=================================================================
Total 345 272 73
----------------------------------------------------------------
Overall ratio 3.7 : 1
Table 2. Segregation of albino seedlings in the population of selfed spikes
of rye in M5 and M6 generations.
===========================================================================
Total Seedlings
Seedlings Green Albino Ratio
M5
Spike-1 52 39 13 3:1
-2 34 25 9 2.8:1
-3 50 42 8 5.3:1
-4 59 36 23 1.6:1
-5 53 39 14 2.8:1
-6 41 28 13 2.2:1
TOTAL 289 209 80 2.6:1
M6
Line-1 69 50 19 2.6:1
-2 76 58 23 2.5:1
-3 75 54 21 2.6:1
-4 62 47 15 3.1:1
-5 82 61 22 2.8:1
-6 60 46 15 3.1:1
TOTAL 424 316 115 2.7:1
==================================================================
Table 3.Mean values of coleoptile length, seedling height, root number and
root length in 4 wheat cultivars and 2 wheat-rye recombinants.
=================================================================
Coleoptile Seedling Root
length height Root length
Culture (cm) (cm) number (cm)
----------------------------------------------------------------
C 306 3.02 16.15 4.56 31.58
HD 2329 2.80 11.95 4.84 33.72
Kundan 3.15 13.65 4.96 45.89
Kalyansona 2.77 13.06 5.28 50.69
Sel. 111-25 3.74 15.18 5.84 55.57
Sel. 7-1 3.30 16.66 4.32 45.86
==================================================================
--------------------
D. Singh, C. Rajlakshmy, and C. S. Kalia
Identification of chlorophyll synthetic genes in Oligo (an hexaploid
wheat) - A few seeds of Oligoculm were obtained from Dr. Atsmon (Israel)
which was developed from the introduction of a local cultivar of North
Africa. The Oligoculm material was then subjected to physical mutagens and
mutants possessing a higher number of grains per spike were isolated and
stabilized in IARI and was named `Oligo'. This Oligo strain was used in our
study to identify chlorophyll synthetic genes. Oligo was crossed with a
monosomic line for chromosome 3A of variety Pb C591 and F1 hybrids were
analyzed cytologically at first meiotic metaphase. Monosomic and disomic
plants were harvested separately and seeds germinated in petri dishes. Data
pertaining to presence or absence of chlorophyll in seedlings was recorded.
Disomic plants produced only green seedlings while the seeds from monosomic
3A (Pb C591) and monosomic F1 hybrids segregated for green and albino
seedlings. The number of albino seedlings produced by mono 3A were 147 out
of a total of 1200 seedlings (12.25%) while in monosomic hybrids, the albino
seedlings were only 45 of 1082 seedlings (4.2%).
The albino frequency observed in the F2s of monosomic hybrids was
nearly 1/4 of that in selfed monosomic Oligo 3A (Pb C591). It suggests that
besides the chlorophyll synthetic gene located on chromosome 3A, the strain
Oligo also carries one more gene, the location of which is not yet known.
Thus two genes are involved for chlorophyll synthesis in Oligo.
Table 1.Segregation of albino seedlings in selfed mono 3A (Pb C591) and its
hybrids with Oligo.
=================================================================
Meiotic
chromosome Seeds F2 seedlings
Culture number germinated Green Albino % Albino
----------------------------------------------------------------
Monosomic
3A (Pb C591)
- Disomic 21" 1200 1194 0 0
- Monosomic 20"+1' 1200 1053 147 12.25
F1 hybrids
- Disomic 21" 1185 1158 0 0
- Monosomic 20"+1' 1120 1037 45 4.1
==================================================================
--------------------
Division of Mycology and Plant Pathology Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, New Delhi
P. Bahadur, K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh and R. Agarwal
Wheat Rusts. The health of the wheat crop was monitored during 1992.
In northwest India, incidence of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita tritici) was
delayed for about 6 weeks. Traces of this rust was recorded in mid-March on
HD 2009, HD 2329 and HD 2285 at late dough and ripening stage. Cultivar
Sonalika showed traces of stripe rust (P. striiformis) in Himachal Pradesh.
From central India, a trace of stem rust (P. graminis tritici) was reported
from Indore and Gandhi-nagar. In general, crop health was very good.
Postulation of genes for stem rust resistance: Evaluation of 81
entries of wheat with 12 stem rust virulences, postulated the following Sr
genes for resistance.
Sr2 - HD2380, HW 971
Sr2+Sr31 - K 8806, GW 190, GW 196, HUW 318, Macs 2496
Sr2+Sr11 - Sonalika, HP 1633
Sr5 - PBN 51
Sr5+Sr8a - HS 223
Sr7a+Sr11 - VL 616, HD 2501
Sr7b+Sr11 - UP 262
Sr9e - HI 8381, HD 4502
SR11 - Kharchia 65, Raj 1555, HD 2307
Sr24 - DL 896-2
SR31 - DWR 162, HDR 134, HUW 315, K 8804
Powdery mildew. Powdery mildew was reported in low severity (1-2%) in
hilly regions and adjoining areas of western Uttar Pradesh. HD 2285 showed
heavy infection at some locations.
Analysis of powdery mildew samples on wheat lines carrying single genes
for resistance - Pm2, Pm3a, Pm3b, Pm3c, Pm4, Pm5, Pm6, Pm7, Pm8 and Pm Ma
revealed 26 pathotypes. Out of 9 avirulence/virulence combinations from
Nilgiris (south India), 4 were identified from northwest India also.
Loose smut. Cultivars HD 2329, WH 147, HD 2009 and HD 2285 showed 1-2%
infection of loose smut in northwest India. Treatment of infected loose
smut seed of Sharbati Sonora with isolate TV-5 of Trichoderma viridi using
Aloe's glue as sticker reduced smut.
--------------------
Genetics of Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
R. G. Saini, Jaswinder Kaur, Saru Mehta, Rosy and A. K. Gupta
Additional resistance from the isogenic lines for the gene Lr3 and its
alleles. Identification of leaf rust resistance genes from wheat in Indian
subcontinent is based on the use of isogenic lines in Thatcher (Tc) and
Prelude (Pr) backgrounds. Since some of the tests for Lr3 on Indian wheats
using these lines were not correct, these lines may have additional
resistance which interferes in precise detection of Lr3. This communication
presents evidence for presence of additional gene(s) in three isogenic lines
for Lr3.
The near isogenic lines Tc+Lr3Do, Tc+Lr3Bg, Tc+Lr3Ka, Pr+Lr3Ka and
Pr+Lr3Sin were evaluated for seedling reaction to races 10, 77-1, 77-2 and
108. Field trials were also conducted to test their reaction to an
artificial epiphytotic of a mixture of variants 77-1 and 77-2 or race 77.
Both variants of race 77 are virulent on seedlings as well as adult plants
of wheats carrying all the known genes for leaf rust resistance from
Triticum aestivum except for the adult plants resistance gene Lr34.
Seedling infection types and disease severity observed on adult plants
of the five isogenic lines are given in Table 1. All the isogenic lines
were resistant to races 10 and 108 and susceptible to variants 77-1 and 77-2
of race 77. In field tests, disease severity on Tc+Lr3Do and Rc+Lr3Bg was
80S. Severity on Tc+Lr3Ka, Pr+Lr3Ka and Pr+Lr3Sin was 10S, 40MR and 40MR,
respectively while severity on background cultivars Thatcher and Prelude was
60S and 40MR, respectively. These observations clearly indicate presence of
additional resistance in the isogenic lines Tc+Lr3Ka, Pr+Lr3Ka and
Pr+Lr3Sin. It appears that the isogenic lines in Prelude background may
have field resistance similar to that present in cultivar Prelude. Detailed
studies on these lines and cultivar Prelude are needed to confirm the nature
of additional resistance in the isogenic lines for the gene Lr3.
Publication
Stakman, E. C., D. M. Stewart and W. Q. Loegering. 1962. Identification of
physiologic races of Puccinia graminis var. tritici. Minn. Agr. Expt. Sta.
Sci. Jour. Series Paper 4691.
Table 1. Seedling and field reaction of isogenic lines for the gene Lr3 and
background cultivars to some Indian races of leaf rust.
==================================================================
Sel. No. Race and Seedling reactions* Field score**
line/cultivar 10 108 77-1 77-2 (77-1+77-2)
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Isogenic Lines
1. Tc + Lr3 Do ;1 ;1 33+ 33+ 80S
2. Tc + Lr3 Bg ; ;1- 33+ 33+ 80S
3. Tc + Lr3 Ka ;1 2+ 33+ 33+ 10S
4. Pr + Lr3 Ka ;1 X= 33+ 33+ 40MR
5. PR + Lr3 Sin ;1 ;1+ 33+ 33+ 40MR
Background cultivars
1. Thatcher 3 3 33+ 33+ 60S
2. Prelude 3 3 33+ 33+ 40MR
==================================================================
* According to Stakman et al. 1962
** According to modified Cobb's scale
--------------------
R. G. Saini, Shiwani and A. K. Gupta
Genes conferring field resistance in some selected wheats from diverse
sources against Indian races of leaf rust. The majority of the resistant
wheats being gown in India and many other parts of the world possess as yet
undescribed adult plant resistance (Gupta and Saini, 1987; Rajaram et al.,
1988; Gordon-Werner et al. 1989). Not much is so far known about the
genetic diversity of this resistance. Reported here observations on
resistance to leaf rust in twenty two wheats from eleven different countries
in relation to twelve lines with named APR genes, LrT2, LrT3, Lr33 and Lr34.
Twenty two wheats introductions obtained from Dr. P. L. Dyck of the
Agricultural Research Station, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada and twelve lines
including three derivatives each of a Chinese line P158548 namely, RL 6057
(Lr33), RL6058 (Lr34) and RL6059 (Lr33 + Lr34); of cultivar Terenzio namely,
lines 896 (LrT3), 897 (LrT2) and RL6050 (LrT2) + LrT3); and of cultivar
Lageadinho namely, lines 920 (LrT2), 922 (LrT3) and RL6069 (Lr33 + Lr34;
RL6070 (Lr34 + LrT3) from PI321999; RL 6077 (Lr34) from P1250413 and RL6061
with an unknown gene from P1268316 were used for the present work.
Cultivars Thatcher and Agra Local were used as susceptible checks. All
entries were sown in an open experimental field. An epiphytotic of a
mixture of variants 77A and 77-1 of race 77 was created and the terminal
disease severity was recorded as percentage of leaf area covered by rust.
Variants 77A and 77-1 are virulent on all the known Lr genes form T.
aestivum at seedling stage. Wheats with disease severity up to 40S were
considered resistant. Lines V503, V298, V72 and RL6069 with 50S scores were
classified as moderately susceptible. Remaining wheats with disease
severity varying form 60S to 90VS were classified as susceptible. At the
adult plant stage lines V628, V407, V336, V237, V187, RL6070, RL6059 and
RL6058 gave resistant reactions against races 77, 7A and 108 with ITs'=0; to
X. Lines 922, 897 and 896 showed resistant ITS' against races 77A and 108
but were susceptible to race 77. RL6077 and line 920 were resistant only to
race 108. Lines V637, RL6061 and RL6057 were resistant to races 77 and 108
but susceptible to race 77A. Resistant ITs'-0; to X were recorded lines
V291, V279, V152, V113 and V9 against races 77 and 77A. V503, V321, V298,
V112, V72 and V10 gave resistant ITs' only against race 77 but were
susceptible to the other two races. On line V63 IT=X was observed against
race 77 and IT=3 was observed against races 77 and 108. The flag leaves of
remaining wheats were susceptible to the three races at adult plant stage.
Tests for ITs' on RL6069 could not be carried out.
Claude et al. (1986) reported that all the wheats listed at Sr Nos. 1
to 22 (Table 1) are resistant to a mixture of leaf rust races in Canada.
However, 16 of these were susceptible under field conditions in our tests
suggesting that these are not useful in India. Only 6 wheats, 2 from
Turkey, 1 from India and 3 from France showed moderate resistance. The ITs'
on flag leaves of adult plants of the 6 moderately resistant wheats namely
V618, V321, V187, V152, V113 and V112 suggest the presence of 4 different
genes. V618 and V321 appear to have one gene each operative against races
77A and 77, respectively. The resistance in V152, V113 and V112 against
races 77 and 77A on adult plant may be due to a gene different than those
present in V618, V321, V187. However, the possibility of a different
resistance gene in V152 than that present in V113 and V112 cannot be ruled
out as the former shows lo reactions against the 2 races both on flag leaves
and under field conditions.
It has also been suggested by Claude et al. (1986) that RL6070 from
P1321999 and RL6069 from Legeadinho carry Lr34 + LrT3 and Lr33 + Lr34,
respectively. RL6059 from P168548 has been reported to carry the genes Lr33
+ Lr34 (Dyck and Samborski, 1982). Since Rl6059 is highly resistant (5S) in
field tests against races 77A and 77-1 the gene/s in linesl RL60780 (70S)
and RL6069 (50S) appear to be different than the gene/s in RL6059. Lines
897 (LrT2) and RL 6058 (Lr34) carry two dominant independently inherited
genes each (Shiwani et al., 1990). The disease score of 30S recorded on
RL6077 which is also reported to carry Lr34 may be due to one of the two
genes from RL6058 and line 897. Line 920 reported to carry LrT2 (Lr34) and
RL6077 (Lr34) though correspond with each other for ITs' against the three
races but the differences in their field scores indicate that these lines
may not carry the same gene. The gene LrT3 was reported to be present in
lines 896 and 922 as well as RL6057 (Dyck and Samborski, 1982; Dyck et al.,
1987). The APR gene in RL6057 was later named as Lr33. Although lines 896
and 922 may have the same gene, the ITs' observed on RL6057 and the field
score show that the former two lines do not carry the gene which is present
in RL6057.
Identification, study of inheritance and designation of APR genes is
difficult because the expression of such genes is higly influenced by
environmental variations (Dyck and Samborski, 1982; Pretorius et al., 1988).
However, recent studies under controlled conditions suggest that APR genes
show interactive as well as additive gene effects (Ezzahiri and Roelfs,
1989; Singh, 1990; Shiwani et al., 1991). Pyramiding of such genes can be
used to obtain high level of field resistance.
Acknowledgements: Thanks are due to Drs. P. L. Dyck, R. A. McIntosh
and R. Johnson for making available the seeds of lines used for this work.
Mrs. Shiwani is thankful to the Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research for financial assistance.
Publications
Claude, P. P., P. L. Dyck and L. E. Evans. 1986. An evaluation of 391
spring wheat introductions for resistance to stem rust and leaf rust. Can.
J. Pl. Pathol. 8:132-139.
Dyck, P. L. 1987. Association of a gene for leaf rust resistance with the
chromosome 7D suppressor of stem rust resistance in common wheat. Genome.
29:467-469.
Dyck, P. L. and D. J. Samborski. 1982. The inheritance of resistance to
Puccinia recondita in a group of common wheat cultivars. Can. J. Genet.
Cytol., 24:273-283.
Dyck, P. L., E. R. Kerber and D. M. Lukow. 1987. Chromosome location and
linkage of a new gene (Lr33) for reaction to Puccinia recondita in common
wheat. Genome. 29:463-466.
Ezzahiri, B. and A. P. Roelfs. 1989. Inheritance and expression of adult
plant resistance to leaf rust in Era wheat. Plant Dis. 73:549-551.
Gordon-Werner, E., A. A. Hakro, S. J. Hamid, S. K. Nayar and R. G. Saini.
1989. Adult plant resistance to leaf rust in wheats with Lr13. Proceedings
6th International Congress of SABRAO, Trunkuba, Japan.
Gupta, A. K. and R. G. Saini. 1987. Frequency and effectiveness of Lr13 in
conferring wheat leaf rust in India. Curr. Sci., 56:417-419.
Pretorius, Z. A., F. H. J. Rijkenberg and R. D. Wilcoxon. 1988. Effect of
growth stage, leaf position and temperature on adult plant resistance of
wheat inoculated by Puccinia recondita tritici. Pl. Pathol. 37:36-45.
Rajaram, S., R. P. Singh and E. Torres. 1988. Current CIMMYT approaches in
breeding wheats for rust resistance. In: Breeding strategies for resistance
to the Rusts of Wheats. N. W. Simmonds and S. Rajaram (Eds.) pp. 101-118.
Shiwani, R. G. Saini and A. K. Gupta. 1990. Additional resistance in some
derivatives with known adult plant resistance genes. Cereal rusts and
powdery mildew Bulletin. 18:45-51.
Shiwani, R. G. Saini and A. K. Gupta. 1991. Characterization and nature of
gene effects for adult plant leaf rust resistance in four bread wheats.
Proc. Golden Jubilee Symposium of the Indian Society of Genetics and Plant
Breeding, New Delhi, India, February 12-15, 1991. (In press).
Singh, R. P. 1990. Diversification of the genetic base for leaf rust
resistance in CIMMYT wheats. 29th Ann. Wheat Workers' Workshop, August 27-
29, N. D. Univ. of Agric. and Technology, Faizabad (U.P.)
Table 1. The origin and adult plant reactions against three leaf rust races
and field scores of some wheats tested in India
=================================================================
ITs* in adult plant
Sr Line/ plants with race Field
No. Cultivar Origin 77 77A 108 Scores
----------------------------------------------------------------
1. V618 Turkey 3 X+ X,X+3 40S
2. V321 Turkey X= 3 3c3 40S
3. V187 India X= ;1+ X 40S
4. V152 France ;1 ; 33+ 30S
5. V112 France X 1+2- 3c3 40S
6. V112 France X- 2+3- 3c3 40S
7. V503 Afghan. X X 33+ X+ 50S
8. V298 Spain ;1 33+ 3c3 50S
9. V72 Spain X 2+3c3 3c3 50S
10. V642 Portugal 3= 3 2+3c 80S
11. V637 China X 3c3 2- 60S
12. V628 Iran ;1- ; ;1- 60S
13. V407 Iran ;1 ;1= 1+2- 70S
14. V336 Iran ; 0; 0; 60S
15. V291 Canary Is. X X 3c33+ 60S
16. V279 Morocco X+ ;1 3c3- 70S
17. V238 Not known 3 3c3 3c33+ 60S
18. V237 Tunis ; ;c X= 60S
19. V111 France 3-3 2+3c L 333+ 60S
20. V63 Spain 2+3- X 3 80S
21. V10 India ;1 3 X+ 70S
22. V9 Portugal ;1 ;1= 3+3,3c3 70S
1. RL6057 (Lr33) 2+ 2+3c 1+2- 40S
2. RL6058 (Lr34) 0; ;1+ 1+ 5S
3. RL6059 (Lr33+Lr34) ;1= ; ;1 5S
4. Line 896(LrT3) 33+ ;1+ 12- 70S
5. Line 897(LrT2) 3 ;1+ 12- 5S
6. RL6050 (LrT2+LrT3) 33+ ; X+ 10S
7. Line 920 (LrT2) 33+ 3c 12- 70S
8. Line 922 (LrT3) 3 ;1+ 2 60S
9. RL6069 (Lr33+Lr34) - - - 50S
10. RL6061 (?) ;1 X+ ; 70S
11. RL6070 (Lr34+LrT3) X 0: ;1 70S
12. RL6077 (Lr34) 3 33+ X 30S
1. Thatcher 3+ 3 3 60S
2. Agra Local 3+ 3+ 3+ 90VS
=================================================================
* ITs = Infection types
--------------------
Cytogenetics Laboratory Department of Botany, Bharathiar University,
Coimbatore
R. Asir and V. R. K. Reddy
Transfer of Yellow Rust Resistant Genes Into
Indian Wheat Cultivars
The wheat cultivar Sonalika even though susceptible for all three
rusts, still plays a vital role in the wheat revolution in India. To bring
the resistance for black and brown rusts, Agropyron elongatum derived gene
complex Sr 24+ Lr 24 has been successfully transferred into it (cv. Improved
Sonalika). Since there is not much competition among rust pathogens, yellow
rust is developing at an alarm rate in the Nilgiris of South India where,
all the three rusts are prevalent throughout the year. Therefore, an
attempt was made to transfer yellow rusts genes Yr 8, Yr 9, YR 11, Yr 12,
Yr 13, and Yr 14 into Sonalika. Donor alien materials for these were
received from PBI, Cambridge. Field observation at Directorate of Wheat
Research, Regional Station, Wellington, showed that these winter lines have
excellent resistance to yellow rust. Studies under glasshouse conditions at
DWR, Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla also indicated that these genes
are completely resistant to all the known Indian Yr races.
At Wellington, yellow rust resistant genes Yr 8 (Compair), Yr 9
(Veery'S), Yr 11 (Joss Cambier, Yr 12 (Pride), Yr 13 (Guardian), Yr 14
(Score) were transferred to the improved Sonalika by the backcross method.
The F1 hybrids exhibited complete yellow rust resistance. In BC2
generation, plants resembling the Sonalika phenotype were selected under
field conditions; their rust reactions are given in the following table:
Parents/ Rust reactions*
hybrids Black Brown Yellow
========================================================================
Sonalika 60S 80S 60S
Improved Sonalika 5S F 90S
IS/Yr8 TMS F F
IS/Yr9 TMS F F
IS/Yr11 5S F F
IS/Yr12 5S F F
IS/YR13 5S F F
IS/Yr14 5S F F
========================================================================
* S = susceptible, F = is undefined (R?).
In the F(3) generation, black rust (40S) was noticed, which could be
due to association winter type character, however, in BC1S1, BC1S2, BC2S2,
the degree of black rust was low (5S).
The work is also under progress to transfer yellow rust resistance
genes into additional important wheat cultivars namely Kalyanosona, HW 741
and HD 2285. Three more yellow rust resistant genes Yr 17 (lined wtih
useful genes Sr 38 and Lr 37) from Ae. ventricosa, Yr 16 from 4x cv Capelle,
Yr 18 from cv Condor are being utilized. Yr 9 gene is also being
incorporated into Indian wheat cultivars from a rye addition line 1R and
from Veery S. The gene from 1R is being transferred by manipulating 5B
system using ph mutant.
Publications
Reddy, V. R. K., Brahma, R. N. and Asir, R. 1992. Transfer of Secale
cereale derived linked rust resistant gene complex Sr 31 + Lr 26 + Yr 9 into
Indian wheat cultivar. J. Indian Bot. Soc. (in press).
Reddy, V. R. K., Asir, R. and Brahma, R. N. 1993. Development of rust
resistant into two Indian wheat cultivars. Crop Res.6(2). (In press).
--------------------
Aloka Saikia and V. R. K. Reddy
Transfer of Stem, Leaf, and Yellow Rust Resistance
Genes to Four Indian Wheats
Efforts were made to transfer genes imparting resistance against stem,
leaf and yellow rusts to four commercially important Indian wheats namely HD
2329, WH 147, NI 5439 and WL 711 highly susceptible to rusts. The objective
of the program was to develop new cultivars or superior genetic stocks.
Genes and gene combinations found effective against races of Nilgiri
Hills of south India include: for combined stem and leaf rust resistance,
genes Sr 26 + Lr 24 and Sr 24 + Lr 24; for stem rust resistance, genes Sr
26, Sr 27 and Sr 28; for leaf rust resistance, genes Lr 9, Lr 19, Lr 24, Lr
25 and Lr 28; and for yellow rust resistance, genes Yr 8 and Yr 9.
Resistance from three rye addition lines namely Yr 9, Lr 25 and Sr 27
(Chinese spring + 1R, Chinese Spring + 2R and Chinese spring + 3R
respectively) were also transferred by use of the manipulation 5B system,
i.e., by crossing the F1 hybrids (wheat x rye addition lines) with
homozygous recessive mutant (ph ph). From these crosses F1 plants were
selfed and resistant F2 plants were back-crossed to respective parents.
Selection for disease resistance along with agronomically desirable
characters were made at BC2S4. The experiments were conducted at
Wellington, south India, a "hot spot" location for wheat rusts.
Newly constituted lines at BC2S4 were found highly resistant to
respective rusts and gave higher grain yield compared to the respective
recurrent parents. The new lines had little phenotypic similarity to their
respective parents except in a few cases. The F1 hybrids obtained from Wl
711 x Sr 26 (Eagle) crosses produced `grass dwarfs', probably due to the
expression of dwarfing gene present in cultivar WL 711.
Publications
Aloka Saikia and Reddy, V. R. K. 1992. Transfer of alien rust resistant
genes into Indian Wheat Cultivars. Proc. Natl. Symp. Maximizing and
sustaining crop and animal productivity by modern techniques. Oct. 1992 BHV
Varanasi. p. 218.
Aloka Saikia and Reddy, V. R. K. 1992. Transfer of alien rust resistant
genes into Indian Wheats. Proc. 4th All India Conf. on Cytology and
Genetics, November 1992. Bangalore. p. 31.
Aloka Saikia and Reddy, V. R. K. 1992. Induction of rust resistant mutants
in wheat. Proc. 4th All India Conf. on Cytology and Genetics. November
1992.
Reddy, V. R. K. and Aloka Saiki. 1992. Wide hybridization in wheat
improvement. Proc. International Symp. Tropical Crop Research and
Biotechnology, Trivandrum.
Reddy, V. R. K. and Aloka Saikia. 1992. Induced mutagenesis in wheat I.
Biological effects. Bulletin of Pure and Appl. Sci. 11B (1&2) 11-18.
Reddy, V. R. K. and Aloka Saikia. 1992. Induced mutagenesis in wheat II.
Cytological effects. Bulletin of Pure and Appl. Sci. 11B (1-2) 31-38.
Reddy, V. R. K. and Aloka Saikia. 1992. Distant hybridization in wheat
improvement - A review. Academy of Plant Sciences, India (APSI)
Muzaffarnater (Monograph) 39 pp.
Reddy, V. R. K. and Aloka Saikia. 1992. Mutation breeding in some cereals.
V. Quantitative Variability. Bio. Science Res. Bull. 8(1-2): 73-79.
--------------------
SKUAST, Regional Agriculture Research Station, R. S. Pura - 181 102
J. S. Bijral*, K. S. Kanwal* and T. R. Sharma
Triticum - Poa Hybridization: Apomixis could be an important tool for
use in fixing heterosis in wheat. Many species of Poa are apomicts and
transfer of apomixis from Poa to Triticum aestivum could make a significant
contribution to the improvement of the world's most important cereal crop.
Whereas the wide hybrids of Triticum species with those of Aegilops,
Agropyron, Elymus, Haynaldia, Hordeum, Pennisetum, Secale and Zea have been
obtained and extensively studied/reviewed (Sharma & Gill, 1983; Mujeebkazi &
Kimber, 1985; Laurie & Bennett, 1986; Ahmad & Comeau, 1990) hybridization of
Triticum aestivum with Poa species has not been reported so far. In our
endeavor to explore the possibility of transferring apomixis from Poa to
cultivated wheat, we succeeded in obtaining Triticum-Poa sexual hybrids.
The juvenile stems and leaves of the presumptive Triticum-Poa amphihaploids
were distinctly those of Poa. However, as the hybrids progressed in growth
and development, the morphological features of the ovule parent (Chinese
Spring) became more apparent, but sufficiently remote to be mistaken for
wheat (Fig. 1). Since the presumptive hybrids are still in a vegetative
stage, cytological confirmation of their hybrid status is awaited.
PHOTO - HERE
Publications
Ahmad, F. & A. Comeau. 1990. Euphytica. 50:181-190.
Laurie, D. A. & M. D. Bennett. 1986. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 28:313-316.
Mujeeb Kazi, A. & G. Kimber. 1985. Cereal Res. Commun. 13:11-124.
Sharma, H. C. and B. S. Gill. 1983. Euphytica. 32:17-31.
--------------------
Biotechnology Centre, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
H. S. Dhaliwal, Harjit Singh and Khen Singh Gill
Tolerance to three abiotic stresses in Ae. speltoides. Evaluation of
Aegilops speltoides and wild Triticum species indicated that Ae. speltoides
was a good source of resistance to drought, cold and heat stresses.
Field screening for drought tolerance by withholding irrigation at
flowering and grain filling periods showed that all the accessions of Ae.
speltoides (S) were tolerant, whereas all T. dicoccoides (AB) were highly
susceptible with no accession possessing tolerance to drought. Ae.
squarrosa (D) was also a poor source of tolerance to the stress as it had
only 23% of total accessions tolerant to drought.
During vernalization of 107 accessions of various species of Aegilops
and wild Triticum species, trays in the vernalization chamber froze due to
some fault in the thermostat. This provided an opportunity to identify
lines wtih cold tolerance at the seedling stage. Out of 107 accessions, 36
accessions recovered from freezing stress. Ae. speltoides (S), T. urartu
(A(u)) and Aegilops species with C and U genomes had higher proportions of
surviving accessions. None of the 17 accessions of Ae. squarrosa (D)
recovered, and only 2 out of 18 accessions of polyploid Aegilops species
possessing D genome recovered.
The grain yield of wheat is directl6y related to the length of the
growing season and grain filling peroid. High temperature during the second
fortnight of April in the Indogangetic plains leads to premature dwarfing of
late sown crop, grain shrivelling and significant reduction in grain yield.
Our observations on wild wheat and Aegilops species over years shave shown
that Ae. speltoides (S) and Ae. triuncialis (UC) were highly tolerant to
high temperature during grain filling period. Due to high requirement of
vernalization and longer photoperiod they flower during second fortnight of
May when directly planted in field in October without artificial
vernalization. During these years the maximum temperatures were above 40oC
on certain days in May. In spite of high temperature, they flowered and set
seeds in the fourth week of May. The harvested seed of both species was
normal and plump.
The observations presented here showed that Ae. speltoides (S)
possesses tolerance to all three stresses while the D genome species is a
poor source of tolerance to abiotic stresses.
--------------------
Harjit Singh, H. S. Dhaliwal and Khem Singh Gill
A new leaf rust resistance gene other than Lr 9 in Kharchia mutant KLM
4-3B. A leaf rust resistant mutant line KLM 4-3B of tall Indian spring
wheat cultivar Kharchia local (Sawhney et al., 1979), resistant to all the
prevalent races of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici) in India,
has been implicated to possess the leaf rust resistance gene Lr 9 (Sawhney,
pers. commun.). However, tests for seedling reactions of the isogenic line
Lr 9 (in Thatcher background), KLM 4-3B and various generations of the
crosses of these two leaf rust resistant lines with an Indian spring wheat
cultivar WL 711, showed that the leaf rust resistance gene Lr 9 behaved as a
dominant gene in the background of WL 711 and segregated as a recessive gene
in KLM 4-3B.
Parents, F1 and F2 generations of the cross WL 711 x Lr 9 were tested
for seedling reactions to leaf rust pathotype 108 avirulent on Lr 9 as well
as on KLM 4-38. The F1 of this cross was resistant to pathotype 108 and F2
generation segregated resistant (57): susceptible (25) plants in 3:1 ratio
(chi(2) = 1.31; P = 0.25-0.50). This indicated the dominance of the gene Lr
9. F3 progrenies of resistant F2 plants were tested with another leaf rust
pathotype 77A-1 avirulent on both Lr 9 (0;) and KLM 4-38 (0;) and virulent
on WL 711 (4-4 reaction on 0 to 4 scale).
--------------------
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh
Krishi Vishvavidyalaya
G. S. Sethi*, S. C. Sharma, K. S. Thakur, D. L. Sharma, A. K. Basandrai
H. K. Chaudhar and A. Sirohi
Advances in wheat improvement in Northwestern Himalayas
Wheat is the most important food grain crop among the cereals grown in
Himachal Pradesh, with the largest area of about 370,000 ha and a grain
production of 544,000 T. However, the productivity of wheat in the State is
only 14.7 g/ha against the National average of 22.4 g/ha. The main reasons
for the low productivity are attributable to the rainfed cultivation in
about 83% of the area, prevalence of stripe and leaf rusts, loose smut,
powdery mildew and bunts (hill bunt in higher and karnal bunt in lower
hills). The wheat breeding efforts have been focused to develop new high-
yielding, disease resistant and widely adaptable wheat varieties for diverse
agro-climatic conditions prevailing in the hills.
Identification of elite wheat strains. Under early-sown rainfed
conditions 20 wheat strains were evaluated and, on the basis of grain yield
potential and resistance to stripe and leaf rusts, only 3 wheat strains
HPW90, HPW91 and HPW92 with grain yields of 37.97, 37.87 and 34.56 g/ha,
respectively, were selected and included in the All-India Coordinated Trials
for the Northern Hills' Zone. Under timely-sown rainfed conditions, wheat
strains HPW97, HPW98, HPW99, HPW100, and HPW101 were selected on the basis
of multilocational superiority in respect of grain yield and resistance to
the rusts. Sixteen wheat strains were evaluated under late-sown rainfed
conditions over locations. The highest average grain yield of 36.83 g/ha
was recorded in the strain HPW93 followed by HPW102, HPW94, and HPW95 with
average grain yields of 35.04 g/ha, 33.26 g/ha and 29.33 g/ha, respectively.
These strains also showed resistance to stripe and leaf rust.
Promising Wheat Cultivars. Three wheat cultivars, HPW74 (for timely-
sown conditions), and HPW42 (Aradhna) and HPW56 (for late-sown conditions)
have been promoted to the final year of testing under the All-India
Coordinated testing for the Northern Hills' Zone. The performance of these
cultivars (Table 1) on the basis of grain yield and reaction to stripe and
leaf rusts has shown superiority over the check cultivars.
Shuttling of wheat breeding material. The wheat breeding materials
generated over previous years were shuttled and evaluated at different
locations during winter 1991-92 at Dhaulakuan (456m), Bajaura (1098m) and
Palampur/Malan (1300m), which are the hot spots of leaf rust, stripe rust
and powdery mildew, respectively, and in summer 1992 at Kukumseri (2300m)
which is the hot spot of stripe rust and powdery mildew (Table 2). A total
of 131 single and multiple crosses were also made at Palampur involving
proven sources of resistance to rusts (CPAN3056, VI614, HUW258, K8504,
CPAN2099 and CPAN3004) with desirable agronomic basis.
Winter X spring wheat hybridization program. Seventy-two winter X
spring wheat crosses developed and advanced during summer 1990 and winter
1991-92 at Kukumseri and Palampur were screened for early-maturing spring
types, profuse tillering and resistance to stripe and leaf rusts and powdery
mildew. The selected F3 spring types were screened and selection of
desirable plants made. In addition, 25 winter x spring crosses were made at
Palampur along with some crosses of winter wheats with local spring
landraces. The F1's of the previous year were backcrossed to spring wheat
cultivar HD2380. The resulting generations will be screened for further
selections during 1992-93.
Evaluation of winter wheats for dry temperate areas. Fifteen exotic
winter wheats and six winter wheat landraces were evaluated for grain yield
and reaction to rusts and powdery mildew during summer, 1992 at Kukumseri.
Two winter wheat cultivars Stepova and Blueboy significantly outyielded the
semi-winter check VL616 and local winter checks and showed up to 58 reaction
to stripe rust. `Armada' and `Prifjoumance' were found free from stripe and
leaf rusts and moderately resistant to powdery mildew. In addition, 150
winter wheat stocks obtained from the NBPGR were evaluated and 27 most
promising ones selected on the basis of desirable plant traits and grain
characters.
==================================================================
Cultivar/ Grain Yield g/ha Reaction to
Production Zonal Average Overall Stripe Leaf
condition 1990-91 1991-92 Average rust rust
-----------------------------------------------------------------
A.HPWW74
(i)Timely 66 sown,Rainfed 32.6 28.8 30.7 F F
HS240 (check) 27.0 27.7 27.3 F F
C.D. 3.5 2.2
(ii) Timely sown,Irrigated 33.3 46.2 39.7 F F
Sonalika (check) 27.3 45.9 36.6 70S 80S
C.D. 6.0 3.6
B. Late sown, Rainfed
HPW42 (Aradhna) 33.2 28.3 30.7 F F
HPW56 28.0 28.6 28.3 F tR
Sonalika (check) 26.9 27.4 27.1 20S 60S
C.D. 2.6 2.3
==================================================================
F = free, S = susceptible
Table 2. Shuttling evaluation and selection of wheat breeding materials.
==================================================================
Cultures Cultures
Generation/Location Evaluated Selected
-----------------------------------------------------------------
F2 194 populations 178 single plants
F3 Dhaulakuan/Malan/
Kukumseri 339 progenies 337 single plants
F4 Dkaulakuan/ 210 progenies 406 single plants
F5-F7 Palampur/
Malan/Kukumseri 262 progenies/bulks 174 progenies
70 bulks
F8 Palampur 25 bulks 12 bulks
==================================================================
Screening of wheat genetic stocks for resistance to diseases. About
1200 genetic stocks of Triticum aestivum, T. durum and triticales were
evaluated against stripe rust, leaf rust and powdery mildew at Palampur and
Malan. Evaluation against stripe and leaf rusts were undertaken at Malan
under artificial epiphytotic conditions, created by periodic spraying a
mixture of leaf rust races, viz., 11, 12, 77, 77A, 77A-1, 77-2, 104, 108 and
162 and stripe rusts races K, N, 31 and20. The evaluation against powdery
mildew was done at Palampur under artificial epiphytotic conditions using
the locally available isolates. For loose smut, 550 wheat genetic stocks
inoculated during the previous year were evaluated to identify the resistant
sources.
The number of the genetic stocks selected as sources with multiple
resistance against individual diseases is given below.
A. Triticum aestivum - Free from stripe rust, leaf rust and powdery
mildew: 77 resistant (Tr-10S) to leaf rust and free from yellow rust and
powdery mildew: 53 Free from leaf rust and stripe rust: 101 resistant to
leaf rust, free from stripe rust: 36
B. T. durum - Resistant to leaf rust, stripe rust and powdery mildew:
12
C. Triticale - Free from leaf rust, stripe rust and powdery mildew:
26; Genetic stocks showing resistance to loose smut (0-10% disease
incidence): T. aestivum: 169; T. durum: 13; Triticale: 131. Physiological
specialization of Erysiphe graminis tritici: 54 isolates of the pathogen (63
conidial and 21 ascosporic) were collected from 16 locations representing
different agro-climatic regions of HP. The conidial and ascosporic isolates
were inoculated on near-isogenic lines (in the background of Chancellor) and
also on some genotypes having single powdery mildew resistance genes (Pm1
through Pm8) and Michigan Amber having an unidentified resistance gene. All
the isolates could be grouped into 40 different pathotypes, 26 were from
conidial isolates and 14 from the ascosporic isolates. Pathotype 23 from
the conidial isolates and pathotype 14 from the ascosporic isolates were the
most virulent. Pathotype 23 had virulence on all genes except Pm1, Pm2, and
Pm7 whereas pathotype 14 from ascosporic isolates had virulence on all the
genes except Pm1, Pm2, and Pm6. Pathotype 11 from conidial isolates, was
the least virulent. Only one pathotype with virulence on genes Pm1 and Pm4
was identified. Postulation of powdery mildew resistance genes: 211
cultivars were subjected to 8 cultures of E. graminis f. sp tritici. Out of
these, 77 behaved differently to all/some of the cultures.
Genotypes Resistance genes (postulated)
---------------------------------------------------------------
PBW 229, PBW 320 Pm3a/c +
HS 322, VL 702 PM3a or Pm3b
HPW 42 Pm3a or Pm3b, Pm(Ma) +
DWR 162 Pm3a/c, Pm(Ma)
HD 2590 Pm8
WH 573 Pm(Ma) +
HS 284, HUW 294, K 9002 Pm3a/b
HUW 385 Pm3a, Pm7 +
DWR 162, WH 569 Pm3a/c, Pm(Ma)
(individual or in combination)
--------------------
ITEMS FROM ITALY
Experimental Institute of Cereal Research - Section of S. Angelo
Lodigiano
Qiao Y.M., Cattaneo M., Ajmone Marsan P., Rotino G.L., Macchi A.
Wheat plant transformation: preliminary results obtained by combining
biobalistic and Agrobacterium tumefaciens system.In the aim of evaluating a
new method for plants transformation, we have studied the biobalistic and
the Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A.t.) carrier methods on wheat. On the basis
of the work of Bidney and coll. (1992) it was thought to combine, also on
wheat, the particle gun system followed by the A.t. method to infect the
wounded tissues.
High regenerable anther-derived calli from cultivar Veery and DH line L26
were bombarded with gold microprojectiles, coated or not with the plasmid
DNA, and then infected with A.t.
In Tab. 1 actual situation is resumed as far as calli and regenerated
plantlets, the different tests used are also reported. Two plantlets, after
positive response with fluorimetric and hystochemical tests, present a
characteristic NPT-II fragment following genomic DNA amplification through
polymerase chair reaction (PCR).
Further investigations will be carried out on mature plants to verify their
fertility and progeny behaviour. Besides molecular researches with Southern
blot are needed to analyse the pattern of transgene integration in the host
genome.
Table 1 Combination treatments of Bio-balistic and A.t. infection on anther-
derived calli. Single green regenerated plantlets were tested by
fluorimetric and histochemical GUS assays and PCR amplification about 3-4
months after the treatments.
-----------------------------------------------------------
Treat. Treatment No. anther No. green Plantlets with
No. combinations derived regenerated GUS activity:
calli plantlets Fluor. X-Gluc PCR
------------------------------------------------------------
i 2x bombard.-plasmid 585 39 8 4 2
+ Agrob.t.-plasmid
ii 2x bombard.-wounds 543 32 5 1 0
+ Agrob.t.-plasmid
iii 2x bombard.-plasmid 284 11 0 0 0
no Agrob.t. infec.
iv no bombard. 225 18 2 1 0
+ Agrob.t.-plasmid
v no bombard. 64 2 0 0 0
no Agrob.t. infec.
------------------------------------------------------------
Cattaneo M., Qiao Y.M. AND Pogna N.E.
Androgenesis response: gene localization in wheats with or without rye-
wheat translocation.Genetic investigations were designed to study gene
localization of androgenesis response in different lines of wheat carrying
different number of chromosomes and with or without rye-wheat translocation.
Preliminary results confirm the presence of different genes to regulate
subsequent steps of growing: from embryoid stage to green plantlets
production.
For embryoids production the presence of the translocation doesn't seem to
have a positive "per se" effect: it appears to be tried to the different
origin of the rye half-chromosome (allelic genes with different activity),
or to the dimension of the translocation (linkage of positive genes). In
durum wheat the presence of translocation appears positive in any case ,
even if there are some differences in the genotypes. High frequency of green
plants production in the lines with translocation derived from Veery,
suggests the presence of one or few genes, with positive effect, strictly
linked with Glu-B1 locus (subunits 7+9), inherited from that variety. But
low results reported for Amigo, that derives its translocation from rye
Insave, instead from Petkus like Veery, show the high dependence from
genetic background.
It wasn't found any clear correlation between embryoid response and
green and albino plantlets production, confirming the presence of different
groups of genes involved in these regulations and also of different linkage
groups.
AJMONE MARSAN P.1, LUPOTTO E.1, LOCATELLI F.1, QIAO Y.M., CATTANEO M.
1Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Bergamo
Molecular analysis of transformed protoclones of hexaploid wheat. In
hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the establishment of a protoplast
system is still a rare event, and only recently decisive progress has been
obtained in regenerating plants from protoplasts isolated from embryogenic
suspension cultures. Our laboratories have reported the results obtained in
the Annual Wheat Newsletter 1992. As a progressive step towards the
regeneration of transformed wheat plants via direct gene transfer, we have
developed a transformation protocol based on PEG-mediated direct DNA uptake
into protoplasts. The work performed in this field was aimed at defining a
routine protocol for stable transformation of wheat protoplasts, and at
characterizing the stable events of transformation for better understanding
the modality of integration of a foreign gene into the wheat genome.
Cell suspension cultures of hexaploid wheat cv. Oderzo were derived
from fast growing friable calli obtained from immature embryos as previously
described, and protoplasts isolated from them. Protoplasts culture was as
extensively described in the paper in Plant Cell Reports 11:262-265, 1992,
by Qiao et al. Protoplasts were transfected via PEG-mediated DNA uptake with
plasmid pCGN778 (a kind gift from Calgene, Davis, CA, USA), carrying the
neomycin phosphotransferase-II gene (NPT-II) under the control of the 35S
CaMV promoter. After transformation protoplasts were selected by using the
bead-type culture in agarose beads, in a liquid phase containing 100 mg/l
kanamycin. Selection was throughout a period of 6 weeks, during which the
transformed protoclones grew out of the agarose beads and could be picked
out and grown onto solid medium (ODZ-K calli). Suspension cultures
originated from ODZ-K protoclones, were capable of growing in the presence
of kanamycin, neomycin and geneticin (G418), and retained the trait of
resistance also after a period of culture in absence of selective pressure.
The protein blot analysis indicated as NPT-II assay, performed on calli
stably growing on kanamycin containing medium were positive, thus confirming
that resistance was due to the activity of the foreign gene introduced.
The kanamycin resistant protoclones were analyzed for the presence and the
modality of integration of the chimaeric gene. Genomic DNAs were subjected
to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using primers designed to
amplify an internal NPT-II fragment of 592 bp. Eight callus lines were then
further analyzed in Southern. Integration of the chimaeric construct in the
chromosomal DNA of ODZ-K calli was confirmed by hybridization in a region of
high molecular weight when undigested DNAs were probed, and the 1000 bp NPT-
II probe used evidenced the expected 1500 and 2200 bp bands when hybridized
to the transformed DNAs digested with EcoRI or with HindIII and BamHI
respectively. Bands at higher and lower than expected molecular weight were
also present, indicating integration and alteration of restriction site(s),
or integration of fragments of the chimaeric construct. All the assayed
callus lines showed several bands indication multiple integration at
different locations in the genome. In reconstruction experiments we
estimated that the copy number of the gene inserted accounted from 1 to 20
per haploid genome, which was a relatively small number compared to the copy
number evaluated in other cases for cereals.
The whole work described has been developed for transformation of
protoplasts derived from the cultivar Oderzo. Meantime, since better and
more regenerative cultures have been established in other genotypes, we
expect to apply the methodology developed to cultures in which transformed
plants can be obtained.
Corbellini M., Castagna R. AND Perenzin M.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism in wild diploid wheats.About
1400 accessions of wild diploid wheats have been considered to study
taxonomy, variability and phylogeny of the genome A. All the accessions will
be described for their main morphological and physiological traits and the
clusters obtained will be compared with those coming from RFLP analysis.
Polymorphism level have been tested on 55 lines using 4 restriction enzymes
(HaeIII, RsaI, AluI and TaqI) and probes coming from genomic and cDNA
libraries of wheat, barley and T. urartu.
Up to date at least one probe/chromosome has been employed obtaining from a
low to a high level of RFLPs for a total of 379 fragments.
Pair-wise comparisons were used to calculate Jaccard's similarity
coefficients; from these dendrograms for the three species monococcum,
boeoticum and urartu, and a total one have been constructed.
Interesting informations to infer about taxonomy, genetic distances and
genetic variability of the lines use have been obtained.
Perenzin M., Borghi B.
Hybrid wheats.In 1982 a total of 690 bread wheat hybrids produced with
CHA technology together with their parental varieties (chosen among the
European material) were evaluated for agronomic traits in two rows
unreplicated plots 1.6 m long.
Combining ability was studied using a diallel cross (7 x 7 without
reciprocals) in two locations. The results of this study indicate that
several cultivars contributed positive gca effects and some hybrids
contributed significant sca effects for grain yield and yield related
traits. Some hybrids inherited positive traits present in each parent
suggesting the possibility to exploit trait complementation (i.e. grain
yield, plant height, bread making quality). A positive trend has been
observed in the yield potential of the most recent hybrids produced on the
basis of the acquired information concerning, combinity ability of the
parental cultivars.
Pogna N.E., Redaelli R., Biancardi A.M., Vaccino P., Accerbi M.
Isolation and molecular characterization of a wheat line lacking the
1Dx subunit 2 of glutenin.An Italian common wheat line, analysed by SDS-PAGE
to describe the glutenin composition, showed an unusual pattern at the Glu-
D1 locus: in the progeny analysed, 106 plants showed the normal Glu-D1
allele 2+12 and 3 expressed only subunit 12. RFLP analysis was performed on
the two different groups of plants (12 and 2+12) using a Glu-1 sequence
(PTag1290) as a probe: the restriction patterns resulted to be identical
after digestion with three different four-cutter restriction enzymes (AluI,
RsaI, HaeIII). This result suggests two hypotheses: a) the gene for the "x-
type" subunit (i.e. subunit 2) has been silenced by a mutation; b) the
transcription is stopped before the end of the gene by a mutation, and the
molecular weight of the protein is changed (we can't recognize subunit 2 in
the usual position). The plants were divided into two families (with and
without subunit 2) and sowed in the field in spaced rows. Further analysis
will evaluate the effect of the new composition on bread making quality.
Redaelli R., Pogna N.E., Dachkevitch T., Cacciatori P., Biancardi A.M.,
Metakovsky E.V.
Genetical analysis of a 1AS/1DS translocation in the bread wheat
cultivar Perzivan-1. The two biotypes of bread wheat cultivar Perzivan-1
have a translocated 1DS segment carrying the Gli-D1 locus on the short arm
of chromosome 1A. The resident Gli-D1 allele is the Cheyenne-type in biotype
1 and the Chinese Spring-type in biotype 2. Genetical analysis of the
translocation (Gli-D1g allele) was carried out in the F2 progeny of the
cross between Perzivan-1 (biotype 2) and DM-111, a line lacking both Gli-D1
and Gli-B1 alleles. The recombination percentage between Gli-D1g and the
main locus for gliadins (Gli-A1) resulted to be 1.0 ñ 7.5; the map distance
between Gli-D1g and Glu-A1 was calculated to be 42.0 ñ 4.5, suggesting that
the translocated segment is distal to Gli-A1 in chromosome 1A.
Perzivan-1 biotype 2 was crossed as female with the durum wheat
cultivar Rodeo and F2 progeny was screened by A-PAGE and SDS-PAGE. The Gli-
D1g allele was present also in seed lacking HMW glutenin subunits 5+10,
segregating independently from 1D chromosome and confirming its presence on
chromosome 1A. This translocation offers the unique possibility to introduce
a "good quality" 1D allele in a tetraploid genome and to evaluate its
usefulness in improving pastamaking or bread making quality of durum wheats.
Most of the F2 seeds expressed also HMW glutenin subunit 1, derived from
Perzivan-1.
Pogna N.E., Metakovsky E.V., Redaelli R., Dachkevitch T., Chernakov V.M.
Identification of some remote gliadin loci in the group 1 chromosomes.
Genetical analysis of gliading-encoding loci was carried out in the
progenies of several crosses involving Italian, Canadian and Russian
varieties. Chromosomes 1A and 1B were shown to contain some remote loci
coding for -gliadins. Gli-A4 codes for one -gliadin that was evidenced in
the progeny of the cross Perzivan-1 x DM-111; it is situated proximally to
Gli-A1, at 10.0 ñ 2.5 cM. In the crosses between Salmone (red, hairy glumes)
and Asiago, Claudia, Centauro and Pandas (white, hairless glumes), the locus
for glume colour (Rg-1) was mapped at about 2.0 cM from Gli-B1. An
additional gliadin locus, Gli-B5, was mapped between Gli-B1 and Rg-1, 1.4 cM
from the former. On chromosome 1A we found the Gli-A5 locus, probably
homoeologous to Gli-B5, at 1.8 cM from the Hg-1 locus for hairy glumes. One
-gliadin in the cross Neepawa x Costantino was found to recombine with Gli-
B1 at a percentage of about 20.2 ñ 3.0 and was assigned to the Gli-B3 locus,
already described. Moreover, in the progeny of the cross Skorospelka
Uluchshennaya x Kharkovskaya 6, evidence was accumulated that a gliadin
locus homoeologous to Gli-B5 may be present on chromosome 1D, at 1%
recombination from Gli-D1.
Corbellini M., Vaccino P., Accerbi M., Pogna N.E.
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms in Triticum aestivum.Cultivar
identification using highly polymorphic RFLP probes, four cutter enzymes and
polyacrilamide gels has been carried out. Two probes, specific for HMW
glutenins and -gliadins have been used to identify 50 common wheat Italian
cultivars, most of which strictly related, and 4 common wheat cultivars
originating outside Italy. The probes revealed complex polymorphic patterns;
three probe/enzyme combinations had the necessary sensitivity for the
identification of all the 54 cultivars. A study on RFLP utilization to make
prediction on hybrid wheat vigour has been started. In order to correlate
RFLP patterns to heterosis for grain yield and other agronomic and
qualitative traits, thirty parental varieties of about one hundred hybrids
will be analyzed with at least ten probes per chromosome.
Gavuzzi P., Borghi B.
Variability for early growth. Variability for early growth has been
studied for two years in two cultivars, a spring type and a winter type, on
bread wheat barley and rye. The six varieties were grown both in the open
field and in controlled environment and the total biomass accumulated and
protein concentration were monitored from the third leaf stage to heading
time. Statistically significative differences for dry matter accumulation
have been found among the growth curves of the three species, the highest
values being recorded on rye and, within each species in the spring types.
PUBLICATIONS
BORGHI B., GUIDUCCI M., CORBELLINI M., MONOTTI .M. 1992. Attempts at
avoiding the yield constraints of bread wheat (T. aestivum) in Mediterranea
environments. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 168:49-60.
METAKOVSKY E.V., BABOEV S. K. 1992. Polymorphism of gliadin and unusual
gliadin alleles in T. boeoticum. Genome, 35(6):1007-1012.
PERENZIN M., BORGHI B. 1992. Performance of wheat hybrids obtained using a
chemical hybridizing agent. Proc. Int. Symp. Wheat Breeding - Prospects and
future approaches. June 4th-8th Albena, Bulgaria. pp.91-102.
PERENZIN M., POGNA N.E., BORGHI B. 1992. Combining ability for breadmaking
quality in wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 72:743-754.
POGNA N.E., REDAELLI R., DACKEVITCH T., CURIONI A. AND DAL BELIN PERUFFO A.
1992. Benefits from genetic and molecular biology to umprove the end use
properties of cereals. Proc. Paris 1-5 June 1992 pp.83-93.
POGNA N.E., MELLINI F., REDAELLI R., BIANCHI A., 1992. Genetic aspect of
proteins affection technological and nutritional quality in wheat. Proc.
Int. Symp. Wheat Breeding - Prospects and future approaches. June 4th-8th.
Albena, Bulgaria. pp.91-102.
QIAO Y.M., CATTANEO M., LOCATELLI F., LUPOTTO E. 1992. Plant regeneration
from long-term suspension culture-derived protoplasts of hexaploid wheat (T.
aestivum L.). Plant Cell Reports, 11:262-265.
REDAELLI R., POGNA N.E., DACHKEVITCH T., CACCIATORI P., BIANCARDI A. AND
METAKOVSKY E.V. 1992. Inheritance studies of the 1AS/1DS chromosome
translocation in the bread wheat variety Perzivan-1. Genet. & Breed. 46:253-
262.
--------------------
Experimental Institute for Cereal Research Via Cassia, 176-00191 Roma
M. Pasquini*, V. Cecchi, L. Sereni, F. Casini, F. Causulli
Fungal diseases on wheat in Italy: virulence of their causal agents
and search for sources of resistance. Field and greenhouse evaluations are
carried out yearly to analyze the presence, diffusion and virulence of some
pathogens and to test the behavior of durum and bread wheat cultivars as
well as to search for new sources of resistance.
Powdery mildew and leaf rust are present almost every year in the
Italian cereal growing areas, although their development is more or less
epidemic depending upon climatic conditions. Some genes for resistance to
powdery mildew such as Pm3b, Pm4a from Khapli (T. dicoccum), Pm8, Pm17
present in Amigo and those present in Vernal (T. dicoccum) and Einkorn (T.
monococcum), have provided a high or intermediate level of resistance during
a period of several years. It is interesting to note that the Pm4a gene has
been incorporated into Italian commercial durum wheat cultivars ("Val" group
and cultivars derived from them), that have been widely cultivated in Italy
over a period of at least 15 years.
With respect to leaf rust, resistance genes Lr9, Lr19, Lr25, Lr28, Lr29
seem to be the most effective in Italy. Field and greenhouse data show that
the virulence of leaf rust population has slightly increased, particularly
in central and northern Italy, during the last years; nevertheless the
widely cultivated durum wheat cv. Creso still expresses high resistance to
the pathogen both in the field and greenhouse. It probably carries yet
unidentified genes that confer "durable" resistance. The search for new
genes of resistance carried out by testing large collections of T.
monococcum, T. dicoccum and T. dicoccoides, showed that these species
represent a rich reservoir of genetic variability for resistance to these
pathogens.
--------------------
M. Pasquini, E. Biancolatte, G. Galterio
Use of species related to wheat as valuable sources of disease
resistance. Isolates of Erysiphe graminis tritici virulent to Italian
commercial durum wheat cultivars were identified. Strains were collected
from different countries of T. monococcum and T. dicoccoides were screened
to find new genes for resistance to these isolates. The most interesting
accessions served as parents in crosses with durum wheat cultivars. Crosses
between cv. Valitalico and T. monococcum lines Ga 10597 V. 207 and Ga 10594
V. 175 showed that complete resistance to mildew had been transferred in the
first cross, while a dilution of resistance during the transfer process was
observed in the second cross. All resulting lines were susceptible to leaf
rust isolates, to which both parents were resistant. Some lines were
backcrossed to Italian durum wheat cultivars Strinakria and Creso,
interesting for their good quality and agronomic characters or, as in the
case of Creso, for leaf rust resistance. Lines were selected with combined
resistance to both diseases.
Genetic analysis of progeny from crosses between Italian durum wheat
cultivars and T. dicoccoides accessions Ga 10732, Ga 10704 and Ga 10703
indicated the occurrence of a single dominant gene for resistance to powdery
mildew biotype Et10 in T. dicoccoides Ga 10732 and Ga 10704 and of two
genes, one dominant and one recessive, in accession Ga 10703. The F3 and F4
progeny from the cross "Valnova x Ga 10703" shoed high protein content and
low glutenin/gliadin ratio compared to the durum wheat parent.
Field and laboratory screening tests are now being performed to
evaluate the most interesting genotypes within this material for agronomic
and quality characters.
Publications
Pasquini, M. and F. Casulli. 1992. Durable resistance to leaf rust
(Puccinia recondita tritici) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis tritici)
in Italian durum wheat cultivars. In: Abstracts of Symp. on Durability of
Disease Resistance, Wageningen, Olanda, 24-29 febbraio.
Pasquini, M., E. Biancolatte and G. Galterio. 1992. Wild emmer (Triticum
dicoccoides) as a valuable source of powdery mildew resistance and high
protein content. J. Genet. & Breed. 46:173-178.
Pasquini, M. 1992. Occurrence and virulence of Erysiphe graminis tritici
in Italy. Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg. 24:178-180.
Casulli, F. and M. Pasquini. 1992. Virulence of Puccinia recondita f. sp.
tritici in Italy. Vortr. Pflanzenzuchtg. 24:87-89.
--------------------
Technology of Products Section
M. G. D'Egidio* and S. Nardi
The predictive value of well-established durum wheat characteristics on
cooking quality parameters is being studied in collaboration with Dr. B. M.
Mariani and P. Novaro of the section of Experimental Design (Istituto
Sperimentale per la cerealicoltura, Roma).
Different durum wheat varieties were analyzed by technological and
chemical tests and their value in predicting pasta cooking quality was
investigated. Pasta was dried at low and high temperature. Factor analysis
was applied as a clustering tool; among the factors identified, three were
useful in describing the relationships among variables. The first, related
to rheological characteristics, was identified as the quality factor and the
second, associated with protein and gluten content, was called quantity
factor. Another factor was related mainly to cooking quality parameters of
pasta dried at LT, whereas the quality parameters at HT were linked to the
second factor. Multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate the
combined effects of one variable from the quantity factor and one from the
quality factor on quality of pasta dried at LT and HT. Among the many
variables of gluten quality, manual evaluation and alveograph W value were
the most efficient; for the quantity variable, protein content was used.
The role played by these variables differed with drying temperature: at LT
the quantity of quality variables had almost the same worth but at HT
protein content was prevalent Predictive equations were calculated with
these variables.
On pasta samples dried at low and high temperature cooking quality was
evaluated using sensory judgement (SJ), total organic matter (TOM) and
viscoelastograph parameters. SJ was expressed by its components
(stickiness, bulkiness and firmness) and by an overall score. Factor
analysis was applied as clustering tool to assess similar behavior of
variables. Four factors were useful in describing the relationships among
variables for each temperature considered. At 50 oC the first factor was
related to viscoelastograph parameters, the second grouped SJ, stickiness,
bulkiness, and TOM, whereas firmness was linked to a different factor. At
90oC firmness was associated with stickiness, bulkiness, and SJ on the
second factor, whereas TOM shifted to another factor. Multiple regressions
were calculated to evaluate the relative worth of stickiness, bulkiness, and
firmness on SJ and TOM as well as their relationships with viscoelastograph
measures when different drying temperatures were applied. At low
temperature, stickiness was the most important SJ component and TOM was a
suitable method in estimating SJ. At high temperature, firmness played a
more important role and viscoelastograph consistency was used to complement
the TOM test.
* * * * * *
Publications
Vallega, V., S. Nardi, M. G. D'Egidio. 1990. Breeding value of durum wheat
cultivar "Trinakria" as a spaghetti cooking quality donor parent. Cereal
Res. Commun. 18(1-2):75-80.
D'Egidio, M. G., B. M. Mariani, S. Nardi, P. Novaro, R. Cubadda. 1990.
Chemical and technological variables and their relationships : a predictive
equation for pasta cooking quality. Cereal Chem. 67(3):275-281.
Novaro, P., M. G. D'Egidio, B. M. Mariani, S. Nardi. 1991. Durum wheat
breeding: predictive value of chemical and technological variables to assess
pasta cooking quality. In Proceedings of the Eucarpia Cereal Section
meeting. Schwein, 27 June 1991.
D'Egidio, M. G., S. Nardi, V. Vallega. 1991. Quality of diploid wheat,
triticum monococcum L. In: Proceedings of Cereal International Conf.
Brisbane, 9-13 September 1991.
D'Egidio, M. G., S. Nardi. 1991. Influence of high temperature drying
systems on quality of durum wheat cultivars (in Italian). Tecnica Molitoria.
42(5):429-434.
D'Egidio, M. G., B. M. Mariani, S. Nardi, P. Novaro. 1993. Viscoelastograph
measures and total organic matter test: suitability in evaluating textural
characteristics of cooked pasta. Cereal Chem. 70(1):67-72.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM JAPAN
Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station
S. Ito, M. Watanabe, A. Sato and T. Hoshino
New Winter Wheat Cultivar `Akitakko' - To new winter wheat cultivars
`Akitakko' and `Abukumawase' were registered in the Ministry of Agriculture,
Forestry and Fisheries in 1992. Akitakko, released by our station, was
selected by the pedigree method from the cross Tohoku 143 (later
Wakamatsukomugi)/Tohoku 144 in 1976. Akitakko is semidwarf (91 cm),
susceptible to leaf rust, moderatery susceptible to powder mildew and pre-
harvest sprouting (Table 1). Akitakko is moderatery resistant to cold and
snow endurance and it seems to be adapted to the areas of northern Japan
(Tohoku region) that are covered with snow for nearly 110 days. In these
areas `Kitakamikomugi' and `Nanbukomugi' are extensively cultivated.
Akitakko matures 3 days later than Nanbukomugi and 3 days earlier than
Kitakamikomugi. It has high yielding ability and high yielding stability.
Its yield (1985-92 average) is higher than Kitakamikomugi and Nanbukomugi.
It has a slightly glassy kernel and kernel weight of Akitakko is 39.9 mg.
The flour milling percentage and flour color (whiteness) are higher than
many Japanese cultivars (Table 2).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Akitakko Kitakami-komugi Nanbuko-mugi
----------- ----------- -----------
Culm length(cm) 91 92 91
Lodging Resistance R MS R
Leaf Rust Resistance S MS S
Sprouting Preharvest MS M MR
Cold & Snow Endurance MR M MR
Snow Maturity July 8 July 11 July 5
Yield(kg/A) 41.7 38.8 34.0
Kernel Weight(mg) 39.9 41.1 42.4
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
R=Resistance; MR=Moderatery Resistance; M=Medium; MS=Moderatery Susceptible;
S=Susceptible
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Akitakko Kitakami-komugi Nanbuko-mugi
----------- ----------- -----------
Glassy Kernel 87.9 50.6 56.7
Flour Milling 72.2 67.2 66.1
Flour Protein (%) 11.4 11.6 11.9
Flour Color (R455) 53.5 53.6 50.9
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------
M. Watanabe
Detection of 5+10 glutenin subunits in wheat seeds at pre- and post-
maturity - HMW glutenin subunits were analyzed in pre- and post-maturity
seeds of wheat cultivar Pliska which contained 5+10 subunits. Analysis of
HMW gulutenin subunit was performed by SDS-PAGE. In sprouted seeds, treated
with simulated rain, the pattern of electrophoresis was constant even 11
days after rain treatment.
The results showed that we could select breeding materials by using
glutenin subunit composition at an early stage before maturity and also we
could determine glutenin subunit composition in post-maturity seeds. While
all subunits in matured seeds were detected on 31 days after heading, 5+10
subunits were detected on 27 days after that.
--------------------
Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-11
N. Watanabe
Increased antenna size of photosystem II and genetic improvement of
wheat varieties since the nineteenth century. The light-saturated rates of
photosynthesis of leaves should be correlated with photosynthetic
productivity of the crop in the field. However, it is very clear from many
different studies that crop canopies are not saturated and that even leaves
at the top of canopies do not operate in the field at the light-saturated
rate except in a few occasions. Increased yield of bread wheat cultivars
bred in Mediterranean type environments was associated with increased
photosynthetic productivity.
We applied electrophoretic analysis for assessing the variation of
chlorophyll-protein complexes of several Australian cultivars adapted to
Mediterranean type environments, which differed in year of release or
introduction. Chlorophyll (%) contained in core complex of photosystem II
(CCII) decreased during the last century (Fig. 1). Linear regression of CCII
on released year was statistically significant lending further evidence that
the size of photosystem II increased in wheat cultivars during the last
century.
The direct evidence for photosynthetic attributes for yield improvement
in wheat cultivars has not been mentioned. It would be sensible to study
the relationship between the changes in chlorophyll-proteins and the maximum
quantum efficiency of photosynthesis. We do not know whether the
chlorophyll-protein complement of a leaf is more closely related to the
photosynthetic performance under light-saturating conditions or light-
limiting conditions. To determine whether changes in the chlorophyll-
proteins of a leaf have any significant effect on the efficiency of light-
utilization by the leaf would be very interesting.
An alternative selection criteria should be developed for improvement
of wheat cultivars.
[FIGURE 4 NOT SHOWN]
--------------------
ITEMS FROM MEXICO
CIMMYT/MEXICO
Developments in CIMMYT Wheat Program in 1992
Staff Changes. Staff reductions continued into 1992 with Max Alcala in
International Nurseries, Sirkka Immonen and Jonathan Robinson leaving during
the year. Arnoldo Amaya from Industrial Quality also left at the end of the
year but will continue his long involvement with the Wheat Program as a
consultant. International Nurseries is now headed by Paul Fox, while Javier
Pe¤a was promoted to head Industrial Quality. Lukas Bertschinger from
Switzerland was hired to the position in virology left by Peter Burnett in
1991. Guillermo Fuentes and Ivan Ortiz Monasterio were promoted to Senior
Scientists in Crop Protection (bunts and smuts), and Crop Management and
Physiology (wheat component agronomy), respectively. Associate scientist
Zhong-hu He in Bread Wheat left to return to China via Kansas State
University but was replaced by Gurdev Singh from Punjab Agricultural
University. Belgium funding for continuing work on non-specific foliar
pathogens was approved and Etienne Duveiller promoted to that project.
Deborah Rees came as a Post-Doc in physiology supported by ODA. Peter Hobbs
is currently on sabbatical leave at the Cornell University.
Revision of CIMMYT Wheat Megaenvironments. As our winter and
facultative wheat breeding gains more experience, and as a few weaknesses in
our original megaenvironment (ME) classification (see AWN 1989, p.93) have
been revealed over time, it has become desirable to revise this
classification. The definition of spring (temperate and hot), facultative
(cool) and winter (cold) environments has not changed but the last two
thermal environments have each been divided into 3 water supply environments
so that the facultative and winter megaenvironment (old ME6) now becomes 6
separate MEs (new ME7 to 12). Table 1 outlines the new situation as of
January 1993. Please note that old ME4C and ME7 have been reclassified ME5C
and 6, respectively. Current crop areas and production for the new MEs are
being revised and recalculated. Nevertheless ME1 remains the largest
relatively-homogeneous target for us with over 40% of the developing world's
220 m tons of wheat production.
Northwest Mexico in 1991-92. The winter growing season in 1991-92 at
our main nursery site, CIANO, in northwest Mexico saw a seasonal rainfall
total of 344 mm. This is the highest total since at least 1969: the
average expected rainfall is only 61 mm. Many problems arose for researchers
and growers alike.
Yields were low (Yaqui Valley average of only 4.23 t/ha) because of
cloudiness, poor stands, late seeding, and lodging; breeders did not escape
these problems. Disease levels were however not particularly high,
including levels of Karnal bunt. The new and disconcerting aspect of Karnal
bunt was its first recorded appearance in the Hermosillo district in which
our International Nursery seed was being produced. Due to KB in our bread
wheat seed (although at extremely low levels - 1 infected grain in 13,000),
we decided not to send out bread wheat nurseries in 1993 for the 1993-94
growing cycle. In the meantime we have relocated our seed production to
remote KB-free locations. Ironically in 1992 INIFAP released the first
varieties in Mexico having a good level of KB resistance.
Internally-Managed External Review of Wheat Genetic Resources. In
order to enhance efficiency and scientific credibility, two years ago CIMMYT
initiated a system of internally-managed external reviews. Our plans are to
review each of our activities once in five years by a panel of external
experts. This year a team headed by Prof. C.O. Qualset, and including Drs.
T.T. Chang, V.L. Chopra, D. Ramirez and J. Snape reviewed the CIMMYT Wheat
Genetic Resources Sub-Program.
The main activities associated with this Sub-Program are: (1) Maintain
a collection of wheat and triticale germplasm representative of all
significant germplasm pools. (2) Identify and document useful genetic
variability in the gene bank. (3) Transfer variability into useful
genotypes through wide crossing and pre-breeding. (4) Test and refine
appropriate biotechnological tools that can complement all breeding efforts.
The panel of reviewers made excellent suggestions for improvement. They
urged that wheat genetic resources be recognized as one of CIMMYT's major
global strategic components, with the need to give high priority to
construction of long-term storage facilities for the Germplasm Bank at the
same time as the base collection is more thoroughly defined and
evaluated. CIMMYT should take the lead in setting up an international
network for genetic resource conservation in which materials and methods are
documented and shared efficiently. The Sub-Program needs to give more
attention to effective collaboration within and outside CIMMYT. Many
suggestions are being implemented and more financial resources, needed to
meet certain recommendations, are being sought.
Research Activities. The Wheat Program continues to record its
Mexico-based research activities in the form of projects comprising initial
descriptions and annual updates. The project documentation for 1992
contains information on 280 projects spread across all four Sub-Programs
(Fischer and Hettel 1992). Part or all of the documentation is available in
electronic form. Highlights included completion of a classification
analysis based on phenotypic correlations between 74 recurring locations of
the first 26 years of the International Spring Wheat Yield Trial. Results
showed a reasonably good relationship between location clusters and CIMMYT's
empirically-defined megaenvironments. Good progress has been reported on
understanding durable leaf rust resistance (e.g. Singh and Rajaram 1992) and
identifying other useful traits linked to LR34 (Singh 1992). RAPDs analysis
has been used to look at genetic variability in Russian Wheat Aphid
(Diuraphis noxia) and it appears DNA variation is minimal amongst
samples from 4 continents. A comprehensive set of projects on Xanthomonas
leaf streak in wheat have been concluded (Duveiller 1992). Finally, from
outreach, 1991-92 season saw the first growing of the joint CIMMYT-ICARDA
observation nurseries in the WANA region. These contain selections of spring
bread wheat and spring durum wheat both out of CIMMYT Mexico and out of
CIMMYT- ICARDA Aleppo, as described in the 1989 agreement between CIMMYT and
ICARDA.
Bibliography
Duveiller, E. (1992). "Toward management of bacterial leaf streak of wheat
and triticale". ThŠse de Doctorat en Sciences Agrnomiques, Facult‚ des
Sciences Agronomiques, Louvain-le-Neuve UCL, Belgique.
Fischer, R.A. and Hettel, E. (1992). Wheat Project Documentation for
1991-92.
Singh, R.P. (1992). "Genetic Association of Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr34
with Adult Plant Resistance to
Stripe Rust in Bread Wheat". Phytopathology, Vol. 82:835-838.
Singh, R.P. and Rajaram, S. (1992). "Genetics of adult-plant resistance of
leaf rust in 'Frontana' and three CIMMYT wheats". Genome, Vol. 35: 24-31.
--------------------
THE INTERNATIONAL WHEAT INFORMATION INITIATIVE
P.N. Fox*, B. Skovmand, H.V. Sanchez, E. Duveiller and M. Van Ginkel,
CIMMYT Mexico
"..the scattered bits of information about the germplasm is beyond the
grasp of any one researcher."
a US wheat breeder, 1992.
Summary. A revolution in wheat breeding occurred through germplasm
exchange. The second revolution will exchange information related to
germplasm, not only adding value to germplasm, but also strengthening bonds
between institutions and between scientists. We are on threshold of
dramatic advances, limited only by our imaginations in using them. Positive
dynamic feedback between genetics, conventional and molecular, and
environmental information will provide unprecedented insights into crop
adaptation.
Until the CIMMYT Wheat Program developed a strategy based on unique
identification of germplasm, information generated by different sources,
e.g. national trials, international trials, laboratories and germplasm
banks, could not be integrated around the germplasm to which it pertained.
Implementation of the International Wheat Information Initiative is in
three phases:
ù The Wheat Pedigree Management System (WPMS) has been completed and
uniquely identifies germplasm by cross identification (CID)
and selection identification (SID) numbers.
ù The completed Wheat Germplasm Bank System (WGBS).
ù The Wheat Data Management System (WDMS), which will complement WGBS
and will consider three types of data categories -- Genetic (G),
Genotype x Environment (GE) and Environmental (E) -- and the
inter-relations between these categories. We will link to Geographic
Information Systems through E data and to genetic mapping initiatives
through G data.
Introduction. Norman Borlaug spoke of a revolution in wheat breeding
brought about by germplasm exchange. We predict a second revolution driven
by exchange of information relating to germplasm.
Small Leaps Forward. international feedback loop. International
nursery data provide feedback to breeders. There is an element of recurrent
selection in the process of distributing elite germplasm from International
Agricultural Research Centers and re-crossing or discarding this material in
subsequent cycles, on the basis of international performance. The challenge
is to make the feedback loop more efficient through:
1) better data exploration,
2) quicker turn around of data and
3) better access to raw data, results of analyses and .interpretative
summaries.
data exploration and breeding
A battery of techniques is available for data exploration. Such
techniques complement but in no way replace the intimate field experience
breeders have for their germplasm. In tandem to these skills, newer
statistical methods are useful in identifying subtle differences among
sister lines and in rapid assessments, from wide testing, of adaptation of
new germplasm. Seri 82 appears the most broadly-adapted, high-yielding
spring bread wheat and international data exploration forewarns breeders of
the Achilles Heel of such outstanding widely sown germplasm in a way that is
impossible with national testing. For example, Seri 82's leaf rust
resistance depends on Lr23 and Lr26 and its superiority is tending to
decline in locations with heavy infection of BYD, septoria blotch and
Helminthosporium species. This warning allows timely initiation of
corrective backcrossing and other measures.
Long-term relationships among locations based on genotype by
environment interactions for yield will be important in refining the
definitions of mega-environments for breeding, as will more detailed
quantitative analysis of pathological data.
adding value to seed through data
CIMMYT will increasingly distribute existing data with nurseries to aid
in the selection efficiency of clients. For example, there is much
information on bread making quality generated before germplasm is
distributed in an international yield trial.
Data Integration -- A Great Leap Forward. We have mentioned small
improvements of an evolutionary nature. However, relational database
technology heralds the leap on which the Wheat Pedigree Management System
(WPMS) is based and on which the Wheat Data Management System (WDMS) will
follow.
removing barriers to association
WPMS overcame barriers to association by uniquely identifying wheat
germplasm and is the core of the Wheat Information System. Costly and
unnecessary repetition of evaluations, such as industrial quality tests, is
eliminated by unequivocal identification. WPMS is a relational database and
repository of information on genealogies and selection histories, using the
Purdue/USDA system for cross notation and assuming a biparental mating
system. For this reason it is aimed at self-pollinating species. Pedigrees
may be extended with the discovery of additional information on ancestors.
These genealogical features are being exploited through the development
of tools such as coefficients of parentage (COPs). Our COP algorithm will
consider post-hybridization relationships, i.e. it will distinguish among
sister lines.
The power of WPMS has been seen in unexpected ways. For example,
preliminary investigations suggest that cytoplasmic diversity in CIMMYT
bread wheats is restricted and that one of the dominant cytoplasms is
tetraploid.
WPMS reports include cross expansions in either dendrogram or tabular
form at any specified level, for example grandparents, great grandparents or
as far back as data exist. The Wheat Cultivar Abbreviations Report replaces
Special Report 749 from Oregon State University, and is available as CIMMYT
Wheat Special Report No. 4, in soft or hard copy.
crossing data frontiers
WPMS overcomes ambiguities and redundancies in germplasm identification
and lays the foundation for WDMS, which will integrate information from
different sources around the germplasm to which it pertains. WDMS will
provide a secure, flexible system for data storage for wheat, triticale and
barley, facilitating powerful associations between genetic information and
performance data. This interface was seldom crossed because of problems in
association of data from different sources. Detailed genetic information
generated in laboratory studies was seldom coupled to field performance
data for several reasons. One was a different scale of operations.
Thousands of lines might be evaluated in the field with the resultant data
eventually forgotten on a series of flat files on magnetic tapes. The
results from the more intensive laboratory test on a limited number of
genotypes might be committed to paper. Even if the researchers involved in
the separate efforts were aware of each other's work, combining the data was
never considered because there would have been so many gaps in the intensive
laboratory information if combined with the field data in a flat file.
Relational databases make cross referencing these types of information
feasible and efficient. Today, decisions on which types of data should be
stored are not critical. As data storage becomes increasingly cheaper
relative to data generation, the issue becomes: on which characteristics is
rapid querying required?
Currently, in the pathological section of WDMS traits, we are
accommodating the instances where no simple, direct relationship exists
between field symptoms and causal organisms.
The scope of WDMS will embrace data from international trials, national
trials, WGBS, industrial quality and pathology laboratories and research in
molecular biology, as well as hopefully interfacing to a Canadian initiative
for a directory of elite germplasm for studies of plant mineral nutrition.
All genes registered in the "Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat" will be
included, along with RFLPs and other molecular markers. Instead of storing
genetic maps, WDMS will interface with the databases which store this
information.
passive and active data gathering
CIMMYT has traditionally stored the data, principally field yields and
reactions, returned at the discretion of cooperators, assuming that this
information was the most relevant. This policy will be continued,
especially with cooperators in lesser developed countries. However, WDMS
will enable CIMMYT and others to make better use of race-specific rust
reactions from the US, Canada, South Africa, Australia and other countries.
At the same time, CIMMYT is embarking upon a more directed phase of data
collection, especially from developed countries where many important genetic
data of international importance are generated but not disseminated. CIMMYT
aims to be a clearing house to make data work better for breeders. Examples
include pedigrees from Russia, China and India; scab reactions from China
and Brazil; data from the USDA GRIN system; reactions to Pratylenchus
thornei, Heterodera avenae, boron and pre-harvest sprouting in Australia;
other micro-nutrient reactions from Canada; powdery mildew reactions and
industrial quality parameters from Europe.
Genes and the environment: dynamic feedback
Here is an example of how data integration might function. If we knew
the genetics of boron tolerance and could select a few contrasting entries
for this trait in our extensive performance databases (e.g. the 29 years'
data accumulated by the ISWYNs) and could then extract international
performance data on them, preliminary inferences about the distribution of
boron related problems could be made. Similarly, we can examine the
performance of known nematode resistant lines relative to susceptible ones
across the world and achieve a rapid bio-assay for the pathogen.
So-called neutral marker genes may prove to have adaptive significance
if their influence can be gauged from extensive performance data such as
that accumulated by CIMMYT.
Conversely, better knowledge of the environment facilitates better
characterisation of germplasm.
Putting it all together
WPMS, WGBS and associated functions were developed with System 1032 as
the database management system on a cluster of VAX computers under the VMS
operating system. WDMS is being developed in this environment and will
include a data access tool-kit for VAX systems, which facilitates reporting,
querying and exporting.
Why not touch base with us?
We would like to hear from you if you are developing a database for
wheat, triticale or barley (especially if we have not been in contact on the
subject) with a view to facilitating exchange between databases.
Once a mature Wheat Information System is functional, we will make a
PC-based version to be utilized for any self-pollinated species and to be
distributed to lesser developed countries.
Acknowledgement. Software development was generously supported by the
Governments of The Netherlands and Denmark.
Related Documents Available from Authors
Fox, P.N. and Hettel, G.P. eds. (1992). Management and use of international
trial data for improving breeding efficiency. Wheat Special Report No. 8.
Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
Wheat Cultivar Abbreviations (1992). Wheat Special Report No. 4. Mexico,
D.F.: CIMMYT.
Wheat Data Management System Release 1. External Design. (September 8, 1992)
Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
Updates of WDMS trait list from the above document.
--------------------
A.I.Morgunov, R.J.Pena, S.Rajaram
The relationship between high-molecular weight glutenin subunits and
bread-making quality of F1 hybrids in bread wheat. During two growing
cycles the grain from 26 F1s was evaluated for protein content,
SDS-sedimentation value and mixing time along with the composition of
high-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits and the presence of 1BL/1RS
translocation in order to study the influence of these loci on quality
parameters. The bread-making quality parameters of F1s were close to
midaparent values. Significant positive heterosis as compared to midparent
value was observed for protein content - 5 F1s, for SDS-sedimentation - 5
F1s and for mixing time - 7 F1s. None of the hybrids performed significantly
better then the best parent. There were no consistent relationship between
the heterosis observed and a particular combination of HMW glutenin
subunits.
However the absolute values of quality parameters of F1s positively
correlated to Glu-1 quality score or rye-adjusted Glu-1 quality score. The
coefficients of correlations were in the range of 0.54-0.87 for
SDS-sedimentation and mixing time and were nonsignificant for protein
content. This indicates that these two scores could be useful in predicting
the performance of F1s. Hence using parents with HMW subunits known to
affect positively grain quality is more likely to result in hybrids with
acceptable grain.
The presence of 1BL/1RS translocation negatively affected the quality
of F1s especially being in homozygote stage. The parents possessing the
translocation had mainly negative general combining ability effects. This
suggests that when producing hybrids with enhanced quality at least one
parents should have normal 1B chromosome.
Publication
Morgunov A.I. 1992 Wheat and Wheat Breeding in the Former USSR. Wheat
Special Report No.13. Mexico D.F. CIMMYT (available on request).
--------------------
ITEM FROM MOROCCO
Mergoum, M., M. Jlibene, J.S. Quick, and N. Nsarellah
Breadwheat Breeding for the Arid and Semi-arid Zones of Morocco - Bread
wheat is the second major crop after barley in Morocco with more than one
million hectares grown annually. In addition, more than 50% of the
continuously increasing areas of bread wheat are located in the arid and
semi-arid zones (MARA, 1985). Annual rainfall in these regions is low (200
to 400 mm) and drastically variable within and between seasons. Most
cultivars grown in these areas are those released by the national breeding
programs in the early 1980's. In general, these cultivars have good
adaptation and usually perform very well under relatively good conditions of
the high rainfall zones in the northern parts of Morocco. Therefore, a
breeding program of this crop targeting the more arid environments of
southern regions was initiated in 1991-92 season since the previous national
breeding program was moved to the Meknes regions in order to emphasize
research on the northern regions of Morocco. The major objectives of the
program for the arid and semi-arid zones are to: (1) develop germplasm and
"build" parents with drought and heat tolerance, (2) select specifically
adapted cultivars and (3) screen for major prevalent diseases and insects
(Rusts, septoria, root rot, Hessian fly...etc.)
Genetic material selected from nurseries of the national breeding
program were used to initiate the program. However, due to a severe early
season (January and February) drought, most material planted in rainfed
locations was lost. Selections in these environments were made basically on
the reaction to Hessian fly and recovery and growth capacity of some
genotypes after the rainfall following the dry period. At Tassaout and Sidi
El Aydi locations, where more nurseries were irrigated, selections based on
yield, its components and other criteria (diseases, insects, plant
vigor...etc.) were made. Selections of 40, 40, 21, and 19 promising lines
were made among MOL (Moroccan Observation Lines) in preliminary,
intermediary and advanced nurseries, respectively.
A substantial amount of genetic material was also received form the
CIMMYT/Mexico. This material included ISYN (International Screening Yield
Nursery), ESWYT (Elite Spring Wheat Yield Trail), SAWYT (Semi Arid Wheat
Yield Trial) and F3 bulk.
Studies of root rot, caused primarily by Fusarium culmorum and
Cochliobolus sativus (Lyamani, 1988; Mergoum and Quick, 1990; Mergoum,
1991), were continued to evaluate reactions of most Moroccan grown cultivars
and to assess yield losses caused by this disease under natural and
artificial conditions. Preliminary results showed that all Moroccan grown
cultivars can be infected by root rot. However, some cultivars such as
`Teguey-32' were more tolerant. In order to identify sources of resistance
or tolerance to the root rot complex disease, evaluation of the Maghreb
collection of bread wheat will be made in the 1992-93 crop season. In the
greenhouse, crosses were made and advanced to F1 and F2 generations.
Publications
Lyamani, A. 1988. Wheat root rot in West Central Morocco and effects of
Fusarium culmorum and Helminthosporium sativum seed and soil-borne inoculum
on root rot development, plant emergence and crop yield. Ph.D. Thesis, Iowa
State University, Ames.
MARA. 1985. Statistiques agricoles. Service des statistiques et de
documentation. P.V. 12. Ministere de l'Agriculture et de la Reforme
Agraire, Rabat, Maroc. 100 p.
Mergoum, M., and J.S. Quick. 1990. Implications of root rot inoculation
and nitrogen fertilization of wheat cultivars under varying moisture stress
in West Central of Morocco. Agron. Abstr. p. 101, ASA, San Antonio, TX.
Mergoum, M. 1991. Effects of infection by Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium
culmorum, or Cochliobolus sativus on wheat. Ph.D. Dissert. Colorado State
University, Fort Collins, CO. USA.
--------------------
Nsarellah Nasserlehaq, Mergoum, M., and A.G. Taylor
Breeding Durum Wheat for Moroccan Rainfed Agriculture - Durum wheat is
of first importance in the rainfed areas in Morocco. Constraints are lack
of yield potential, drought and heat stress and susceptibility to the major
pests, namely Hessian fly, tan spots, and root rots. Seed quality is
another important factor. Current research projects and 1991-92 activities
are addressing all these aspects.
Hessian fly can be devastating durum wheat especially in dry years.
Total losses have been observed on several occasions. Average loss
estimates range from 35 to 45% depending on the season. Resistance genes
have been identified and progress made in bread wheat but no work has been
done in durums. A program of introgression of resistance was started in
1991 using resistant accessions of Triticum araraticum and T. tauschii.
Hessian fly resistance is also being introgressed to durum wheat from
resistant spring wheats, `Saada', `line 221', `line 254' using a back
crossing scheme. At the second backcrossing, the durum wheat phenotype and
seed quality is not yet fully recovered. This program of backcrossing is
intended to continue for three to four generations.
Tan spot is an important foliar disease for durum wheat. Preliminary
yield losses experiments have shown a 12 to 18% grain yield reduction in
Morocco. In other countries, losses of up to 70% have been reported.
Genetic resistance has been reported and utilized in several wheat breeding
programs. The evaluation of Phrenophora tritici-repentis isolates in
Morocco has shown moderate variation and host specificity. Screening for
tan spot resistance has identified several resistant accessions and is still
pursued in greenhouse and field work. Segregating material from crosses of
the past two years was screened and showed that resistance is linked to
lateness in heading and maturity, undesirable characteristics for Morocco.
New resistant parent should be researched and crossed to adapted material.
Root rot is another major disease of durum what especially in the arid
and semi-arid zones of Morocco where plants aver very often weakened by
adverse stresses such as drought, heat, diseases, and insects. Effects of
these pathogens on several agronomic and physiologic characters showed that
all tested cultivars were susceptible to root rot. Durum wheats were also
more susceptible to root rot than bread wheats. Up to 60% of yield loss was
demonstrated for most grown cultivars `Cocorit', `Marzak' and `Kyperounda'
under artificial inoculation.
In early studies, barley yellow dwarf virus has been shown to be
important in durum wheats and was very important in 1991-92 surveys.
Sources of resistance were selected under heavy infection conditions by
virologists in two ICARDA nurseries (Key Location Disease and BYDV). Two
durum and four bread wheats will be crossed to adapted material this season.
The objectives of the central durum wheat breeding program are to
combine most of the desirable characters of durum wheats with high yield
potential, good adaptation, and good seed quality. Cooperation with plant
pathologists and entomologists is maximized. During the 1991-92 season
drought was early and severe; screening of segregating material and advanced
lines was done in only two out of the five regular experiment stations.
Most damaging pest was Hessian fly. The foliar and root diseases were all
present but less important in the nurseries. All entries were visually
screened for resistance to yellow berry, black point and seed shrivelling.
Yield data showed that several new entries were superior to the best checks
and were advanced for probable registration. Work in the greenhouse
included a large number of crosses and backcrosses and increases of F1 and
F2 generations.
Publications
El Bouhssini, M., A. Amri, and J. Hatchet. 1988. Wheat genes conditioning
resistance to the Hessian fly (Diptera: Ceci-domyiidae) in Morocco. J.
Econ. Entomol. 81:709-712.
Elias, E., R. G. Cantrell, and R. M. Hosford, Jr. 1989. Heritability of
resistance to tan spot in durum wheat ad its association with other
agronomic traits. Crop Sci. 2:299-303.
Mergoum, M. 1991. Effects of infection by Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium
culmorum, or Cochliobolus sativus on wheat. Ph.D. Dissertation. Colorado
State Univ., Fort Collins, CO., USA.
Nsarellah, N. 1992. Evaluation of tan spot in North Dakota and Morocco.
Ph.D. Thesis, N.D. State University, Fargo.
--------------------
ITEM FROM PAKISTAN
Agricultural Research Station, Bahawalpur, Punjab
Manzoor Husain
Wheat Production - Pakistan has achieved wheat production targets for
the last three years, but total requirements far exceed actual production.
Wheat demands of Afghanistan are met from Pakistan and there is increased
consumption within Pakistan as well. Wheat is the cheapest food grain.
Present price fixed by the Government is Rs. 124/- for 40 kg (one maund).
Rice, coarse grain sorghum, corn and millets sell at higher prices,
resulting in the use of wheat as poultry and animal feed as well. Three
million tons had to be imported in 1992-93.
Production figures for the last three years were as follows:
1989-90 14.40 mmt
1990-91 15.50 mmt
1991-92 15.53 mmt
Recommended Cultivars:
Barani-83 for rainfed areas
Chakwal-86 for rainfed areas
Rawal-87 for rainfed areas
Pak-81 for irrigated and rainfed areas
Faisalabad-83 for irrigated and rainfed areas
Punjab-85 for irrigated areas
Sutlej-86 for irrigated areas
Faisalabad-85 for irrigated areas
New cultivars introduced were Rohtas-90 for rainfed areas, Inkilab-91
and Pasban-90 for irrigated areas. Pak-81 (Veery-5) has been under
cultivation for the last ten years as a multi-purpose variety both for
rainfed and irrigated areas and for early, medium, and late sowing. Its
leaf rust resistance is breaking down and it is likely to go out of
cultivation in the near future.
At present, percentage of total production and average yield in the
Provinces are as follows:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Percentage Kg/ha
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Punjab 73.01 2026
Sindh 15.13 2221
Sarhad 7.49 1380
Baluchistan 4.37 2109
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Low yield per hectare in Sarhad is mainly due to being rainfed (Barani).
Higher yields in Sindh are attributed to irrigation and more timely seeding
(mid-November) as the cotton and rice fields are vacated early. Improved
agronomic practices including better use of fertilizer are also factors.
Northern Punjab is mostly rainfed. In central (rice area) and southern
Punjab (cotton area) most of the wheat is planted late or near end of
December (optimum time being mid-November) after rice and cotton fields are
vacated, which result in low yields per hectare.
Seeding Wheat in Standing Cotton Crop - In the cotton area, a new
technique of planting wheat in standing cotton crop is being adopted which
is likely to increase the average yield as indicated by some field
experiments. Soaked wheat seed is broadcast in cotton field after flooding
with irrigation water in mid-November when two pickings of cotton have been
taken and most cotton leaves have shed. Seeding rate of wheat is kept 30%
higher. Third and final picking of cotton occurs by mid-December and cotton
stalks are removed by manual labor. Phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilizers
are applied with irrigation water soon afterward. The most important factor
in this method is control of weeds in the cotton crop right from the start
of seeding. If the cotton crop is weed infested, wheat crop will not
succeed. Winter weeds phalaris, wild oats, etc. and other broad-leafed
weeds can emerge after seeding can be controlled by use of weedicides.
This technique needs further experimental study and improvement for
general adaptation.
--------------------
ITEM FROM PARAGUAY
CIMMYT/Paraguay
P.C. Wall
Development of a Soil Management Research Database
Soil management is a major yield determining factor for wheat in much
of the Southern Cone of South America. To help the interchange of
information on this important topic, we are developing a database on soil
management research in the region. Information on their trials has been
elicited from national program soil management researchers, and the
database/network continues to grow as information is received from more
institutions and researchers. The data is recorded electronically using the
Paradox relational database program. For each trial we record the names of
researchers involved, together with information on their institutions,
details of experimental design, year of initiation and probable duration, as
well as references to any published data from the trial. All crop species,
types of tillage, tillage implements employed and the variables measured in
the trial are also recorded.
To date we have 87 trials in the database - from a total of 21
institutions in the six countries of the Southern Cone (Argentina, Bolivia,
Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay). Most trials are projected to run for
at least five years. The most common crops included in these trials are
wheat (68 trials), soybeans (61), maize (56) and black oats (Avena strigosa)
as a green manure crop (32 trials). Thirty-two other species are represented
at lower frequencies. Most trials include no-till treatments (61) and
conventional tillage (50). Where tillage is used, the moldboard plow is the
most common implement (32 trials) followed by disc plows (30) and disc
harrows (27). Chisel plows and cultivators are used in slightly fewer
trials. In most trials (74) researchers measure soil pH, organic matter
content and macronutrient levels. The next most common measurement is bulk
density (53 trials), followed by aggregate stability (41), porosity (38),
CEC, bases and base saturation (37), Al levels and lime requirements (35).
Traction requirements, surface roughness and soil movement are only measured
in one trial, as is air and water permeability. Whereas the dynamics of
nitrogen are studied in eight trials, the dynamics of P are not studied in
any trial in the database at present. Apart from those mentioned, many other
variables are measured or studied at intermediate frequencies.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM ROMANIA
S.C.A. (Agricultural Research Station), Turda, Jud. Cluj
Maria Moldovan*, V. Botezan, V. Moldovan
Wheat resistance to Fusarium head blight. Five winter wheat cultivars,
with different reaction in head blight (cvs. Liebellula, Transilvania, as
tolerant, cv. Partizanka, with medium reaction and cvs. Ranniaia 47,
Novosadska Rana 2 as susceptible), have been involved in a backcross system,
in order to study the heredity of wheat resistance to Fusarium graminearum.
The six populations of each combination have been sown in the field and
the ears were artificially inoculated by a suspension of conidia at anthesis
into the central spikelets. The reaction to head blight has been evaluated
by the infection degree on ears and grains.
The gene action effects (according to Gamble, 1962), the heritability
coefficient in a large sense and the transgression rate, have been
evaluated. The genetic determinism of wheat reaction to head blight appears
to be complex. The negative and significant gene effects concerning
resistance, were quite important. Generally, the dominance effects, the
additive x additive and dominance x dominance epistatic effects were more
important in almost all of them, then the additive effects. Therefore, the
recurrent selection method would be effective in wheat breeding for Fusarium
head blight resistance. Also, the pedigree selection would be an efficient
method in wheat breeding for this trait.
Lower values obtained for the heritability estimated (0.32-0.60), could
be attributed to the environmental effects. These values, as well as the
estimated values of transgression rate (3.9% - 64.9%), indicate that the
selection work regarding the resistance to Fusarium head blight, should be
started with a higher amount of hybrid plants, in order to select resistant
recombinants with desirable agronomic traits. These values, as well as the
estimated values of transgression rate (3.9% - 64.9%), indicate that the
selection work regarding the resistance to Fusarium head blight, should be
started with a higher amount of hybrid plants, in order to select resistant
recombinants with desirable agronomic traits.
--------------------
ICCPT (Research Institute for Cereals and Industrial Crops) Fundulea,
8264, jud. Calarasi
N.N. Saulescu*, Gh. Ittu*, P. Msutatea
Coleoptile length, GA sensitivity and yield in progenies of a Sincron
cross - Previous studies at ICCPT Fundulea identified a wheat line 487 H1-1
later "nicknamed" Sincron, which combines semi-dwarf stature and long
coleoptile (Saulescu and Ittu 1985, Probl. genet. Teor. aplic
17(2):103-110).
One hundred random lines from a cross of Sincron with a Rht 1 carrier
semi-dwarf line were advanced to near-homozygosity using a SSD-like
procedure, without conscious selection. In F6 and FE all lines were
characterized for GA sensitivity, coleoptile length, height, yield, and
spike
length.
All GA intensive lines had short coleoptile (65 - 88% of mid-parental
value) and were semidwarf (70 - 91 cm). The GA sensitive lines had medium
to long coleoptile (92 - 124% of mid-parental value). Half of them were
semidwarf (70 - 91 cm) and half were tall (95 - 110 cm).
Results fit the hypothesis of a rht 1 Rht 8 x Rht 1 rht 8 cross with at
least one additional gene producing variation of coleoptile length in GA
sensitive genotypes but not in GAI ones.
Averaged yields expressed as percentage of mean yields of the parents in
two contrasting environments were as follows:
-------------------------------------------------------------------
1988 1989
-------------------------------------------------------------------
GAI semidwarf lines (Rht 1) 98.5 104.1
GA sensitive semidwarf lines (Rht 8) 92.4 100.1
Tall lines 102.2 94.6
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Rht 8 lines seem to be inferior in yield to the RHT 1 lines by an
average of 4.0 to 6.1%, even if the environment favors tall lines as
compared with semidwarfs. However, variation was high among lines in every
group with much overlapping between groups, giving hopes that GA sensitive
long-coleoptile semidwarf lines competitive yield might be selected.
There was a significant linear relationship between spike length and
culm height, but the correlation was higher, the regression slope higher and
the intercept much lower for the GA sensitive lines than for GAI, showing
semidwarf GA sensitive lines to have much shorter spikes than Rht 1
semidwarf.
--------------------
G.H. Ittu* and N. N. Saulescu
Triticale Breeding for Short Straw - Based on the pedigree analyses,
length of coleoptile and the reaction in the seedling stage to exogenic
gibberellic acid, a survey was made to identify the genes for reduced height
present in our short triticale lines.
The results showed that Rht 1 gene is common in most short triticale
lines (crosses 318TR and 5735 TW). Other short lines with long coleoptile
and gibberellic acid sensitivity carried the short straw genes form rye
(Malis and Snoopy). Among the short triticale lines most promising are
those with the Rht 1 gene. Some of them in the preliminary trials had the
same yield performances as normal height advanced lines.
--------------------
Mariana Ittu, N.N. Saulescu, Gh. Ittu
Wheat resistance to Fusarium scab - Different criteria to appreciate the
level of resistance to Fusarium scab in wheat were investigated. In this
respect the visual score of Fusarium attack, the weight of ears, the number
and the weight of each of the normal, white and shrivelled seeds, and the
dynamics of infection spreading were considered after artificial and natural
inoculation.
The natural Fusarium scab epidemics in 1991 allowed a comparison among
these components following both natural and artificial infection.
Significant coefficients of correlation for the intensity of attack (r =
0.92xxx), the number of shrivelled (r = 0.78xxx) and white + shrivelled
seeds (r = 0.72xxx) and weight of shrivelled seeds (r = 0.77xxx) were found
between artificial and natural infection.
The dynamics of infection spreading with Fusarium scab (AUSFPC)
following the artificial inoculation helped to estimate the level of
resistance to Fusarium scab in wheat. Genotypes with similar final values
for the intensity of Fusarium scab attack in ears, but differing in the
spreading infection (AUSFPC), showed different levels of spike weight
reduction (tolerance).
--------------------
ITEMS FROM RUSSIA
Kurgan Agricultural Research Institute, p/o Sadovoe, Kurgan reg.
641325, Russia
S. Polikarpov*, V. Surov, L. Maltseva*
Wheat breeding for Zauralje region of Russia. Zauralje region
represents agricultural areas situated to the East of Ural mountains or in
the Western part of Siberia. Kurgan region being the main part of this areas
cultivates 1.1-1.8 ml ha of cereals. The percentage of wheat varies from 55
to 79%. Yield of cereals varies from 0.5 to 1.9 t/ha depending on weather
conditions. The average yield of 1.7 t/ha was obtained in 1992.
Environmental conditions of the region are characterized by short
growing period (April - September), drought in the early stages of wheat
development (May - June), rainy weather during grain filling and maturity
which can cause lodging and sprouting. Among biotic factors powdery mildew
and leaf rust are most important diseases which in some years substantially
reduce the yield. The other factors affecting yield are lack of fertilizers
and chemicals for plant protection, cultivation of relatively old varieties
susceptible to diseases with limited yield potential.
There are three wheat breeding programs in the institute: spring bread
and durum wheats, winter bread wheat. Spring bread wheat is given high
priority since this is a major crop in the region. There are three groups of
spring bread wheat varieties the program is aimed at: 1) varieties ranging
in maturity for early planting dates (April); 2)medium and late varieties
for normal planting dates (mid-May); 3) early varieties for late planting
(June). All three groups of germplasm should have drought tolerance and
resistance to main pathogens. However early varieties within each group are
intended for human consumption thus having good bread-making quality and
later varieties - for feed with higher yield potential.
Around 100 crosses are made annually. The number of lines screened every
year varies from 20 000 to 40 000. Starting from preliminary yield trials
the breeding material is evaluated using the planting dates which correspond
to the groups of germplasm described above. The main method of breeding is
intervarietal hybridization followed by selection. Different types of wheats
are used for crosses. They represent varieties released in the region
(Saratovskaya 29, 36, 39, Omskaya 9, 17, 18, Vera, Kurganskaya 1, Tselinnaya
20, 26), old varieties and landraces (Tsesium 111, Milturum 553, Skala),
advanced lines (Omskhi 6, Turtsicum 13, Lutescens 34, Lutescens 503), winter
varieties (Bezostaya 1, Mironovskaya 808, Mironovskaya 25, Chaika, Obriy,
Odesskaya 51 etc). The breeding work is done in cooperation with other
institutions in Siberia and European part of Russia. Some efforts has been
recently devoted to the development of PC database which would allow to
simplify the preparation of field books and analysis of data.
New varieties of spring bread wheat: TERTSIA - received from the cross
between the isogenic lines of variety Novosibirskaya 67 with resistance to
powdery mildew, leaf rust, haired flag leaf and tolerance to sprouting.
Height is 85-100 cm, resistant to lodging, drought tolerant. The variety has
superior bread-making quality. It is immune to leaf rust and highly
resistant to powdery mildew. The institutions involved into breeding the
variety are Kurgan Agr. Res. Inst., Omsk Agr. College and Inst. of Cytology
and Genetics.
FORA (TPP/Carazino//Siete Cerros F66/3/2*Kinelskaya 30). Early-maturing
variety with the period from seedlings emergence to maturity - 63-83 days.
The variety is susceptible to leaf rust and powdery mildew but due to
earliness the yield is hardly affected. Plant height is 70-85 cm, resistant
to lodging. Variety FORA has superior bread-making quality and can be used
to improve flour quality in mixture with other varieties. The variety is
most suitable for early planting dates. FORA is bred in cooperation between
Kurgan Agr. Res. Inst. and N.I.Vavilov Institute.
SOLVEIG (Canthatch/Lutescens 19-56-42//Greacum 114/Kavkaz).
Late-maturing variety (growing period 95-105 days). Plant height is 85-100
cm, resistant to lodging. The variety has high yield potential, resistant to
powdery mildew, tolerant to drought with superior bread-making quality. 1000
kernel weight is 35-45 g. SOLVEIG is released as a cooperative variety
between Kurgan Agr. Res. Inst. and Siberian Agr. Res. Inst. in Omsk.
Durum wheat breeding is aimed at creating varieties with different
maturity range which would possess high drought tolerance along with
excellent grain quality. In 1992 more then 5000 line were screened in the
field. Some new advanced lines (KT-14, KT-3, KT-17, KT-54-207) demonstrated
high yield comparing to
local checks.
Winter wheat breeding is done in a small scale with 1000-1500 lines
screened annually. The program is aimed at improving winter hardiness
combined with yield potential since winter temperatures are very low in the
region.
--------------------
Information and Computation Centre of Russian Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, P.O. Emmaus 171330, Tver, Russia
S.P.Martynov*, T.V.Dobrotvorskaya
Breeding Oriented Database on Genetical Resuorces of Wheat. Beginning
from 1990 Information and Computation Centre of Russian Academy of
Agricultural Sciences has been developing a project creating a database on
the world wheat genetic resources, intended for use in breeding programmes
and genetic research. The data-base has the following structure: (i) Name,
(ii) Registration numbers of the national genebanks, (iii)Botanical species
and variety, iv) growth habits, v) Pedigree, vi) Geographic origin, vii)
Identified genes alleles, viii) Name synonyms, ix) Genetic status, x)Year of
registration, xi) Note. This database differs from similar data-bases of the
national genebanks in the following way. 1. It is not the catalogue
registration number but the name of a cultivar or line that is a unique
accession identifier. 2. The database contains limited number of passport
descriptors. The main accent is made on theaccumulation and analysis of
pedigrees and identified genes alleles. This most important genetic
information is needed by breeders and geneticists to plan crossings. The
database creation was preceded by data unification.
Below you can find the rules for making records in the database.
Name. Only capital letters are used. Name parts are joined with a
hyphen. Example: SIETE-CERROS-66. Original names written in Cyrillic
alphabet are transliterated by Roman alphabet according to a standard scheme
(Table 1). Exclusions are made for those parts of names which designate
botanical variety of an accession. In such cases the mentioned part of a
name is not transliterated but replaced by its equivalent in Latin.
Table 1. Transliteration of Cyrillic alphabet by Roman
[NOT SHOWN]
It should be noted that neglecting the above given rule would lead to
multiple mistakes. For instance, GRIN database contains accessions named
BEZENCHUKSKAYA-98 (PI-262613), BEZENCHUKSKAJA-98 (PI-233208),
BESENCUKSJAJA-98 (PI-277119). Obviously all 3 accessions sent are the same
Russian cultivar named BEZENCHUKSKAYA-98 and the latter two names are
incorrect.
As a rule, it is not allowed to use abbreviations of names. Abbreviation
often cause much confusion. For instance, the catalogue by Zeven A. and
N.Zeven-Hissink (1976) gives a pedigree for the cultivar BOLILLO =
PITIC-62/GALLO/3/NURI-70//FLORENCE/CIANO-67. The catalogue "Semidwarf Bread
Wheats /CIMMYT (1988) gives the pedigree as PI/GLL/3/NR//FLR/CNO, moreover
FLR = FLETCHER. There are many other examples of abbreviations being
deciphered in different ways: ARU=ARUANA and ARU=ATREOCO, BNN = BONANZA and
BNN= BENNI, CC=CORRE-CAMINOS and CC =HANCELLOR, FR = FEDERATION and FR =
FROCOR, etc. It is not allowed to use the following symbols: / (crossing), *
(backcross) either round or square brackets. It should by noted that it is
more convenient for a research worker to use the name of a cultivar as a
unique accession identifier instead of national catalogues registration
numbers. Nevertheless, the fact of existing homonyms (similar names for
different cultivars) causes some difficulty. For instance, the name of
ALPHA is used for cultivars from Australia, Canada, and Great Britain.
Spring and winter cultivars of wheat from Czechoslovakia and winter wheat
from Bulgaria have the name of VEGA. The name of STEWART is used for T.
aestivum and T. durum cultivars. In such cases qualifiers are added to the
name country of origin, species or growth habits. For example, ALPHA,AUS;
ALPHA,CAN; ALPHA,GBR or STEWART,AE;STEWART,DR or PRESIDENT,S; PRESIDENT,W
etc. In some cases genetic material, such as near-isogenic, addition,
translocation lines, have no names and therefore such ines are given
synthetic names according to the following rule. If the line is created by
way of backcrossing the names of the donor nd the recipient are connected
with an arrow directed towards the recipient. For instance, the name of
substitution line CHINESE-SPRING*6/TIMSTEIN 2D is written as
CS<-TIMSTEIN-2D. The name as well as the pedigree show that chromosome 2D of
the TIMSTEIN cultivar is transferred to CHINESE-SPRING.
The names of restorers for fertlity are written in the same way the
cytoplasm being marked as CP. For instance, the restorer for fertlity
T.timopheevii/3*Marquis with T. timopheevii cytoplasm is named as
TI-CP->MARQUIS.
Registration Numbers of National Catalogues. They are represented as
one or several letters and a number. For instance, -00000 represents the
Vavilov Institute world collection, St. Petersburg, Russia; PI-000000 -
Plant introduction number in National Plant Germplasm System, USA etc.
Botanical Species and Variety. To denote species the following
abbreviations are used (Table 2). The names of species and varieties
coincide with those given in the literature used.
Habit. The following marks are used to designate the growth habits: S
for spring wheat, I for intermediate habit and W for winter wheat.
Pedigree. The system of pedigrees recording is based on that of Purdy
al. (1968). Formal description of pedigrees recording system is given in
Table 3. System is supplemented with formal description of some methods for
breeding material creation (Table 4). It is also possible to enter
explanations into a pedigree record (Table 5).
Table 2. Species code
------------------------------------------------------------------
Species Abbreviation | Species Abbreviation
------------------------------------------------------------------
Aegilops aucheri - AEAU | T. boeoticum - BO
Ae. bicornis - AEBI | T. carthlicum - CA
Ae. biuncialis - AEBU | T. compactum - CO
Ae. caudata - AECA | T. dicoccum - DM
Ae. columnaris - AECL | T. dicoccon - DN
Ae. comosa - AECO | T. dicoccoides - DS
Ae. crassa - AECR | T. durum - DR
Ae. cylindrica - AECY | T. georgicum - GE
Ae. juvenalis - AEJU | T. ispahanicum - IS
Ae. kotschyi - AEKO | T. longissimum - LO
Ae. longissima - AELO | T. macha - MA
Ae. mutica - AEMU | T. monococcum - MO
Ae. ovata - AEOV | T. orientale - OR
Ae. searsii - AESE | T. palaeocolchicum - PA
Ae. sharonensis - AESH | T. persicum - PE
Ae. speltoides - AESP | T. polonicum - PO
Ae. squarrosa - AESQ | T. pyramidale - PY
Ae. tauschii - AETA | T. sativum - SA
Ae. triaristata - AETR | T. searsii - SE
Ae. triuncialis - AETU | T. solomonicum - SO
Ae. umbellulata - AEUM | T. sphaerococcum - SH
Ae. uniaristata - AEUN | T. spelta - SP
Ae. variabilis - AEVA | T. speltoides - SS
Ae. ventricosa - AEVE | T. spontaneum - ST
Agropyron - AG | T. tauschii - TA
A. elongatum - AGEL | T. thaoudar - TH
A. glaucum - AGGL | T. timopheevii - TI
A. intermedium - AGIN | T. turanicum - TN
A. junceus - AGJU | T. turgidum - TG
A. repens - AGRE | T. urartu - UR
A. trichophorum - AGTR | T. vavilovii - VA
A. umbellulatum - AGUM | T. vulgare - VU
Triticum abyssinicum - AB | T. zhukovskyi - ZH
T. aegilopoides - AP | Dasypyrum villosum - DV
T. aestivum - AE | Hordeum chilense - HC
T. agropyrotriticum - AT | Secale cereale - SC
T. araraticum - AR | S.montanum - SM
T. aethiopicum - ET | Triticale - TR
----------------------------------------------------------------
The system is supplemented with important information for a breeder
about generations in which the line was selected and/or involved into next
crossing cycle. Symbols of Sk and Fn are introduced where S designates the
fact of selection having been made, k is the number of generation, in
which the line was selected, n - the number of generation in which the line
was involved into next crossing cycle. In case of the first generation the
F1 symbol can be omitted. This information as well as breeding name, growth
habits, species and the country of origin belong to explanations and are put
between round brackets. Note, that explanations belonging to female parent
are placed at the end of the pedigree, and the explanations for the male
parent - at the beginning of the pedigree. But in both case the explanations
are close to the crossing symbol. The structure of explanations is given in
Table 5.
Table 3. A pedigree structure
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Pedigree record elements | Designation*
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Crosses | / or // or /C/,
| where C - number of cross
|
The number of cross | Figure [3,4,5,...]
| /
Pedigrees | { // }
| /C/
Female parent pedigree | [][*B]
| or
| [][*B]
|
Male parent pedigree | [B*][]
| or
| [B*][]
|
Backcross | [*B] or [B*],
| where B - figure [2,3,4,...]
-------------------------------------------------------------------
*Optional parameters are given in square brackets.
Angle brackets point to content.
Table 4. Formal description of breeding method
------------------------------------------------------------------
The method of creating |
breeding material | Designation*
------------------------------------------------------------------
Selection from cultivar-population | (S)
Open pollination | /OP
Mutagenesis | (M)
Recombinogenesis | (R)
Transformation | (T)
Injection | (I) <-
TTreatment with a phytohormone | (P)
Multiline cultivar | (ML)
------------------------------------------------------------------
*Angle brackets point to content.
Example: LUTESCENS-62 = (S)POLTAVKA
NIVA = CAESIUM-111/OP
CHARBATI-SONORA = (M)SONORA-64
VEKTOR = (R)SARATOVSKAYA-29
MIRONOVSKAYA-808 = (T)ARTEMOVKA
POLESSKAYA-70 = (I)BEZOSTAYA-1<-(SC)TATSINSKAYA-GOLUBAYA
BAGRATIONOVSKAYA = (P)MIRONOVSKAYA-YUBILEINAYA
MIRAMAR-63 = (ML)FROCOR
Explanations are illustrated by the following hypothetic pedigree:
SARATOVSKAYA-29/ALBIDUM-43(S2-4,F6)//2*LUTESCENS-62*3/
SARATOVSKAYA-38(S8,C-164)/3/(CAN)SELKIRK. It means that from the
combination SARATOVSKAYA-29/ALBIDUM-43 selections were made in F2, F3 and
F4. Then F5 was selfpollinated and F6 was backcrossed by the
LUTESCENS-62*3/SARATOVSKAYA-38 hybrid. The C-164 line selected in F8 was
crossed with Canadian cultivar of SELKIRK. Each pedigree has a reference to
the source.
Table 5. The structure of explanations
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Elements of explanation Designation*
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Explanation ([S[k[{,}l]][[,]Fn]][[,]]
[[,]][[,]])
Generation of selection S - selection symbol
k - figure [2,3,4,...]
l - figure [3,4,5,...]
Continuous selection Sk-l
Interrupted selection Sk,l
Generation of cross F - symbol of the generation of cross
n - figure [2,3,4,...]
------------------------------------------------------------------
*Optional parameters are given in square brackets.
Angle brackets point to content.
Geographical Origin. Three-letter abbreviated names system
recommended by United Nations Statistical Office is used. The system is
supplemented by the names of new states founded on the territory
of the former USSR: ARM - Armenia, AZE -Azerbaijan, BLR-Belarussia, EST -
Estonia, GRG - Georgia, KAZ - Kazakhstan, KYR - Kyrgystan, LAT - Latvia,
LIT - Lithuania, MLD - Moldova, RUS - Russia, TAD - Tadjikistan, TRK -
Turkmenistan, UKR - Ukraine, UZB - Uzbekistan. The name of the state,
province or egional center is separated from the name of the country
by a colon. Example: RUS:SARATOV, USA:KANSAS.
Gene Alleles. Identified gene alleles are given according to the
catalogue for gene symbols of wheat by McIntosh (1988) and its annual
supplement. Genes symbols are separated from each other by a
comma or semicolon. References to authorities are placed in square brackets.
Example: Ne1,ne2[24];Vrn1,Vrn2,vrn3[51];Lr10,Lr14a[117];
Sr6,Sr17[524];Pm5[524]; Genetic Status. The following designations are used
to indicate genetic status: AL - addition line, APL - alloplasmatic line,
BL - breeding line, CL - combination line, CV - cultivar, GP -germplasm, LV
- landrace, ML - multiline cultivar, NIL - near-isogenic line, RCMS -
restorer for cytoplasmic male sterility, RF - restorer for
fertlity, SL - substitution line, TL - translocation line.
The database includes T. aestivum, T.durum, T. turgidum and some other
wheat species. By January 1, 1993 the database has accumulated 44,512
entries (Table 6).
Table 6. The extent to which the database on genetical resources of
wheat is filled up
-------------------------------------------------------------------
| Species
Records characteristics
|T.aestivum | T.durum | All
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Accessions with known pedigrees | 19591 | 3211 | 27108
Accessions with known genes | 10088 | 1210 | 12259
Accessions from the former USSR | 7460 | 1250 | 8911
Total | 34652 | 4845 | 44512
-------------------------------------------------------------------
The database filling index (the ratio of the filled up fields number
to the total number of fields) is 63%. The database on genetic resources of
wheat interacts with 6 information databases: abbreviated cultivar names
(4096 entries), gene symbols of wheat (628 entries), abbreviations for
species (76 entries), morphological description of varieties (1334
entries), abbreviations for countries of origin (158 entries),
bibliography (1002 entries). Information databases can substitute full
names for abbreviated names in pedigrees, display full information on
entering gene symbols, abbreviated names of species, and literary
references. Geographical origin database allows to group countries,
states and provinces, from which accessions come from into agricultural
and natural regions, areas and provinces. The database functions in KARAT
environment in IBM-PC-compatible computers. The data are stored in FOXBASE
files. Hence, the database can be operated by the commercially available
FOXBASE package. Standard KARAT or FOXBASE packages are extensively
extended by original GENBAS software developed especially for analysis of
breeding oriented database on genetic resources of wheat. The GENBAS
software provides a user with means to analyse data. Some of the means are
described lower.
1. Offspring choice for a given cultivar. Figure 1 illustrates how the
program operates.
Fig. 1. Search according to an ancestor [NOT SHOWN]
2. Contingency table constructing (bivariant records grouping) for
genetic information analysis. Such tables can be used for study of
geographical distribution of genes. Table 7 is an example of
such a table where inputs are genes alleles of hybrid necrosis and
geographical origin of accessions.
3. Pedigrees tracing and their graphic representation in the shape of
dendrographs. Fig. 2 shows a dendrograph of a new durum cultivar
BEZENCHUKSKAYA-182.
Table 7. Geographical distribution of genes of hybrid necrosis
on the territory of the former USSR
------------------------------------------------------------------
| Agricultural and natural provinces* |
Alleles|-----------------------------------------------------------
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 |
------------------------------------------------------------------
Ne1 | 5 10 8 32 36 44 67 47 28 18 19 12 | 326
Ne2 | 19 33 20 32 23 56 26 12 12 10 15 4 | 262
ne1,ne2| 31 46 29 34 38 111 32 73 38 34 24 11 | 501
------------------------------------------------------------------
Total | 55 89 57 98 97 211 125 132 78 62 58 27 | 1089
------------------------------------------------------------------
*1-The south of taiga in Belorussia and Baltic, 2 - The south of taiga in
middle of Russia, 3-Forest-steppe region in middle of Russia, 4-Ukraine, 5
-The northern region at the foothills of the Caucasus, 6 -The south of
Russian steppe, 7 - The southern part of the Caucasus, 8-Subtropic in the
Middle Asia, 9 -The steppe of Kazakhs-tan, 10 - The forest-steppe region in
West Siberia at the foothills of the Urals, 11-The steppe region in East
Siberia, 12-The Far East region.
Fig. 2. Graphic image of the BEZENCHUKSKAYA-182 cultivar traced pedigree
/HORDEIFORME-1717
/LEUCURUM-BG-40-|
| \MELANOPUS-212
/BEZENCHUKSKAYA-105--|
| \RUSSELLO
/F8-|
| | /DR-VOLGA-REGION
| \KHARKOVSKAYA-46-----|
| | /DM
| \LINE-5129------|
| \TG
BEZENCHUKSKAYA-182-|
| /HORDEIFORME-1717
| /LEUCURUM-BG-40-|
| | \MELANOPUS-212
| /BEZENCHUKSKAYA-105--|
| | \RUSSELLO
\F8-|
| /DR-VOLGA-REGION
\KHARKOVSKAYA-46-----|
| /DM
\LINE-5129------|
\TG
4. Computation of coefficients of parentage between cultivars.
Coefficients of parentage can be used in quantitatve estimations of genetic
divergency of parental forms when planning crossing.
5. Necessary means for information accumulating, correcting, scanning
and printing. Table 8 gives a computer listing of the latest cultivars from
ex-USSR records.
6. Service functions can be executed: homonyms search, transliteration
of Cyrillic alphabet by Roman, the database export into a text file,
records
verification, informing about the database separate fields filling index,
etc.
The database provides the breeder with latest information on available on
initial breeding material which creates good preconditions for plant
breeding on strictly genetic basis.
Table 8. The pedigree of the latest cultivars from ex-USSR.
[NOT SHOWN]
--------------------
Krasnyi Kut Breeding Station, Krasnyi Kut, Saratov reg. 413241
L.Germantsev
Durum wheat breeding in Krasnyi Kut Breeding Station. According to
Arabic scientists durum wheat has been cultivated in Volga region since the
10th century. Well-adapted landraces of durum wheat were developed by
peasants who selected best spikes for seeds. In 1848 there was a report
about wheat seed production in the Department of Agriculture concerning
Volga region.
During last century many gold awards of the international exhibitions
in London and Paris were given to durum wheat produced in dry steppe area of
Novouzenski district (presently Saratov reg.). This indicates the superior
quality of wheat grain grown in the area.
Krasnyi Kut Breeding Station is one of the oldest breeding institutions
in Russia. It was established in 1909 in the center of huge region involved
into cultivation of durum wheat. It is situated to the South-East of
Volga-river in Saratov reg. Average annual rainfall accounts for 307 mm and
precipitation during growing cycle of spring wheat is 83 mm. Four years out
of five are affected by drought. In 1975 there were only 10.4 mm of rain
during growing season (70 days) and relative humidity was less then 30%
during 60 days.
The breeding work in the station was established by Academician
P.N.Konstantinov who developed the strategy and methods of breeding for
these environmental conditions. He considered plant breeding as a main way
for stabilizing agricultural production in drought-affected areas. Durum
wheat varieties bred in Krasnyi Kut were characterized by excellent quality
with protein content around 17% and gluten content 35-40%. Variety
Melyanopus 69 used to be a standard for quality on the world wheat market.
Durum wheat varieties bred in the Station were recommended for cultivation
in 37 regions of the USSR and in some years accounted for 85% of all durum
wheat grown in the country. The area under durum wheat varied from 2.3 to
6.0 mln ha in the USSR and from 0.3 to 1.2 mln ha in Saratov region. There
is a sharp drop in durum wheat area during last 10-15 years. This crop is
replaced by barley which provides higher yield (+0.5 t/ha). As a result
macaroni-producing factories lack grain of durum wheat.
Breeding station in Krasnyi Kut submitted 8 varieties to the State
Commission during its 83 years of activity. Seven of them were recommended
for cultivation and performed well in the fields.
One of the main directions in breeding is to increase yield without
decrease of quality parameters. The basic germplasm used for crosses
represent local well-adapted material. Breeding fields used to occupy 30 ha
and up to 30 000 lines were screened annually. Yield trials are conducted
under different agronomy practice with preceding crops being maize, legumes
or bare fallow. The best lines are given to Vavilov Institute (VIR) in
St.Petersburg. One of the recent varieties - Krasnokutka 10 overyielded
check varieties by 10%. The method of rapid seed multiplication in drought
conditions is developed on the station. It allowed a new variety Melyanopus
26 to occupy the biggest area among durum wheats in the country during 5
years after release. Recent changes in the country resulted in the reduce in
funding, lack of mashinery (combine-harvesters for small plots,
seed-cleaning equipment) and eventually to decrease in breeding work.
--------------------
Siberian Institute of Agricultural Research, Omsk-12 644012
M. Evdokimov
Durum Wheat Breeding in Western Siberia. Western-Siberian region is
characterized by continental climate with dry and hot summer and cold
winter. The growing season lasts 110-130 days. The sum of temperatures
above 10oC varies around 1800-2200o. Annual precipitation is 300-450 mm.
Western Siberia represent huge agricultural areas with variable soil
and weather conditions. It is subdivided into four zones: northern forest,
subforest, forest-steppe and steppe. The zones differ in water availability
and temperature during summer.
Durum wheat is mainly cultivated in steppe and forest-steppe zones.
Since these zones have different environmental conditions there is a need in
varieties with different adaptability. For forest-steppe zone the varieties
should form grain of good quality with a lack of warm weather. For steppe
zone the varieties need to provide stable yield in drought hot conditions.
The breeding is aimed at creating varieties of medium maturity range,
resistant to diseases (stem rust, powdery mildew, loose smut) and lodging
with high grain quality. The main method of breeding is intervarietal
hybridization followed by individual plant selection. Interspecific crosses
are also used. The germplasm involved into crosses represent released
varieties, best breeding lines and material from other regions of the
country or from abroad received via Vavilov Institute. The breeding
procedure includes the following nurseries: introductions, crossing block,
segregating populations, screening nursery of the 1st and 2nd years,
preliminary yield trials, yield trials and multilocational yield trials.
The introductions nursery includes 200-300 entries annually which are
estimated for different traits. Plot size is 4 m2 with two replications.
Around 150-180 crosses are made in summer. For each cross 200 florets are
pollinated by twin method. In winter 30-40 more crosses are made in the
greenhouse - mainly top or backcrosses. The seeds obtained from
hybridization are planted in the greenhouse during winter where two
generations can be obtained - the first cycle from September to December and
the second - from January to April.
Starting from F3 segregating populations are planted in the field.
Individual plant selection takes place in F4-F5 and rarely in earlier
generations. Selected plants are threshed and then visually screened for
grain parameters. The seeds from best plants are planted in the 1st year
screening nursery on hill plots. Normally there are 15 000 - 20 000 lines in
this nursery. In the second year screening nursery 1000 - 1200 entries are
planted in plots of 2-4 m2.
There are 100-120 entries in preliminary yield trials which are planted
in 15-20 m2 plots in two replications. Along with yield its components are
measured starting from this stage. Yield trials have 25m2 plot size in four
replications. They are planted in two planting dates and follow two
different preceding crops - bare fallow and grasses. Annually there are 40
entries in this trial. Multilocational testing is conducted in places with
different soil and weather conditions which represent the typical areas of
Western Siberia. Best germplasm is sent to other breeding programmes as
well.
Grain quality analysis starts in the 2nd year screening nursery for
some entries where test weight, protein content and macaroni color are
estimated. Complete analysis involving 11 parameters is done for yield
trials. All the work on grain quality estimation takes place in the
laboratory of grain quality which is a part of the institute. Similarly the
laboratory of plant pathology have responsibility for screening for disease
resistance.
Presently, two varieties bred in the institute are cultivated in
different areas: Almaz and Omski Rubin.
Almaz (Raketa/Kokchetav Tr.dicoccoides//Cerrulescens 95/3/ Leukurum 18)
- period from seedlings to maturity is 85-87 days, protein content - 17-20%,
gluten content - 39%, macaroni color - score 3-4.
Omski Rubin (Almaz/Kharkovskaya 46/3/Kharkovskaya 46/Gordeiforme
10//Wells) - period from seedlings to maturity is 85-90 days, resistant to
lodging, leaf rust and powdery mildew, good grain quality.
Far East Agricultural Research Institute, 107 Marx St., Khabarovsk,
680031
I.M.Shindin
Spring wheat breeding fo Far-East. Three institutions work on spring
bread wheat breeding for Far East region of Russia: Far East Agricultural
Research Institute (Khabarovsk), Primorski Agricultural Research Institute
(Ussurisk) and Blagoveshensk Agricultural College (Blagoveshensk). The
breeding is aimed at creating varieties with the range of yield 4.5-5.0
t/ha, adapted to specific environment of Far East (spring and early-summer
drought, rainy summer weather), resistant to lodging, sprouting and fungi
(Fusarium head blight, loose smut, leaf and stem rusts) with good
bread-making quality. The breeders in the Far East created 40 varieties of
spring wheat and 15 of them were released. At present five varieties bred in
the region are cultivated and occupy more then 70% of all area under spring
wheat. These varieties are Dalnevostochnaya 10, Amurskaya 75, Primorskaya
21, Khabarovchanka, Monakinka. The main method of breeding is intervarietal
crosses followed by selection. One of the parents is usually local adapted
variety and another is foreign line/variety (Canada, India, Mexico, USA and
others). The germplasm from Canada (VIR-k-51241, CV-163-1, Akadia) is
valuable as a source of drought resistance, bread-making quality, earliness.
Indian and Mexican varieties (Sona 227, Indus 66, VIR-k-290043, Nainari 60,
Tobari 66, Nadadores 63) possess resistance to leaf and stem rusts coupled
with short stature. American varieties (Red River 68, Pilot) have high
protein content.
In order to increase the yield potential of spring wheat the crosses
spring x winter are implemented. Winter wheat varieties from Ukraine
(Mironovskaya 808, Odesskaya 51, Predgornaya 2, Polesskaya 70), Bulgaria
(Hebros, Rusalka), Yugoslavia (Java, NS 435, NS 440), USA (Scout 66, Timvin,
Sturdy) are used for crosses. The material which is being developed from
spring x winter crosses look promising.
The latest varieties created in the Far East region include
Dalnevostochnaya 10, Khabarovchanka, Primorskaya 21, Amurskaya 90.
Dalnevostochnaya 10 (Monakinka/Akadia). The variety is bred in FarEast
Agr.Res.Inst., authors - E.Lysykh, I.Shindin, V.Konechnyi. It has medium
height, resistant to lodging and drought, moderately resistant to loose smut
and resistant to leaf and stem rusts. High quality wheat. The variety
demonstrated yield of 5 t/ha. It is the main variety for Far East region.
Khabarovchanka (Primorskaya 1737/Indus 66). The variety is bred in Far
East Agr.Res.Inst., authors - I.Shindin, E.Meshkova, E.Lysykh. Growing
period (seedlings - maturity) - 80-85 days, plant height - 75-80 cm,
resistant to lodging. Yield range - 5.0-5.5 t/ha. The variety is resistant
to leaf and stem rusts, moderately resistant to loose smut. It has high
bread-making quality.
Primorskaya 21 (Erithrospermum 06/Acadia//Bezostaya 1). The variety is
bred in Primorski Agr.Res.Inst., author -Yu.Melanich. The variety is
resistant to lodging, resistant to stem rust and loose smut, moderately
resistant to Fusarium head blight. It has good bread-making quality.
Amurskaya 90 (Glenlea/Altair). The variety is bred in Blagoveshensk
Agr.College, authors - G.Miklushonok and B.Pushkin. Growing period is 80-84
days, plant height is 80-85 cm. Resistant to lodging. Yield range 4.5-5.0
t/ha.
--------------------
Agricultural Research Institute for South-East Regions, Saratov
N. S. Vassiltchouk*, V. M. Cinyak, V. I. Kassatov
New durum cultivar release. Saratovskaya 59 (Leucurum 1943) was
released in 1992. It has strong gluten and is shorter than the check
cultivar Bezentchoukskaya 139. Saratovskaya 59 has yields higher than
Kransnokoutka 6 and Kharkovskaya 46 and early maturity equal to Saratovskaya
57 and Svetlana. The kernel weight is significantly higher than all check
varieties. Yellow pigment and protein content is near to Krasnokoutka 6 and
Bezentchoukskaya 139.
Saratovskaya zolotistaya (Leucurum 1980) was released in 1993. It is a
tall, strong gluten cultivar, that has yielded about 12% more grain than
Saratovskaya 47 and equal to Svetlana. Kernel weight and kernel size is
equal to Saratovskaya 59. Yellow pigment content is much (almost two times)
higher than Kharkovskaya 46 and Bezentchoukskaya 139, that provides good
color of pasta products. Protein content is equal to Krasnokoutka 6 and
Saratovskaya 59, but less than Kharkovskaya 46. Saratovskaya zolotistaya is
used as a parent source of high gluten quality and high yellow pigment
content and has contributed desirable genetic variation for combination of
those traits in the germplasm development program at many research
institutes of Russia.
A study on Suni bug influence. Suni bug spread in the Saratov
region has often resulted in damaged kernel up to 15-20%. A study of Suni
bug damage on gluten strength of the different durum genotypes was
conducted. Results of 20% damaged grain on farinogram curve characteristics
of a strong gluten cultivar Saratovskaya 57 (left) and a inferior gluten
variety Kharkovskaya 46 are shown in the Figure below. The strong gluten
cultivar is much more tolerant to Suni bug damage.
Fig. Farinograms of two durum cultivars of healthy (upper) and 20%
damaged grain (lower).
[NOT SHOWN]
--------------------
The Moscow, People's Friendship University
Alexandr Federov
Genetical-Physiological Basis for the Length of the Vegetation Period in
Wheat - Different types (winter alternative and spring) of plants and length
of the vegetation period is not conditioned by the duration of vernalization
and by its processes as it was thought earlier (Lysenko, 1936; Pugsley,
1971). The basic thesis of these authors disagrees with many published
data:
1) The absence of reaction to vernalization under normal growing conditions
in many spring cereals;
2) The heading of winter cultivars without vernalization in case of growing
under continual intensive light (Federov, 1971, 1976, 1983, Moshkov, 1983)
or
firs under the short day for a certain period followed by growing under the
long day (Rasumov, 1961; Federov, 1971; Krekule, 1987);
3) The alternative wheats and the winter ones (originating from the same
geographical region) have, as a rule, identical vernalization. In the field
their vernalization begins and finishes approximately in the same period
(Federov, 1971, 1976).
To study the genetical-physiological basis of ontogenesis we crossed
cultivars of different types of plant development and of different origin
(winter, alternative, and spring wheats). The character of developmental
traits (response to photoperiod and vernalization) determining the nature of
their ontogenesis was studied. Wheat cultivars of different growth habit
and their F1 and F2 hybrids differ in their light reaction in the tillering
stage and thereby in development rate. How cultivars respond to
vernalization is determined by the light reaction.
Our experiments on the determination of vernalization length have
demonstrated that the wheat cultivars as F1 and F2 from their crossing of
different types of plant development (alternative, winter), which originated
form the same geographical region, have, as a rule, identical vernalization
(in its length and its process conditions). For example, the wheat
Mironovskaya 808 (winter), Czech alternative and F1 and F2 plants from
crossing have the same length of vernalization (45 days). In the Moscow
region the vernalization of winter and alternative plants terminates at the
end of October-November according to the sort. The normal course of the
vernalization begins when the average day temperatures range about +10oC and
below (September).
The F1 of winter Mironovskaya 808 x Czech alternative on a short (12-
hour) day showed 35 days more lag in generative differentiation of the shoot
apex, then the parent alternative cultivar. The F1-headed on August 25,
while the alternative parent cultivar headed on July 10, and the winter
parent remained at the tillering stage.
But they (F1 and parents) do not differ in the length of the
vernalization period (45 days for all of them) and in the conditions of the
vernalization period (vernalization taking place at 0-3o). They do not
differ either in the degree of their photoperiodic reaction after the
vernalization period. For example, on a short (12-hour) day they all showed
27 days more lag in heading than when grown in conditions of natural
daylengths.
These conditions indicate that the difference in the length of the
vegetative period of the F1 and the parent cultivars cannot be determined by
vernalization or the photoperiodic reaction after vernalization but is
determined essentially by their reaction to light in the beginning of their
vegetative period, i.e. before the process of vernalization.
After spring sowing of the first generation, all the plants headed,
although often somewhat later than the spring parent cultivar. For example,
the first-generation hybrids of the winter Mironovskaya 808 and the spring
Saratovskaya 29 headed 8-9 days later than the Saratovskaya 29. In case of
the crosses between these same winter cultivars and the late spring cultivar
Milturum 321, the difference in heading dates was even greater, vix., 20-23
days.
After autumn sowing, at a date somewhat later (a week or two) than
optimal for winter cultivars, the hybrids survived the winter every time
over a number of years, while the spring parent cultivar sown either at the
same time or even later did not survive.
How can this be explained? Tests were carried out which showed that F1
reacts somewhat differently to the spring cultivar to a short day regime.
For example, in one test the F1 of Mironovskaya 808 x Saratovskaya 29 headed
28 days after the spring Saratovskaya 29. The hybrids were delayed by about
the same amount as the weakly winter-hardy alternative wheats 28 and 109.
Observations of growth and development of wheat sown at various dates
showed that in autumn (short day), the hybrid plants were much more retarded
than those of the spring parent cultivar. For example, when sown 21 August
plants of F1 of Mironovskaya 808 x Saratovskaya 29 reached differentiation
of the shoot apex 54 days after complete germination, i.e., at about the
same time as the weekly winterhardy alternative (Surhak 5688, 28), while the
spring cultivar Saratovskaya 29 reached this stage after 21 days, i.e., 33
days earlier.
The first generations of crosses between winter, alternative and spring
cultivars differ in their reaction to light during the initial period of
life (up to the transition of the shoot apex from the vegetative to the
generative phase). Crosses of winter x alternative wheat were more retarded
in development under short day conditions than winter x spring and spring x
alternative crosses. The first generation obtained by crossing winter and
alternative wheat showed considerable retardation in development under
natural summer (long) day conditions, heading only at the end of summer,
unlike crosses of the other two combinations.
In developmental type, reaction to light and winterhardiness the first
generation hybrids are intermediate between the parent cultivars, but nearer
to the earlier cultivar.
In the second generation there was rather complex segregation in
vegetation period, and the hybrid plants covered almost all stages of the
transition from one parent to the other, but with a predominance of plants
closer to the cultivar with the shorter vegetation period (less pronounced
winter property and photoperiodicity).
============================================================================
Cross Total Frequency distribution of F2 individuals in Winter
duration of the period days (interval 1O) Plants
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109 110-119
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
W x S 343 79 146 30 15 12 10 9 8 34
Mironovs
-kaya 808 x
Saratovskaya
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
W x A 349 0 12 141 24 13 11 10 11 127
Mironovs-
kaya 808 x
Czech
alternative
============================================================================
Note: The duration of the period days from seedling to heading:
Saratovskaya 29 - 46; Czech alternative - 58
Hence, in F2 there was great diversity in growth period, ranging form
early spring types, similarto the initial spring cultivar, through medium-
early, late spring and alternative types, to semi-winter and winter
cultivars. In F2 there were not only the spring types but winter and plants
of other types of plant development, i.e., all plants had different lengths
of the vegetation period (there were not 2 classes but 9 (Table 1).
The different crossing combinations of types of plant development
differed in the proportion of winter forms observed in F2. In F2 of spring
x alternative there were not winter forms - all plants headed after spring
sowing. In F2 of winter x spring, a small percentage of winter forms
(5-10%) segregated. In F2 of winter x alternative there was quite a large
percentage (up to 30 to 50%). The more pronounced the photoperiodic
reaction of the spring or alternative cultivar, the closer it is to a winter
cultivar, the greater usually, the proportion of winter forms segregating in
F2 of a cross with a winter cultivar. These data and the results of
observation of the development of first generation hybrids show that the
winter property is not determined by the duration of vernalization and the
conditions under which it take place, as was earlier considered, but
basically by the plant's reaction to light, i.e., similar to
photoperiodicity (of long day plants). Differences in type of plant
development and winterhardiness are to a large extent due to differences in
the plant's reaction to light during the initial period of life.
Our experiments on the determination of vernalization length
demonstrated that wheat cultivars of different types of plant development
(alternative, winter) and their hybrids (F1 and F2), which originated from
the same geographical region, have, as a rule, identical vernalization.
They may not have a different length of the vernalization period because it
depends on the duration of the autumn period. Therefore, the type of plant
development was well as length of the vegetation period cannot be
conditioned by vernalization.
A genetical-physiological study has been shown that differences in the
type of plant development (winter, alternative and spring) are due to their
different responses to light in the tillering stage. Their different
responses to vernalization is determined by the light reaction.
The plants show two reactions to photoperiod slightly different in the
degree of expression; the strongest one is manifested by non-vernalized (I),
the weaker one by vernalized plants (II). As a result of vernalization,
plants lose the ability of adaptive reaction, i.e., lagging development and
growth under the light conditions preceding the oncoming of adverse winter
conditions, the reaction essential for the normal vegetation in the
favorable season of the year spring-summer. The reaction of photoperiod and
lagging development under short-day conditions of non-vernalized spring and
alternative cultivars, and wintering of winter cultivars (lagging
development under both long- and short-day conditions) are basically the
phenomena of the same order, the differences between them are mainly
quantitative.
Wintering of winter cultivars is the most pronounced reaction to
photoperiod. The least expressed reaction to photoperiod is shown by spring
cultivars as a slight lag of development under short-day conditions. It is
expressed to a greater extent by alternative as a more significant lagging
under short-day conditions, and to the greatest extent by winter as the most
marked lagging of development under short and even long (natural summer) day
conditions.
Differences in the types of plant development (winter, alternative and
spring), mode of life (annual or perennial) and duration of the vegetative
period of plants are largely determined by their light reaction at the
initial period of life.
The type of plant development as well as length of the vegetation period
cannot be conditioned by the vernalization. It is a facultative process,
which takes place under certain conditions (in autumn) and does not take
place under the other ones (in summer).
The type of plant development is due to their different reaction to
light at the beginning of their life (in the gramineous plants at the
tillering phase). The spring plants have the ability for a slight
development delay under the short-day. The alternative plants have the
ability for a considerable delay under the short-day and the winter plants
have the ability to delay under the short and long day.
The length of the vegetation period for the spring-sown plants (spring
and alternative) is conditioned by the light reaction in the non-vernalized
plants (we called it the lst photoperiodic reaction) but for winter-sown
plants (alternative, winter) it is conditioned by the light reaction in the
vernalized plants (we called it the 2-D photoperiod reaction).
A photoperiodic reaction in non-vernalized plants is slightly different
in the degree of expression from that in vernalized ones. As a result of
vernalization plants lose the ability of adaptive reaction expressed as a
lag of development under definite light conditions, the light reaction is
affected. Plants of all types respond to vernalization with an
acceleration of development depending on their light reaction. They respond
only under definite illumination conditions, and the response is higher with
the greater the delay. Thus, the differences in the type of plant
development, the length of the vegetation period in wheats, are due to their
different light reaction in the tillering stage and related response to
vernalization.
The role of vernalization in ontogenesis of plants comes to changes in
their photoperiod reaction (light reaction) as a result, they lose their
ability to delay growth and development considerably under influence of the
photoperiod preceding wintering (alternative, plants - short photoperiod,
and winter plants-short and long photoperiod).
References
Federov, A.K. 1971. The reaction of plants on the "yarovization". Bot. J.
56, 1610-1624.
Federov, A.K. 1973. Some data on genetics of wheat ontogenesis. Proc. 4.
Int. Wheat Genet. Symp. (Univ. of Miss., USA) 801-803.
Federov, A.K. 1976. On photoperiodism, wintering and vernalization in
wheat. Cereal Res. Commun. 4:419-429.
Federov, A.K. 1983. Plants of Alternative Character. Alma. Ata: Kaynar.
128p.
Gupalo, P.I., Skripchinsky, V.V. 1971. Physiology of Individual
Development of Plants. N. Kolos. 224 p.
Krekule, J. 1987. Vernalization in wheat. Manipulation of flowering.
London: Butterworths, 159-169.
Lyssenko, T.D. 1936. Fundamental basis of Jarovization. M.L. Selchozgiz.
94p.
Moshkov, B.S. 1983. The significance of the juvenile period in the
ontogenesis of the wheat. Dokl. Vaskhnil, 6:22-24.
Pugsley, A.T. 1965. Inheritance of correlated daylength response in spring
wheat. Nature, 207:4992, 108.
Pugsley, A.T. 1971. A genetic analysis of the spring-winter habit of
growth in wheat. Australian J. Agric. Res. 22:21-31.
Rasumov, V.I. 1961. Environment and Development of Plant, M.L. Selchozgiz.
368 p.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Department of Plant Breeding, University of the Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein 9300
C.S.van Deventer*, M.T.Labuschagne, M.C.B.Coetzee and A.Claassen
Breeding programme: The breeding programme for multipurpose, white,
spring wheats has made good progress. Multi purpose wheats are classified as
an intermediate class between the very soft wheats and bread wheats, with a
protein content of between 9 and 11.5 percent (within the same range as the
Australian standard white wheats). They are softer than bread wheats, with a
higher breakflour yield, smaller particle size, and lower water retention.
The soft wheat market in South Africa is to small to breed for just biscuit
wheats, therefore we hope that with this breeding programme we will include
a wider market. Approximately 100 crosses are made yearly, introductions
from several countries are crossed with locally adapted material. The F6
generation has already been reached, and in 1992 an elite trial was planted
at four different localities.
A. Claassen
A study on the influence of the dominant kernel softness gene on the
milling- and baking quality of soft wheat is currently being undertaken. The
main objective of the study is to develop isogenic lines through
backcrossing. One line will have the dominant softness gene, and the other
line will lack it. These lines will then be compared in terms of biscuit
quality.
M.C.B. Coetzee
Breeding value of soft white wheat for biscuit quality: The objective of
this study is to determine the environmental variance, genetic variance,
heritabilities, general- and specific combining abilities and correlations
for several of the most important soft wheat quality parameters. Our aim is
to use these results to improve the efficiency of soft wheat breeding, and
to set a strategy for continuous genetic improvement on both the short- and
long term.
M.T. Labuschagne
The expression and inheritance of high molecular weight glutenin
subunits: Several wheats with different subunits on the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and
Glu-D1 loci were crossed and tested in the F2 generation. Additive
inheritance with incomplete dominance was evident for subunits of the Glu-A1
and Glu-D1 locus. Subunits of the Glu-B1 locus proved to be very variable
and unpredictable. New subunits occurred in the progeny of parents which
tested homozygous for their subunits. In some crosses such as between
subunits 17+18 and 7+8, subunit 8 was absent in a number of F2 progeny.
These deviations would have an influence on planning for crossing blocks in
breeding programmes, since the HMW glutenin subunits have a large effect on
breadmaking quality.
--------------------
Department of Plant Pathology, University of the Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein 9300
Z.A. Pretorius*, F.J. Kloppers* and A.L. Vorster
Germplasm development. Lr genes effective to all South African
pathotypes of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici are being transferred
through backcrossing to adapted local bread wheat cultivars. The genes
Lr21, Lr29, Lr32, Lr34, Lr35, Lr36, Lr37, Lr39, Lr40, Lr41, and the genes in
lines KS91WGRC11 and KS91WGRC12, have been incorporated in the local
cultivars Palmiet, SST66 and Karee. The most advanced lines are in BC5F1.
The objective of this study is to develop high-yielding breeding lines
containing effective Lr genes, either singly or in combination.
Lr gene combinations. Using Thatcher near-isogenic lines containing
different Lr genes, several two-gene combinations were developed. This
study was conducted to determine whether combinations could be confirmed in
single genotypes, to investigate the enhancement of resistance due to
interaction between genes, and to study pathotype and temperature effects on
expression of resistance. The combinations Lr13+34, Lr13+37 and Lr34+37
were confirmed in F3 plants. Compared to the monogenic lines, primary leaf
infection types showed that all combination lines were more resistant. This
enhancement of resistance was, however, strongly influenced by pathotype,
temperature and their interaction.
Histological characterization of resistance mechanisms. The resistance
mechanisms in cereal rust pathosystems have been related to durability.
Histological techniques are currently being implemented to determine the
resistance mechanism(s) conferred by leaf rust resistance genes.
Fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy are used to study fungal
structures, colony development, host cell necrosis and cell wall appositions
in wheat leaves infected by Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici. Results have
shown that the development of fungal structures is influenced by the elapsed
time between inoculation and sampling, pathotype, temperature, and their
interactions. Standardized techniques, and a combination of Uvitex 2B,
trypan blue and oil of wintergreen stains, are required to characterize
resistance expression histologically.
Grain protein in wheat lines containing Lr29 or Lr37. F3 families
derived from the crosses Karee/RL6080 (Lr29) and Karee/RL6081 (Lr37) were
tested as seedlings for resistance to Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici.
Segregation ratios confirmed monogenic resistance and homozygous resistant
and susceptible families from both crosses were identified. Grain protein
was determined for these selected families grown in the greenhouse (at two
different fertilizer levels) and in the field (at a single fertilizer
level). The aim of this study was to determine if the association of Lr29
or Lr37 with increased grain protein, as reported in Canada, also occurred
in South African wheats. In the field and greenhouse (irrespective of
fertilization level), the Lr29-resistant group yielded higher protein than
the group without the gene. For Lr37, only the unfertilized, leaf
rust-resistant greenhouse-grown plants contained more grain protein.
Field evaluation of lines containing Lr29, Lr35 and Lr37. The potential
of these Lr genes for cultivar improvement was determined by evaluating the
wheat lines RL6080 (Thatcher*6/Lr29), RL6081 (Thatcher*8/Lr37) and RL6082
(Thatcher*6/Lr35) under field conditions for leaf rust severity, yield loss
and quality attributes. Depending on the Lr gene and leaf position, leaf
rust reaction types varied between resistance and moderate susceptibility.
The severity ratings on these lines did not exceed 10%. Kernel mass in leaf
rust-infected Thatcher (susceptible control) was reduced by 10.4% whereas
lines with Lr29 (+1%), Lr35 (2.8%) or Lr37 (1%) did not sustain significant
losses. According to grain and flour protein, flour yield, loaf volume and
baking strength index, no serious deleterious quality characteristics were
detected.
--------------------
Department of Botany and Genetics, UOFS, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein,
9300
Anna-Maria Botha
Genetic mapping of resistant and susceptible wheat to the Russian wheat
aphid (Diuraphis noxia) using the RAPD technique. Wheat resistant to the
Russian wheat aphid has been bred at the Small Grain Centre at Bethlehem.
Segregation data strongly suggest that the resistance is due to single
dominant gene. In order to accelerate selection procedures, we attempt to
map the resistance factor through PCR technology. We use random decamer
primers from Operon Technologies to amplify loci in the wheat genome. Four
primers scored polymorphisms between the resistant and susceptible wheat.
Publications
Brink, E.G., Pretorius, Z.A. & Kloppers F.J. 1992. The influence of Lr35 on
the dimensions of wheat leaf rust uredinia. Phytophylactica 24:122
(Abstr.).
Drijepondt, S.C., Pretorius, Z.A. & Kloppers F.J. 1992. The effect of
inoculum concentration on the expression of wheat leaf rust resistance gene
Lr34. Vortr„ge fr Pflanzenzchtung 24:261-262.
Kloppers, F.J. & Pretorius, Z.A. 1992. Histological studies of pathotype
and temperature effects on leaf rust resistance conferred by Lr29 in wheat.
Vortr„ge fr Pflanzenzchtung 24:8-10.
Kloppers, F.J. & Pretorius, Z.A. 1992. Recognition and inheritance of leaf
rust resistance gene Lr37 in wheat seedlings. Phytophylactica 24:102
(Abstr.).
Pretorius, Z.A. & Kloppers F.J. 1992. Enhancement of resistance to leaf
rust among combinations of Lr13, Lr34 and Lr37 in wheat Vortr„ge fr
Pflanzenzchtung 24:242-243.
Pretorius, Z.A., Marais, G.F., Le Roux, J. & Kloppers F.J. 1992. Comparing
genes for resistance to leaf and stem rust in the wheat cultivars Tugela and
Kavkaz. Phytophylactica 24:105 (Abstr.).
--------------------
Department of Genetics, University of Stellenbosch
G. F. Marais*, R. Prins, A. Antonov, H.S. Roux and M.Horn.
Durum wheat breeding. The 1992 durum trials were grown under irrigation
along the Orange river. Replicated yield trials (320 entries) as well as
rod rows (700 advanced lines and 400 segregating families) were planted at
Rietrivier near Kimberley. The crop rotation systems employed in the area
necessitate the development of earlier maturing durum cultivars. Advanced
lines that mature 10 to 20 days earlier than the cultivar `Orania' have been
derived.
Triticale breeding. Commercial spring triticale was grown on an
estimated 35 000 ha in the Cape Province, mostly for use as a fodder crop.
Silage is normally made from pure triticale or a 3:1 mixture of triticale
and oats and is supplemented with 4% molasses. Yields of 25-27 t/ha are
regularly obtained with the present cultivars. No negative effects
regarding taste, intake or milk production of dairy cattle were reported.
The limited market for triticale grain resulted in farmers producing only
enough for their own use. However, recent increases in railing costs may
prompt the animal feed industry to use locally produced triticale as a
substitute for maize in animal rations.
Yield trials (357 lines), advanced lines (575) and segregating
populations (480) were planted at the Mari‰ndahl experiment station near
Stellenbosch. Under the trial conditions the newly released USGEN 19
outyielded the leading wheat cultivar, Palmiet, by 18-25%
Cytogenetics. The genes in Triticum dicoccoides that code for high
protein content are being transferred to triticale via a T.
dicoccoides/Henoch rye amphiploid. Segregates from a third backcross to
triticale were tested for protein content. In collaboration with the Small
Grain Centre, Bethlehem, an attempt is also being made to incorporate the
genes for increased protein content in spring wheat. The starting material
consisted of 25 lines from the International Wild Emmer Derivatives Nursery
of Dr. Grama (Volcani Institute, Israel).
Monosomic analyses were done with seven modified Lr19d translocations.
These were derived after the use of the ph1b mutant to induce homoeologous
recombination in plants heterozygous for the Indis translocation. The data
were complicated by the presence of a segregation distortion locus(i) and
the modified translocations could not be assigned unambiguously to
chromosomes. In the four white endosperm selections, Lr19d appears to be
associated with chromosomes 6D, 7A, 7B and 7D, respectively. Polymorphisms
for marker genes would suggest that regions on both sides of Lr19d were
exchanged/affected. Only two of the selections with partially white
endosperm could be assigned to a chromosome (7D). The latter may have
resulted from single crossovers. It was confirmed that the expression of
segregation distortion in the modified translocations (white endosperm
selections) differs from that of the `Indis' translocation. It is possible
that more than one locus on the `Indis' translocation would normally
interact to produce a gametocidal effect. Some of the loci may have been
lost/affected in each of the exchanges.
The allopolyploid hybrid of Chinese Spring and the Russian wheat aphid
resistant rye, Turkey 77, was backcrossed to the wheat parent. From the
B1F2 a resistant monotelosomic addition of rye to Chinese Spring was
selected. The rye telosome is being identified with the purpose of
transferring the resistance to wheat.
Triticum tauschii accession RL5289 (source of Lr21) was obtained from
Dr. E.R. Kerber (Winnipeg, Canada). A single dominant gene for stem rust
resistance was transferred from RL5289 to chromosome 1D of common wheat.
The gene proved to be ineffective against many Canadian isolates of stem
rust but provides resistance against the prevailing stem rust races in South
Africa.
In an attempt to transfer leaf rust resistance from a Triticum
speltoides accession, resistant derivatives were backcrossed six times to
Pitic 62. The B6F1 plants appear to have normal meioses yet are very
infertile. This may be due to the presence of a gametocidal gene. Various
means to break the linkage between sterility and resistance are being
investigated. A systematic typing of a collection of wild relatives of
wheat for especially leaf rust resistance was also launched. Resistant
material is being crossed to common wheat.
Publications
Marais, G.F. (1992) Gamma irradiation induced deletions in an alien
chromosome segment of the wheat `Indis' and their use in gene mapping.
Genome 35:225-229.
Marais, G.F. (1992) Genetic control of a response to the segregation
distortion allele, Sd-1d, in the common wheat line `Indis'. Euphytica
60:89-95.
Marais, G.F. (1992) The modification of a common wheat-Thinopyrum distichum
translocated chromosome with a locus homoeoallelic to Lr19. Theor Appl Genet
85:73-78.
--------------------
Winter Grain Centre, Welgervallen, Exp. Sta., Univ. of Stellenbosch
R. de V. Pienaar
Cytogenetics. The 8th backcross has been completed in the transfer of
the Chinese Spring (CS) telosomic series to Pavon 76. Kathleen Ross of the
USDA, ARS at the University of Missouri, Columbia, check-crossed this
material with their respective CS monosomics. Spikes at metaphase I of
meiosis were collected from all the F1 plants with 2n=40+tL+tS to verify if
their Pavon 76 doubletelotrisomic parents possessed the correct telosomes.
The transfer of the kr crossability genes from CS to Pavon 76 has progressed
to the B5F2. In this generation plants were identified that were fully
fertile when crossed with Florida and Henoch spring rye as well as with
self-fertile German winter rye. Using a modification of Laurie's (1991)
protocol for producing doubled haploids (DH) from wheat x maize crosses, it
was possible to obtain 10-30 (depending on the genotype) haploid embryos per
spike on the material described above. On average only 10% of these embryos
regenerated plantlets when rescued on modified MS and W14 tissue culture
media. In the first batch of 202 plantlets, 197 had 21 chromosomes, two had
22 chromosomes, one had 20, and two had 20 + a maizelike chromosome. Nearly
all the plants produced fertile DH sectors after 0.1% colchicine treatment
for 24 hours. Durum wheat lines have been produced that possess either Rht8
or Rht12.
Ph.D. degree. G.M. Littlejohn received the Ph.D degree in Desember
1992, on the thesis 'Cytogenetics of wheat Thinopyrum hybrids and
derivatives'. Using the C-band technique she was able to distinguish each
the 14 paires of th. distichum chromosomes. She was able to obtain 11 of
the possible 14 addition lines in wheat after a series of backcrosses. She
also transferred Lr19 from 'Agatha' and 'Transfer # 12', as well as a
homoeoallele from 'Indis' to durum wheat, but was unable to obtain
homozygous plants as yet.
--------------------
Small Grain Centre, Grain Crops Research Inst.,Bethlehem
H.A. van Niekerk*, P.R. Celliers, D.J. Exley, H.Knobel, Mentzchen Marais
and Riana Pretorius
Winter wheat breeding. A second RWA resistant cultivar 'Tugela-DN' has
been released. This cultivar has excellent yield and quality
characteristics, but the mixograph mixing time is longer than generally
acceptable in South Africa.
Mentzchen Marais, who has been responsible for the RWA resistance
programme is getting married, and she will be replaced by E. Malan. Malan
will also concentrate on using molecular markers as identified by PCR to
select for RWA resistance.
The winter wheat program is cooperating with the CIMMYT program in
Turkey to establish "shuttle breeding" programme between these two
countries.
--------------------
H.A. van Niekerk, F. Koekemoer, Anschen Grobbelaar, Ren‚e Prins, T.G.
Paxton, Suzette Jordaan, R. Britz, T. van A. Bredenkamp and Sureta
Pelser
Spring wheat breeding. Only one line has been identified as a potential
new cultivar for dryland conditions (the winter rainfall area), should the
quality be acceptable. This line is W91/2. For irrigation conditions one
line has been released as a new cultivar namely 'Marico'. The line BSP89/14
will be submitted for release as a cultivar and BSP91/7 will be submitted
for provisional classification. BSP89/14 has high yield potential and
excellent quality characteristics.
--------------------
I.B.J. Smit and Antoinette Otto
International Nurseries. A total of 391 selections were made from the
previous seasons International Nurseries and evaluated as single rows under
irrigation at various locations. Of these entries 9% were selected for
elite
trials.
The variety that is now released as the cultivar 'Marico' (BSP89/11),
originated from this program.
Some 15 International nurseries, established under irrigation, were
evaluated for all relevant agronomic characteristics and various diseases.
Apart from a moderate powdery mildew infection on wheat in general and a
slight virus infection on winter wheat, the lack of infection was apparent.
This is probably related to the dry and hot conditions prevailing during
most of the growing season. The entries to these nurseries were, wheat
1382, barley 492 and triticale 200. Of these entries 15% were selected for
further evaluation.
A total of 8 International yield trials were evaluated under field
conditions and with supplementary irrigation only. The lack of infection
was again apparent. Only slight leaf rust was observed. Entries were wheat
510, barley 50 and triticale 49. Some 7% of entries were selected for elite
trials.
--------------------
F. Koekemoer and F. Groenewald
Germplasm bank. All available germplasm material was planted during the
winter to obtain missing data. A vacuum packing machine was obtained to be
used for vacuum packing of seed. We have continued with the process of
updating the germplasm facility.
--------------------
J.L. Purchase*, P.A. Visser, A.H. Botha, M.Maritz, Hesta van Tonder, C.
de Wet, A.Rautenbach, H.L.J. Potgieter, Jeanette du Plessis, Hannelie du
Plessis and E.J. Visser
Crop Science. 1992 Crop Conditions. The three major wheat producing
regions of South Africa are the Western Cape (Mediterranean climate), the
Orange Free State (summer rainfall region) and the irrigation areas along
the major rivers. Spring types are generally planted in the Western Cape
and under irrigation, while winter and intermediate types dominate
production under dryland conditions in the Orange Free State. The total
wheat crop for the 1992/93 season, as estimated by the Wheat Board, should
amount to 1,3 million. This is considerably down on the long term average
and can be ascribed to the devastating drought that hit Southern Africa in
1992. In the Western Cape, however, conditions were favorable and
near-record yields were realized.
Cultivar performance under dryland conditions. Due to the relatively
large variation that exists in climatic conditions and soil types in the
wheat producing regions, a fairly intensive cultivar adaptation program is
followed. In the OFS a range of diverse cultivars are planted, including a
number af hybrids. As a result of the low seeding rates (10 - 30 kg ha-1)
used, the cultivation of hybrids is a viable proposition in certain areas,
despite the high seed cost. The semi-dwarf hybrids outperform the tall
purelines under favorable conditions, but not under drought conditions,
which are more the norm. With the release of a number of Russian wheat
aphid
resistant cultivars, it is expected that production could increase
substantially, and that marked changes could occur in the pattern of
cultivars planted and in the planting dates of these cultivars. In the
Western Cape the cultivar 'Palmiet' still accounts for the major part of the
production. However, recently, released cultivars such as 'Nantes' and
'Adam Tas' also show wide adaptability, are high yielding and have various
desirable agronomic traits.
Plant physiology. The plant physiology programme is mainly concerned
with factors affecting coleoptile length, the determination of physiological
and morphological factors associated with drought tolerance,
characterization of wheat cultivars in terms of aluminium tolerance, the
affect of coal-derived humate products on growth and yield of wheat,
preharvest sprouting and the characterization of the irrigation cultivars in
terms of grain filling rate and duration. The last two subjects are
discussed later in more detail.
--------------------
Annelie Barnard and J.L. Purchase
Preharvest sprouting. An evaluation trial over two sites and four
planting dates was conducted to determine the effect of varying
environmental conditions on the preharvest sprouting resistance of a number
of winter and intermediate bread wheat cultivars.
Spikes were exposed to a wetting treatment at a predetermined
temperature and humidity in a rain simulator. Planting date, as well as
sites, had a significant effect on preharvest sprouting. Great variation in
germinability occurred within cultivars maturing at different times in the
same growing season. Preharvest sprouting resistance is positively
correlated with lower temperatures during seed maturation.
The mean percentage germination over the four planting dates showed
cultivars to have a wide range of sprouting resistance, varying from 8% to
95%. This study indicated that 'SBK 906', 'Karee', 'Oom Charl', 'Scheepers
69' and 'Betta' are the most resistant to preharvest sprouting over planting
dates and sites, while 'SBK 904', 'Caritha', 'Tugela' and 'SST 124' are the
most susceptible cultivars.
--------------------
C.G Burbidge, H.A van Tonder, H.S.C.A. van der Merwe and W. van der
Westhuizen
Cultivar adaptation under irrigation. An intensive spring wheat
cultivar adaptation research programme is run in five irrigation areas which
each vary in climatic conditions. The objectives of the programme are to
characterize commercial cultivars and newly released lines suited to
irrigation, in terms of wide adaptability, high yield stability and
agronomic characteristics. This information is then made available to the
wheat producer in order to assist him with cultivar choice, to reduce his
risk and increase profitability. The cultivars 'Palmiet' and 'Gamtoos' (a
Veery selection from CIMMYT) have been found to be well adapted over a wide
range of environmental conditions while certain cultivars, for example
'Harts' and 'T4', show very specific adaptation.
Plant physiology. In most irrigation areas of South Africa, the grain
yield of spring wheat is often adversely affected by high temperatures
during the grain filling period. All commercial spring wheat cultivars and
advanced breeding lines are characterized under temperature controlled
conditions and in field trials in terms of grain filling rate and duration.
It was found that the cultivar 'Harts' possesses a relatively long grain
filling duration while 'Gamtoos' fills its kernels over a relatively shorter
period, which may to a large degree explain the difference in adaptation of
the two cultivars.
Publications
Barnard, Annelie and Purchase J.L., 1993. Assessment of preharvest
sprouting in South African winter wheats (Triticum aestivum L.). South
African Society of Crop Production Congress, Rustenburg, South Africa.
Burbidge, C. G. and Smit, H.A., 1993. Grain filling in spring wheat. South
African Society of Crop Production Congress, Rustenburg, South Africa.
Purchase, J.L., Le Roux J. and Van Tonder, Hesta, 1992. The effects of
various seed treatments on the germination, coleoptile length and emergence
of South African winter wheats (Triticum aestivum). S A Journal Plant and
Soil 9(3), 139-143.
Purchase, J.L., Botha, A.H., Maritz, M. and Van Tonder, Hesta, 1993.
Interpretation of winter wheat genotype x environment interaction in the
Orange Free State using regression analysis and the AMMI model. South
African Crop Production Society Congress, Rustenburg, South Africa.
Purchase, J.L., Rautenbach, A.J., Singels, A. and Du Plessis, Jeanette,
1993. Air temperature as a basis to predict the development of winter wheat
cultivars in the Eastern Orange Free State. South African Crop Production
Society Congress, Rustenburg, South Africa.
--------------------
H.A. Smit*, C.F. Pool, H.H. Knobel, B.L. de Villiers, R.C. Lindeque
and J P du Toit
Weed Research. Water quality studies. Research in this regard has
proved that various South African wheat applied herbicides are susceptible
to salt antagonism in certain water carriers. Glyphosate, 2,4-D (amine) and
tralkoxydim appear to be susceptible to cation antagonism. Tralkoxydim
efficacy was decreased by as much as 20% by certain carriers and glyphosate
with up to 72%. Research in this regard is at present being carried out
with imazamethabenz-methyl, MCPA and the sulfonylureas to establish the
precise amount of salts in the water sufficient to deplete chemical weed
control with these herbicides.
Adjuvant studies. Studies concerning the influence of adjuvants on the
efficacy and selectivity of herbicides and herbicide combinations are still
in progress. The influence of the adjuvants Citrex(R), Ethokem(R),
Biofilm(R) and Triton 1956(R) were evaluated on the selectivity of the wild
oat herbicide CGA 184927, MCPA, bromoxynil, parathion and thiometon in
different combinations. It appears as if most of the adjuvants had little
effect on the selectivity of these pesticides. Certain adjuvants for
example Ethokem(R) resulted in a stimulutory effect on the growth of wheat
plants.
Residual studies. Bioassays with lentils indicated that pH resulted in a
significant effect on the half live and activity of both
imazamethabenz-methyl (Assert(R)). Assert(R) was degraded rapidly at higher
soil pH levels while Finesse(R) was degraded rapidly at lower soil pH
levels. Leaching depth of both herbicides was highly correlated with soil
pH. The higher the soil pH the more pronounced was the extend of leaching.
Further studies on the effect of soil water content, temperature and micro
organisms on the residual activity of these two herbicides are in progress.
Publications
Pool, C.F., and de Villiers, B.L. 1992. Importance of certain soil
properties on the activity of imazamethabenz-methyl and
chlorsulfuron/metsulfuron-methyl. Applied. Plant Sci. (In press).
--------------------
Stienie Smith
Leaf rust. During the past season, the occurrence of leaf rust
continued to be generally low due to dry conditions throughout the country.
In the Southern and Eastern Cape, however, the usual amount of disease was
observed. In the Alexandria-area, susceptible-type reactions were seen on
the spring cultivar 'Palmiet', which usually shows moderately resistant to
susceptible infection. In the annual survey over six agro-ecological areas,
ten leaf rust pathotypes were typefied. The most common pathotypes in these
areas was 3SA137 and 3SA140, which both have virulence for Lr26.
The occurrence of leaf rust of barley in the Southern Cape production areas,
was higer than usual, which only stresses the importance of resistance
breeding for this disease. Seed from the Canadian and Australian barley
differential sets were imported to establish race specialization in the
South African barley leaf rust pathosystem, and this seed is currently being
multiplied.
--------------------
J. Smith*
Stem rust research. As was reported during 1991, no stem rust
infections occurred in commercial wheat fields in South Africa. This can be
attributed to the very dry season as well as excellent levels of resistance
to Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in commercial cultivars.
Annual stem rust survey. No new stem rust pathotypes were identified in
the annual wheat survey which in conducted in all the major wheat producing
areas of South Africa. Stem rust samples totalled 9 originating from four
agro-ecological areas. Seventy-five percent of the samples originated from
the Southern Cape wheat production area. Five pathotypes were identified.
Pathotypes, 2SA102 and 2SA103, carrying virulence for Sr27, comprised 73% of
the total single pustule identifications made.
Further stem rust research. Combinations of stem rust resistance genes
are being generated to study the complementary effect of these combinations.
To facilitate the study genes are also being tested under specific
temperature/pathotype combinations. Results this far have been
disappointing.
--------------------
G J Prinsloo, Vicki Tolmay, J L Hatting and J du Toit
Entomology. Good progress has been made towards establishing an
integrated control programme:
Two cultivars with Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance were
released during 1992. More lines are expected to be released in near
future. Studies are in progress to determine the allelic relationship
between different sources of resistance as well as the components of
resistance in these sources. Field trails to determine the efficacy of the
resistant cultivars in combination with chemical control measures are being
conducted.
The Russian strain of the parasitoid Aphelinus varipes has shown host
preference for Russian wheat aphid. Attempts are being made to import the
aphid predator fly Leucopis ninae.
--------------------
D B Scott*
Root diseases. Field trials consisting of different tillage and soil
fertility treatments were conducted to study possible causes of yield
decline of monoculture wheat in high rainfall areas. Soil fumigation with
methyl bromide enhanced plant growth, reduced fungal infections of roots and
increased grain yields in both clean-tilled (mouldboard-ploughed) and
minimum-tilled (stubble-mulch) plots. Higher yields were obtained under
commercial tillage than under minimum tillage. Wheat in stubble-mulch plots
reacted strongly to combined applications of nitrogen and phosphorous. In
the absence of phosphorous-containing fertilizers nitrate nitrogen gave
higher yields than ammonium nitrogen. A dense population of denitrifying
and manganese-oxidising bacteria were associated with plant residues in the
stubble-mulch plots. Laboratory rests showed that Bacillus spp. and other
deleterious bacteria are inhibited by manganese-reducing bacteria. Future
investigations are aimed at biological control of root diseases in wheat by
means of seed treatment with manganese-reducing bacteria.
--------------------
SENSAKO, South Africa
B. Lombard*, J.P. Jordaan*, Messrs. J. Boonzaaier, N. de Lange and D.
Visser
Sensako is a research and development organization belonging to all
agricultural cooperatives in the country. It's main objective is to develop
new cultivars, produce breeder and foundation seed for the production of
commercial seed by the different agricultural cooperatives. It is also
responsible for the National Foundation seed scheme including all public
cultivars. It undertakes research, apart from those on summer crops, on all
small grains including wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oats and also on
Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus albus.
Research are being conducted at research farms at Bethlehem in the
Orange Free State (Winter wheat, Irrigation wheat, Rye, Triticale and Oats),
Napier in the Southern Cape (Barley and Spring wheat), Gouda in the Western
Cape (Spring wheat, spring Triticale and Lupinus). Research activities are
being supported by greenhouse facilities at Stellenbosch (rented from the
University of Stellenbosch) and an irrigation facility of 100 hectare for
the production of breeder seed.
Research are being conducted on a team basis including a plant
pathologist, Dr A.B. van Jaarsveld and Prof. R. de V. Pienaar (who has
retired from the University of Stellenbosch) on a consulting basis and also
responsible for implementing the dubble haploid technique in the breeding
programs.
Spring wheat. Selection is based on resistance to leaf and stemrust,
Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum and eyespot; adaptation to the
Mediterranean climate of the Western Cape and acceptable baking quality.
New releases are 'Dias', 'Adam Tas', 'Nantes' and 'SST 55'. Two new
cultivars are to be finally released this fall. A cultivar 'Alpha' with
eyespot and Septoria resistance was released as a feedwheat cultivar with
yield 30 percent above the breadwheats.
--------------------
A.F. du Toit, J.P. Jordaan and P.L. Bergh
Irrigation wheat. The environment where wheat cultivars are grown under
irrigation varies from subtropical to hot areas in the Transvaal to cold
highveld regions in the Orange Free State and Northern Cape.
Lodging is one of the main problems and a programme for the development
of semi-dwarf and dwarf lines is in good progress. 'SST 86' a dwarf
cultivar has been released and a red seeded provisional, derivative, 'SST
822' has been submitted for classification, as well as a medium straw
cultivar 'SST 825' that outyield the best commercial cultivar by 10%.
Several dwarf and semi-dwarf lines are under testing for higher yield, good
baking quality, standability and resistance to maize streak virus, powdery
mildew, stemrust, leafrust and bacterial blight diseases.
--------------------
J. Malan, M. Roos and J.P. Jordaan
Winter wheat. The whole program which is almost 30 years old and
contains unique germplasm, was transformed to a basis of resistance to
Russian Wheat Aphid. All available genetic resistance sources were obtained
and incorporated while selection is done on a seedling stage in the
aphidhouse and on adult plants in the field. Rapid progress has been made
and the first cultivar 'SST 333' is released to be grown by farmers this
coming fall. It is an early wintertype with daylength sensitivity. Typical
wintertypes are now subjected to registration and quality classification.
Other recent new releases are 'SST 124', 'Riemland' and 'Hugenoot'.
--------------------
S.A. Engelbrecht, J.P. Jordaan and J.D. Cilliers
Hybrid wheat. Emphasis is being placed on developing female and male
lines with RWA resistance. Several new hybrids are being prepared for
release and production. Yields are significantly higher than the cultivars
presently being grown. The low seeding rates which are being recommended
for winter wheat, 15 - 20 kg/hectare, make hybrid wheat a more promising
commercial proposition in South Africa.
Commercial production of new hybrids will be started in the 1993/94 season.
--------------------
J.P. Jordaan and J. Wessels
Rye, Triticale, Oats. The aim in these programs are to develop
cultivars with high biomass production and suitable for grazing purposes.
In the case of rye a new cultivar 'SSR 727' with resistance to RWA was
registered and released to farmers, two new Triticale cultivars 'SSKR 626'
and 'SSKR 628' and two new oat cultivars 'SSH 421' and 'SSH 423' were
registered andreleased to farmers.
--------------------
PANNAR (PTY) Ltd., P. O. Box 17164, Bainsvlei, 9338
F. du Toit*, S. S. Walters, Audrey Brummer
Since November 1991 through December 1992 the whole of southern Africa
experienced probably the worst drought this century. Extremely difficult
conditions prevailed in April to June 1992 for planting of winter wheat
trials in the Orange Free State Province. At a few locations no trials
could be planted due to inadequate soil moisture.
Pannar's first winter wheat cultivar PAN 3211, which was not released in
April 1992, did well under the dry and hot spring temperatures.
Russian wheat aphid resistance breeding. We are steadily increasing the
number of RWA resistant parents in the crossing block of both the winter and
spring wheat breeding programs. Parallel to the main breeding programs,
development of resistant lines through backcrossing is proceeding well and
169 lines were tested in the field in 1992. Nine RWA resistant lines also
were included in elite trials.
Allelism tests, using nine RAW lines from the US Small Grains Collection
and also local lines, are currently being conducted. A scoring system for
RWA resistance reactions in the field on adult plants was developed and will
be tested again in the field in 1993. The rating scale is based on
chlorotic symptoms, leaf rolling and aphid numbers.
Equipment. A wheat dryer with a capacity of 3.5 metric tons and a cold
room for long term storage of germplasm have been erected and storage
facilities for seed and implements have been upgraded.
Publications
Du Toit, F. Russian wheat aphid resistance in a wheat line from the Caspian
Sea area. Cer. Res. Commun. 20:55-61.
--------------------
ITEM FROM TURKEY
CIMMYT/ICARDA, P.K. 39 Emek, 06511 Ankara, Turkey
Hans-Joachim Braun*, Thomas S. Payne*
Summary. In many aspects, 1992 was the most exciting year since the
establishment of the Turkey/CIMMYT International Winter Wheat Improvement
Program. Though the overall objective of the winter wheat program remained
unchanged, i.e., to develop widely adapted winter wheat germplasm by means
of multilocational testing, major modifications were initiated in terms of
priority setting, seed multiplication and screening of germplasm.
Micro-nutrient disorders (in particular Boron toxicity, and Zinc and
Copper deficiency) were identified as important and widespread adaptation
limiting factors in Turkey. Nematodes (Heterodera avenae, Pratylenchus spp)
were also identified as widespread on the Central Anatolian Plateau. Due to
lack of consistently annual yellow rust epiphytotics in Turkey, an agreement
was reached with Fundulea, Rumania to screen advanced lines for yellow rust
resistance at two locations in Rumania. Oregon State University multiplied
seed of the 2nd Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery (2FAWWON)
and distributed the nursery to cooperators in the USA and Canada. To
accelerate germplasm development, a germplasm shuttle was established with
the wheat program in Bethlehem, South Africa to allow two generation cycles
per year.
Lloyd Nelson and David Marshall, USDA/Texas A&M conducted an
"Exploration for fungal endophytes in wild cereals" in collaboration with
CIMMYT/Turkey in an attempt to identify systemic clavicipitaceous fungi that
may be transferred to cultivated cereals to convey biocontrol to cereal
aphids. Cal Qualset was involved in collection of cereal landraces in
western Turkey to allow comparison between contemporary accessions and those
collected by Jack Harlan in the 1940's.
Micro-nutrient disorders. During an eight week visit to Turkey and
Syria, A. J. Rathjen (University of Adelaide) confirmed what had amounted to
several years of accumulated suspicion that soils in Turkey and Syria may be
significantly contributing to cereal production limitation. Delayed spring
rains (resulting in what appeared to be moisture-limiting, drought symptoms,
but may have been more the effects of nutrient toxicity and deficiency)
aided in micronutrient symptomology.
Road surveys throughout Turkey indicated wide spread boron toxicity,
particularly evident using the classical "net blotch" symptomology the
widely planted, tolerant barley cultivar 'Tokak'. Check cultivar grain
analysis for B concentration indicated mean ppm values of 6.4 for Konya, 4.4
for Eskisehir, and 2.0 for Haymana (Ankara), where >2.0 ppm is considered
indicative of B toxicity in Australia trials. This data, in retrospect, is
illustrative of the importance of representative testing sites for a
cultivar release directed program.
Zinc deficiency symptoms were observed widely on the Anatolian Plateau
but were not evident in Syria. In general, symptoms were almost always
apparent on the Plateau where the surface soil horizon had been reduced in
depth by 1) moldboard plowing, either in the center of the cultivated field,
or along the diagonals, 2) erosion on the steepest sections of the
landscape, or 3) subsoil disturbance through levelling or trenching (e.g.,
at Eskisehir and Konya).
The symptoms of copper deficiency were almost universally apparent on
the Anatolian Plateau. Often these were merely the occasional leaf with a
withered tip or head with the rat-tail symptom, but in barley, presumably
almost entirely the cultivar 'Tokak', the symptoms were often widespread
enough to be readily identified from the road. In these instances, the
symptoms could extend over many hectares, manifest in the bleached and
withered awns and heads. Test site Cu and Zn status (i.e., degree of
deficiency) was determined with check cultivar grain sample analysis.
The accepted dogma on trace element deficiencies states that the
cereals are tolerant of iron deficiency. Although quite striking, Fe
deficiency was fairly rare in bread wheat and barley, however, it did appear
to be quite common in the durum wheats.
In order to determine if visual scores for leaf appearance (B toxicity,
Hamidiye; Zn deficiency, Eskisehir) were related to grain yield, all
preliminary yield trial entries were scored on a 1 to 5 scale, with 1 =
best. In general, an inverse relationship existed between score and mean
yield, with the mean yield of 'Gerek 79' (the predominantly grown Anatolian
cultivar), and "stared" genotypes, surpassing score 1 genotypes,
respectively. Furthermore, none of the 25 highest yielding entries at
either location had a score worse than 3. The increase in mean yields
versus score indicated that visual selection is effective.
A NATO funded project between the Universities of Cukurova (Adana,
Turkey) and Hohenheim (Germany), in collaboration with CIMMYT/Turkey, on
"Selection and characterization of cereal genotypes with high resistance to
Zn and Fe-deficiencies and B-toxicity for GAP region and Central Anatolian
Plateau" was approved. This project may allow the development of a
reliable, fast screening method for Zn-efficiency and response to high
levels of B through the relationship between phytosiderophore production and
nutrient utilization.
Nematodes. Initial surveys of the Anatolian Plateau for presence and
distribution of nematode species was conducted in conjunction with A. J.
Rathjen, and Gerhard Lung (University of Hohenheim). In early March,
virtually all the cereal crops on the Plateau had a general appearance
reminiscent of severely cereal cyst nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae)
affected crops in Australia--blotchy bluish-yellowish with low crop vigor
but without the typical drainage patterns or yellowish-green leaves of
nitrogen deficiency.
By the end of May, CCN was found in 6 of 11 (33 - 104 cysts per 250 cm3
sample), and Pratylenchus spp. in 8 of 11 samples at densities high enough
to cause damage. It may be relevant that 'Gerek 79' is particularly
tolerant to the race of CCN in Australia and this could be reflected in its
success as a variety in Turkey. The high number of Pratylenchus spp. (350 -
24050 nematodes / 250 cm3 sample, where 100 - 500 nematodes per 250 cm3 is
considered the damage threshold) deserves special attention, since these
freely living nematodes invade the roots in the autumn and can cause severe
seedling killings. If Pratylenchus spp. are confirmed to be widespread in
high population densities, it may, in part, explain why the seedling rate
(200 - 300 kg/ha) is so extraordinary high in west asia and north africa
(WANA), i.e., Pratylenchus could be a factor which affects the "winterkill
complex".
Collaboration with Dr. Lung has continued with a second survey on the
Plateau conducted in November 1992 where 22 representative samples from 13
locations were taken. Due to the presumed importance of nematodes in WANA,
a joint CIMMYT/ICARDA and Universities of Hohenheim and Bonn project has
also
been initiated.
Publications
Braun, H.-J., W. Pfeiffer and W. G. Pollmer. 1993. Environments for
selecting widely adapted spring wheats. Crop Science In Press.
Braun, H.-J. and E. E. Saari. 1992. An assessment of the potential of
Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici to cause yield losses in wheat on the
Anatolian Plateau of Turkey. Proc. 8th European and Mediterranean Cereal
rusts and Mildew Conference.
Results of the 6th International Winter Wheat Screening Nursery (6IWWSN),
1990/91. CIMMYT/Turkey.
Singh, R. P., T. S. Payne, P. Figuera and S. Valenzuela. 1992. Comparison
of the effect of leaf rust on the grain yield of resistant, partially
resistant and susceptible spring wheat cultivars. American Journal of
Alternative Agriculture.
--------------------
ITEM FROM UKRAINE
Remeslo Mironovka Wheat Institute, p/o Tsentralnoe, Mironovka dist.,
Kiev reg. 256816
L.A. Zhivotkov*, V.V. Shelepov, A.F. Melnikov, L.A. Kolomiyets, V.A.
Vlasenko*
The results of winter wheat breeding. Wheat breeding in Mironovka has
been carried out since 1915. During this period 32 varieties were submitted
to the State Commission for Testing Varieties and 15 were released.
The first winter wheat variety was Ukrainka known for its high
bread-making quality. It was cultivated in different regions of the country
since 1924 and in 1941 occupied an area exceeding 7 mln ha.
Presently, wheat breeding efforts are concentrated on winter hardiness,
drought resistance, short stature, resistance to diseases. Bread-making
quality is given very high priority.
The different methods are used in order to create genetic variability
for selection, such as crosses between diverse bread wheat germplasm,
interspecific crosses, change of the growth habit, selection within
varieties and mutagenesis. The main method is however intraspecific
hybridization. The majority of the varieties have been developed by this
method including those cultivated at present. These varieties include:
Volgogradskaya 84 - was released for Volgograd region in 1989. It combines
winter hardiness and drought resistance.
Komsomolskaya 56 was released for Western Siberia and Kazakhstan in
1990. It possesses high winter hardiness along with resistance to shattering
and drought. Mironovskaya Semiintensive is under the procedure of testing by
the State Commission. It is highly resistant to powdery mildew during all
growing season. Mironovskaya 27 was released for cultivation in 1992. It is
resistant to lodging and powdery mildew (score 7-9), has good bread-making
quality.
Varieties Volgogradskaya 84, Komsomolskaya 56 and Mironovskaya
Semiintensive have high grain quality: gluten content is 30-34%, alveograph
value - 300-420 a.u., loaf volume - 1150-1460 cm3.
One of the methods used in breeding is the transformation of spring
habit wheats into winter ones. The method was developed by Academician
V.N.Remeslo and gave rise to a number of varieties such as:
Mironovskaya 808 (transformed spring wheat Artemovka) occupied an area about
10 mln ha in the USSR. In the 70-s it was widely cultivated in Germany,
Poland, Czechoslovakia as well as in Hungary and Yugoslavia.
Mironovskaya 40 (transformed Siete Cerros 66) was releaseed in 1989. It is
resistant to lodging and rusts with very good bread-making quality.
Mironovskaya 29 (transformed BT 2288 from Tunisia). It is early maturing,
resistant to lodging and slightly affected by powdery mildew. Also
characterized by good bread-making quality. The variety is under official
testing procedure since 1991.
A considerable attention is paid to the method of intravarietal
selection using artificial inoculation of fungi or special screening methods
which simulate different environments. A number of varieties were developed
by this method - Mironovskaya 808 improved, Mironovskaya short-stature,
Mironovskaya 11, Mironovskaya 26. A new variety Mironovskaya ostistaya
(released in 1992) was created by individual selection from line
Erythrospermum 6204. It is resistant to lodging and leaf rust has superior
bread-making quality.
Complex problems for improving adaptability, yield and its stability,
resistance to stresses need cooperative efforts with colleagues from abroad.
Cooperation with breeders from Bernburg-Hadmersleben (Germany) started in
1970. The cooperative breeding programme resulted in four varieties released
in Mironovka (Mechta 1, Mechta 2, Mironovskaya 61, Mirleben) and two - in
Germany (Ramiro and Miraz). Mironovskaya 61 has been widely cultivated in
the Ukraine and Central Chernozem Zone of Russia since 1989. It has high
yield potential (yield of 10.4 t/ha was recorded in 1987). Strong straw
provides good resistance to lodging. It is attributed to "valuable"wheats as
far as bread-making quality is concerned. Variety Mirleben is also
high-yielding and resistant to lodging. It is not affected by powdery
mildew, moderately resistant to leaf rust, very tolerant to pre-harvest
sprouting. The variety was released for cultivation in Ukraine in 1992.
Cooperative breeding work with research institutions of Czecho-Slovak
Federative Republic began in 1976.Along with exchange of germplasm the
cooperative multilocational testing started from the first years of
cooperation. It enabled to select widely adapted material during short
period of time. One line was submitted to the State Commission under the
name of Mironovskaya 62. It is high-yielding (10.2 t/ha in 1987) with
superior
bread-making parameters: protein content is 14.2-15.5%, gluten content -
32-34%, gluten strength - 300-310 u.a., loaf volume - 1170-1300 cm3.
Cooperative research with the Institute of Wheat and Sunflower in
Dobrudzha (Bulgaria) started in 1985. This work also spread to Hungary,
France and Austria.
At present among the varieties bred in Mironovka the biggest area is
occupied by Mironovskaya 808. It is cultivated in Russia, Kazakhstan,
Belorussia, Baltic states and Ukraine. The most popular new varieties are
Mironovskaya 61, Volgogradskaya 84, Mirleben and others. The following table
represent the area occupied by winter wheat varieties bred in V.N.Remeslo
Wheat Institute.
-----------------------------------------------------------
| Area (mln ha)
Variety | Ukraine | USSR*
| 1992 | 1991 | 1991
-----------------------------------------------------------
Mironovskaya 808 0.119 0.162 2.220
Mironovskaya 61 0.817 0.805 0.847
Volgogradskaya 84 - - 0.189
Mironovskaya ubileinaya 0.004 0.001 0.133
Komsomolskaya 56 - - 0.009
Mironovskaya 40 0.003 0.007 0.007
Mironovskaya ostistaya 0.025 0.008 0.008
Mironovskaya 27 0.032 0.005 0.005
Mirleben 0.022 0.003 0.003
Others 0.004 0.013 0.025
Total 1.026 1.004 3.446
-----------------------------------------------------------
* including Ukraine
--------------------
ITEMS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM
Cambridge Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich.
K S Aitken, P Jack (Plant Breeding International Cambridge) and J W
Snape*
Tagging genes for higher levels of grain protein using molecular
markers. Previous studies of differences in grain protein amount in high
yielding UK winter wheats have shown the importance of genes on chromosomes
5A and SD. Indeed, using chromosome assay techniques, effects associated
with 5D accounted for more than half of the 2% difference between "high"
protein cultivar, Avalon, and "low" protein cultivar, Hobbit sib (AWN 1988).
Recent studies have concentrated on examining variation in other UK quality
wheats and applying molecular makers to tag presumptive "high protein"
genes.
Using backcross reciprocal monosomic analysis, variation for SA and SD
was examined in the UK quality wheats Mercia, Apostle, Avalon and Pastiche.
Results, over two seasons, confirmed the importance of SD, which, when
derived from any quality wheat, consistently increased protein over
homologues from feed wheats. This result was confirmed by developing and
assessing the grain protein content of the Hobbit sib (Avalon SD)
substitution line, which over three growing seasons had a grain protein
content about 1% higher than its recipient cultivar. Additionally, all SDs
from the quality wheats carried the gene Ha conferring grain hardness,
confirming the co-segregation of these traits in UK quality wheats. However,
not all of the quality cultivars carried a "good" SA, and indeed, genes on
SA from feed wheats often conferred higher grain protein levels than their
quality wheat homologues. Thus, for example, the Hobbit sib (Avalon SA)
substitution line consistently displayed a lower protein content than Hobbit
sib.
Mapping populations of single chromosome recombinant lines were
developed from crosses between the Hobbit sib (Avalon SA) and Hobbit sib
(Avalon SD) substitution lines and Hobbit sib, and screened with RFLP probes
known to be located on chromosomes of homoeologous group S. Over 75 clones
were screened but very few polymorphisms were detected, probably because of
the relatedness of the parental cultivars. Nevertheless, by using a range of
restriction enzymes, 19 polymorphic loci were mapped to SA, and 9 to SD. The
relationship between the protein content of the individual recombinant lines
and the marker locus variation was then examined. Variation for grain
protein in the SD population was discontinuous and suggested segregation of
a single major gene linked to markers located on the short arm, where it
mapped about 61 cM from the centromere. However, grain protein variation in
the chromosome SA recombinant population was continuous and QTL methods of
analysis had to be employed to locate the presumptive loci. These analyses
suggested the presence of two loci controlling grain protein content, one
distal on the long arm, unlinked to centromeric markers, and one on the
short arm about 50 cM from the centromere, and possibly homoeologous to the
major gene locus on SD. Overall, no close linkages between any of the
molecular markers and the protein loci were established which would enable a
gene tagging strategy to be yet employed to select for this trait.
--------------------
A J Worland*
Alternative dwarfing genes - Rhtl (Bezostava mutant). As part of a
continuing programme new dwarfing genes/alleles are being evaluated as
isogenic lines. A winter induced mutant of Bezostaya 1 has provided the most
important source of dwarfism in the former USSR commercial wheat cultivars.
The dwarfing gene in this cultivar (Krasnodari 1) has been shown to be an
allele of the Rhtl /Rht3 locus on chromosome 4B. Isogenic lines for this new
allele (Rhtl Bezostaya mutant ) have been developed in five varietal
backgrounds (Bersee, Bezostaya 1, Cappelle-Desprez, Maris Huntsman and
Mercia). Field tests were conducted in 1992 on spaced plants of dwarfs and
tall controls extracted after six backcrosses.
Initial results show the gene reduces height by an average of 26%,
ranging from 22% in CappelleDesprez to 30% in Maris Huntsman and Mercia.
These results indicate the new allele is intermediate in effect between Rhtl
and Rht3. In all varietal backgrounds the new allele significantly increased
the number of grains per spikelet (average increase 20%) and number of
grains per ear (average increase 20%). The allele has no effect on spikelet
number. Final plant yield showed interactions between the dwarfing gene and
varietal background ranging from a 32% yield increase in the tall background
of Bersee to a 40% decrease in the shorter background of Mercia. Final plant
yield was dependant mainly on the plant's ability to fill its grain.
Although grain size was always reduced in isogenics carrying the Bezostaya
mutant allele (average reduction 15%), the reduction was much larger in
shorter backgrounds like Mercia (-20%) than the taller backgrounds like
Bersee(-13%). It is anticipated that when the dwarf isogenics carrying the
Rhtl Bezostaya mutant allele are grown in larger drilled plots and given the
required nutrient inputs, the new allele could, with its associated
increases in spikelet fertility, have commercial potential in Western
European breeding programmes
--------------------
I P King, K A Purdie, H N Rezanoor, T E Miller*, S M Reader, P
Nicholson.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers specific to an alien
chromosome. Ten RAPDs specific to chromosome SEb of Thinopyrum bessarabicum
have been detected. Genomic in situ hybridization and conventional
cytological observations were used to confirm the location of these markers.
Six were found to be located on the SEb short arm and five to be located on
the long arm. RAPD markers have been used to confirm the identity of
putative (SA)SEb and (SD)SEb substitution individuals. Flourescent in situ
hybridization using a ribosomal DNA probe has confirmed that chromosome 5Eb
carries a nucleolus organizing region.
--------------------
I P King, T E Miller, S M Reader, K A Purdie
Detection of homoeologous recombination in wheat/alien hvbrids using
genomic in situ hvbridization. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) has been
used to study the nature of homoeologous recombination in crosses between
Triticum durum cv Creso, homozygous for the phl c mutation and Thinopyrum
bessarabicum. The relative frequencies of wheat/wheat and
wheatlTh.bessarabicum recombination were determined. Pairing between
apparently non-homologous Th.bessarabicum chromosomes was also observed.
GISH has proved a useful tool for assessing the potential for obtaining
homoeologous transfers between wheat and alien chromosomes.
--------------------
M Taeb (Seed and Plant Improvement Centre, Karadj, Iran), R M D
Koebner, B P Forster Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie).
Waterlogging tolerance in the Triticeae A number of Triticeae species
were tested for tiller production, shoot dry matter production and root
penetration in waterlogged soil, and Thinopyrum elongatum and Elytrigia
repens were shown to have better tolerance than wheat using these criteria.
There was at least partial expression of this exotic genetic variation in a
wheat genetic background in both the CS x Th.elongatum amphidiploid and in
the CS x E.repens hybrid. We were unable to colchicine double the latter
hybrid. Chromosomes 2E and 4E of Th.elongatum were identified as having
positive effects on root growth in waterlogged conditions. The positive
effect of the 4E chromosome addition was mimicked by tetrasomic lines
carrying extra doses of wheat homoeologues 4B and 4D, and it was concluded
that the beneficial effect contributed by the presence of 4E was probably
due to an increased dosage of group 4 chromosomes. However, the positive
effect of adding chromosome 2E to wheat could not be reproduced by added
doses of chromosomes 2A, 2B or 2D, suggesting that this alien chromosome
carries gene(s) for tolerance not present on its wheat homoeologues. This
gene(s) was further located to the long arm of chromosome 2E by testing
ditelosomic addition lines.
--------------------
S A Quarrie and A Steed, M Gulli and C Calestani (University of Parma,
Italy).
Genetic analysis of responses to environmental stresses. Work to locate
genes controlling high abscisic acid (ABA) production has continued using F2
plants from the cross between the spring wheats Chinese Spring (low QBA) and
SQ1 (high ABA). Further RFLP and isozyme markers on chromosomes 3BS and 5AL
have been scored in up to 140 of the F2 plants. A simple one-way analysis of
variance of genotype means using all the F2 plants failed to confirm the
effect on ABN found initially on chromosome 3BS using a subset of 48 plants
(AWN 1992, p 185). However, analysis of all F2 with an RFLP probe on
chromosome 5AL still showed a significant linakge with high ABA content. Two
other probles for chromosome 5AL have also shown significant association
with differences in ABA production using a subset of the F2 plants, though
the relative map positions of these probes was not as expected.
The parental genotypes being used for this work also differ
significantly in several other responses to environmental stresses. As well
as producing less ABA than SQ1 in response to drought stress, Chinese Spring
(CS) is much less sensitive to applied ABA than SQ1. The two genotypes
differ markedly in the relative responses of shoot and root growth to
drought stress and CS has much better salt exclusion and tolerance and frost
tolerance than SQ1./ These two genotypes are therefore ideal for studying
genes regulating responses to a range of environmental stresses. About 150
doubled haploid (DH) lines have been prepared from Fl plants from the cross
CS x SQ1 using the maize pollination method. The genotype of these lines is
currently being determined at loci for a range of isozyme and RFLP markers
that are polymorphic between the parents, concentrating initially on markers
for chromosome 5AL.
--------------------
P Nicholson, H N Rezanoor, A J Worland.
Chromosomal Location of Resistance to Septoria nodorum in a Synthetic
Hexaploid Wheat. Resistance to Septoria nordorum was investigated in
seedlings of Triticum dicoccum x Aegilops squarrosa amphiploid and in a
series of substitution lines of single chromosomes from this synthetic
hexaploid into Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring in three tests. From the
Ae. squarrosa parent (D genome), chromosome 5D was found to confer a high
level of resistance, reducing lesion cover to near that of the amphiploid in
the three tests. Chromosomes 3D and, to a lesser extent, 7D were also found
to confer significant resistance to the amphiploid. Three chromosomes, 2A,
3B and 5A, from the T.dicoccum parent (AB genomes) also conferred resistance
but to a lesser extent than 7D. Two chromosomes, 2B and 2D, caused a
significant decrease in resistance. Chinese Spring may thus carry on these
chromosomes genes for resistance to S.nordorum which are absent in the
synthetic hexaploid.
--------------------
Publications
Amer IMB, Worland AJ, Borner A. 1992. In vitro culture variation of wheat
and rye caused by genes affecting plant growth habit in vivo. Euphytica 61,
233-240.
Borner A, Worland AJ, Law CN. 1992. Chromosomal location of genes for
gibberellic acid insensitivity in "Chinese Spring" wheat by tetrasomic
analysis. Plant Breeding 108, 81-84.
Bozorgipour R. 1991. In: The Use of In vitro Techniques for Crop Improvement
in Cereals. PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge.
Bozorgipour R, Snape JW. 1991. In vitro selection of herbicide-tolerant
variants of wheat. In: Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops. Oxford,
Butterworth-Heinmann, 422-423.
Bozorgipour R, Snape JW 1991. The assessment of in vitro characters and
their influence on the success rates of doubled haploid production in
barley. Euphytica 58,137-144.
Chen DF, Dale PJ. 1992. A comparison of methods of delivering DNA to wheat:
the application of wheat dwarf virus DNA to seeds with exposed apical
meristems. Transgenic Research 1, 93-100.
Cheung WY, Moore GT, Money TA, Gale MD 1992. Hpall library indicates
'methylation-free islands' in wheat and barley. Theoretical and Applied
Genetics 84, 739-746.
Chinoy CN, Devos KM. Bringloe D, Gray JC, Gale MD, Dyer TA 1991. Chromosomal
location of the genes for ferredoxin in wheat, barley and rye. Theoretical
and Applied Genetics 82, 1-2.
Cox AV, Bennett MD, Dyer TA 1991. Use of the polymerase chain reaction to
detect spacer size heterogeneity in plant 5S-rRNA gene clusters and to
locate such clusters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Theoretical and Applied
Genetics 83, 684-690.
Devos K 1991. Genetic Mapping in Wheat, Rye and Barley. PhD Thesis, State
University of Ghent.
Devos K, Atkinson MD, Chinoy CN, Liu CJ, Gale MD 1991. RFLP-based genetic
map of the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of wheat and rye. Theoretical
and Applied Genetics 83, 931939.
Flintham JE, Gale MD 1991. Components of heterosis in dwarf hybrid wheat.
In: Report of the Third FAO/IAEA Research Coordination Meeting on Use of
Induced mutations in Connection with Haploids and Heterosis in Cereals. IAEA
323.D2.RC.351.3. Vienna, IAEA 25-31.
Forsyth SA, Koebner RMD 1991. Wheat endosperm high molecular weight albumins
and Bamylases; genetic and electrophoretic evidence of their identity.
Journal of Cereal Science lS, 137141.
Hyne G, Snape JW 1991. Mapping quantitative trait loci for yield in wheat.
In: Biometrics in Plant Breeding. Proceedings of the Eight Meeting of the
Eucarpia Section Biometrics in Plant Breeding, July 1-6 1991. Brno,
Eucarpia, 47-56.
Johnson R, Knott DR 1991. Specificity in gene-for-gene interactions between
plants and pathogens. Plant Pathology 41, 1-4.
Killan A, Gale MD 1991. Induction of RFLPs by mutagenesis. Cereal Research
Communications 19, 119-129.
King IP, Purdie KA, Miller TE, Law CN, Rogers WJ 1992. Exploitation of
chromosome 4SI, from Aegilops sharonensis, for the production of stable
44-chromosome wheat lines. Heredity 69, 160-165.
King IP, Koebner, RMD, Schlegel R, Reader SM, Miller TE, Law CN 1991.
Exploitation of a preferentially transmitted chromosome from Aegilops
sharonensis for the elimination of segregation for height in semidwarf bread
wheat varieties. Genome 34, 944-949.
Law CN, Worland AJ, Snape JW 1991. The use of aneuploids in wheat. In
Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Chromosome Engineering
in Plants. (Ed: Kimber G) Missouri University College of Agriculture,
409-64.
Leckie D, Snape JW 1991. The location and effects of genes modifying the
response of wheat to the herbicide difenzoquat. Journal of Agricultural
Science 118, 9-15.
Leitch AR, Schwarzacher T, Wang ML, Moore G, Heslop-Harrison JS 1991. Flow
cytometry of cereal chromosomes. Cytometry Supplement 5, 39.
Liu CJ, Gale MD 1991. Application of isoelectric focusing in the
characterisation of biochemical markers in hexaploid wheat. In: Proceedings
of the Second International Symposium on Chromosome Engineering in Plants.
August 13-15 1990. Columbia, University of Missouri, 325331.
Liu CJ, Atkinson MD, Chinoy CN, Devos KM, Gale MD 1991. Nonhomoelogous
translocations between group 4, 5 and 7 chromosomes within wheat and rye.
Theoretical and Applied Genetics 83, 305-3 12.
Manyowa NM, Miller TE 1991. The genetics of tolerance to high mineral
concentrations in the tribe Triticeae. EuphyticaS7, 175-185.
Masojc P, Gale MD 1991. a-amylase structural genes in rye. Theoretical and
Applied Genetics 82, 77 1-776.
Masojc P, Gale MD 1990. The factor modifying a-amylase isozyme pattern from
rye endosperm is an endogenous a-amylase inhibitor. Hereditas 113, 151-155.
Miller TE 1991. A cautionary note on the use of morphological characters for
recognising taxa in wheat (genus Triticum). In: Prehistoire de
l'agriculture: Nouvelles Approaches Expermentale et Ethnographiques. CRA
Monograph No 6 Paris, CRNR, 249-253.
Miller TE, Reader SM 1991. Polyploid meiocytes in wheat - a heritable trait.
Carylogia 44, 293299.
Moore G, Lucas H, Batty N, Flavell R 1991. A family of retrotransposons and
associated genomic variation in wheat. Genomics 10, 461-468.
Moore G, Cheung W, Schwarzacher T, Flavell R 1991. BIS 1, a major component
of the cereal genome and a tool for studying genomic organization. Genomics
10, 469-476.
Nicholson P, Rezanoor HN, Hollins TW 1991. Occurrence of Tapesia yallundae
on field and laboratory-inoculated material and evidence for recombination
between isolates. Plant Pathology 40, 626-634.
Nicholson P, Hollins TW, Rezanoor HN, Anamthawat-Jonsson K 1991. A
Comparison of cultural, morphological and DNA markers for the classification
of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Plant Pathology, 584-594.
Read JJ, Johnson RC, Carver BF, Quarrie SA 1991. Carbon isotope
discrimination gas exchange, and yield of spring wheat selected for abscisic
acid content. Crop Science 32, 139-146.
Schwarzacher T, Anamthawat-Jonsson K, Harrison GE, Islam AKMR, Jia JZ, King
IP, Leitch AR,Miller TE, Reader SM, Rogers WJ, Shi M, Heslop-Harrison JS
1991. Genomic in situ hybridization to identify alien chromosomes and
chromosome segments in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 84, 778-786.
Snape JW, Leckie DA, Metakovsky E, Miura H 1991. Genetic analysis of
different responses to phenylurea herbicides in wheat. In: Proceedings of
International Symposium 'Wheat Breeding Prospects and Future Approaches'.
(Ed: Panayotov I) Dobroudja, Institute for Wheat and Sunflower, 157-161 .
Snape JW, Ouyang JW, Parker BB, Jia SE 1992. Evidence for genotypic
selection in wheat during the development of recombinant inbred lines by
anther culture and single seed descent. Journal of Genetics and Breeding 46,
167-172.
Snape JW, Nevo E, Parker BB, Leckie D, Morganov A 1991. Herbicide response
polymorphisms in wild populations of Emmer wheat. Heredity 66, 251-157.
Snape JW, Leckie D, Parker BB, Nevo E 1991. The genetical analysis and
exploitation of differential responses to herbicides in crop species. In:
Herbicide Resistance in Weeds and Crops. (Eds: Casely JC, Cussans GW, Atkins
RK) Oxford, Butterworth-Heinemann, 305-317.
Sutka J, Worland AJ, Maystrenko OI 1991. Slight effect of the cytoplasm on
frost resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Cereal Research
Communications 19, 3211-317.
Tao YZ, Hu H, Snape JW 1991. Genetic analysis of M27, a wheat lR(lD)
substitution line, by backcross monosomic analysis. Journal of Genetics and
Breeding 45, 189-196.
Wang CL, Atkinson MD, Chinoy CN, Devos KM, Gale MD 1991. Comparative
RFLP-based genetic maps of barley chromosome 5 (lH) and rye chromosome lR.
Theoretical and Applied Genetics 84, 339-334.
Wang ML, Leitch, AR, Schwarzacher T, Heslop-Harrison JS, Moore G 1991.
Construction of a chromosome-enriched Hpall library from flow-sorted wheat
chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Research 20, 1897-1901.
Youssefian S, Kirby EJM, Gale MD 1991. Pleiotropic effects of the
GA-insensitive Rht dwarfing genes in wheat. 1. Effects on development of the
ear, stem and leaves. Field Crop Research 28, 179-190.
Youssefian S, Kirby EJM, Gale MD 1991. Pleiotropic effects of the
GA-insensitive Rht dwarfing genes in wheat. 2. Effects on leaf, stem, ear
and floret. Field Crop Research 28, 191-210.
--------------------
John Innes Institute, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UJ.
J S Heslop-Harrison, T Schwarzacher, A R Leitch, K Anamthawat-Jonsson
and co-authors.
Genomic in situ hybridization. We have continued to advance methods
using total genomic DNA as a probe to identify alien chromosomes and
chromosome segments in wheat lines by in situ and Southern hybridization.
Particular developments include expansion of the range and similarities of
species which can be separated, application of multiple labelling systems to
label different alien chromosomes in different colours, or to identify
cloned DNA sequences and alien chromosomes simultaneously, and use of
necleotides directly labelled with fluorochromes.
Isolation of species-specific sequences. Efficient strategies have
enabled us to clone repetitive DNA which differs greatly in sequence,
abundance and genomic distribution between Triticeae species. Such sequences
are being examined to find the modes of sequence and genome evolution and
diversification, as well as being used to look at alien chromosomes or
genomes in wheat and hybrids.
Sites of rDNA gene expression. We have studied sites and expression of
rDNA repeating units in wheat by in situ hybridization using light and
electron microscopy. Inactive condensed rDNA was found unassociated with
nucleoli, while active NORs had condensed rDNA associated with the nucleolar
periphery. Within nucleoli, decondensed and presumably active rDNA was
located within the dense fibrillar component, but not fibrillar centres.
Condensed rDNA was also found within the nucleous, so there was fragmented
decondensation. In contrast, rye showed only decondensed rDNA within the
nucleolus. Implying that expression involved largely terminal
decondensation.
Publications
Anamthawat-Jansson K, Heslop-Harrison JS. 1992. Species specific DNA
sequences in the Triticeae. Hereditas 116: 49-54.
Heslop-Harrison JS. 1991. Natural and artificial hybrids in the grasses. In:
Mulcahy D, BergaminiMulcahy G, eds Angiosperm Pollen and Ovules. New York:
Springer.
Heslop-Harrison JS . 1992. Molecular cytogenetics, cytology and genomic
comparisons in the Triticeae Hereditas 116:93-99.
Leitch AR, Mosgoller W, Shi M, Heslop-Harrison JS. 1991. Different patterns
of rDNA organization at interphase in nuclei of wheat and rye. Journal of
Cell Science 101: 751-757.
Schlegel R, Kynast R, Schwarzacher T, Romheld V, Walter A. 1991. Mapping of
genes for copper efficiency in rye and the relationship between copper and
iron efficiency. Proceedings of the VIIIth International Colloquium for the
Optimization of Plant Nutrition, 1. Sept. 1991, Lisbon, Portugal.
Schwarzacher T, Anamthawat-Jonsson K, Harrison GE, Islam AKMR, Jia JZ, King
IP, Leitch AR, Miller TE, Reader SM, Rogers WJ, Shi M, Heslop-Harrison JS.
1991. Genomic in situ hybridization to identify alien chromosomes and
chromosome segments in wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 84:778-786.
Wang ML, Leitch AR, Schwarzacher T, Heslop-Harrison JS, Moore G. 1991.
Construction of a chromosome-enriched HpaII library from flow-sorted wheat
chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Research 210: 1897-1901.
--------------------
PBI Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Stephen J. Brown.
Hunter Winter Wheat - Hunter was added to the UK Recommended List for
1993. It combines high yield potential, similar to Haven and Beaver, with
improved grain quality and very good all round resistance to diseases.
Hunter also has stiff straw, is early ripening and is a true winter wheat,
i.e. it is not safe for sowing after the end of January. The development of
Hunter was advanced using the single seed descent technique.
There is potential for reducing fungicide applications from that
commonly used on other varieties as Huner has very good resistance to yellow
and brown rust, mildew and Septoria nodorum; good resistance to Septoria
tritici and eyespot; and moderate to good resistance to fusarium ear blight.
The degree of resistance to diseases is reflected by Hunter having the
highest yield in UK National Trials when not treated with fungicides.
Hunter is soft milling with a high Hagberg Falling Number and good
specific weight. Protein content is similar to other animal feed type
varieties.
--------------------
Peter I. Payne
Several years ago, a near-isogenic line of Sicco (a hard milling,
strong mixing spring wheat cultivar) was developed that was deficient in HMW
glutenin subunits. The subunit composition of Sicco is 1, 7+9, 5+10 and its
isogenic line, containing only subunits 7+9, produced a very weak mixing
dough that was totally unsuited for making bread. This proves the
importance of HMW subunits in developing the strength and elasticity of
doughs that is so important in the bread-making process.
More recently we have transferred the apparent null alleles at the Glu-
D1 and Glu-A1 loci into the soft milling Galahad, a cultivar currently grown
in the UK. As expected, doughs produced by the Brabender Farinograph from
this isogenic line of Galahad (called Galahad-7 because it only contains one
HMW glutenin subunit, subunit 7) are very weak mixing, weaker than any
commercial variety that has been analyzed similarly. The dough is far too
weak, wet and sticky to be analyzed by the Brabender Extensograph unless it
is stiffened by adding salt and reducing water content. It then produces a
very weak and a very extensible dough that it is predicted to be highly
suitable for the production of semi-sweet biscuits, and non-fermented
crackers and wafers.
Galahad-7 produced the lowest SDS-sedimentation volume ever recorded at
the company and when doughs were washed with running tap water, virtually no
gluten was recovered. This demonstrates again the fundamental importance of
the HMW subunits in imparting dough strength. Galahad-7 was analyzed by
dot-blotting using a HMW subunit, DNA probe. The results show that the Glu-
D1 locus is actually deleted, whereas the Glu-A1 locus is still present, but
presented by a true null allele.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM THE UNITED STATES
ARKANSAS
University of Arkansas
R.K. Bacon*, E.A. Milus*, B.R. Wells, J.T. Kelly and D.G. Dombek
Production. According to the Arkansas Agricultural Statistics
Service, Arkansas farmers planted 950,000 acres and harvested 850,000 acres
of winter wheat in 1992. Average yield in the state was 46 bu/A accounting
for a total production of 39,100,000 bu. In recent years, dockages at the
elevator for low test weight and other problems have been subtracted from
the number of bushels instead of the price. The actual numbers of bushels
produced was probably higher because net bushels are now being reported.
Yields were very high due to the favorable weather and reduced diseases but
test weights were low in many areas.
Management. Field studies were conducted at three locations to
evaluate the response of six cultivars to spring N fertilization rates and
use of a foliar fungicide. At the location with a clay loam soil type with
a lower native soil N all of the cultivars responded to N rates up to 200
lb/A. At the Stuttgart location (silt loam soil), grain yields of all
cultivars was maximized with 120 lb N/A. The 120 lb N/A rate maximized
yields at the third location (silt loam soil) of all the cultivars except
`Wakefield' which increased yield with rates up to 200 lb/A.
Phosphorus timing studies were conducted at two locations. Phosphorus
response was noted onlyon the low P testing Crowley silt loam soil. At this
location, the addition of 60 lb/A of P(2) O(5) applied either preplant,
banded with seed, or topdressed anytime between October and early February,
increased grain yields by 20 bu/A (from approximately 70 to 90 bu/A).
Visual response to the P applications were noted within three to four weeks
after application. Biomass was increased over the winter two to three fold
as compared to the controls.
Mr. Don Obert completed research determining the possible allelopathic
effects of rice straw on a succeeding wheat crop. In general, he found that
the effects of the rice straw decreased as the time of decomposition
increased. Although wheat genotypic differences in tolerance to rice straw
were found, no differences in alleopathic effect were found in straw from
different rice genotypes.
Diseases. Stand establishment was good, and Fusarium seedling blight
was not a problem even though most of the seed lots contained shriveled,
scabby seed as a result of the severe scab epidemic in 1991. Symptoms of
soilborne viruses were widespread in northeastern Arkansas, the major area
of wheat production. Foliar diseases were less severe than usual because
weather from flag leaf emergence through milk stage was drier and cooler
than normal. In general, disease pressure was low, and it was an excellent
season for wheat production until harvest was delayed by rain for two weeks.
A test tube assay was developed to facilitate epidemiological studies
with Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens. Population size of a
rifampicin-resistant mutant of the pathogen on wheat leaves from the field
or in artificially inoculated leaves can be estimated by submersing the
leaves in tubes of antibiotic-amended broth medium, incubating the tubes on
a shaker at 25 C, and recording the time until initial turbidity of the
medium due to growth of the rifampicin-resistant mutant. Incidence of the
pathogen on individual seeds also can be determined. The technique has been
useful for determining the primary source of inoculum and population size of
the pathogen in various wheat cultivars.
An inoculation technique and disease reaction scales were developed
for rating wheat cultivars for resistance to X. c. pv. translucens. A
syringe with the needle replaced by a short piece of rubber tubing was used
to infiltrate a uniform amount of inoculum into leaves. The percentage of
watersoaking within the inoculation sites was rated on a 0-6 scale for
primary leaves of seedlings and a 0-4 scale for flag leaves of adult plants.
Ranking of cultivars for disease reaction was similar to ranking of
cultivars for disease severity in the field. Coker 983, FFR 525W, and
Florida 302 were among the most susceptible cultivars, and Terral 101,
Bayles, and Twain were among the most resistant cultivars.
A world-wide collection of X. campestris strains from cereals are
being evaluated for host range and fatty acid profile to determine if fatty
acid profile is related to host range. Strains that are pathogenic on wheat
are being tested for virulence on a set of 19 wheat cultivars to determine
if there is any evidence for race specific resistance.
Test Weight. Dr. Steve Schuler has completed a study determining
factors affecting test weight and their relationship to quality. Despite
removal of shriveled kernels prior to evaluation, considerable environmental
variation was still present among the quality parameters. The greatest
effect of the environment was on SEQ, and the least effect was found in
AWRC. Test weight was not correlated with flour yield but was significantly
correlated with flour protein content (r=0.54) as was kernel density
(r=0.49). Thousand kernel weight, diversity of seed size, proportion of
large seed, and average kernel length and width were not significantly
correlated with flour yield and quality. Test weight did not predict flour
yield in SRWW when shriveling was absent, but it was related to baking
quality due to its relationship to flour protein content. Also, kernel size
or size distribution did not affect end-use quality after shriveled kernels
were removed.
Of the seed and spike characters measured, only flour protein content
and the average number of seed within a spike were significantly correlated
to test weight (r=0.56 and r= -0.41, respectively) at P=0.05. Average
kernel length and width and the average number of seed per spikelet showed
weak negative correlations with test weight (r=-0.38, r=-0.35 and r=-0.35,
respectively) at P=0.10. Increasing kernel density was weakly associated
with increasing test weight (r=0.39 P=0.10). Thousand-kernel weight,
diversity of seed size, kernel length to width ratio, spike length, number
of spikelets per spike, and spike density were not directly related to test
weight.
Breeding and Genetics. The experimental line AR 26413B showed promise
in the state yield trials. It is one of the earliest maturing line in the
trials and showed excellent yield potential, particularly in the southern
part of the state. It has performed well in Louisiana in the Uniform
Southern Soft red winter wheat nursery. It is being tested in the 1992-93
Louisiana state variety trials, as a possible joint release between the
University of Arkansas and Louisiana State University.
Lines selected for high and low nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in two
populations, Keiser/McNair 1003 and Keiser/Saluda, were increased to begin
yield testing. An experiment was planted in the fall to study the
interaction of these lines with four rates of spring-applied N
fertilization.
The inheritance of metribuzin tolerance in four soft wheat cultivars
commonly grown in Arkansas is being continued by Mr. Robert Wright. The
study is also investigating the linkage of coleoptile color to metribuzin
tolerance in order to use it as a genetic marker.
Forty-two cultivars and experimental lines were tested in the small
grain performance tests at five locations in the state. Duplicate tests were
planted at each location. One test received standard management practices
whereas the other test received additional spring nitrogen and a foliar
fungicide. The mean yield of the high-input trials was 4.9 bu/A greater than
the mean of the standard trials. The top yielding cultivars in the high-
input trials were Wakefield, Mallard, Northrup King Coker 9803, Northrup
King Coker 9543, Saluda, and Freedom, all of which had an average yield
across locations of 103 bu/A or higher. The top yielding cultivars in the
standard-input trials were Freedom, Northrup King Coker 9543, Wakefield,
Northrup King Coker 9803, Northrup King Coker 9835, and Mallard, all of
which had an average yield across locations of 100 bu/A or higher.
Personnel. After completing his Ph.D., Dr. Steve Schuler has taken a
post-doc position at Kansas State University in sorghum breeding and
genetics.
Mr. Don Obert, who finished his M.S. degree in December, has taken a
research associate position with USDA-ARS in Manhattan, KS working in the
area of alfalfa genetics.
Dr. Susan Penix completed her dissertation on the epidemiology of
Septoria nodorum and has taken a post doctorate position at the University
of Missouri where she is working to incorporate scab resistance into soft
red winter wheat.
Dr. Agha Mirlohi left the pathology program to return to Iran where he
anticipates getting a faculty position at the University of Isfahan.
Mr. David Chalkley joined the pathology program as a research
assistant. Previously he was a research technician with the USDA small
grains program in Beltsville.
Publications
Bacon, R.K. 1992. Principles and methods of plant breeding (Book Review). J.
Nat. Resour. Life Sci. Educ. 21:184.
Bacon, R.K., D.G. Dombek, and J.T. Kelly. 1992. 1991-92 Arkansas small-grain
cultivar performance tests. pp. 31.
Bacon, R.K., S.F. Schuler, and J.T. Kelly. 1992. The interaction of cultiv-
ars on test weight in wheat blends. Cereal Res. Comm. 20:103-104.
Hattey, J.A., W.E. Sabbe, and B.R. Wells. 1992. Nitrogen timing on wheat
yields associated with the wheat monitoring program. p. 35-38. In W.E.
Sabbe, editor. Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 1991. Arkansas Agric. Exp.
Stn. Research Series 421.
King, S.R., and R.K. Bacon. 1992. Vernalization requirement of winter and
spring oat genotypes. Crop Sci. 32:677-680.
King, S.R., and R.K. Bacon. 1992. Comparison of northern spring and southern
winter oat cultivars in spring plantings in Arkansas. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn.
Bull. 930.
Mahmood. T., R. C. Gergerich, E.A. Milus, C. P. West, and C. J. D'Arcy,
1993. Incidence of barley yellow dwarf viruses in wheat, endophyte-infected
and endophyte-free fescue, and other hosts in Arkansas. Plant Disease (in
press).
Mascagni, H.J., Jr., E.D. Vories, R.K. Bacon, E.A. Milus, and P.L. Finney.
1992. Effect of soil moisture regime, fungicide, and cultivar on wheat grain
yield, test weight, and baking and milling quality. Ark. Agric. Exp. Stn.
Bull. 934.
McKinney, N. V., R. K. Bacon, E. A. Milus, and D. Dombek, 1992. Arkansas
wheat performance tests and variety selection -1992. Univ. of Ark. Coop.
Ext. Serv. Fact Sheet. 10 p.
Milus, E. A., T. L. Kirkpatrick and J. K. Mitchell. 1992. Principle wheat
diseases and control. Univ. of Ark. Coop. Ext. Serv. Fact Sheet 6 p.
Milus, E. A. and A. F. Mirlohi 1992. Differentiating levels of bacterial
stripe resistance in wheat by disease reaction. (abstr.) Phytopathology
82:1113.
Milus, E. A. and A. F. Mirlohi, 1993. A test tube assay for estimating
populations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens on individual wheat
leaves. Phytopathology (in press).
Milus, E. A., A. F. Mirlohi, C. E. and Parsons. 1992. Evaluations of foliar
fungicides on wheat, 1991. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 47:202.
Milus, E. A., Parker, P. and Holt, W. 1992. Evaluation of fungicide seed
treatments to improve performance of wheat seed produced in wet
environments. Proc. Ark. Agric. Pest. Assoc. 30:20.
Milus, E. A. and C. S. Rothrock 1993. Rhizosphere colonization of wheat by
selected soil bacteria over diverse environments. Can. J. Microbiol. (in
press)
Milus, E. A., C. S. Rothrock, and M. L. Rhoads, 1992. Biological control of
Pythium root rot of wheat. Ark. Farm Res. Vol. 41, No. 4, Pg. 4-5.
Milus. E. A., C. S. Rothrock and M. L. Rhoads 1992. Control of Pythium root
rot of wheat in the field with bacterial seed treatments. (abstr.)
Phytopathology 82:1128.
Mirlohi, A. F. and E. A. Milus 1992. Comparison between growth chamber and
field evaluations of bacterial stripe resistance in soft red winter wheats.
(abstr.) Phytopathology 82:1130.
Obert, D.E., R.K. Bacon, and B.R. Wells. 1992. Alleopathic effect of rice
straw on a succeeding wheat crop. Agron. Abstr. American Society of
Agronomy, Madison, WI. p. 152.
Penix, S. E., E. A. Milus and E. E. Gbur Jr. 1992. Progress of Septoria
nodorum infection on susceptible and moderately resistant wheat cultivars.
(abstr.) Phytopathology 82:1113.
Wells, B.R., R.K. Bacon, and M.L. May. 1992. Intensive management studies
with wheat. p. 21-34. In W.E. Sabbe, editor. Arkansas Soil Fertility
Studies 1991. Arkansas Agric. Exp. Stn. Research Series 421.
Zablotowicz, R. M., R. E. Hoagland, E. A. Milus, and C. S. Rothrock 1992.
Glutathione S-transferase activity in rhizosphere competent bacteria.
(abstr.) Phytopathology 82:1067.
--------------------
CALIFORNIA
Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California,
Riverside
Dave Barnhart, Christine A. Curtis, Bahman Ehdaie, Adam J. Lukaszewski,
M. Sadehdel-Mogaddam, Malik M. Rafi, Shakir H. Shah, and J. Giles Waines
Genetic analyses of transpiration efficiency, carbon isotope
discrimination, and growth characters in bread wheat (Ehdaie, Barnhart,
Waines)
Transpiration efficiency (W = total dry matter/water transpired) in
bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has not been improved during the last
decades, mainly because of a lack of an effective selection method
applicable in breeding programs. Recently, carbon isotope discrimination
(D) has been suggested as a criterion to select for improved W. A
successful breeding program for improving W in bread wheat requires
knowledge of inheritance of W, of D, and of genetic association between W
and D. Contrasting parents, `Chinese Spring' and `Yecora Rojo', and their
F1 and F2 generations were grown in replicated pot experiments in a
glasshouse under well-watered and water-stressed treatments. Genetic
correlations between W and D were negative in both wet (-0.36*) and dry
(-0.77**) environments, as the theory predicted. Transpiration efficiency
(W) was positively correlated with shoot dry matter, root dry matter, total
dry matter, and grain yield under wet and dry conditions. Generation means
analysis indicated significant additive and dominance variation for W and D
under wet and dry environments with additive variance accounting for more
than 85% of total variation observed among the generations. Broad-sense
heritabilities of W and D were 0.78 and 0.94 under wet conditions and 0.69
and 0.86 under dry conditions, respectively. Our results indicated that D
could be used as an indirect selection criterion to advance W under
water-stressed conditions in the early segregating generations.
--------------------
Growth and water-use efficiency among lines nearly isogenic for three
reduced-height genes (Ehdaie, Waines)
The two most commonly used reduced-height genes of wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) are Rht1 and Rht2. The Rht3 gene is also a potent dwarfing
gene. Information is limited as to the comparative effects of these genes
on water-use efficiency and related traits. Four homozygous near-isogenic
lines, rht, Rht1, Rht2, and Rht3 in `Maringa' background and four of their
near-isogenic F1 hybrids were used to determine the effects of dwarfing
genes on plant traits under well-watered and droughted pot experiments in
the glasshouse. Rht1 and Rht2 reduced height by 20%, and Rht3 by 52% under
both wet and dry conditions. Rht3 had the most negative effects on all
traits examined when water was not limited. Rht1 and Rht2 had similar
negative effects on number of tillers, grain weight, shoot dry matter, and
total dry matter; but showed positive effects on number of grains, root dry
matter, and harvest index in wet conditions. The negative effects of the
dwarfing genes, in general, were less under droughted than under
well-watered conditions. However, in some cases, the negative effects
increased or even were reversed. The relationships between plant height and
total biomass, grain yield, transpiration efficiency, and water-use
efficiency were positive. Harvest index was negatively associated with
height. Sources of dwarfness in wheat that lack the negative effects of the
Rht1, Rht2, and Rht3 genes on plant characters are worth exploring.
--------------------
Inheritance of carbon isotope discrimination and agronomic characters
in a spring wheat cross grown in the field (Ehdaie, Waines)
Significant variation was detected in transpiration efficiency (W =
total dry matter/water transpired) in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Improved W should result in greater water-use efficiency (WUE = grain
yield/evapotranspiration) and therefore increased yield in water-stressed
environments. Carbon isotope discrimination (D) has been proposed as a
criterion to select for improved W. Knowledge of inheritance of D is
important to plant breeders. This study was conducted to determine the
inheritance of D, plant height (PH), number of spikes (NS), and number of
grains (NG) per plant, grain weight (GW), grain yield (GY), aboveground dry
matter (AGDM) per plant, and harvest index (HI) in a spring wheat cross,
`Chinese Spring' x `Yecora Rojo.' Parents, F1, F2, and backcross
generations were evaluated under well-watered and water-stressed field
conditions at Moreno Valley, California, in 1989. Significant variation was
observed among the generations for PH, NS, NG, GW, and D under well-watered
conditions and for PH, NS, GW, GY, AGDM, and HI under water-stressed
conditions. Generation x irrigation interactions were significant only for
NS, NG, and HI. Generation mean analyses indicated that additive gene
action is of primary importance in the expression of these traits except
AGDM. Dominance gene action was detected for PH, GW, D, GY, and AGDM, and
the direction of dominance was toward higher values of these traits.
Narrow-sense heritabilities were moderately high for PH (0.83 and 0.66) and
for D (0.60), but were somewhat lower for NS (0.49 and 0.39), for GW (0.45
and 0.32), for NG (0.34), for AGDM (0.46), for HI (0.26), and for GY (0.25).
The correlation coefficient between D and AGDM (-0.62) and between D and GY
(-0.47) were moderate under well-watered field conditions, but they were not
statistically significant due to a small number of degrees of freedom
associated with these coefficients. The significant additive variation and
moderately high estimate of narrow-sense heritability observed for D
indicate that selection in early segregating generations under well-watered
conditions should be effective in reducing D and thus improving W in spring
bread wheat.
--------------------
Genetic variation within and between populations of Triticum urartu
(Sadehdel-Mogaddam, Ehdaie, Waines)
Dr. Mohammad Sadehdel-Mogaddam from Department of Agronomy, Tabriz
University, Iran, spent his sabbatical leave at UC Riverside studying the
genetic variation within and between populations of T. urartu under field
conditions using isozyme marker genes and agronomic characters. He also
conducted field experiments to measure the extent of genetic variation
existent within and between tetraploid and hexaploid spring wheat
populations collected in southwestern Iran (Khuzestan Province) and in
southeastern Iran (Bluchestan Province). The pure lines collected from
these landrace populations of wheat from Iran were also evaluated for
different growth and agronomic traits. The interrelationships between grain
yield components and grain yield for these lines will be determined using
path-coefficient analyses.
--------------------
Drought resistance in wheat relatives and their additions lines
(Shakir, Waines)
Drought is one of the major environmental factors reducing grain
production of rainfed wheat in semi-arid regions. The morphological and
physiological basis of drought resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
cv. `Chinese Spring', rye (Secale cereale L.) cv. `Imperial', barley
(Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. `Betzes', and accession G870 (Dasypyrum villosum)
and their derived disomic addition lines were studied in the field and
glasshouse under nonstressed and stressed conditions. The four parental
genotypes were first compared with each other for their performance in the
field. Results from water-stressed conditions showed that Imperial rye was
superior for plant height, aboveground biomass, grain yield and its
components such as number of spikelets, and florets per main spike. Chinese
Spring wheat and Betzes barley were intermediate in performance for most of
the plant characters studied. Dasypyrun villosum G870 was a poor entry for
the characters studied.
The glasshouse studies of root dry matter, total biomass, the amount of
water used, and water-use efficiency also confirmed the field results.
Imperial rye was assumed to be the most drought resistant because it
produced larger root dry matter and total biomass while it consumed a
smaller amount of water. Dasypyrum villosum was assumed to be drought
sensitive because it showed lower means for water-use efficiency, root dry
matter, and consumed a larger amount of water. Chinese Spring wheat and
Betzes barley were intermediate.
The disomic addition lines were primarily used to study the effect of
alien chromosomes of Imperial rye, Betzes barley, and Dasypyrum villosum
G870 on the recipient genome of Chinese Spring wheat and to identify alien
chromosome(s) carrying gene(s) which are responsible for the improved
adaptation to water-stressed conditions. Among Chinese Spring wheat and the
disomic addition lines, those for Imperial rye chromosome 2 and Betzes
barley chromosome 4 had better performance over the other genotypes for
aboveground biomass, number of tillers, number of spikes, root dry matter,
amount of water consumed, and water-use efficiency. These alien chromosomes
may carry loci which are responsible for the expression of plant characters
that confer drought resistance. Grain yield data suggested that rye
chromosome 2 also carries undesirable gene(s) which cause partial floret
sterility. However, these gene(s) are not present on Betzes barley
chromosome 4, because the disomic addition line for 4H had significantly
higher grain yield than other disomic addition lines.
--------------------
Wheat Cytogenetics (Curtis, Lukaszewski)
We have demonstrated previously that recombination in the B-genome
chromosomes of wheat is concentrated in distal chromosome regions and
virtually absent from proximal regions, and that the frequency of
recombination increases exponentially with distance from the centromere.
Concentration of recombination in distal segments probably results from the
telomeric initiation of meiotic pairing, which provides greater opportunity
for formation of distal chiasmata. The coefficient of interference in short
adjacent segments averaged 0.81, while interference over the entire
recombining portion of chromosome arms averaged 0.57. When the data were
re-analyzed, a linear relationship was found between interference and
physical distance along the chromosome arms. It suggests that in the
B-genome, there may be a lower limit of physical distance between adjacent
cross-overs of about 1 micron (approx. 5.53 x 108 DNA bp).
Distribution of chiasmata was studied in a large sample of metaphase I
cells and was found to parallel the distribution of recombination. This
indicates that there may be no chiasma terminalization in wheat. The data
also suggested that there may be substantial differences in interference
values between A, B, and D genomes.
As a consequence of recombination skewed toward distal regions of
chromosomes and strong positive chiasma interference, some strong linkages
observed in wheat may be due not to physical proximity of genes, but to
their location in chromosome regions where recombination is effectively
absent. Such linkages may not be broken even if large populations are
screened, thus limiting the variation available to breeders. A study was
undertaken to determine if premeiotic applications of colchicine could
change the normal pattern of recombination and the level of interference.
Five markers on chromosome 1B were used: telomeric C-band, Gli-B1, Gli-B6
on S, centromere, and Glu-B1 on L. Following application of 1 x 10-5 M
aqueous colchicine solution with 1% DMSO 2-3 days before MI, the overall
frequency of recombined chromosomes in backcross progeny decreased from 49
to 35%, as expected, but the frequency of chromosomes with double
cross-overs increased from 3.9 to 10.9%. This indicates that colchicine
reduced the level of chiasma interference. Taken on relative basis, the
proportion of proximal to distal recombination also changed dramatically in
favor of proximal cross-overs. This demonstrates that the pattern of
recombination can be changed experimentally, but it is not clear at this
point whether this approach can be used to break unfavorable linkages in
breeding programs.
Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid
was studied in hybrids of resistant hexaploid triticales PI 386148 and
Brumby with susceptible wheat. In PI386148, which is based on Secale
montanum, the major gene for resistance was located on chromosome arm 4RLm.
However, a possibility cannot be entirely ruled out that another gene may
also be involved. In Brumby, a satisfactory level of resistance was found
only in plants with both chromosomes 3R and 6RL present. Because two
chromosome arms are involved, and both have mixed homoeology to wheat
chromosomes, transfer of RWA resistance from triticale Brumby to wheat would
be difficult.
Several sets of lines of Pavon wheat with substitutions and
translocations involving rye chromosomes were developed. All lines have had
seven backcrosses to Pavon and come with their sister lines without
substitutions/translocations as controls. Three substitutions: 1R(1A),
1R(1B) and 1R(1D) were produced by monosomic shift from a 1R(1D)
substitution in the CIMMYT line E12165. Consequently, all three
substitutions involve the same chromosome 1R. The same chromosome 1R was
used to produce translocations lines 1RS.1AL, 1BS.1RL, and 1RS.1DL. In
addition, translocations 1RS.1AL of Amigo, 1RS.1BL of Kavkaz origin (via
Genaro, a Veery line), another 1RS.1BL of unknown origin and two different
1RS.1DL translocations, and a 5RS.5BL translocation were transferred to
Pavon and homozygotes selected. Complete chromosomes 1B and 1R were
reconstructed in Pavon from a 1RS.1BL translocation of Kavkaz origin. The
reconstruction was accomplished by centric misdivision and fusion in a
double monosomic 20" + 1RS.1BL + 1BS.1RL. The reconstructed chromosome 1B
has its short arm from Pavon and the long arm from Genaro; reconstructed
chromosome 1R has its short arm from Genaro (hence from Kavkaz) and its long
arm from E12165. The lines with the reconstructed chromosomes should allow
the localization of yield-increasing factors in the 1RS.1BL translocation.
Also, a 1RS.1AL translocation involving the same 1RS arm present in the
Kavkaz translocation can now be produced. Several additional wheat-rye
translocations involving arms of rye chromosomes 2R, 3R, 5R and 6R are in
various stages of backcrosses to Pavon. A BC7 disomic substitution of Ae.
speltoides chromosome 7S for 7A was developed in Pavon. Chromosome 7S
carries resistance to leaf rust, greenbug, and appears to reduce
susceptibility to black point. Recombination between 7A and 7S has been
induced by the ph1b mutation.
--------------------
Triticale cytogenetics (Curtis, Lukaszewski)
In triticale Rhino the total number of single substitutions of D-genome
chromosomes was brought up to 17. Substitutions 7D(7B), 3D(3R), 4D(4R), and
7D(7R) are still missing. The set of monosomics was advanced by two
generations. In triticale Presto, the total number of single
D-substitutions was brought up to 16. Substitutions 4D(4A), 6D(6B), 7D(7B),
4D(4R), and 7D(7R) are still missing. Two disomic addition lines, of 2D and
4D, were developed. Monosomics were advanced by two generations.
To transfer the Glu-D1 gene from chromosome 1D to chromosome 1A
homoeologous recombination was induced between the long arms of the two
chromosomes in triticale Rhino using two different sources of 1DL. Among a
number of recombinant chromosomes 1A recovered five carry the d allele of
Glu-D1 (encoding for HMW glutenin subunits 5+10) and eleven carry the a
allele (subunits 2+12). It appears certain that the recombinants involving
the a allele are interstitial; those involving the d allele require
additional tests. The recombination frequency between 1D and 1A approached
that expected for a pair of homologues. The recombined chromosomes 1A.1D
with the Glu-D1 gene are being transferred to several different triticale
lines, and to bread and durum wheats. Together with the recombined
chromosomes 1R.1D that also carry the Glu-D1 gene it should be possible to
introduce the Glu-D1 gene to durum wheats, to produce hexaploid triticales
with two or four doses of Glu-D1 and breadwheats with up to six doses of
Glu-D1.
Publications
Curtis, C. A. and A. J. Lukaszewski. 1993. Localization of genes in rye
that restore male fertility to hexaploid wheat with timopheevi cytoplasm.
Plant Breeding (in press).
Curtis, C. A. and A. J. Lukaszewski. 1993. The effect of colchicine on the
distribution of recombination and chiasma interference in wheat. Proc. 3rd
ITMI Meeting, CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico (in press).
Ehdaie, B., D. Barnhart, and J. G. Waines. 1993. Genetic analyses of
transpiration efficiency, carbon isotope discrimination, and growth
characters in bread wheat. In J. R. Ehleringer, A. E. Hall, and G. D.
Farquhar (eds.), Stable Isotope and Plant Carbon/Water Relations. Academic
Press, San Diego (in press).
Ehdaie, B. and J. G. Waines. 1992. Heat resistance in wild Triticum and
Aegilops. J. Genet. & Breed. 46:221-228.
Ehdaie, B. and J. G. Waines. 1992. Water requirement and transpiration
efficiency of primitive wheats: A model for their use. The International
Workshop: Evaluation and Utilization of Biodiversity in Wild Relations and
Primitive Forms for Wheat Improvement. Oct. 10-15, Aleppo. Syria.
Ehdaie, B. and J. G. Waines. 1993. Variation in water-use efficiency and
its components in wheat: I. Well-watered pot experiment. Crop Sci. (in
press).
Lukaszewski, A. J. and C. A. Curtis. 1992. Recombination pattern and
chiasma interference in tetraploid wheat. In S. Rajaram, E. E. Saari, G. P.
Hetter (eds.), Durum wheats, challenges and opportunities. Wheat Special
Report No. 9. Mexico, D.F. CIMMYT, pp. 174-177.
Lukaszewski, A. J. and C.A. Curtis. 1993. Distribution of recombination in
B-genome chromosomes of tetraploid wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. (in press).
Rafi, M. M., B. Ehdaie, and J. G. Waines. 1992. Quality traits, carbon
isotope discrimination and yield components in wild wheats. Annals of
Botany 69:467-474.
Shakir, H. S. 1992. Drought resistance in wheat relatives and their
addition lines. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of California, Riverside.
--------------------
COLORADO
Colorado State University
J. S. Quick, G. H. Ellis, R. Normann, K. Nkongolo, A. Saidi, J.
Stromberger, H. Dong
Production. The 1992 Colorado winter wheat production was 69.0 million
bushels, 97 percent of the 1991 crop, and the yield average was about 26
u/a. Hard red spring, soft white spring and durum wheats were collectively
grown on about 50,000 acres. Leading cultivars were TAM 107, Lamar, Baca,
Scout 66, Hawk and Sandy. The most significant 1992 production factors were
the damages caused by an early winter freeze in northeastern Colorado and
extremely dry conditions during March and April (tillering and jointing
stages).
Breeding program. Several new winter wheats were evaluated for
potential release and 'Jules' a semidwarf HRWW tested as CO860094, was
released for northeastern Colorado. It is superior to other cultivars in
grain yield, leaf rust resistance, winter hardiness, coleoptile length, and
hail resistance. Jules is superior to TAM 107 in baking quality and leaf
rust resistance. Two advanced HRWW lines, CO880210 and CO900777, performed
very well in 1992 Colorado tests, and along with 8 RWA-resistant lines, are
under breeder seed increase for possible release in 1994 pending final seed
increases and evaluation.
Selection progress was made for grain yield, grain volume weight,
winter hardiness, resistance to shattering, drought tolerance, WSMV
resistance, and bread-making quality. Cultivar performance trials and
Russian wheat aphid evaluations were conducted statewide.
Russian wheat aphid. The Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) damage
and cost in 1992 was about $5.0 million. The accumulated losses since 1986
in Colorado are about $96.4 million. The aphid overwinters in Colorado and
survives the dry summer on native and introduced grasses. Much project
activity was associated with Russian wheat aphid (RWA) research where
excellent cooperation resulted in useful information for improvement of RWA
resistance in wheat. The first field studies to determine the economic
injury level on a resistant wheat line were conducted at Fort Collins. RWA
infestations resulted in significant yield reduction on susceptible wheat,
but not on the improved resistant wheat.
Resistance to the RWA has been transferred from triticale to wheat
lines by backcrossing. Resistance to the RWA in three Russian triticale
lines is controlled by the same single dominant gene in each line. This gene
has been transferred into wheat, and in situ hybridization studies with a
rye-specific DNA probe showed that Secale montanum is the rye parent of the
triticales. A clear association was established between the 4R chromosome
and resistance to the RWA. Other genetic studies on allelism among different
sources of resistance will allow efficient gene pyramiding into new
cultivars.
Field tests of 112 T-57-derived resistant F6 lines at 5 locations in
eastern Colorado identified 46 lines with cultivar potential for 1993 tests.
Evaluation of their agronomic, disease and bread-making properties suggests
possible resistant cultivar release in 1994.
Publications
Sun, Q.X., and Quick, J.S. 1991. Chromosomal locations of genes for heat
tolerance in tetraploid wheat. Cer. Res. Commun. 19:431-437.
Nkongolo, K.K., Quick, J.S., and Peairs, F.B. 1992. Inheritance of
resistance of three Russian triticale lines to the Russian wheat aphid. Crop
Sci. 32:689-692.
Nkongolo, K.K., Lapitan, N.L., and Quick, J.S. 1992. Association of Russian
wheat aphid resistance and rye DNA detected by in situ hybridization in
triticale x wheat hybrids. Agron. Abstr., p. 109. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison,
WI.
Saidi, A., and Quick, J.S. 1992. Inheritance of three winter wheats to the
Russian wheat aphid. Agron. Abstr. p. 113. Am. Soc. Agron., Madison, WI.
Quick, J.S. 1991. Aphid-resistant variety released. Colorado Wheat Farmer.
33 (No.4):1.
Quick, J.S. 1991. Yuma is new CSU wheat variety. Colorado Wheat Farmer.
33(No.4):2-8.
Quick, J.S., Nkongolo, K.K. and Peairs, F.B. 1992. Breeding wheat for
resistance to the Russian wheat aphid. p. 74-78. IN: Proc. Fifth Russian
Wheat Aphid Conference, Fort Worth, TX.
Nkongolo, K.K., Quick, J.S. and Peairs, F.B. 1992. Transfer of Russian wheat
aphid resistance from 6x triticale to common wheat. p. 79-82. IN: Proc.
Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, Fort Worth, TX.
Saidi, A., Quick, J.S., and Peairs, F.B. 1992. Effects of plant water stress
and plant resistance on RWA damage in winter wheat. p. 130-135. IN: Proc.
Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference, Fort Worth, TX.
Kroening, M.K., Peairs, F.B., Quick, J.S., and Shanahan, J.F. 1992. Economic
injury level for Russian wheat aphid on a resistant wheat line in Colorado.
Entom. Soc. Am. Annual Meeting.
Peairs, F.B., Quick, J.S., and Echols, J.E. 1992. Research progress on wheat
aphid control. Colorado Wheat Farmer. 34(No.1):4.
--------------------
GEORGIA
J. W. Johnson,* B. M. Cunfer,* J. J. Roberts,* G. D. Buntin, and R. E.
Wilkinson
The 1992 Georgia winter wheat crop was grown on about 425,000 harvested
acres and produced an average of 44 bushels per acre. Favorable fall and
winter temperatures resulted in good growth. Grain yields were above
average due to favorable winter and spring growing conditions. However, at
harvest ten days of wet weather conditions resulted in low test weight and
some sprouting.
Drought. A study was conducted to determine the effect on plant water
relations and growth when some roots grow into dry soil. Part of the roots
grew in fully irrigated soil on one side of the partition while the rest of
the roots grew into a very dry (-4.1 MPa) soil on the other side of the
partition. Some roots were found in the dry side already at 21 DAE at a
soil depth of 15 to 25 cm. Soil water potential around these roots was 0.7
to -1.0 MPa at midday. Therefore, water apparently flowed from the plant
into the dry soil. It was concluded that the exposure of a relatively small
part of a plant root system to a dry soil may result in a plant-to-soil
water potential gradient which may cause severe plant water stress, leading
to reduced plant growth and yield.
Winter Cover Crop. Non-legumes (small grains, rape, and forage
turnip) were capable of scavenging 50 to 100 kg N/ha, and were far superior
to winter annual legumes in recovery of profile nitrate. Recovery of 15N-
labeled nitrate from the soil profile was nearly 100% for rape, greater than
85% for rye, about 60% for the weeds, but less than 10% for crimson clover.
On the instrumented tile-drained site, first year results show that a rye
cover crop reduced nitrate leaching by reducing drainage volume by a third,
and nitrate concentrations by more than half (0.8 vs. 21.6 ppm N 1111, rye
and fallow, respectively). Overall, summer nitrate concentrations of the
drainage effluent tended to be lower where rye was grown the previous winter
than where the land had been left fallow.
Hessian Fly in Wheat. Damage by the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor
Say) was limited in Georgia in the 1992 season, because most fields were
planted with resistant cultivars and/or treated at planting with a systemic
insecticide. The effect of spring infestations of the Hessian fly on grain
yield of winter barley was studied during a severe outbreak in 1988-1989.
Hessian fly reduced grain yield of winter barley when spring infestations
exceeded 1.0 larva/culm or 40% infested culms. Yield was reduced mostly by
a reduction in seeds per spike which was caused by a reduction in spikelets
per spike. The cultivar 'Anson' and two breeding lines, UGA 761522 and UGA
761786RA22, were found to be highly resistant to prevalent biotypes (E, G,
M, & 0) in Georgia. The first generation of the European corn borer
(Ostrinina nubilalis (Hubner)) infests winter wheat in the spring.
Tunnelling by 95% of larvae occurred in the peduncle which reduced grain
weight by 45% mostly ba reduction in weight per seed. Field infestations
were well below the estimated infested culms needed to justify control.
Plant Pathology. A selective agar medium was developed for isolation
of the wheat biotype of Stagonospora nodorum from wheat seed. The medium is
composed of a minimal nutrient medium plus antibiotics and three fungicides
to suppress other seedborne bacteria and fungi. The advantages of the
medium compared with oxgall agar are improved recovery of S. nodorum,
sporulation of colonies in 7-10 days, and lower cost of ingredients. S.
nodorum does not sporulate on oxgall agar. The medium was modified for
optimal recovery of the barley biotype from barley seed. The wheat biotype
also was isolated from barley seed from Georgia, North Carolina, and
Maryland. These results indicate that barley can be a reservoir for the
wheat biotype of S. nodorum.
A book was completed on the seedborne diseases of wheat by S.B. Mathur
and Barry M. Cunfer (see publication list). The chapters were written by an
international group of wheat pathologists with expertise in seed pathology.
The book contains detailed information on pathogen identification, disease
diagnosis, the role of seedborne inoculum in the epidemiology of each
disease, seed health testing, and methods for control. It is illustrated
with numerous color photographs. The book is published by the Danish
Government Institute of Seed Pathology for Developing Countries and will be
available in 1993. Persons interested in purchasing a copy should write to
the Danish Institute at P.O. Box 34, Ryvangs Alle 78, DK-2900 Hellerup,
Copenhagen, Denmark.
Cereal Rust Research. Cereal rust epidemiology research and surveys
were continued from the Gulf Coast to the Ohio Valley from March to June.
New virulences occur rapidly in the Southeast, limiting the effective life
of a new cultivar to 3-5 years, fostering much greater use of fungicides
throughout the Region. In western Kentucky, 30 fields observed between
Hopkinsville, KY and Evansville, IN, had obviously been sprayed. Popular
cultivars, although susceptible, remain in use due to the effectiveness of
modern fungicides. Other diseases of cereals detected during survey
activities throughout the Southeast this past season included severe powdery
mildew early in the season, typical glume blotch late in the crop year and
generally more loose smut than in past years. A substantial increase in the
prevalence and severity of damage from the cereal leaf beetle, Oulema
melanopus L. was noted in many areas this season.
The sixth year of the interstate highway nursery survey technique has
been completed and the seventh year planted. The three years each of "off-
season" and "on-season" data are currently in manuscript review for
publication. The technique is promising for cereal rust surveys supplying
both incidence, severity and virulence information. Additional applications
of this technique for detecting other pests of cereals or additional crops
are being evaluated. Thirty-one samples were collected and sent to Urbana
for Barley Yellow Dwarf virus assay last summer. Twelve tested positive for
BYDV. Another preliminary trial indicated the technique is also suitable
for detecting viruses on peanuts.
Further research on the role of epicuticular wax components continued
with field studies at St. Paul, MN and with cooperating scientists at CIMMYT
in Mexico. CIMMYT nurseries in Mexico at Ciudad Obregon, El Batan and
Touluca offer unique opportunities for rust control experiments. The
following patent abstract describes the recently-granted patent covering the
proposed method of rust control.
Patent No. 226608 ABSTRACT
"Methods for inhibiting rust infections of plants"
"Methods are provided which will inhibit leaf rust infections of
plants, especially wheat. Non-membrane penetrating compounds are used as
inhibitors of the enzymes used by the leaf rust germ tubes to ingest and
metabolize components of epicuticular waxes. These compounds disrupt the
extracellular sulfhydryl bonds in leaf rust proteins which are involved in
the utilization and transport of epicuticular wax components by leaf rust
germ tubes during the preinfection process. Limiting the capacity of the
germ tubes to obtain metabolites from the surface waxes effectively limits
the frequency of successful infections since only those food reserves stored
in the urediniospores are available to sustain germ tube growth until a
stomate is reached. Methods are delineated whereby the non-membrane
penetrating compounds are prepared and applied in order to reduce the amount
of infection."
Wheat leaf pubescence which has been shown to interfere with normal
infection processes of wheat leaf rust, also exhibits similar effects on
three other rust species, crown, stem and stripe rust. The germplasm
cultivar, Combo, has leaf hair dense enough to disrupt germ tube growth of
four cereal rust species. The mechanism of this disruption is not yet
known, but may be related to the extremely high levels of Calcium which
occur at the base of the leaf hairs.
Publications
Blum, A. and J.W. Johnson. 1992. Transfer of water from roots into dry
soil and the effect of wheat water relations and growth. 1992. Plant and
Soils 145:141-149.
Buntin, G. D. 1992. Damage by the European corn borer (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae to winter wheat. J. Entomol. Sci. 27:361-365.
Buntin, G. D., and P. L. Raymer. 1992. Response of winter barley yield and
yield components to spring infestations of the Hessian fly (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae). J. Econ. Entom. 85: 2447-2451.
Buntin, G.D., S.L. Ott, and J.W. Johnson 1992. Integration of plant
resistance,insecticide, and planting date for management of Hessian fly in
winter wheat. J. Econ. Entom. 85:530-538.
Bruckner, P.L., R.D. Barnett, D.D. Morey, J.W. Johnson, B.M. Cunfer, P.L
Raymer, G.D. Buntin, R.L. Smith, and A.R. Soffes. 1992. Sunland: A new
high yielding triticale for the Southeast. University of Georgia
Agricultural Experiment Station Res. Rpt. 603.
Cunfer, B. M. 1992. Leptosphaeria. pp. 64-66. In: Methods for research on
soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. Singleton, L. L., Mihail, J. D., and Rush,
C. M. (eds.). APS Press. St. Paul, MN 265 pp.
Cunfer, B. M., and J. B. Manandhar. 1992. Use of a selective medium for
isolation of Stagonospora nodorum from barley seed. Phytopathology 82:788-
791.
Hargrove, W.L., J.W. Johnson, J.E. Box, Jr., and P.L. Raymer. 1992.
Recovery of soil nitrate by winter cover crops. p. 17. Abstract Southern
Br ASA.
Hargrove, W.L., J.W. Johnson, J.E. Box, Jr., and P.L. Raymer. 1992. Role
of winter cover crops in reduction of nitrate leaching from agricultural
soils. No. 15. Designing Tomorrow's Sustainable Environment Today. Proc.
Univ. System Symp. on Research, Athens, GA.
Hargrove, W.L. J.W. Johnson, J.E. Box, Jr., and P.L. Raymer. 1992. Role of
winter cover crops in reduction of nitrate leaching. p. 114-119. Proc.
Southern Conserv. Tillage Conf., Jackson, TN.
Johnson, J. W., and R. E. Wilkinson. 1992. Wheat growth response of
cultivars to H+ concentration. Plant and Soils 146: 55-59.
Johnson, J. W., B. M. Cunfer, P. L. Bruckner, J. J. Roberts, and G. D.
Buntin. 1991. Registration of `Georgia 100' wheat. Crop Sci. 31:491-492.
Long, D.L., J.J. Roberts, J.F. Schafer, J.W. Johnson, H.A. Fowler, JR., and
B.M. Cunfer. 1992. Registration of six leaf rust resistant soft red winter
wheat germplasm lines. Crop Sci. 32:1514-1515.
Long, D. L., A. P. Roelfs and J. J. Roberts. Virulence of Puccinia recondita
f. sp. tritici in the United States during 1988-1990. Plant Dis.
76:495-499. 1992.
Manandhar, J. B., and B. M. Cunfer. 1991. An improved selective medium for
the assay of Septoria nodorum from wheat seed. Phytopathology 81:771-773.
Mathur, S. B., and B. M. Cunfer (eds.). 1993. Seed-borne diseases and seed
health testing of wheat. Danish Government Institute of Seed Pathology for
Developing Countries. Copenhagen. (in press).
McMillin, D.D., J.W. Johnson, and J.J. Roberts. 1992. Linkage of a
biochemical marker to a leaf rust resistance gene. International Crop
Science Congress, Ames, IA. July 14-22, p S33.
Roelfs, A. P., D. H. Casper, D. L. Long and J. J. Roberts. Races of
Puccinia graminis in the United States in 1989. Plant Dis. 75:1127-1129.
1991.
Roberts, John J. and Barry. M. Cunfer. Diseases, In: 1990-91 Small Grain
Performance Tests. The University of Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station
Research Report #604, 1991.
Roberts, J.J., J.W. Johnson, and D.L. Long. 1992. Effect of cultivar
deployment on leaf rust virulence in the Southeastern United States.
Agronomy Abstr. p. 112.
Spradlin, T., J. Youmans, D. V. Phillips, and B. M. Cunfer. 1991. A simple
and inexpensive system for collection of data at remote locations. Plant
Dis. 75:645-647.
Wilkinson, Robert E., and John J. Roberts. Barriers in the wheat leaf rust
preinfection phase. 1993. Book chapter in: Plant Response Mechanisms to the
Environment.
Yocum, J. A., and B. M. Cunfer. 1992. Effects leaf age on components of
partial resistance to Stagonospora nodorum on wheat. (Abstr.)
Phytopathology 82:1179-1180.
Yocum, J.A. 1992. Components of partial resistance to Leptosphaeria nodorum
in winter wheat. Ph.D. thesis. 185 pp.
Personnel: Dr. Phil Bruckner has taken a position in the wheat breeding
program at Montana State University. Bingru Huang has started a Post-Doc
position in the Crop and Soil Sciences Department where she will be
conducting research in the area of root physiology.
--------------------
IDAHO
University of Idaho, Moscow and Aberdeen
R. Zemetra*, E. Souza*, S. Guy*, S. Quisenberry, D. Schotzko, M.
Lauver, M. Heikkinen, Malik Rafi, and Mohammed Fida
Production. The 1992 Idaho winter wheat production was 52 million
bushels, a 6% increase from 1991. The increase can be attributed to
favorable winter conditions that allowed a greater number of acres to be
harvested. Seventy-five percent of the production was soft white winter
wheat with the rest being hard red winter wheat. Due to the mild winter
conditions and low precipitation in spring, foliar diseases were not a
problem in most areas. Low precipitation did reduce yields and test weights
in some areas causing a reduction in average bushels per acre produced in
the state. Statistics for the Idaho winter wheat production for the last
five years are shown below.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Acres Acres Yield Prod.(bu)
Planted Harvst.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
x1000 x1000 bu/ac x1000
------------------------------------------------------
1988 820 770 66 50,820
1989 880 810 70 56,700
1990 960 920 75 69,000
1991 870 700 70 49,000
1992 870 800 65 52,000
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Personnel. Dr. Juliet Windes joined the Aberdeen wheat breeding
program in September as an assistant breeder. Dr. Windes recently completed
her Ph.D. at the University of Illinois in plant pathology. Karen Dempster
transferred from the Moscow wheat breeding program to the barley enhancement
program. Jennifer Hansen joined the Moscow breeding program in October as a
Laboratory/greenhouse technician. Luis Pierola completed his masters degree
and returned to his wheat breeding position in Bolivia.
Germplasm Releases. Two winter wheat populations segregating for a
Dominant male sterile gene were released as germplasms in 1992. These are
unimproved populations of intermated genotypes that form a base population
for genetic selection. Idaho Intensive Management Male Sterile Population,
Cycle 0 (IDIMMS-C0) is a population generally adapted to intensive
management based on intermating Idaho breeding lines, European winter
wheats, and Southern Mid-Western hard red winter wheats that performed well
in irrigated trials at Aberdeen, Idaho. IDIMMS-C0 has a high frequency of
alleles for resistance to stripe rust and a low frequency of resistance
alleles to dwarf bunt and leaf rust. The second population, Idaho Snow Mold
Male Sterile Population, Cycle 0 (IDSMMS-C0) has a high frequency of snow
mold resistance alleles and the dwarf bunt resistance alleles Bt5, Bt8, Bt9,
Bt10, and Bt12. Background genotypes for IDSMMS-C0 includes Idaho hard red
winter wheats, snow mold resistance sources, and for quality improvement,
'Plainsman V' derivatives.
Russian Wheat Aphid. Progeny from backcross populations with Russian
wheat aphid (RWA) from several resistant sources were tested in the field
for RWA resistance. Several lines of both spring and winter wheats were
identified with resistant equivalent to the resistant accession. Evaluation
for agronomic performance of these lines was initiated in both Moscow and
Aberdeen.
A crude RWA extract was used to screen for somaclonal variants with
improved RWA resistance. Modest levels of resistance were still present
after two generations based on greenhouse evaluation for RWA resistance.
Research by Malik Rafi, Ph.D student, demonstrated that changes occurred in
callus growth and protein profiles of callus from resistant and susceptible
wheat accessions after treatment with fractionated RWA extract.
Snow Mold. Research by Fida Mohammed, Ph.D. student, has confirmed
earlier research correlating Total Non-structural Carbohydrate (TNC) of
crown tissue to snow mold tolerance in winter wheats. TNC was quantified
using a revised method of the Nelsons Colorimetric Sugar Assay. The TNC
content of cultivars estimated on growth chamber reared plants chilled at 4
C for 2 weeks was correlated to the survival of those cultivars in field
trials with moderate to severe snowmold survival.
Publications
Guy, S.O., M. Heikkinen, B. Zemetra, andM. Lauver. 1992. Variety Development
in Idaho. University of Idaho, Cooperative Extension System, Current
Information Series No. 976.
Quisenberry, S., C.M. Smith, D.J. Schotzko, R.S. Zemetra, and E.Souza. 1992.
Wheat resistance to Diuraphis noxia and effects of preconditioning host
plants. Proceedings XIX Intern. Cong. of Entomol. Beijing, China. p. 184d.
Pierola, Luis. 1992. Improving selection for yield in wheat by nearest
neighbor adjustment and path coefficient analysis. Master's thesis.
University of Idaho.
Rafi, M., and R.S. Zemetra. 1992. Differential response of resistant and
susceptible wheat calli culture to Russian wheat aphid phytotoxin. Abst.
World Cong. on Cell and Tissue Cult. in In Vitro 28: 92A.
Smith, C. Michael, Dennis Schotzko, Robert S. Zemetra, and Edward J. Souza.
1992. Categories of resistance in wheat plant introductions resistant to
the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85:1480-
1484.
Souza, E., and D.W. Sunderman. 1992. Pair-wise superiority of winter wheat
genotype for spring stand. Crop Sci. 32: 938-942.
Souza, D., D.W. Sunderman, and J. Tyler. 1992. Registration of 'Vandal'
wheat. Crop Sci. 32: 833-834.
Souza, E., D.W. Sunderman, J. Whitmore, and K. O'Brien. 1992. Registration
of 'Survivor' wheat. Crop Sci. 32: 833.
Souza, E. J. Tyler, and K. O'Brien. 1992. Registration of 'Idaho Dark
Northern Spring, Cycle 0' wheat germplasm. Crop Sci. 32: 290-291.
Souza, E., C.M. Smith, D.J. Schotzko. and R.S. Zemetra. 1991. Greenhouse
evaluation of red wheats for resistance to the Russian wheat aphid
(Diuraphis noxia, Mordvilko). Euphytica 57: 221-225.
Souza, E., P.N. Fox, D. Lee, B. Skovmand, S. Rajaram, and J. Crossa. 1992.
Changes in spring wheat diversity in Pakistan and Northern Mexico estimated
from coefficients of parentage. Abst. First Intern. Crop Sci. Cong. Crop
Sci. Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, p. 85.
Zemetra, R.S., D.J. Schotzko, C.M. Smith, and M. Lauver. 1993. In vitro
selection for Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia) resistance in wheat
(Triticum aestivum). Plant Cell Reports (in press).
Zemetra, R.S., M.M. Rafi, and K. Dempster. 1992. Effects of abscisic acid
in wheat calli culture. Agr. Abst. p. 199.
Zemetra, R. J. Johnson, S. Quisenberry, G. Knudsen, E. Souza, D. Schotzko,
C.M. Smith, E. Bechinski, M. Feng, S. Schroeder-Teeter, M. Rafi, Z. Wang,
and G.H. Lee. 1992. Developing integrated control strategies for the
Russian wheat aphid in wheat. Abst. First Intern. Crop Sci. Cong. Crop Sci.
Soc. Amer., Madison, Wisconsin, p. 84.
--------------------
Camas Wheat Breeding, Moscow ID Plant Breeders 1, Moscow ID
W.K. Pope (CWB) and Wayne McProud (PB1)
Tolerance to dry land footrot. There was severe drought stress in the
1991-92 wheat breeding plots near Culdesac, Nez Perce county, ID. The root
disease pattern changed from the usual mixture of Cercosporella and
Cephalosporium to an unidentified disorder presumed to be dryland footrot,
Fusarium spp. The main symptoms were weak roots, reduced vigor and yield
with smaller, thinner seeds. The surprise was that Weston CI17727 which
usually has moderate yields at this location, became the superior variety.
No other commercial hard red winter wheat was grown. In 7x7 hill plot yield
trials only seven of 32 entries, previously selected for tolerance to
Cephalosporium, were equal or superior to Weston. Four of these seven lines
(from seven entries) were from the family Weston/"Bare". Bare was selected
originally for tolerance to Rhizoctonia and has a complex pedigree in which
PI178383 occurs four times and the European wheats Staring and Odin occur
once each. A second wheat clearly superior was Sel-l of Weston/Louvrin-24.
Sel-l has been superior in many soil disease situations in northern Idaho
except against Cephalosporium. In derivatives of the first backcross,
Weston/Sel-l, a few head clumps were recovered that had both good yield and
plump seed, implying additive interactions of Weston and Louvri~-24 genetic
components for tolerance to this disorder.
White winter wheat. Wayne McProud (FBl). Superior selections were found
at different frequencies according to the hierarchy of the selection
nursery. In advanced 7x7 hill plot yield trials 57 out of 110 entries had 50
percent or higher yields than the mean of the Stephens and Daws checks which
had poor yields. In a more preliminary nursery nine out of 150 entries were
50 percent better and in the beginning screening trials 128 of approximately
4000 entries had 50 percent higher yield than the mean of the checks. These
derivatives trace to crosses with F2 selections from an Oregon State
University--CIMMYT International Wheat Population. Selection in the
screening trial was based on root strength as determined by the plant's
resistance to being pulled out of the ground. These results imply the
presence of genes influencing tolerance to this trouble can be followed
using conventional yield comparisons.
--------------------
ILLINOIS
F.L. Kolb* and E.D. Nafziger, Dep. of Agronomy; W.L. Pedersen*, Dep. of
Plant Pathology; W.H. Brink, Cooperative Extension Service, University
of Illinois
Production. Farmers in Illinois planted 1.45 million acres (587,000
hectares) of soft red winter wheat in the fall of 1991. In early November,
temperatures fell sharply, resulting in the death of most or all plants in
many fields in the northern part of the state. This was followed by some
excessively wet soil conditions and another freeze in March, after the crop
had begun to grow. As a result, only about half of the crop was rated
"fair" or better in early April, and eventually about 350,000 acres (140,000
hectares) of the crop were abandoned. Because of the thin stands, the May 1
official estimate of yield for the state was 49 bushels per acre (3,300
kg/ha), dropping to only 42 bushels per acre (2,830 kg/ha) by June 1. The
spring conditions were extremely favorable, however, with cool temperatures
and little rainfall during May and June. The final harvested yield was 54
bushels per acre (3,640 kg/ha), and test weights were very high. Despite
the late harvest of summer crops, producers planted about 1.65 million acres
(668,000 hectares) of wheat in the fall of 1992. At mid-winter, the
condition of the crop appears to be quite good.
Management Research and Cultivar Evaluation (E.D. Nafziger). We again
conducted N rate studies in eleven farm fields in areas where the wheat
survived the winter. The crop was much more responsive to N than in 1991;
the average optimum N rate was found to be about 88 lb N per acre (99 kg
N/ha) applied in the spring, following about 21 lb N per acre (23 kg N/ha)
in the fall. Planting rate x seed size x seed treatment studies conducted
at two locations showed very little effect of these variables on grain
yield.
Cultivar comparisons were planted at six locations, with an average of
about 60 entries per location. Entries consisted of advanced lines from the
University of Illinois breeding program, public varieties, and commercial
entries. Three of the six locations were lost to the fall freeze. Yields
at the two southernmost locations were extremely high, with several
cultivars yielding more that 100 bushels per acre (6,700 kg/ha) at each
location. A report of performance of commercial cultivars was distributed
in early August. Copies are available on request.
Cultivar Development (F.L. Kolb). Trials to evaluate experimental
breeding lines were planted at three locations, but the freeze in early
November killed all plants at two of the locations. About 125 experimental
breeding lines were evaluated at the surviving location. Approximately 220
preliminary breeding lines were also evaluated at that location. Yields
were excellent and test weights were high. Some septoria leaf blotch
occurred but was not severe.
Evaluation of Seed Treatment Fungicides (W.L. Pedersen and W.H. Brink).
Three seed lots of Cardinal having 52, 57, or 62 lb/bu test weight were
treated with eight fungicide seed treatments and evaluated at three
locations in Illinois in 1992. The level of scab infection was 23%, 14%,
and 4% for the 52, 57, and 62 lb/bu seed lots, respectively. Fall and
spring stands were not significantly different among the seed treatments or
among the seed lots. Yields were significantly affected by test weight at
only one location; however, seed treatments increased yields for all seed
lots at all locations. There was no significant difference among the eight
seed treatments. Mean yields for the fungicide treatments averaged across
all test weights, ranged from 71.6 to 73.6 bu/a, with the nontreated control
having a yield of 66.3 bu/a.
Evaluation of Wheat Cultivars for Resistance to Septoria nodorum (Wayne
L. Pedersen) . We tested several wheat cultivars and experimental breeding
lines for resistance to the foliar phase of Septoria nodorum under
greenhouse conditions using the technique described by Hagbord in 1970 (Can.
J. Bot 48:1135-1136). Several cultivars showed no symptoms following
inoculation at the seedling stage. Of the cultivars tested, Caldwell had
the largest lesions and the shortest latent period. This project is
continuing and greenhouse data will be compared with field reactions in
1993.
--------------------
INDIANA
H. W. Ohm, H. C. Sharma, I. M. Dweikat, S. A. Mackenzie, D.
McFatridge, F. L. Patterson (Dept. Agronomy), G. Shaner, R. M. Lister, D. M.
Huber, G. Buechley (Dept. Botany and Plant Pathology), R. H.
Ratcliffe, R. H. Shukle, G. Safranski, S. Cambron (USDA-ARS and Dept.
Entomology), Purdue University
Production. Farmers in Indiana planted 800,000 acres (324,000 hectares)
of soft red winter wheat in the fall of 1991. The harvested wheat area of
450,000 acres (182,000 ha) in 1992 was 63% of that in 1991. Total production
in 1992 was 22.5 million bushels (613,000 metric tons), 78% of production in
1991. Average yield in 1992 was 50 bu/acre (3.36 m-tons/ha) compared to 40
bu/acre (2.69 m-tons/ha) in 1991. Clark, Cardinal, and Caldwell were the
three leading public cultivars, occupying 22, 15, and 12% of the wheat area,
respectively. Private cultivars occupied 45% of the wheat area, compared to
36% in 1991.
Season. Wheat seeding progressed more rapidly than normal, and was
complete by the end of October. The large abandonment of acreage for
harvest resulted from severe and extensive winter killing. During the last
10 days of October, daily high temperatures ranged from 59 to 76 F (15 to 24
C), and lows were generally above 52 F (11 C). On November 8 and 9
temperatures dropped to 7 F (-14 C). This abrupt and unusual drop in
temperature resulted in almost complete killing of foliage in many fields.
During mid-November temperatures were again consistently above freezing,
with daily lows ranging from 35 to 55 F (2 to 13 C), and wheat resumed
growth. Another blast of cold air hit Indiana on November 25, followed by a
week of unseasonably warm temperatures. These two episodes of extreme cold,
circumscribed by unusually warm weather, resulted in extensive winter
killing. The first cold episode, striking before wheat had hardened off,
stressed the plants and killed some of them outright. During the
intervening warm period, Rhizoctonia cerealis invaded the senescent tissue.
The buildup of this fungus on the abundant substrate of dead leaf tissue,
and the additional stress of the second cold episode, allowed the fungus to
invade crown and root tissue, and by early December it was evident that
wheat in many fields was dead. Many variations in severity of winter kill
were observed within and among fields, but differences in tillage, cultivar,
soil type, or field exposure could not be consistently associated with
winter hardiness. Wheat sown exceptionally early or exceptionally late
survived better. This may have been because of insufficient leaf tissue
available for initial saprophytic invasion by R. cerealis of late sown
wheat, which was barely in the 1-leaf stage when the November freezes
occurred. There was less winter killing when cattle manure had been applied
preplant, in the lower sedimented areas of sandy fields, or within the leaf
drop area of trees in fence row areas. Lower levels of disease were
correlated with higher tissue concentrations of Zn. There was enough Zn in
the cattle manure and sedimented soils to account for the observed effect;
however, the higher Zn in wheat (disease and non-disease conditions) growing
adjacent to tree-lined fence rows apparently resulted from the increased
availability of Zn by mycorrhizae on the trees and its greater availability
for wheat during leaf mineralization. Resistance to Rhizoctonia was
correlated with higher Zn and carbohydrate levels in plant tissues, and
those environmental or biological conditions which increased its
availability.
Many fields that survived the winter sufficiently to warrant harvest
had irregular stands. As the season progressed, the average crop condition
improved as poorer fields were destroyed. Wheat heading and maturity were
somewhat later than average.
Disease surveys. Wheat diseases were generally not as severe as in the
previous two years. Some fields in southern Indiana had heavy infestations
of aphids and yellow dwarf was severe. Septoria leaf and glume blotch were
present in many fields. Leaf rust appeared early in southern Indiana, but
remained at a rather constant and low level. Fusarium head scab was
sporadic.
Insect surveys (Safranski and Cambron).
Based on a survey of 206 fields in 55 Indiana counties, there was less
Hessian fly infestation in 1992 than in 1991. For 1992, 28.6% of fields
were infested, and 2% had an infestation level of at least 10%. The mean
percentage infestation for all wheat varieties sampled was 1.5%, and the
number of puparia per 100 stems was 2. This was the third year that Hessian
fly infestations have remained low in Indiana following a sharp increase in
1989. Thirty entries in the Uniform Hessian Fly Nursery were evaluated in
Arkansas, Georgia, and South Carolina (total of 8 trials). Fly populations
at Plains and Tifton, Georgia were highly virulent to H3 and H5 genes for
resistance. No infestation was recorded on wheat entries with H7H8, H9H10,
H12 and 2RL genes for resistance at the Georgia locations.
Cultivar and germplasm development.
Two soft red winter wheat lines, P811670A9-10-6-7-63 and P8138I1-16-2-
2-1-1-3-3 were released. They will be named in the summer of 1993.
P811670A9-10-6-7-63 will be released as a certified cultivar. Its pedigree
is Caldwell//Beau/Kavkaz, and it carries the 1B/1R translocation. This line
is resistant to powdery mildew, moderately resistant to leaf rust, resistant
to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus, and slightly more resistant to
Septoria leaf and glume blotch than Caldwell and Clark, but not as resistant
as Auburn. P811670A9-10-6-7-63 is about 2 days later in maturity than
Caldwell and it has excellent milling and baking quality. P8138I1-16-2-2-1-
1-3-3 will be released under a license program, like earlier releases INW
8841 and INW 8852. It is similar in appearance to Auburn, but has better
yield potential. It is moderately resistant to wheat spindle streak mosaic
virus, resistant to powdery mildew and leaf rust, and a degree of resistance
to Septoria leaf and glume blotch similar to Auburn's. Germplasm lines
homozygous for several genes for resistance to Hessian fly were released
(see details under Hessian fly section). Eight known genes for resistance to
Hessian fly were backcrossed into Newton susceptible wheat (Patterson, Maas,
Foster, Ratcliffe, Cambron, Safranski, P. Taylor, Ohm). Representative
lines for genes H3, H5, H6, H9, H10, H11, H12, and H13 are in the process of
germplasm release. Seed has been furnished to the National Small Grains
Collection, Aberdeen, ID. Plant identification numbers PI 562612 through PI
562619 have been assigned. Proposed names have been cleared. A crop
registration manuscript has been prepared and will be submitted to Crop
Science. The lines are being used to identify DNA markers for some of the
genes. Additional germplasm, determined to be homozygous resistant to
biotype L of the Hessian fly, is also available for sharing (Maas).
Biotype L is the most virulent biotype described. Plants were selected
for low vernalization requirement in the greenhouse, so these lines will
probably have some adaptation to the deep south of the U. S. We expect that
selection for winter habit and winter hardiness in future generations will
yield types well adapted to the entire soft red winter wheat region. These
lines are:
IN93HF307 is an F2 plant selection from the cross Boone/FL85267-G15-PG9-3.
FL85267-G15-PG9-3 has the parentage: Ella//FL74265/FL7924/3/FL 303 Sib.
Ella is the source for the H9 gene. ( FL indicates University of Florida
origin). IN93HF265 is an F2 plant selection from the cross PSR Exp.
A916/8686A1-8. 8686A1-8 is a Purdue University germplasm line with the
parentage: 72482/Beau//66203/Sullivan/3/Auburn*2/Parker 76. Parker 76 is
the source for the H18 gene. IN93HF391 is a BC2F2 plant selection from the
cross FL85238-G94-6 *3/KS86HF012-23-6. KS86HF012-23-6 is a germplasm
release from Kansas State University that is the source for the H21 gene
(2RL/2BS translocation). IN93HF407 is an F2 plant selection from the cross
Boone/3/FL7925-G47-J10-L1-N1//KS86HF012-23-6/FL85238-G28-G4. IN93HF622 is an
F2 plant selection from the cross 2580//FL85238-G94-6 *2/KS86HF012-23-6.
Wheat breeding. A few breeding lines survived the winter to some
degree, and selections were made in these for early maturity, short straw,
and tolerance to yellow dwarf. It is possible that these lines will show
superior winter hardiness. Fungal disease development in surviving plants
was inadequate for selection. Among lines selected were progeny from
crosses to combine leaf rust resistance (either hypersensitivity or slow
rusting) with resistance to Septoria blotch and yellow dwarf. Many of the
F2 populations from crosses made in the fall of 1990 were lost; residual
seed will be used to regrow these populations. The transfer of several
genes conferring resistance to prevalent biotypes of Hessian fly, and of
genes conferring resistance to Fusarium graminearum (head scab), Septoria
tritici and Stagonospora nodorum (Septoria leaf and glume blotch), Erysiphe
graminis (powdery mildew), Puccinia recondita (leaf rust), and barley yellow
dwarf virus into adapted wheat lines was continued.
Genetics of slow rusting (Shaner and Buechley). Slow rusting wheat CI
13227 was crossed with fast rusting wheat Suwon 92. We evaluated parents,
F1, F2, and both back cross generations for slow rusting in the greenhouse.
The distribution of latent period for each generation was normal, except for
the backcross to Suwon 92. Distributions for F2 and both backcrosses were
broader than distributions for parents and the F1. At least two genes
appear to control latent period in this cross, and additive and dominance
effects make about an equal contribution to genetic variation.
Durability of slow-rusting resistance in wheat. Graduate student Jeff
Lehman found that leaf rust isolates selected for shortened latent period on
slow-rusting cultivar CI 13227 caused 4-11% higher average rust severity on
CI 13227 in the field than did the original wild-type population of leaf
rust. Based on a yield reduction study in the greenhouse, we estimate that
these selected isolates could reduce yield 2-5% compared to wild-type on CI
13227.
Two other Indiana populations of leaf rust (881-WT and 882-WT) were
subjected to selection for shortened latent period on slow-rusting wheats SW
72469-6 and CI 13227. Selection decreased latent period by 2-4 days on
these varieties. Jeff found that sporulation, pustule size, and pustule
expansion rate are better predictors of epidemiological parameters in the
field than is latent period or infection frequency.
Adult-plant hypersensitivity to leaf rust (Shaner and Buechley). In
the spring of 1992, crosses were made between various Purdue breeding lines
with complex leaf rust resistance and other elite lines to combine this
effective leaf rust resistance with resistance to Septoria blotch and high
yield potential.
Septoria leaf and glume blotch Crosses were made between new
accessions resistant to Septoria tritici and susceptible wheats or known
resistant lines, to determine the inheritance of resistance in the new
accessions and the relation between their genes for resistance and known
genes for resistance.
We are cooperating with Dr. Peter Ueng (USDA, ARS, Beltsville) in
investigations of S. tritici and S. nodorum, and of resistance to these
pathogens in wheat at the molecular level. Dr. Ueng was able to detect
RFLPs among isolates of S. nodorum from various geographical regions with
several probes made from genomic DNA from an isolate of S. nodorum from New
York. From Dwight Bostwick's Ph.D. thesis research, three chromosomes (3A,
4A, and 3B) in cultivar Cotipora carried genes with significant effect on
resistance to S. nodorum. Graduate student X. Hu is following up this work
to locate resistance genes on chromosome arms in Cotipora and in resistant
Purdue breeding lines.
Fusarium head scab (Bai, Ohm, and Shaner) Graduate student G-H. Bai
crossed six Chinese cultivars with resistance to head scab to two
susceptible cultivars, Clark and Morocco. Their F1, F2, and backcross
progenies were evaluated for resistance following inoculation with Fusarium
graminearum in the greenhouse at flowering. Progression of symptoms
throughout the spike was recorded over a 21-day period. Resistance was
controlled largely by the action of three genes. Heritability of resistance
was reasonably high. For most crosses, an additive-dominance genetic model
explained the segregation patterns observed, with additive effects being
most important. When they occurred, genetic interactions (epistasis) were
small, but tended to reduce resistance. The genetic studies indicate that
selection for head scab resistance can be made in early segregating
generations with proper selection pressure. Tested resistant plants from the
second backcross of scab resistant Chinese wheats to Clark were crossed to
Clark, Cardinal, or other elite breeding lines. F2 seed from these crosses
was produced in the spring vernalized nursery, and this seed was sown in a
field nursery in the autumn of 1992. Residual F2 plants from this same
source were screened for resistance in the greenhouse in the autumn of 1992.
About 15% of the population had resistance nearly as effective as that in
Ning 7840.
Fungicidal control of wheat diseases (Shaner and Buechley) The
fungicide trial plots at the Purdue Agronomy Research Center were entirely
lost to winter kill. Plots in southern Indiana survived reasonably well,
but stands were thin. Among 30 treatments, Septoria leaf blotch was
severest on the untreated control. The best control was achieved with an
application of Folicur 3.6 F (tebuconazole) at 438 ml/ha at early spike
emergence. Plots that received this rate of Folicur at early boot had as
much disease as the untreated control, emphasizing the importance of timing
of application. Altogether 14 treatments were significantly better than the
control for leaf blotch control, including Tilt (propicanozole) applied at
flag leaf emergence (292 ml/ha)and a mixture of Bayleton (triadimefon) and
Penncozeb (mancozeb) applied at early spike emergence (280 g + 2.24 kg/ha).
Take-all (Don Huber, Tina McCay-Buis, Darrell Schulze) Selection of
microorganisms for their manganese reducing activity in soil is more likely
to generate a potential biological control agent than direct selection for
antagonism to Gaeumannomyces graminis. Siderophore production, phenazine
antibiotic production, and gram reaction again were not associated with
biological control capability. Bacterization with manganese oxidizing
organisms generally increased disease and reduced Mn tissue levels in host
plants while the opposite was observed with manganese reducing organisms. A
moderately virulent manganese oxidizing isolate was able to complement an
avirulent isolate to result in increased disease severity. Some potential
biological control organisms can oxidize as well as reduce manganese
depending on the soil pH or redox reaction. Nuclear magnetic resonance
evaluations supported the role of redox reactions with manganese for the
pathogen as well as the host. All of the plant growth promoting rhizosphere
bacterial strains and potential biological control organisms (bacteria and
fungi) tested are manganese reducers which may account for their growth
stimulation in the absence of severe disease.
The ability to inhibit Mn-oxidation by G. graminis tritici in situ
appears to be essential for biological control of this pathogen. Strong Mn-
reducing potential is associated with plant growth stimulation (PGPR
bacteria) which may reduce disease severity and be effective under mild
disease conditions, but ineffective under more optimal conditions. It is
only when Mn-oxidation by G. graminis tritici is blocked that infection is
prevented. This blocking of virulence as a mechanism of biological
control may occur without significantly affecting growth of the pathogen.
Synchrotron X-ray Microprobe and Microspectroscopy (both x-ray
fluorescence and x-ray absorption spectroscopy) provides a potential way to
follow pathogenesis and screen for biological control in vivo by following
the valence states of Mn (and other transition metals) in the rhizoplane.
This equipment can be focused through soil to the root interface with a
sensitivity of a 0.2 mm beam. Quantification of the valence changes can
provide an index of plant resistance and/or severity of disease. This
research is in cooperation with Dr. Darrell Schulze (Purdue soil physicist)
and researchers at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
We are continuing to develop improved nitrification inhibitors which can
enhance biological disease control while improving the efficiency of applied
fertilizers (both organic and inorganic) by preventing leaching and
denitrification losses. The fertilizer resource value and plant uptake
efficiency of N, PO4, Zn, and Mn are improved when nitrification is
inhibited. Amendment of soil with animal manure provides a readily
available source of C and N which stimulates microbial activity and
increases nitrification and denitrification losses of N. Inhibiting
nitrification prevents this loss and provides a greater proportion of the N
in soil for plant uptake as the stable ammonium form.
Barley yellow dwarf virus (Sharma) Isolation of resistant monosomic
alien addition lines from crosses between Agropyron species and wheat was
completed. Fourth generation fertile and BYDV-resistant wheat plants with
one, half, or no alien chromosomes were selected. Currently, we are
characterizing this material and developing homozygous/disomic resistant
addition lines. Incomplete data suggest that transmission of wheatgrass
chromosomes through pollen is low. Many 42-chromosome plants are
susceptible to BYDV. They probably contain only the wheat genome with no
genetic material from wheatgrasses. Some, however, are resistant.
Aphid vectors of BYDV. J. E. Araya and S. Cambron studied life
parameters of apterous and alate females of green and pink forms of the
English grain aphid, a vector of BYDV. Data on pre-reproductive,
reproductive and post-reproductive period, longevity, progeny production and
intrinsic rate of increase was collected for use in development of
population models of cereal aphids. Variations among forms may affect the
ability to predict aphid infestations in the field and complicate efforts to
reduce aphid feeding injury and BYDV transmission. There were significant
differences among aphid forms in all life parameters, except total progeny.
Pre and post-reproductive periods were significantly longer for alate than
apterous aphids of both color forms, and significantly longer for pink than
green forms of apterous aphids. The reproductive period was significantly
shorter for pink apterous aphids than all other forms, and the intrinsic
rate of increase was significantly greater for pink than green forms for
both apterous and alate aphids. This variability among forms shows the
importance of determining life parameters of different forms within an aphid
species when developing population models for predicting aphid infestation
in the field.
Genetics of Hessian fly resistance Hari Sharma is investigating the
genetic control of resistance to biotype L of Hessian fly in einkorn wheat.
He has tested over 400 progenies of segregating populations from crosses
between resistant and susceptible accessions of einkorn. He has also
initiated research to cytogenetically locate and map Hessian fly resistance
genes H3, H9, H10, and H12 identified in Purdue breeding lines. Segregating
populations from monosomic hybrids are being tested for their reaction to
biotypes of the fly. Monotelodisomic hybrids between relevant cytogenetic
stocks and Purdue sources of fly resistance are being developed.
Hessian fly biotype nomenclature (Patterson, Foster, Ohm, J.H.
Hatchett, and P. Taylor). A new system of biotype designation is proposed,
similar to what is now used for wheat stem rust and wheat leaf rust. Three
differential cultivars or lines are assigned to a set. Sets are designated
A, B, C, and so on. There are eight combinations of resistant and
susceptible reactions within a set. These patterns are coded 1 to 8. Three
sets are proposed to begin biotype designation. A biotype avirulent to all
differentials in three sets is coded 111. The biotype designation system
provides flexibility for the addition of new sets of differentials as new
genes are identified and for the deletion of sets no longer deemed useful.
The eight reaction patterns within a set are:
1RRR 2RRS 3RSR 4RSS 5SRR 6SRS 7SSR 8SSS
Genetic and molecular basis of virulence in the Hessian fly (Shukle,
Hwang, Zantoko). Virulence in Hessian fly is controlled by single recessive
genes at different loci and operates on a gene-for-gene basis with
resistance in the host plant. Our goal is to understand the genomic
organization and molecular basis of virulence in the Hessian fly. With a
small size (Haploid DNA content 0.1 pg) and little repetitive DNA, the
genome of the Hessian fly is ideal for molecular analysis. We have
developed in situ hybridization of DNA sequences to salivary polytene
chromosomes. Low copy clones have been selected from genomic libraries for
evaluating putative DNA polymorphisms among biotypes and for positioning on
salivary polytene chromosomes through in situ hybridization. Southern
analyses suggest that many of these clones represent single copy sequences.
The position of putative single copy sequences as single bands on polytene
chromosomes was then determined by in situ hybridization. Evaluation of
RAPD markers indicates this procedure may detect useful nucleotide sequence
polymorphisms among biotypes. We have an inbred Hessian fly line virulent to
resistance gene H9 and carrying a white-eye morphological marker. Hessian
fly lines potentially virulent to resistance genes H13, H15 and H18 are
being developed to test the gene-for-gene hypothesis with respect to
virulence to these genes and to determine linkage relationships among the
virulence loci. Chromosome imprinting plays an important role in the
genetics of the Hessian fly and determination of sex. Drosophila sequences
for Heterochromatin proteins potentially involved in repression of gene
expression, position-effect variegation, and chromosome imprinting give
strong signals in Southern and Northern analyses. These results suggest
that sequences with similarity to Heterochromatin protein 1, Polycomb (Pc)
genes and polyhomeotic (ph) gene are present in the genome of the Hessian
fly. These sequences could function in chromosome imprinting and gene
expressibility during development and in sex differentiation.
Biotype development in Hessian fly R. H. Ratcliffe and G. Safranski
conducted laboratory tests with 15 Hessian fly populations from 13
midwestern or eastern states to evaluate biotype development at these
locations and response (avirulence/virulence) of the fly populations to
genes for Hessian fly resistance that have (H3, H5, H6, H7H8) or have not
(H9, H10, H12, H13, H14H15, H17, H18, H19) been deployed in soft red winter
wheat cultivars. Biotype L, or unnamed biotypes more virulent, but
inseparable from L in our present biotype test, were identified in
populations collected from Maryland, Mississippi, New York, Pennsylvania,
South Carolina, and Tennessee, and made up more than 50% of populations
collected from Arkansas (88%), Illinois (96%), Missouri (78%), and Virginia
(68%). Wheat lines with H9, H13, H14H15, H17 and H18 genes were resistant
to all or most Hessian fly populations evaluated. However, there was
indication of virulence to H9 in Hessian fly populations from Florida,
Missouri and South Carolina, to H13 in populations from Florida and Maryland
and to H18 in populations from Maryland and Pennsylvania.
Temperature sensitive resistance to Hessian fly (Maas) Several lines
of Triticum spp. that were discarded because of low level resistance
response to biotypes L, C or E in greenhouse tests were retested with
biotype L in a growth chamber at 17 C. From 176 such lines, 92 exhibited
typical resistance to biotype L. Temperature contrast experiments were run
to determine which lines behave most similarly to lines with H18. This type
of resistance may be more durable because it allows the survival of
avirulent larvae. Genetic studies have been initiated to find the number of
genes conferring resistance to biotype L, and determine if they are
different from H18. Use of spring habit to transfer insect resistance to
winter wheat rapidly (Maas). Since the genes for spring are dominant,
spring x winter heterozygotes are phenotypically spring habit. Three
generations per year can be grown routinely. Individuals are selected in
every generation of backcrossing for Hessian fly resistance and spring
habit, and then backcrossed to the vernalized recurrent winter parent.
After sufficient backcrossing, progeny tests will be conducted to determine
which lines are homozygous for a Hessian fly resistance gene. Since some of
these lines will still be segregating for the vernalization genes, selecting
winter phenotypes should reconstitute the winter parental background. Field
tests of backcross progenies will be conducted to check that winter
hardiness has not been reduced. This procedure should be of value for the
rapid transfer of any trait to winter wheat that would normally be a subject
for the backcross method. Enhanced tillering as a means for improved
Hessian fly tolerance (Maas). Utilizing the low vernalization requirement
genes mentioned above, work has been initiated to improve the tillering
capacity (and yield stability) of soft red winter wheat germplasm via
modified recurrent selection for per plant yield. Three generations per
year can be grown to constitute one complete cycle of recurrent selection
per year. The method being used is a modification of the one described by
Frey et al. (Crop Sci. 28:855). Improved tillering should be of significant
value under low to moderate infestations. Enhanced tillering should aid the
general stability of wheat yields (e.g. compensation for intermediate levels
of winter damage ). Hessian fly resistant Agropyron (Maas). Amphiploid F1s
between wheat and wheatgrass accessions resistant to biotype L have been
made.
DNA markers (Dweikat, Mackenzie, and Ohm) We used random amplified
polymorphic DNA (RAPD) in combination with denaturing gradient gel
electrophoresis (DGGE) to fingerprint closely related lines of wheat, barley
and oat. Pedigree relationships among selected cultivars were estimated
using this technique. Several clusters of cultivars within the three
species were distinguished. There was good agreement between DNA
polymorphism analysis and pedigree analysis for relatedness among wheat and
barley cultivars, and somewhat less agreement among oat cultivars. Cluster
analysis of cereal cultivars should enable the breeder to better select
diverse parents for breeding purposes.
We are adapting the RAPD-DGGE system for identifying DNA markers
associated with resistance to Hessian fly in wheat. To date, we have
identified markers for genes H3, H5, H6, and H9. The RAPD markers tested to
date cosegregate with resistance in segregating F2 populations, demonstrate
association with the resistance gene in a number of different T. aestivum
and T. durum genetic backgrounds, and are readily detected using either DGGE
or DNA gel blot hybridization.
Personnel. Herb Ohm is on sabbatical leave at the CSIRO, Canberra,
Australia in the laboratory of Rudi Appels from November 1992 to April 1993.
Lubaki Zantoko completed the requirements for the M. S. degree in entomology
under the guidance of R. Ratcliffe.
Jaime Araya, University of Chile, Santiago, returned to Chile in August
1992 after completing cooperative research with Sue Cambron on aphid vectors
of BYDV.
Publications and presentations at meetings
Araya, J. E. and J. E. Foster. 1992. Insect, mite and nematode pests of
oat. In. H. G. Marshall and M. E. Sorrells (eds.). Oat Science and
Technology. Amer. Soc. Agron. Madison, WI.
Araya, J. E. and S. E. Cambron. 1992. Control of aphids on spring oats and
winter wheat with slow release granular systemic insecticides. Great Lakes
Entomol. 25:223-236.
Baird, R.E., D.M. Huber, and C.W. Mansfield. 1992. Evaluation of four
fungicides and a biological agent to control two winter pathogens of wheat.
Phytopathology 82:990.
Bostwick, D.E., Ohm, H.W., Shaner, G. 1993. Inheritance of Septoria glume
blotch resistance in wheat. Crop Science In press.
Buechley, G. and Shaner, G. 1992. Control of wheat bunt and loose smut
with fungicidal seed treatments, 1991. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests
47:261.
Buechley, G. and Shaner, G. 1992. Effect of seed treatments and foliar
fungicides on wheat, 1991. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 47:262.
Dweikat, I., Mackenzie, S. Levy, M., Ohm, H. 1992. Pedigree assessment
using RAPD-DGGE in cereal crop species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85:497-505.
He, S., H. Ohm, and S. Mackenzie. 1992. Detection of DNA sequence
polymorphism among wheat varieties. Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:573-578.
Housley, T.L., Ohm, H.W. 1992. Earliness and duration of grain fill in
winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 72:35-48.
Huber, D.M. and R.D. Graham. 1992. Techniques for studying nutrient-
disease interactions. pp 204-214. In: L.L. Singleton, J.D.
Mihail and C.M. Rush (eds.). Methods for Research on Soilborne
Phytopathogenic Fungi. APS Press, St. Paul, MN.
Huber, D.M. and T.S. McCay-Buis. 1993. A multiple component analysis of
the take-all disease of cereals. Plant Disease 77: (In Press).
Huber, D.M., R.E. Baird and T.S. McCay-Buis. 1992. Environmental
conditions associated with Rhizoctonia winter-kill of wheat in Indiana.
Phytopathology 82:1114.
Lehman, J. S., Shaner, G. 1992. Correlation between pathogen fitness
components and epidemics of wheat leaf rust. Phytopathology 82:1161
(Abstr).
Maas, F. B. 1992. Durable single gene resistance to the Hessian fly. Host
Plant Resistance to Insects Workshop. Feb. 23-27, Indianapolis, IN. McCay-
Buis, T.S. and D.M. Huber. 1992. Effect of soil organisms on growth rate
and manganese oxidation ability of Gaeumannomyces graminis. Phytopathology
82:993.
Patterson, F.L., Foster, J.E., Ohm, H.W., Hatchett, J.H., Taylor, P.L.
1992. A proposed system of nomenclature for biotypes of Hessian fly
(Diptera:Cedidomyiidae) in North America. J. Econ. Entomol. 85:307-311.
Quiroz, C., R.M. Lister, R.H. Shukle, J.E. Araya and J.E. Foster. 1992.
Selection of symptom variants from the NY-MAV strain of barley yellow dwarf
virus and their effects on the feeding behavior of the vector Sitobion
avenae (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environ. Entomol. 21: (in press).
Ranieri, R., Lister, R.M., Shaner, G., Burnett, P.A., Vallejo, J. 1992.
Cross protection among Mexican barley yellow dwarf isolates. Phytopathology
82:1172 (Abstr).
Ratcliffe, R. H. 1992. Breeding for Hessian fly resistance in soft winter
wheat. Amer. Farm Bureau Federation Meeting. Jan. 13, Kansas City, MO.
Riegel, C. and D.M. Huber. 1992. Variation in virulence and effects of
associated organisms on Rhizoctonia winter-kill of wheat. Phytopathology
82:994.
Shaner, G. and Buechley, G. 1992. Effect of foliar fungicides on wheat,
1991. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 47:206-207.
Shaner, G., Buechley, G. 1992. Slow crown rusting in oat. pp. 38-40, Vol
III, In Proc. Fourth International Oat Conference, Barr, A.R., McLean, R.J.,
Oates, J.D., Roberts, G. Rose, J., Saint, K., Tasker, S, eds. Adelaide,
South Australia.
Shaner, G., Stromberg, E.L., Lacy, G.H., Barker, K.R., Pirone, T.P. 1992.
Concepts of pathogenicity and virulence. Annu. Review of Phytopathology
30:47-66.
Sharma, H.C. 1992. Bifurcated inflorescence in Agropyron spicatum. Rachis
10:2.
Sharma, H.C., Foster, J.E., Ohm, H.W., Patterson, F.L. 1992. A note on
resistance to Hessian fly biotype L in tribe Triticeae. Phytoprotection
73:79-82.
Sharma, H.C., Varnum, J., Sato, S., Baenziger, P.S., Metz, S.G. 1992.
Analysis of plants derived from wheat tissue culture. Cereal Research
Communications 20:75-79.
Shukle, R. H., P. B. Grover, Jr., and G. Mocelin. 1992. Responses of
susceptible and resistant wheat associated with Hessian fly (Diptera:
Cecidomyiidae) infestation. Environ. Entomol. 21:845-853.
Shukle, R.H. and Stuart, J.J. 1992. Physical mapping of the Hessian fly
genome. Annual meeting of the Entomological Society of America, Dec. 5-9,
Baltimore, MD.
Shukle, R.H. and Stuart, J.J. 1992. Positioning of DNA sequences through
in situ hybridization: An approach to mapping the genome of the Hessian
fly. Host Plant Resistance to Insects Workshop. Feb. 23-27, Indianapolis,
IN.
Shukle, R.H. and Stuart, J.J. 1993. A Novel Morphological Mutation in the
Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. Journal of Heredity in press.
Shukle, R.H., P.B. Grover, Jr. and G. Mocelin. 1992. Responses of
susceptible and resistant wheat associated with Hessian fly infestation.
Host Plant Resistance to Insects Workshop. Feb. 23-27, Indianapolis, IN.
Ueng, P.P, Bergstrom, G.C., Slay, R. M., Geiger, E.A., Shaner, G., Scharen,
A.L. 1992. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the wheat glume
blotch fungus, Phaeosphaeria nodorum. Phytopathology 82:1302-1305.
Zantoko, L. Z. 1992. Relationships between wheat leaf trichomes and biology
of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). M.S. thesis. Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN.
--------------------
KANSAS
Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, Kansas
Agricultural Expt. Sta., and USDA-ARS
T.S. Cox*, R.G. Sears*, B. S. Gill*, T.J. Martin*, W.W Bockus, R.L.
Bowden, G. H. Liang*, W. J. Raupp*, D. L. Wilson, K. S. Gill, R. S. Kota, S.
S. Gill, B. Friebe, J. Jiang, E.N. Jellen, G. L. Brown, D. Papa, J.
Zhang, D. E. Miller, L. E. Young, T. R. Endo, Y. Mukai, M. Yamamoto, U. C.
Hohmann, S. H. Hulbert, Xu Gu
The 1991-92 Crop Year. Each year the southern Great Plains continues
to both impress and bewilder wheat workers. This past year was no exception
as most locations across Kansas saw extremes caused by drought, flooding,
freeze damage and heat stress. Foliar leaf diseases were also a significant
problem for the 1992 crop.
Fall stand establishment was exceedingly poor and the crop remained
stressed from lack of moisture throughout the spring. Expectations for a
good crop were slight. An extremely mild winter also allowed leaf rust to
successfully overwinter throughout much of southcentral Kansas. In late
April rain returned to Kansas and from that point through harvest the entire
state received above average precipitation. Pre-harvest sprouting and lower
test weights were a significant problem for producers, especially in
southcentral growing areas.
Kansas produced an average yield of 2300 kg/ha-1 on 4.33 million ha,
for a total production of approximately 9.7 million metric tons. Although
the crop was disappointing, most of us were grateful to harvest anything
considering the poor prospects until late April when it finally started to
rain.- Sears
Mild Kansas Winter Causes Disease Problems in 1992. The very mild
winter of 1991/92 allowed extensive overwintering of leaf rust in Kansas.
Estimated state-wide losses were 11% (roughly 40,000,000 bu) and were
heaviest in the central third of the state. At Hutchinson in southcentral
Kansas, backcross lines of TAM 107, TAM 200, and Century possessing Lr41 (0
or 0; IT) were compared to the susceptible recurrent parents. Losses were
44, 33, and 54%, respectively. Fungicide trials also allowed estimation of
losses. At Hesston in central Kansas, 56% yield loss was recorded in the
susceptible Newton while moderately resistant Karl lost 14%. Hesston results
were partially confounded because tan spot was also present. At Manhattan in
northeast Kansas, Newton lost 33%. In the western third of the state, rust
severity was low in dryland wheat. However, at Garden City in southwest
Kansas, 22% yield loss was recorded in flood-irrigated TAM 107 while
Thunderbird (intermediate reaction) lost 9%.
The mild winter was also blamed for the worst barley yellow dwarf
epidemic since 1976. Aphids overwintered and caused early spring infections.
Losses were difficult to document, but were estimated at 4.5%. Infection
apparently caused some head darkening in certain varieties.
Finally, mild, wet winter weather apparently favored development of a
seedling blight caused by Rhizoctonia cerealis, which is also the cause of
sharp eyespot. Significant damage was seen in some fields in central and
northcentral Kansas. Small, late-emerging seedlings were attacked at the
subcrown internode. Lesions were light tan with dark margins. - Bowden, Cox
Experimental Lines. Two new wheats were released this past year.
KS831374-142, a reselection from the variety Karl was released and named
'Karl 92'. Karl 92 has essentially the same agronomic and quality
characteristics as Karl except it has demonstrated a 6% yield advantage over
the past 4 years of testing. It represents a slight improvement in test
weight.
KSSB369-7 was released and named 'Arlin'. Arlin is a hard white winter
wheat variety and will be grown strictly on a limited acreage on an identity
preserved basis by the American White Wheat Producers Association (AWWPA).
Arlin represents a 3% yield increase over currently grown white wheats as
well as improvements in disease resistance and milling quality.
KS89H48-1 (Dular/Eagle//2*Cheney//(Larned//Eagle/Sage)/3/Colt)
developed by Joe Martin at the Fort Hays Branch Experiment Station is
presently being increased for release consideration this fall. It has been
tested both in elite state trials and regional USDA trials and its
performance, milling and baking quality and overall disease resistance look
very good. This wheat is primarily a dryland wheat adapted to western
Kansas.
KS84HW196 (Bison/Sterling/3*Scout/3/Eagle/4/Pinnacle/2*Eagle) is a hard
white wheat developed by Joe Martin. It was released as germplasm this past
year. KS84HW196 has been grown on an experimental basis by the AWWPA for the
past 3 years. It is an early, short, Scout type wheat with good tolerance to
drought. Its best area of adaptation has been in the drier areas of western
Kansas. Under dry conditions, KS84HW196 has produced good yields and
excellent test weights. It is a very good milling wheat with good baking
quality. - Sears, Martin, Cox
Germplasm Releases. KS91WGRC14 durum wheat germplasm homozygous for a
T1BLú1RS translocation. KS91WGRC14 is a durum wheat germplasm line
homozygous for T1BLú1RS wheat-rye chromosome translocation, developed
cooperatively by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, the Wheat
Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University, USDA-ARS, and the
Technical University of Munich. It was released as a germplasm in February
1992. KS91WGRC14 is a BC1F2-derived line from the cross Cando*2/Veery.
Cando is a durum wheat cultivar, and Veery is a bread wheat cultivar with a
T1BLú1RS wheat-rye chromosome translocation. KS91WGRC14 is the bulked,
selfed progeny of a BC1F2 plant that had 2n=28 chromosomes and was
homozygous for T1BLú1RS, based on C-banding analysis. KS91WGRC14 is
resistant to cultures of the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp.
tritici that are avirulent to the gene Sr31 located on 1RS. It is resistant
to cultures of the powdery mildew fungus that are avirulent to the gene Pm8
located on 1RS. KS91WGRC14 also produces polyacrylamide gen electrophoretic
bands coded by the secalin locus on 1RS. Friebe, Cox, Gill B
Three new leaf rust-resistant germplasms. KS92WGRC15, KS92WGRC16, and
KS92WGRC23 are hard red winter wheat germplasm lines, resistant to leaf rust
(caused by Puccinia recondita Roberge ex Desmaz.) and developed
cooperatively by USDA-ARS, the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, and
the Wheat Genetics Resource Center, Kansas State University.
KS92WGRC15 seedlings produced a low infection type (01C-03C) when
inoculated with cultures PRTUS19, PRTUS24, and PRTUS25 of P. recondita.
Adult plants exhibited low infection types in the field at Manhattan and
Hutchinson, Kansas in 1991 and 1992. KS92WGRC15 is an F4-derived line with
the pedigree 'Karl'//'TAM 200' / KS86WGRC2. It results from an effort to
transfer an allele of Lr21 from KS86WGRC2 into a more desirable agronomic
background. KS92WGRC15 is similar to Karl in height and overall phenotype
and heads one day later. Under an early and severe leaf rust infection at
Hutchinson, KS in 1992, KS92WGRC15 yielded 22 percent more than Karl,
whereas at Manhattan, where the leaf rust epidemic occurred later in the
growing season, KS92WGRC15 and Karl had equal grain yields. KS92WGRC15 is
homozygous for the T1AL1RS wheat-rye chromosome. KS92WGRC15, released in
1992, should prove a more useful source of leaf rust resistance for wheat
breeding programs than was KS86WGRC2.
KS92WGRC16 seedlings exhibit an low infection type (01C) when
inoculated with cultures PRTUS19, PRTUS24, and PRTUS25 of P. recondita.
Adult plants displayed low infection types under moderate to heavy leaf rust
infections at Manhattan and Hutchinson, Kansas in 1991 and 1992.
KS92WGRC16 is an F3-derived line with the pedigree Triumph 64/3/KS8010-
71/TA2470//TAM 200. TA 2470 is a leaf rust-resistant accession of Triticum
tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. Seeds from 20 resistant, F3-derived F4 progeny,
selected in the field in 1992, were bulked to form KS92WGRC16. It is
similar to TAM 200 in height and days to heading, but lacks the T1AL1RS
translocation carried by TAM 200 and is extremely susceptible to powdery
mildew. Leaf rust resistance in KS92WGRC16 is conditioned by a single,
completely dominant gene, Lr43, from TA 2470. The gene's location has not
been determined, but it segregates independently of all other known D-genome
genes for seedling leaf-rust resistance.
KS92WGRC23 seedlings exhibit a very low infection type (01C) when
inoculated with cultures PRTUS19, PRTUS24, and PRTUS25 of P. recondita.
Adult plants displayed an immune reaction under heavy leaf rust infection at
Manhattan and Hutchinson, Kansas in 1991 and 1992. KS92WGRC23 is a BC2F2-
derived line with the pedigree Karl*3//PI 266844/PI 355520. Karl was
pollinated with an F1 plant of Triticum monococcum (PI 266844/PI 355520),
and the three-way F1 was backcrossed twice to Karl. Leaf rust-resistant F3
progeny of one F2 plant were selected in the field in 1991, and resistant,
BC2F2-derived F4 progeny were produced in 1992. KS92WGRC23 is similar to
Karl in height and overall phenotype but heads two days later. Karl
seedlings exhibit intermediate infection types (56X to 78X) with cultures
that induce a 01C infection type on KS92WGRC23. Late in the 1992 growing
season, KS92WGRC23 remained free of leaf rust, while Karl was heavily
rusted.
A T. monococcum F1 plant was used to transfer resistance to KS92WGRC23
because one of the parents, PI 266844, produces only female-sterile hybrids
with hard red winter wheats. PI 355520 carries genes that allow production
of female-fertile hybrids (1). The leaf rust resistance of KS92WGRC23 is
conditioned by genes derived from one or both of the T. monococcum parents.
KS92WGRC23 may also carry some or all of the unidentified genes in Karl that
confer its "slow-rusting" phenotype. The location of the genes from T.
monococcum has not been determined. KS92WGRC23 was released as germplasm in
1992.
Small quantities (3 grams) of seed of KS91WGRC15, KS92WGRC16, and
KS92WGRC23 are available upon written request. Appropriate recognition of
source should be given when this germplasm contributes to research or
development of new cultivars. Seed stocks are maintained by T.S. Cox, Wheat
Genetics Resource Center, Dept. of Agronomy, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, KS 66506. - Cox, Sears, Gill
Two new germplasms resistant to soilborne mosaic virus, spindle-streak
mosaic virus, and powdery mildew. KS92WGRC21 and KS92WGRC22 are hard red
winter wheat germplasms resistant to wheat soilborne mosaic and wheat
spindle-streak mosaic viruses and powdery mildew [caused by Blumeria
graminis (DC.)E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici Em. Marchal]. They were developed
cooperatively by the Wheat Genetics Resource Center at Kansas State
University, USDA-ARS, the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station, the
Cornell Agricultural Experiment Station, the North Carolina Agricultural
Research Service, and University College Dublin, Ireland . They were tested
under experimental numbers U1261-2-5-7 and U1273-5-18-8 (2,3) respectively,
and released as germplasms in 1992.
The pedigree of KS92WGRC21 is 'TAM 200'*3/TA 2570, and that of
KS92WGRC22 is 'Century'*3/TA 2567. Both are BC2F2-derived lines. TA 2567
and TA 2570 are two closely related accessions of Triticum tauschii (Coss.)
Schmal. from Armenia. Both germplasms were highly resistant (scoring "R")
to a combined infection of wheat spindle streak and soilborne mosaic viruses
in head rows at Manhattan, Kansas in 1990 and in replicated experiments at
Oxford, Kansas, in 1991. In the same nurseries, their recurrent parents,
TAM 200 and Century, respectively, displayed severe symptoms (scoring "VS":
"very susceptible"). At Oxford, KS92WGRC21 and KS92WGRC22 yielded 359 and
425 g m-2, respectively - significantly more than their recurrent parents,
which yielded 148 and 277 g m-2, respectively.
At Ithaca, New York in 1991 and 1992, where only the spindle streak
virus was present, KS92WGRC21, KS92WGRC22, and Century were rated as highly
resistant (all with mean scores of 1.7 on a 1-9 scale), while TAM 200 was
severely infected (with a mean score of 7.3). The local resistant check
cultivar, 'Geneva', had a mean score of 5.0
The genetic basis of resistance has not been determined, but our
unpublished results indicate that resistances to the two viruses are
conditioned by different loci. Resistances to both viruses in KS92WGRC21
are derived from TA 2570, and resistance to soilborne mosaic virus in
KS92WGRC22 is derived from TA 2567. It is not known whether KS92WGRC22
carries gene(s) for resistance to spindle streak mosaic virus from TA 2567
in addition to those from Century.
In absence of infection by either virus, KS92WGRC21 and KS92WGRC22 are
similar to TAM 200 and Century, respectively, in height, maturity, and
overall phenotype. Of the two germplasms, KS92WGRC22 has shown the better
adaptation to New York conditions. In a replicated experiment at Dublin,
Ireland in 1991, both germplasms displayed a significantly lower level of
infection by powdery mildew than did their respective recurrent parents
(both of which carry the Pm17 resistance gene) . In tests at Raleigh, NC,
both germplasms and their recurrent parents had resistant reactions as
seedlings to isolates of powdery mildew that are avirulent to Pm17.
Small quantities (3 grams) of seed of KS92WGRC21 and KS92WGRC22 are
available upon written request. Appropriate recognition of source should be
given when this germplasm contributes to research or development of new
cultivars. Seed stocks are maintained by T. S. Cox (USDA-ARS), Wheat
Genetics Resources Center, Dept. of Agronomy, Throckmorton Hall, Kansas
State University, Manhattan, KS 66506. - Cox, Sears, Gill; M.E. Sorrells and
G.C. Bergstrom (Cornell); E.J. Walsh (Dublin), S. Leath (USDA-ARS and NCSU)
and J.P. Murphy (NCSU)
References
Cox. T.S., L.G. Harrell, P. Chen, and B.S. Gill. 1991. Reproductive behavior
of hexaploid / diploid wheat hybrids. Plant Breeding 107:105-118
Bergstrom, G.C., M.E. Sorrells, and T.S. Cox. 1992. Resistance of winter
wheat cultivars and breeding lines to wheat spindle-streak mosaic virus
under natural infection in New York, 1991. Biol. Cult. Tests Control Plant
Dis. 7: 84
Bergstrom, G.C., M.E. Sorrells, and T.S. Cox. 1993. Resistance of winter
wheat cultivars and breeding lines to wheat spindle-streak mosaic virus
under natural infection in New York, 1992. Biol. Cult. Tests Control Plant
Dis. 8: (in press)
WGRC research reports
Breeding value and cytological structure of Triticum timopheevi var.
araraticum. Triticum timopheevi var. araraticum (often designated simply T.
araraticum) is a wild tetraploid wheat species containing the At and G
genomes. that are closely related to the A and B genomes of T. turgidum L.
and T. aestivum L. The Wheat Genetics Resource Center holds 300 accessions
of this species originating from Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Armenia, and
Azerbaijan. Of those accessions screened, 39%, 10%, 91%, and 0% were
resistant or segregating for resistance to leaf rust, Russian wheat aphid,
Hessian fly, and greenbug, respectively. The collection is being screened
for reaction to wheat curl mite as well. Accessions identified as resistant
to leaf rust, Russian wheat aphid, and/or Hessian fly have been backcrossed
to locally adapted hard red winter wheat cultivars and breeding lines.
Chromosome banding analysis and marker loci will be used in introgression of
resistance genes from this species into wheat. Brown, Gill B, Cox.
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of wheat-Agropyron chromosome
translocation lines resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Wheat
streak mosaic is a serious virus disease of wheat in many areas of the
world. No wheat cultivar is immune to WSMV and good sources of resistance
are only known in some perennial species of Secale or Agropyron. C-banding
and in situ hybridization were used to determine the chromosomal
constitutions of wheat-Agropyron derivatives resistant to WSMV. Two
different sources of resistance were identified and one of the genes was
designated Wsm1. Wsm1, derived from Ag. intermedium, is available in the
form of a compensating whole arm translocation line T4DSú4Ai#2L. The second
source of resistance, derived from an Ag. elongatum group 1 chromosome, is
available in the form of a T4DSú4DL-1Ae#1L translocation. Both wheat-
Agropyron translocation lines may have significance in cultivar improvement.
Friebe, Jiang, Gill B
Chromosomal location of Hessian fly-resistance genes H22, H23, and H24
derived from Triticum tauschii in the D genome of wheat. Triticum tauschii,
the D-genome donor of common wheat has been a source of several genes for
resistance to the Hessian fly. Three genes, H22, H23, and H24, which
condition antibiosis to first-instar larvae were transferred from T.
tauschii to common wheat. Monosomic analysis was used to locate the H22,
H23, and H24 genes present in the D genome of wheat germ plasms KS85WGRC1,
KS89WGRC3, and KS89WGRC6, respectively. The seven D-genome Wichita
monosomics were crossed with the three germ plasms, and F2 populations
derived from F1 monosomic plants were tested for reaction to biotype D
Hessian fly. Critical and noncritical crosses were identified through
goodness-of-fit tests for 3:1 ratios of resistant to susceptible plants.
Results established that the H22 gene is located on chromosome 1D, H23 is on
chromosome 6D, and H24 is on chromosome 3D. Genetic analysis for
determination of the allelic relationship of H23 to the H13 gene, also
derived from T. tauschii and previously mapped on chromosome 6DL, indicated
the two genes are different and linked at a distance of 25 ñ 5.0 map units.
Raupp, Amri, Hatchett, Gill, Wilson, Cox
Mapping of quantitative trait loci in BC2F2 populations of common wheat
x Triticum tauschii. Triticum tauschii, as the D genome donor of common
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), has the potential to make significant
contributions to the gene pool of common wheat. These contributions are for
quantitative as well as qualitative traits. RFLP analysis was utilized to
analyze BC2F2 populations between specific probes and traits such as yield,
kernel hardness, test weight, protein content, and baking quality were
examined via the Mapmaker QTL and QTL-Stat programs. Fritz, Cox, Gill B,
Sears
An updated genetic linkage map of Triticum tauschii, the D-genome
progenitor of wheat. The current map of Triticum tauschii consists of 280
loci, 260 of which are present as linkage groups. An F2 population of 60
plants, derived from a cross between two accessions of T. tauschii
(TA1691/TA1704), was used for the mapping. Triticum tauschii was used to
make the map because it is diploid, highly polymorphic, and its D genome is
almost identical to that of polyploid wheat. All the markers are RFLP loci
except for eight protein loci and a leaf rust resistance gene. Most of the
clones used as RFLP markers were isolated from Pst1 genomic library of wheat
cDNA library, wheat genomic library, and barley genomic library. There is
an average of 35 loci per chromosome. The map covers more than ninety
percent of the genome. Most of the probes map of the homoeologous
chromosomes of wheat. Gill K, Hassawi, Raupp, Gill B, Fritz, Cox, Namuth,
Sears, Lapitan
Molecular characterization of the midget chromosome of Secale cereale.
Various classes of repeated DNA sequence families exist in the rye genome,
and about 30% of the repeat DNA is rye specific. The distribution of these
sequences varies from highly repetitious, tandem repeats to moderately
dispersed in the genome. By utilizing a differential screening procedure,
we have isolated a few interspersed sequences that are specific to the rye
genome. The clones are further utilized to study their distribution on
various chromosome arms of rye as well as the midget chromosome. The midget
chromosome is believed to have derived from chromosome 1R of rye, and
approximately represents about 5% of the physical length of chromosome 1R.
Kota, Gill B, Hulbert
Alloplasmic wheat-Elymus ciliaris chromosome addition lines.
Alloplasmic euploid wheat with the cytoplasm of Elymus ciliaris (2n=4X=28,
ScScYcYc) is male sterile and has reduced vigor. However, alloplasmic
plants with E. ciliaris chromosomes 1Sc or 1Yc marked by gliadin genes Gli-
Sc1 and Gli-Yc1, respectively, are vigorous and fertile. The Rf genes on
1Sc and 1Yc are named Rf-Sc1 and Rf-Yc1. Two chromosome translocations
involving 1Yc were isolated. The first involved the short arm of 1Yc
translocated to the short arm of wheat chromosome 3B. The second involved
the short arm of 1Yc translocated to the short arm of a chromosome,
designated L. of E. ciliaris. The second line also has another E. ciliaris
chromosome designated A and lacks wheat chromosome 6A. This line is
resistant to Puccinia recondita. The relationship between fertility
restoration and nucleolar organizing regions is discussed. Jiang, Chen,
Friebe, Raupp, Gill B.
Toward a cytogenetically based physical map of the wheat genome. Bread
wheat is well suited for cytogenetic analysis because the genome, buffered
by polyploidy, can tolerate structurally and numerically engineered
chromosomes for analysis over infinite generations. This feature of
polyploidy can be used in developing a high-resolution, cytogenetically
based physical map of the wheat genome. We show that numerous deletions,
observed in the progeny of a monosomic addition of a chromosome from
Triticum cylindricum in wheat, result from single breakpoints and a
concomitant loss of distal fragments. Breakages occurred in euchromatic and
heterochromatic regions. Forty-one deletions for chromosomes 7A, 7B, and
7D, and a set of genetically mapped DNA probes, were used to construct
physical maps. Recombination was low in proximal chromosomal regions and
very high toward the distal ends. Deletion mapping was more efficient than
genetic mapping in resolving the order of proximal loci. Despite variation
in size and arm ratio, relative gene position was largely conserved among
chromosomes 7A, 7B, and 7D and a consensus group 7 physical map was
constructed. Several molecularly tagged chromosome regions (MTCRs) of
approximately one to a few million base pairs were identified that may be
resolved by long-range mapping of DNA fragments. Thus, a cytogenetically
based physical map may be used to integrate chromosome and DNA-based maps.
The MTCRs may simplify strategies for cloning of agronomically useful genes
despite the genetic complexity and the large genome size of wheat. Werner,
Endo, Gill B
Microspore Culture, Protoplast Culture, and Plant Transformation
Microspores are isolated at mid- and late-uninucleate stage from anthers by
1) floating technique where anthers are floating on liquid medium
supplemented with Ficoll, anthers are transferred to fresh medium
periodically and the microspores are pelleted by centrifuging, resuspended,
and cultured in dark at 25oC with a density of 1-4 x 105 grains/ml, and 2)
excising anthers aseptically and extract the microspores by stirring the
anthers in 0.3 M mannitol solution and then filter through a nylon sieve
(pore size 100 æm), washed twice in a solution (0.3 M mannitol,5 mM CaCl
2H20, 5 mM MES) and collect the microspore pellet by centrifugation, then
resuspend the microspores in a medium supplemented with 0.3 M mannitol
without sucrose. Culture the microspores at the density of 1 x 105
grains/ml at 25o C in darkness. Subculture the microspores in a medium
containing 3 mM glutamine, 5 mM myo-inositol, and 6% sucrose. icrospore
calli can be used for haploid production after transferring onto a
regeneration medium supplemented with 250 mg/l lactalbumin hydrolysate, 160
mg/l glutamine, 50 mg/l proline, 0.5 mg/l kinetin and 1-2 mg/l 2,4-D and
incubated under dim light at 25-28o C. Likewise, the haploid calli can be
used for plant transformation experiment using biolistic gun. The effected
calli, upon regeneration, will produce haploid plantlets whose chromosomes
can be doubled for homozygosity, hence the introduced gene.
Culture media include N6, 85D12 series, and C90 each is supplemented
with glutamine, serine, and inositol.
We are using this scheme to produce haploid plantlets and transgenic plants
carrying protease inhibitory genes which have been cloned. To use
protoplast as recipient to produce transgenic plants, embryogenic calli from
immature embryos and anthers are obtained from 4 cultivars and subcultured
on MS medium and N6 medium (or 85D12 and W14 media), respectively, and
maintained in darkness at 27o C. Friable calli are cultured on DMS medium
for two weeks and used to initiate cell suspensions by placing them into 150
ml flasks containing liquid MS medium with 2 mg/l 2,4-D and kept in darkness
at 24o C on a rotary shaker at 120 rpm. The cell suspensions are
subcultured at 2-3 week intervals initially and then at 4-day intervals
afterward.
Protoplasts are released from the cell cultures three days after
subculture: the cell aggregates are mixed with 10 ml of filter sterilized
enzyme solution containing 0.1% pectolyase Y23, 2% cellulase "Onozuka" RS,
0.1% MES and 11% mannitol, pH 5.6, and are placed on a rotary shaker at 50
rpm, at 28o C for 2 h in darkness, then in a static state for 4 h.
Protoplasts are separated from undigested cells by filtering through 76 æm
and 38 æm filter and washed twice with a washing solution, CPW. Protoplasts
are collected with a Pasteur pipette and resuspended in a protoplast culture
medium (WPM I) at a density of 1.0-8.0 x 105 protoplasts/ml in a liquid
medium or embeded in an agarose medium (0.8%) in petri dishes and kept in
darkness at 26-28o C without shaking. After 4-5 weeks of culture,
microcalli formed from protoplasts are removed from the liquid medium and
placed onto a solid WPM II medium. The cultures are placed in darkness in
an incubation chamber for 2 weeks, then the calli are transferred onto a
differentiation medium at 23-25o C with a photoperiod of 15 h at the
intensity of 4,000 lux.
Use of oat-kernel inoculum of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici
(Ggt) to obtain take-all of wheat. Take-all is a severe root disease that
occurs wherever wheat is grown continuously. Recently, several new seed
treatment fungicides have shown promise for control of take-all.
Additionally, there is renewed interest in attempting to increase the levels
of resistance to take-all in commercial cultivars. In either case, it is
important for researchers to be able to reproduce the disease in the
greenhouse and experimental plots. Numerous procedures to obtain take-all
are presented in the literature; however, these frequently are not as
detailed as one would like for successful experimentation. Below are the
procedures that we use in Kansas to obtain take-all using artificial
inoculum.
Production of inoculum: Place 150 g whole oat grains in a one-quart
canning jar or 1-L flask and add 140 ml distilled water. Cap the canning
jar with a perforated (1.5 cm), cotton-plugged lid, or the flask with a
cotton plug. Shake to moisten the oats and incubate at room temperature for
1-16 hr to allow the oats to imbibe much of the water. Reshake the jars
immediately prior to autoclaving and autoclave for 1 hr. Many methods
recommend autoclaving for 1 hr on each of three successive days. We have
found that this is not necessary; one autoclaving episode is sufficient. If
possible, cool the jars or flasks in a laminar-flow hood to avoid
contamination when they are opened for inoculation. When cooled in a
nonsterile environment, dust and fungal spores (esp. Penicillium spp.)
collect on the rims and lids and enter the container when it is opened for
inoculation. When cool, open the jars or flasks and inoculate with about
four cubes (0.5-1.0 cm square) of agar cut from a fresh culture of Ggt
growing on one-half strength potato-dextrose agar (PDA). For the most rapid
and uniform colonization, cubes should be buried in the oats (by shaking the
jars) about 2 cm or more. Incubate at room temperature on a lab bench,
shaking periodically (every 4-5 days) to help prevent clumping of kernels.
After 2-3 wk of incubation (when kernels are somewhat blackened from the
fungus mycelium), spread the kernels out (no more that 2.0 cm thick) on a
shallow tray and air dry in the lab. Drying kernels in a hot (>35 C)
greenhouse will kill or weaken the inoculum. Air-dry inoculum will keep at
room temperature 3-6 mo before it begins to lose its effectiveness. When
refrigerated, it will keep substantially longer.
Use in the greenhouse: We grow wheat in vermiculite in cotton-plugged
plastic cones 2.5 cm X 12.5 cm [Stuewe & Sons, Inc. Corvallis, OR (503-757-
7798)]. Coarse growth media will give better results than fine. Relatively
little disease will develop in 4 wk in nonsterile field soils in the
greenhouse. Three to five infested oat kernels are introduced into each
tube about 1 cm below the wheat seeds, which are planted about 2 cm deep.
Three wheat seeds are planted per cone with 10 cones per replication and
four replications per treatment. We use a split-plot design with entries
(eg. fungicide or cultivar) as main plots and presence or absence of
inoculum as sub-plots. To obtain high levels of take-all, tubes should be
watered daily. Supplemental light is not required; however, temperature in
the greenhouse should be low to moderate (15-28 C). High temperature
inhibits disease development and we have not been able to conduct accurate
experiments during the months of June through August in the greenhouse in
Kansas. After seedling emergence, plants are fertilized with a soluble
fertilizer (20:20:20, N:P:K) and grown for about 4 wk. After growth, fresh
weights of the plants above the soil line are determined and compared with
noninoculated controls. Loss in fresh weight is highly correlated (r2>0.90)
with amount of root rot. If desired, roots can be removed from the tubes,
washed free of vermiculite, and rated for percentage root rot under a
dissecting microscope. Vermiculite, roots, and cotton can be removed from
an inverted tube with a rapid downward, then upward, motion. The growth
medium (vermiculite) is removed from the root system with a stream of water
from a flexible dish rinser. To help prevent clogging of sink drains, most
of the growth medium can be collected by washing the plants over a plastic
dish pan. We visually estimate (to the nearest 5%) the amount of root area
with fungus runner hyphae and/or discoloration on the entire root system.
With this procedure, losses in fresh weight of 70-90% and root-rot ratings
of 70-100% are common in the checks. Whole oat kernels can also be
introduced into pots or flats to run other types of experiments in the
greenhouse. Additionally, oat kernels may be fragmented (blended), sized
(dry sieving to obtain 0.35- to 2.0-mm-diameter particles), and blended with
the soil (0.01 g inoculum per gram of soil).
Use in the field: Whole oat kernels, colonized by Ggt, are introduced
with the seed at planting. Inoculum may be mixed with the seed and planted
with a drill or cone-type plot seeder. Although some separating of the
wheat seed and oat-kernel inoculum can take place in the drill box due to
vibration, this has not been a problem for us. Applying 2-3 cm of water by
sprinkler irrigation immediately after seedling emergence increases the
severity of the disease. During the past 7 yr under our conditions,
introducing 0.43 g inoculum per meter of drill row (regardless of row
spacing) produced take-all that resulted in 30-58% (mean = 45.3) yield loss.
Alternatively, whole oat-kernel inoculum may be sprinkled over the surface
of the soil in plots and rototilled into the soil to a depth of 10 cm
immediately prior to planting. During the past 4 yr, using 32.2 g inoculum
per square meter of plot area resulted in 52-72% (mean = 62.8) yield loss.
Different workers have obtained different results in the field with the same
amount of inoculum; therefore, rates may need to be adjusted for different
environments. Inoculum incorporated into the soil longer than 1 mo prior to
planting will not cause significant disease in Kansas. It appears that the
fungus is rapidly inactivated by high soil temperatures encountered during
the summer. - Bockus
1992 Publications from the Wheat Genetics
Resource Center
Shu, G., Muthukrishnan, S., Liang, G. H. and Paulsen, G. M. 1993.
Restriction Fragment Patterns of Chloroplast and Mitochondrial DNA of
Dasypyrum villosum (L.) Candargy and Wheats. TAG (accepted).
Liang, G. H., Skinner, D. Z., Sun, Y., and Sorensen, E. L. 1993. The
Discovery of Mendel's Genetic Laws. Plant Biology (ed. S. D. Kung). Vol.
II, Part VIII, Sect. 35. World Scientific Publ. LTD.
Breeding value and cytological structure of Triticum timopheevi var.
araraticum. 1992. G.L. Brown, B.S. Gill, and T.S. Cox. Agronomy
Abstracts:90. Resistance to foliar diseases in a collection of Triticum
tauschii germ plasm. 1992. T. S. Cox, W. J. Raupp, D. L. Wilson, B. S.
Gill, S. Leath, W. W. Bockus, and L. E. Browder. Plant Dis. 76:1061-1064.
Registration of KS90WGRC10 leaf rust-resistant hard red winter wheat
germplasm. 1992. T. S. Cox, R. G. Sears, and B. S. Gill. Crop Sci.
32:506.
Development of genome region-specific libraries for mapping in cereals.
1992. D. E. Delaney, S. H. Hulbert, R. S. Kota, and B. S. Gill. The
International Conference of the Plant Genome, November 9-11, 1992, San
Diego, CA. p. 24.
Attempted transformation of wheat and tobacco by plasmid DNA uptake via the
pollen-tube pathway. 1992. H. S. Dhaliwal, B. R. Tyagi, F. F. White, and
B. S. Gill. J. Plant Biochem. Biotech. 1:127-128.
Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis of Wheat-Agropyron Chromosome Rotation Lines
Resistant to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV). 1992. B. Friebe, J. Jiang,
and B. S. Gill. Agronomy Abstracts:96.
Registration of KS91WGRC14 stem rust and powdery mildew resistant durum
wheat germplasm homozygous for a T1BLú1RS translocation. 1992. B. Friebe,
B. S. Gill, T. S. Cox, and F. J. Zeller. Crop Sci. (In press).
C-banding polymorphisms in several accessions of Triticum tauschii (Aegilops
squarrosa). 1992. B. Friebe, Y. Mukai, and B. S. Gill. Genome 35:192-
199.
C-banding and in-situ hybridization analyses of Agropyron intermedium, a
partial wheat x Ag. intermedium amphiploid, and six derived chromosome
addition lines. 1992. B. Friebe, Y. Mukai, B. S. Gill, and Y. Cauderon.
Theor. Appl. Genet. 84:899-905.
Mapping of quantitative trait loci in BC2F2 populations of common wheat x
Triticum tauschii. 1992. A. K. Fritz, T. S. Cox, B. S. Gill, and R. G.
Sears. Agronomy Abstracts:97.
Recent Progress in Plant Molecular Cytogenetic Analysis. 1992. B. S. Gill.
Agronomy Abstracts:97.
A strategy to identify probes that detect a high degree of polymorphism in
bread wheat. 1992. K. S. Gill and B. S. Gill. J. Plant Biochem. Biotech.
1:81-85.
Progress in genome mapping of wheat and related species: Proceedings of the
2nd public workshop of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative.
1992. B. S. Gill, W. J. Raupp, and H. C. Corke, eds. September 27-29,
1991, Manhattan, KS. Report No. 10, University of California Genetic
Resources Conservation Program, Davis, CA. 82 p.
An updated genetic linkage map of Triticum tauschii, the D-genome progenitor
of wheat. 1992. K. S. Gill, D. Hassawi, W. J. Raupp, B. S. Gill, A. K.
Fritz, T. S. Cox, D. Namuth, R. G. Sears, and N. L. V. Lapitan. Agronomy
Abstracts:190.
Alloplasmic wheat-Elymus ciliaris chromosome addition lines. 1993. J.
Jiang, P. Chen, B. Friebe, W. J. Raupp, and B. S. Gill. Genome (In press).
Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Agropyron elongatum chromatin in wheat
germplasm specifying resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus. 1993 J.
Jiang, B. Friebe, H. S. Dhaliwal, T. J. Martin, and B. S. Gill. Theor.
Apppl. Genet. (In press).
Wheat-Agropyron recombinant chromosomes with Lr24 gene analyzed by genomic
in situ hybridization. 1992. J. Jiang and B. S. Gill. The International
Conference of the Plant Genome, November 9-11, 1992, San Diego, CA. p. 31.
Rf genes restore fertility in wheat lines with cytoplasms of Elymus
trachycaulus and E. ciliaris. 1992. J. Jiang, W. J. Raupp, and B. S. Gill.
Genome 35:614-620.
Molecular characterization of the midget chromosome of Secale cereale.
1992. R. S. Kota, B. S. Gill, and S. H. Hulbert. Agronomy Abstracts:192.
A Physical Map of the Group 4 Chromosomes in Common Wheat. 1992. L. A.
Mickelson-Young, T. R. Endo, and B. S. Gill. Agronomy Abstracts:194.
Comparison of C-banding patterns and in situ hybridization sites using
highly repetitive and total genomic rye DNA probes of 'Imperial' rye
chromosomes added to 'Chinese Spring' wheat. 1992. Y. Mukai, B. Friebe,
and B. S. Gill. Jpn. J. Genet. 67:71-84.
Genetic analysis of leaf rust resistance genes in Triticum tauschii, the D-
genome progenitor of wheat. 1992. D. E. Miller, W. J. Raupp, and B. S.
Gill. Agronomy Abstracts:107.
Chromosomal location of Hessian fly - Resistance genes H22, H23, and H24
derived from Triticum tauschii in the D genome of wheat. 1993. W. J.
Raupp, A. Amri, J. H. Hatchett, B. S. Gill, D. L. Wilson, and T. S. Cox. J.
Hered. (In press).
The Wheat Genetics Resource Center. 1992. W. J. Raupp and B. S. Gill.
Agronomy Abstracts:205.
The Wheat Genetics Resource Center - germ plasm enhancement, conservation,
and utilization. W. J. Raupp and B. S. Gill. Phytopath. 82(9):994.
Registration of Hamlet, a Hessian fly resistant hard red winter wheat
germplasm. 1992. R. G. Sears, J. H. Hatchett, T. S. Cox, and B. S. Gill.
Crop Sci. 32:506.
Chromosomal location of genes influencing grain protein concentration and
mixogram properties in the hard red winter wheat 'Plainsman V'. 1992. I.
S. Stein, R.G. Sears, R.C. Hoseney, T.S. Cox, and B.S. Gill. Crop Sci.
32:573-580.
Heterogeneity of the Wichita wheat monosomic set for grain protein
concentration and mixogram properties. 1992. I. S. Stein, R.G. Sears, B.S.
Gill, R.C. Hoseney, and T.S. Cox. Crop Sci. 32:581-584.
Distribution of telomeric repeats and their role in the healing process of
broken chromosome ends in wheat. 1992. J. E. Werner, R. S. Kota, and B. S.
Gill. Genome 35:844-848.
Toward a cytogenetically based physical map of the wheat genome. 1992. J.
E. Werner, T. R. Endo, and B. S. Gill. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 89:11307-
11311.
PCR-amplified microsatellites as markers in wheat genome mapping. 1992. J.
S. Ziegle, W. J. Raupp, K. S. Gill, and B. S. Gill. The International
Conference of the Plant Genome, November 9-11, 1992, San Diego, CA. p. 56.
Evapotranspiration Laboratory, Kansas State University
M.B Kirkham
Black soil for heat absorption. Surfaces that are black absorb more
radiation (are better black bodies) than surfaces that are light. A black
soil, therefore, should absorb more heat than a light soil. Consequently, a
black soil (or black mulch) should be an advantage for germinating wheat
seeds in cool fall weather, because it would be warmer. To test this
hypothesis, Vona seeds were germinated in a commercial greenhouse mix in
pots that were covered with either a black or white cotton cloth and placed
in sunlight in a greenhouse. The temperature on the surface of the black
cloth averaged 1 C warmer than the temperature on the surface of the white
cloth (28 vs 27 C, respectively, in full midday sunlight of January, 1993,
in Kansas). Seeds germinated at the same time under black and white covered
pots, but germinated seeds grew faster under black cloth.
Publications
Clothier, B.E., M.B. Kirkham, and J.E. McLean. 1992. In situ measurement
of the effective transport volume for solute moving though soil. Soil Sci.
Soc. Am. J. 56:733-736.
He, H., M.B. Kirkham, D.J. Lawlor, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1992. Photosynthesis
and water relations of big bluestem (C4) and Kentucky bluegrass (C3) under
high concentration carbon dioxide. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 95:139-152.
Nie, D., M.B. Kirkham, L.K. Ballou, D.J. Lawlor, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1992.
Changes in prairie vegetation under elevated carbon dioxide levels and two
moisture regimes. J. Vegetation Sci. 3:673-678.
Mo, G., D. Nie, M.B. Kirkham, H. He, L. K. Ballou, F.W. Caldwell, and E.T.
Kanemasu. 1992. Root and shoot weight in a tallgrass prairie under
elevated carbon dioxide. Environ. Exp. Bot. 32:193-201.
Nie, D., H. He, G. Mo, M.B. Kirkham, and E.T. Kanemasu. 1992. Canopy
photosynthesis and evapotranspiration of rangeland plants under doubled
carbon dioxide in closed-top chambers. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 61:205-217.
--------------------
U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research
Service, Manhattan
O. K. Chung, G. L. Lookhart, V. W. Smail, J. L. Steele, W. H.
McGaughey, D. B. Sauer, D. B. Bechtel, L. M. Seitz, I. Y. Zayas, C. R.
Martin, T. S. Cox, J. D. Wilson, R. E. Dempster, C. S. Chang, L. C.
Bolte, A. K. Dowdy, P. W. Flinn, D. W. Hagstrum, H. H. Converse, R. W.
Howard, M. D. Shogren, D. E. Walker, D. L. Brabec, R. R. Rousser, K. A.
Tilley, W. D. A. Lin, A. Xu, L. Harrell, and H. S. Park
Status of Efforts to Begin the Implementation of a Quality Based Grain
Marketing System. The U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory (USGMRL),
located in Manhattan, Kansas, is one of the major facilities in the
Agricultural Research Service (ARS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)
conducting research on quality of cereal grains. The USGMRL has three
research units: (a) Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit (GQSRU, Hard
Winter Wheat Quality Lab [HWWQL]); (b) Engineering Research Unit (ERU); and
(c) Biological Research Unit (BRU). USDA, ARS efforts at Manhattan also
includes the Plant Science and Entomology Research Unit (PSERU) and the Wind
Erosion Research Unit on the KSU campus.
In last years newsletter we reported on the efforts at the USGMRL to
begin developing technology needed to implement a Total Quality Grain
Marketing System. Several of the technology development efforts at the lab
have progressed significantly and are included in later reports in this
newsletter.
A total of 8 commercial prototypes of the "Single Kernel Wheat
Characterization System (SKWCS)" (note change of title from Single Kernel
Hardness Tester) have been delivered to the USGMRL by Perten Instruments
North America, Inc. These machines have all been satisfactorily tested and
6 instruments have been delivered to the Federal Grain Inspection Service
(FGIS). FGIS will use these instruments to analyze several thousand 1992
grain samples to help establish a final "Classing Protocol" and then the
instruments will be tested in 5 FGIS field offices for one year. The plan
will be to implement the system as a hardness classing index sometime in
1995.
In analyzing the instrument, Dr. Jim Steele and Charles Martin at the
ERU, in cooperation with the Department of Grain Science and Industry,
Kansas State University (KSU), have discovered that the numerous parameters
collected on individual kernels (such as kernel weight, size, hardness,
moisture and the distribution of these parameters) have the potential to
estimate wheat break flour yield potential. A major test of this potential
on soft wheat was implemented between the Soft Wheat Quality Laboratory in
Wooster, OH, and the ERU and the GQSRU (HWWQL) at the USGMRL using 1992
harvest samples. Hard winter wheat mill yield prediction is being studied
by Dr. Charles Deyoe and others at KSU. Reports on the success of the SKWCS
will be presented next year.
This year a USGMRL version of the SKWCS instrument was given to Dr. Tim
Herrman, State Grain Quality Extension Leader, KSU (913-532-4082). He is
presenting the instrument and the proposed classification system at several
grain grading schools and extension meetings in the hard winter wheat
states.
The SKWCS is the first of several instruments needed to implement a
"farm-gate to end-user" end-use assessment program. Other efforts are
underway at the USGMRL, the GQSRU (HWWQL) to develop whole grain and single
kernel near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy calibrations and other
approaches to predict protein, starch and lipid quantity and quality.
Results on these systems will be presented as they are developed.
The Biological Research Unit, which investigates reduced chemical
methods for controlling stored grain insects, has also made progress on the
"sound detection" system and the "Stored Grain Advisor" expert system. Both
systems were successfully tested on on-farm tests this past year with good
success at detecting and predicting insect infestation, respectively. We
are currently beginning the process of locating collaborative industry
members to help commercialize these technologies.
People interested in receiving a 1992 USGMRL Progress Report should
write or call the USGMRL Director's office (913-776-2701).
Milling and Breadmaking Quality of Blends. I. Spring/Winter Wheats
with Similar NIR Hardness Scores. This study was conducted in collaboration
between the Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit (GQSRU), U.S. Grain
Marketing Research Laboratory (USGMRL) and the USDA/ARS Hard Red Spring and
Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory, Fargo, ND. Hard red spring (HRS) and hard
red winter (HRW) wheats with similar NIR hardness values (HV) were blended
in different ratios and milled in a Buhler experimental mill. NIR HV of the
cultivars ranged from 74 to 105. Overall, break flour extraction was higher
in blends containing higher ratios of HRW wheat: over the range of HV,
there were little differences in % break flour extractions between the
hardest and softest wheats. Starch damage (%) in the flours were higher in
blends containing higher ratios of HRS wheat: it ranged from 5.2 to 7.6%.
Dough characteristics were more elastic for harder wheats and more pliable
for softer wheats. There was a tendency for greater elasticity associated
with blends containing higher ratios of HRS wheats. Other kernel, milling,
flour, gluten, dough, and baking characteristics were linearly related to %
blends of cultivars irrespective of wheat classes.
Milling and Breadmaking Quality of Blends. II. Hard/Soft Wheat with
Similar NIR Hardness Scores. Two sets of SRW and HRW wheats were blended
into seven samples each: soft/hard ratios of 0/100, 2/80, 40/60, 50/50,
60/40, 80/20, and 100/0. The NIR hardness scores were 37 and 46 for
Caldwell and Tam 108 and 28 and 42 for Cardinal and Chisholm. Both sets of
Caldwell/Tam 108 (C/T) and Cardinal/Chisholm (C/C) were milled using hard
wheat flow with four breaks and soft wheat flow with six breaks. Physical
characteristics (hardness, test weight, 1000 kernel weight, kernel sizing,
etc.) showed linear relationships with % soft wheat for both C/T and C/C
sets. Flour yield depended on the wheat sets and also the type of mill
flow. For the C/T set, wheat protein content did not change. However, in
the C/C set, both wheat and flour protein contents decreased. Milling
scores and loaf volume increased with an increasing level of Caldwell
whereas those decreased with an increasing level of Cardinal. For both
sets, gluten index, water absorption, mixing tolerance, and mix time
decreased substantially with an increased % of both soft wheats.
Comparison of Straight-Dough and Sponge and Dough Baking Methods: Pup
(100-g Flour) and Pound (300-g Flour) Loaves. This study was conducted in
collaboration between the American Institute of Baking (AIB) and the GQSRU
(HWWQL), USGMRL. This project was completed in December 1992. Straight-
dough pup loaves were produced using the formula and procedure optimized by
the USDA/ARS/USGMRL. Sponge and dough pup and one pound loves were produced
using the AIB standard test method, which is more similar to that used by
the baking industry. Pups were processed on a National mixer; pound loaves
were processed on both a National mixer, and on a Hobart mixer equipped with
a McDuffee bowl and 2 or 3 prong mixing attachments. All possible variables
were controlled and kept constant during testing procedures. Correlations
between bake methods, dough sizes and mixer types were evaluated. For the
comparison of mixers, bread quality parameters were more highly correlated
for the breads produced by a National mixer and for those by a 3 prong
Hobart mixer than by a 2 prong Hobart mixer. The crumb grain scores, the
most important bread quality factors considered by the industry,
significantly correlated between straight-dough pup loaves mixed on the
National mixer at the USGMRL and sponge and dough pound loaves mixed on the
3 prong Hobart mixer at the AIB.
Effects of Mixing Time on Breadmaking Characteristics of Straight-Dough
Pup Loaf Procedures. Hard winter wheat flours were selected from the large-
scale testing samples (1991 crop) of the Wheat Quality Council. Wheats were
milled by the KSU Pilot Mill. Flours varied in protein content (11.9-
13.6%), mixograph water absorption (WA) (59.2-64.2%) and mix time (MT)
(4.13-5.13 min), bake WA (64.3-71.5%) and bake MT (4.75-6.63 min)
requirements. Doughs with full formulations were mixed in a National mixer
for various times (1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 min under or over from their optimum MT
[OMT] plus their bake OMT). All other parameters (WA, proof time, etc.)
were kept the same as for the optimally mixed doughs. The proof heights
(PH), loaf volumes (LV), and crumb grain (CG) scores of breads were the
greatest for doughs mixed either optimally or 0.5 min overmixed. In
general, undermixing impaired bread quality significantly more than
overmixing did. Undermixing for 1 min resulted in greater impairment of PH,
LV, and CG scores than overmixing for 1.5 min did.
Bread Crumb Amylograph Studies. II. Cause of Unique Properties. This
cooperative project between the Department of Grain Science and Industry,
KSU and the GQSRU has been completed. Amylograms of bread crumb have a bump
in the setback stage and sometimes a minor peak before the major peak in the
heating stage. In repeated amylograph cycles, bread flour alone showed a
bump in both heating and cooling stages. With repeated heating and cooling
cycles, bread crumb also showed a second bump in the heating stage. In a
bread crumb amylogram, the minor peak temperature was superimposed on the
falling edge of the bump in the second heating period, suggesting that they
were caused by similar factors. Wheat starch and wheat flour polar lipids
were shown to be responsible for bump formation. Viscosity changes
indicated by shapes of the bumps were temperature-dependent. Differential
scanning calorimetry showed endothermic and exothermic peaks, respectively,
upon repeated heating and cooling. Addition of sodium stearoyl lactylate to
wheat starch also caused bumps in the amylogram. Complexing of lipids,
mainly polar lipids, with solubilized starch molecules, and crystallization
of the complex in the cooling stage, as well as melting of the crystals and
dissociation of the complex in the heating stage probably caused the changes
in viscosity during bump formation.
Stabilities of Three Forms of Vitamin C during Breadmaking and Storage
of Breads. This was a cooperative study between the Department of Grain
Science and Industry, KSU, and the GQSRU. It seems desirable to fortify
bread with vitamin (Vit.) C to enhance absorption of non-heme iron, and to
broaden the availability of this nutrient in diet. L-ascorbic acid (AsA),
L-ascorbate 2-polyphosphate (AsPP), and L-ascorbate 2-monophosphate (AsMP)
were incorporated in straight-dough formulations, and their stabilities were
determined during breadmaking and storage of breads. All three forms were
added at a level to 64 mg AsA equivalent per 100 g flour. Since wheat flour
is known to contain phosphates, the hydrolysis of AsMP or AsPP to AsA was
determined after dough-mixing, proofing and baking. Then, AsA hydrolyzed
from AsMP and AsPP was quantitated by an HPLC with electro-chemical
detection. In general, the phosphorylated forms of AsA, compared to AsA,
showed 15-18% higher retention of Vit. C. activity in bread after 3-day
storage. However, the retention levels of Vit. C declined to less than 10%
for all forms after 7-day storage. Two slices (about 56 g) of 3-day-old
bread containing AsPP would provide approximately 18% of the adult RDA (60
mg/day), whereas those of 7-day-old bread would provide only 5% RDA.
Milling and Cookie Baking Quality of Near-Isogenic Lines of Wheat
Differing in Kernel Hardness. This was a cooperative study between the
Department of Grain Science and Industry, KSU, and GQSRU. Two sets of near-
isogenic lines of wheat were milled on a modified Brabender Quadrumat Senior
experimental mill, and were identified as being either hard or soft. Those
identifications were made during milling. The resulting flours were tested
for starch damage, presence of the 15 kilodalton (KD) starch granule
protein, and sugar-snap cookie spread. The 19 lines derived from Falcon, 10
hard and 9 soft, had acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE)
patterns of gliadins identical to each other and to Falcon. Likewise, the
11 lines derived from Heron, 6 hard and 5 soft, had A-PAGE patterns
identical to each other and to Heron. As expected, the A-PAGE patterns were
genotypic and not related to hardness/softness characteristic. Milling and
baking parameters correlated highly with classification of the flours as
being hard or soft, rather than classifications according to the flour's
gliadin (A-PAGE) pattern.
Potential Uses of Digital Imaging for Bread Crumb Grain Evaluation.
This is an on-going project in collaboration between the Engineering
Research Unit (ERU) and the GQSRU. Preliminary studies were done to
evaluate the potential uses of image texture analysis for crumb grain
assessment. Slices of two commercial bread brands were digitized and image
texture features were extracted. A computer model, a pattern comprised of
image texture features to describe crumb grain was tested using the two
bread brands. The variations of the image texture features for the two
bread brands were studied along with different subimage sizes and
neighborhood matrix sizes. Location of subimages within a slice affected
the value of the image texture feature and illustrated the range of grain
variation within a slice. Mid-regions of slices were distinguished from
those near the edge of the slice. Smooth regions with no open holes were
distinguished from those with open holes. Bread brand slices with a
relatively coarse crumb grain were distinguished from the brand with a
relatively smooth crumb grain. The degree of uniformity and fineness of
crumb grain within slices was also studied.
Enhancement of Objective Interpretation and Assessment of Flour Quality
Characteristics from Digitized (Fixed and Moving Bowl) 10-g Mixograms. This
is a continuing collaborative study between the ERU and the GQSRU at the
USGMRL and the Department of Grain Science and Industry, KSU. For proper
comparisons among mixograms obtained with different spring-mass system
characteristics, the translation to torque imposed by the dough should
always be completed. With a concerted effort, this translation could be
part of the standard data acquisition software and the user would always see
data which represents torque imposed on the system by the dough. These
translated values could also be retranslated to represent the response of
some standard spring-mass system. Instrumentation systems which monitor
power or current of the drive motor are also spring-mass systems and could
be modeled and handled similarly. If the data were in a standardized form,
translocations to represent larger or smaller amounts of flour and different
mixing speeds should be possible. The effect of absorption also should be
clearer with standardized procedures. A series of tests were conducted to
study the effect of absorption, different amounts of flour and mixing
speeds. The moving bowl average torque data were examined since translation
does not effect average torque. A system of multipliers for time and torque
was devised to illustrate that all effects produce the same basic mixogram
shape with only slight deviations from commonality. The multipliers and the
deviations from commonality represent absorption, flour mass and mixing
speed effects. Additional analyses and other tests are projected.
Image Texture Analysis of Crushed Wheat Kernels. The development of
new approaches for wheat hardness assessment may impact the grain industry
in marketing, milling and breeding. This study used image texture features
for wheat hardness evaluation. Application of digital imaging to grain for
grading purposes is principally based on morphometrical (shape and size)
characteristics of the kernels. A composite sample of 320 kernels for 17
wheat varieties were collected after testing and crushing with a Single
Kernel Wheat Characterization System. Six wheat classes were represented:
HRW, HRS, soft red winter (SRW), soft white winter (SWW), Durum and Club.
In this study, parameters which characterize texture or spatial distribution
of gray levels of an image were determined and used to classify images of
crushed wheat kernels. The texture parameters of crushed wheat kernel
images were different depending on class, hardness and variety of the wheat.
Image texture analysis of crushed wheat kernels showed promise for use in
class, hardness, milling quality and variety discrimination.
Texture Image Analysis for Discrimination of Mill Fractions of Hard and
Soft Wheat. This is a cooperative project between the ERU and the GQSRU.
The problem of wheat hardness evaluation was approached in this study as an
assessment of a batch sample of wheat mill fractions vs a single wheat
kernel evaluation. The problems of hard and soft wheat classification was
studied using image texture analysis. The study was conducted using a SRW
wheat (Terra SR-87) and a HRW wheat (Thunderbird). A Kontron Image
Processing System was used to examine samples of coarse and fine bran.
Black and white images were acquired in a 256*256 pixels format. Sixteen
64*64 pixels subimages per image were evaluated using texture analysis.
Image texture features were evaluated to develop classification model. Hard
wheat bran samples were discriminated correctly from soft wheat bran samples
by some image texture features. Coarse bran samples were also correctly
differentiated from fine bran samples. This method provides objective
classification of mill fractions and could be applied to samples smaller
than 1 g.
Size-Distribution of Starch Granules Isolated from Hard Red Winter and
Soft Red Winter Wheats. This cooperative project between the GQSRU and the
ERU is ongoing. Wheat hardness is typically determined by NIR Spectroscopy.
Not all wheats are correctly classed as hard or soft by this method,
however. Starch was isolated from caryopses of 14 hard and 10 soft red
winter wheats grown during the 1988 Kansas Winter Wheat Performance Test and
analyzed by digital image analysis to determine if starch morphometrical
features are affected by grain hardness. Samples were selected for wide
ranging NIR hardness values that would cause them to be misclassified.
Image analysis data was plotted as a histogram of frequency of starch
granules vs. relative diameter of the granules. Visual inspection of the
graphs revealed three basic patterns for the histograms; one generally
corresponded to soft wheats, one consistently corresponded to hard wheats,
and the type of third graph corresponded to both soft and hard wheats.
Further examination of the third histogram type revealed that the hard
wheats usually had type B granules with a median diameter less than 10 um
while the soft wheats possessed type B granules with median diameters
greater than 10 um. We have been able to correctly classify 24 of the 25
wheat samples as hard or soft by using this methodology.
Single Kernel Hardness Testing of Developing Hard and Soft Red Winter
Wheats. This project is on-going in collaboration between the GQSRU and
ERU. Field-grown hard (Pioneer 2163, Arkan, Karl, Newton, Tam 107, and Tam
200) and soft (Caldwell and Clark) red winter wheats were harvested at 15,
18, 21, 23, 25, 28, and 35 days after flowering (DAF). Wheat was dried by a
variety of methods: air-dried in the head at 28 C; oven-dried in the head
at 40 C; freeze-dried following freezing and threshing in liquid nitrogen;
field-dried mature wheat; and freeze-thawed air-dried in which samples were
first frozen in liquid nitrogen, thawed at room temperature, and then air-
dried at 28 C. The USGMRL Single Kernel Wheat Characterization System was
used to measure various grain parameters including the hardness of
individual grains. Air-dried and oven-dried samples generally had similar
hardness values when compared to mature samples. Soft wheats were also
softer than hard samples when dried by these two methods. Freeze-dried
grains all had similar very low values of hardness for samples harvested
between 15 and 28 DAF, but mature 35 DAF grains had normal hardness values.
Freeze-thawed samples had hardness values similar to air- or oven-dried
wheats.
Distinguishing Hard Red and Soft Red Winter Wheats by Image Analysis of
Starch Granules. The relationship between isolated starch granules shape
and size and wheat hardness was studied. Starch granules size and shape may
relate to grain millability, rheological properties of dough, and baking
quality. Twenty four Kansas wheats were studied: 14 HRW and 10 SRW.
Isolated starch granules were viewed with light microscopy to obtain black
and white images which were recorded on video tape. A program was designed
to keep track of the taped images and measure starch granules without
operator intervention. The data base of starch granules size and shape
features of the 24 wheat variety samples contained 152,237 granule
observations. The number of observations per sample varied from 3,238 to
14,671. Distinguishing HRW from SRW wheat samples was accomplished by
evaluation of starch granules shape and size. Several data manipulations
and transformations were performed in analysis of the data. Information
carried in two shape descriptors, which reflect aspect ratio and equivalent
diameter distribution was used to distinguish starch granules of HRW and SRW
wheats. The percentage of starch granules in the aspect ratio range 1.65-
1.95 is 25.8-31.5% for HRW and 19.9-25.4% for SRW.
Microscopic Examination of Embryo Development in Wheat. Field-grown
HRW wheat (Newton) was harvested at various days after flowering (DAF).
Wheat was prepared for light, scanning electron, and transmission electron
microscopy. Little differentiation was observed in the embryo during the
first seven days following anthesis. At about 10-12 DAF a small cleft was
observed on the dorsal side of the club-shaped embryo when viewed in mid-
longitudinal section. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that this
cleft was in reality a circular depression that gave an appearance similar
to that of an end of a navel orange. The region anterior to the depression
developed into the coleoptile while the area posterior to the depression
formed the epiblast. The incipient coleoptile enlarged greatly between 14
and 16 DAF. The depression closed to become a small slit, became situated
near the apex of the coleoptile, and was sometimes visible in mature
embryos. Various components were visible in the mature embryo when observed
with SEM including: coleorhiza papilla, coleorhiza, lateral roots,
epiblast, coleoptile, and scutellum.
An Explanation for the New-Crop Phenomenon in Soft and Hard Wheats.
This is a cooperative project between the Department of Grain Science and
Industry, KSU, and the GQSRU. Changes in soft and hard wheats immediately
after harvest were studied for five consecutive years. The wheats, procured
immediately after harvest, were milled into straight grade flour. Flours
milled from new crop wheat were slightly hydrophobic in character and gave
poor quality cakes and bread. The hydrophobicity of freshly milled flours
from new crop wheats decreased as a function of postharvest and postmilling
storage time with accompanying substantial improvements in their baking
quality. Defatting new crop wheat flours gave increased distilled water
binding capacities and improved cake baking quality. The endosperm of new
crop wheats contained abundant spherosomes, which significantly decreased in
concentration as the new crop wheats aged. Presumably, these spherosomes
are ruptured during milling and render the flour hydrophobic. Treatments to
break dormancy resulted in wheats that performed like aged wheats. Further
work showed that wetting and drying new crop wheats produced wheat that
behaved as if it had gone through the aging phenomenon. Presumably, wetting
and drying cause these delicate spherosomes to rupture.
High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits (HMW-GS) of the Most Commonly
Grown Wheat Cultivars in the U.S. in 1984. All wheat cultivars (106) grown
in the U.S. on more than 100,000 acres (38,610 ha) as of the latest (1984)
crop variety survey were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-
polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). HMW-GS band patterns for
each cultivar were assigned the corresponding Payne numbers and theoretical
quality scores based on those assignments. The subunit assignments were
compared for the different wheat cultivars and the five main wheat classes
grown in the U.S. The HRS and HRW wheats used mainly for breadmaking showed
a remarkably high percentage of bands associated with good breadmaking
quality. The allele 5+10, which has the strongest association with good
quality, was present in 91% of the HRS wheats and 62% of the HRW wheats.
Also, 91% of all HRS and 53% of HRW wheats had quality scores of 9 or 10 (10
is the highest possible score). Evidently, by selecting for quality through
close cooperation with quality testing laboratories, U.S. breeders have
unknowingly selected for high quality glutenin subunits in their released
cultivars. HRS and HRW wheats are normally grown in different environments
in time and/or space, accounting to a large extent for differences in
protein content (~2%) and other quality traits in the two crops. The
uniformly high theoretical quality scores of the HRS wheats compared to more
variable scores for HRW wheats may help to explain the popular perception
that spring wheats have intrinsically higher quality than winter wheats.
Admixing grain from variable (some poorer, most good) HRW wheat varieties
(due to genetics or environment) has probably also led to the perception of
overall lower quality for HRW than HRS wheats. In the SRW and soft white
wheat classes where the end-use is typically cookies and cakes, 40 and 90%,
respectively, have the allele 2+12 that correlates with poor bread baking
quality. The absence of alleles for good bread baking quality may be
predictive of good quality for soft wheat products.
Relationships between High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunits (HMW-GS)
and Bread-making Quality of the Major Moroccan-Grown Common Wheats. This
was a cooperative study between the Department of Grain Science and
Industry, KSU, and the GQSRU. The numbering of HMW-GS for eight Moroccan
common wheats was accomplished. Their bread-making quality was determined
via some physico-chemical and rheological tests. It was found that subunits
2, 5, 10, and 12 were significantly correlated with: sedimentation value,
specific sedimentation value, peak time, dough stability, mixing tolerance
index, swelling index, and dough extensibility. Subunits 5 and 10
correlated well with good quality whereas glutenin subunits 2 and 12 were
indicators of poor quality. No relationship of subunits 1 and 2* to quality
was noticed. The GS numbered 17 and 18 were positively and significantly
correlated with: peak time, alveograph strength, swelling index, and dough
extensibility. A negative and significant relationship was found between
subunit 8 and sedimentation value whereas subunit 7 correlated negatively
and significantly with: peak time, alveograph strength, swelling index and
dough extensibility. Finally, the baking score correlated positively with
the swelling index and dough extensibility which are indicators of rather
weak doughs.
Separation and Characterization of Purified High-Molecular-Weight
Glutenin Subunits (HMW-GS) of Bread Wheats Through the Use of Various
Analytical Methods. Purified HMW-GS of the varieties Chinese Spring and TAM
105 were examined through the use of several separation and characterization
techniques. Those cultivars possess the same HMW-GS, but differ in baking
quality. The individual proteins differ in a number of significant aspects.
HPLC analysis reveals that proteins at the same molecular weight (MW) differ
in hydrophobicity. Peptide mapping information also indicates that these
proteins are not identical. Isoelectric focusing, 2-D electrophoresis and
capillary zone electrophoresis were performed with the purified subunits and
the results support the hypothesis that the HMW-GS which have the same MW
are not identical proteins. We speculate that the HMW-GS have been post-
translationally modified and will present data supporting that theory in
some detail. We believe that the differences which we have detected within
individual HMW-GS may provide new insights into molecular dissimilarities
and ultimately suggest mechanisms for predicting variations in baking
quality.
The Effect of Test Plots, Greenhouse and Field, on Gliadin
Electrophoretic (A-PAGE) and Chromatographic (RP-HPLC) Patterns of 4 Hard
Red Winter (HRW) Wheat Cultivars. This was a collaborative study between
the GQSRU and the Plant Science and Entomology Research Unit. Single heads
of four HRW wheat cultivars, Chisholm, Mustang, Sumner, and Tam 108 were
chosen to detect if present any differences in gliadin patterns of seeds
planted in greenhouse (G) and in field head row plots (F). Four seeds from
each head were planted 2 seeds per pot in the G and the remaining seeds of
that head were planted in F. All plants were grown and harvested in the
same seasons. Five seeds from each growing condition (for all cultivars and
replications) were hand ground in a mortar and pestle, extracted with 70%
ethanol, and analyzed by A-PAGE an reversed phase-high performance liquid
chromatography (RP-HPLC). The A-PAGE patterns of the extracts from each
cultivar were nearly identical for the G- and the F-grown samples. The RP-
HPLC pattern of each cultivar grown in the G, exhibited an extra large peak
at 3.2 min (0.6 min past the void volume). Otherwise, the RP-HPLC patterns
showed similar effects as the A-PAGE patterns.
Identification of Some Wheat Proteins Separated by a Two-Step Acid
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) Technique. This was a
collaborative study between the INRA, France, and the GQSRU. When the same
cultivar was compared using both two-step electrophoresis techniques, some
differences were found in the patterns of the D-zone proteins (Khelifi and
Branlard 1991). The acid-PAGE-SDS-PAGE technique showed heavily stained
bands of Mr 50-67 kDa that were absent in the gel of the two-step one-
dimensional SDS-PAGE of Singh and Shepherd (1988) and Gupta et al (1989).
These three to five unknown bands, depending on the cultivar, seem to have a
diverse mobility from one genotype to another. Therefore, some experiments
were necessary to identify these D-zone proteins. Using the two-step acid-
PAGE-SDS-PAGE techniques, we found that the D-zone proteins correspond to -
gliadins. These -gliadins remained aggregated to the high molecular weight
(HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins upon initial extraction with
2-chloroethanol. Bietz et al (1975a,b) showed that glutenins do strongly
associate noncovalently with gliadins. Because they were aggregated to the
glutenins, some of these -gliadins may have functional properties different
from those of the other gliadins.
Off-Odors in Grains (Book Chapter). Odor is a very important factor in
grain grading in the U.S. All samples submitted for grading are smelled by
at least one inspector. Any sample designated as off-odor is assigned
Sample Grade, the lowest of the grades, regardless of the other factors used
in grading. Because of the importance of the odor factor, the subjectivity
of odor determinations in the current grading system, and the desire to
avoid having inspectors smell every sample, there has been a longstanding
need for an objective method for determining grain odors. This chapter
reviews results from our work and others concerning volatiles that cause or
are associated with odors in raw cereal grains. For our investigations,
volatiles were collected and concentrated on Tenax absorbent with a purge
and trap instrument, transferred to a gas chromatograph for separation, and
then detected with infrared and mass selective detectors. Samples from the
commercial trade and laboratory-prepared samples with known infestations of
molds, bacteria, or insects were analyzed. Molds caused various types of
musty or musty-earthy odors, with 1-octen-3-o1 and geosmin being significant
contributors to those odors. Bacteria growing in wet grain produced sour
odors. Pig-sour or barnyard odors were caused by short-chain acids,
especially butanoic. A fermenting-type sour odor was associated with high
levels of acetoin, diacetal, and/or 2,3-butanediol. Samples infested with
lesser grain borer had a characteristic acrid odor, contained elevated
levels of 2-pentanol, and usually had detectable amounts of dominicalure
aggregation pheromones. Certain terpenes and 1-pentadecene were associated
with red flour beetle infestations. Many other miscellaneous volatiles and
odors were discussed.
Some Volatiles and Odors in Commercial Grain Samples. Sensory data on
more than 600 grain samples from official inspection offices were obtained
from grain inspectors, a panel in our laboratory, and a panel at the Sensory
Analysis Center at KSU. Volatiles were collected on Tenax absorbent by
purging whole grain with helium, separated with a polar gas chromatography
column, and detected with infrared and mass detectors. Some odors that we
could not previously associate with specific compounds apparently were due
to the presence of ammonia and other low molecular weight, highly volatile
compounds. Collection of such compounds required short purges (2 to 5 min)
with little or no dry purge (reverse flow of helium through Tenax trap to
remove excess water). Purge times of 10 to 20 min, with dry purge times of
6 to 8 min, were usually used to collect compounds with wide ranges of
molecular weight and volatility. Ammonia appears to be associated with some
types of insect infestations and perhaps other sources. Residual or
decomposition products from malathion and other insecticides appear to be
related to some commercially objectionable foreign odors (COFO) that are not
easily recognized as being from insecticide treatments. Various other COFO-
type odors were associated with elevated concentrations of naphthalene,
alkylbenzenes, alkylpyrazines, and other compounds.
Production of Geosmin by Fungi in Stored Grain and in Culture. Geosmin
is a compound that imparts musty-earthy odors to drinking water, fish, and
occasionally to other food products. It is produced mainly by certain
aquatic or soil-inhabiting blue-green algae and actinomycetes, but has also
been found in moldy or musty grain. Geosmin was produced in grain sorghum
stored at 17% moisture and 25 C for 9 weeks and at 19% moisture for 4 weeks,
with Aspergillus candidus being the dominant fungus in both cases. When
pure cultures of A. candidus and other common grain storage fungi were grown
on moist autoclaved rice or corn, only Penicillium cyclopium produced
geosmin and strong earthy odors. Liquid cultures of the actinomycete
Streptomyces tendae produced much higher levels of geosmin than did any of
the grain storage fungi. When minimal media such as Czapek-Dox broth were
supplemented with methionine, geosmin production was reduced and principal
odor compounds were disulfides and trisulfides.
Identification of 5-(2-Oxoalkyl)resorcinols and 5-(2-
Oxoalkenyl)resorcinols in Wheat and Rye Grains. Several homologs of 5-(2-
oxoalkyl)- and 5-(2-oxoalkenyl)resorcinols were identified in extracts of
wheat and rye grains. Homologs of the 5-(2-oxoalkyl)resorcinols included 5-
(2-oxononadecyl)-, 5-(2-oxoheneicosanyl)-, 5-(2-oxotricosanyl)-, and 5-(2-
oxopentacosanyl)resorcinol, with the heneicosanyl and tricosanyl homologs
being predominant. The homologs of 5-(2-oxoalkenyl)resorcinols consisted of
5-(2-oxoheneicosenyl)- and 5-(2-oxotricosenyl)resorcinol. The major alkyl
and alkenyl homologs were isolated by thin-layer (TLC) and high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) and then identified by TLC, HPLC, gas
chromatography coupled with infrared and mass spectroscopy, and proton
magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Abundances of the "oxo" components are
minor compared to the 5-n-alkyl-resorcinols and, apparently, have been
overlooked in previous studies of resorcinols in wheat and rye grains.
Storage of Cereal Grains and Their Products (Book), 4th Edition. This
book was edited by D. B. Sauer at the GQSRU, and published in 1992 by the
Am. Assoc. of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN. It is one of the most thorough
and authoritative references on the principles and practices of storing and
handing cereal grains and their products. It includes new and additional
information on insect control, integrated pest management, the development
of storage techniques, alternative storage practices, and the economics of
grain storage. With over 600 pages, representing more than 48 years of
accumulated knowledge, this is the text to have if you are involved in any
way with cereal grain storage and processing.
Microflora (Book Chapter). This article was published in "Storage of
Cereal Grains and Their Products (4th ed., D. B. Sauer, editor, AACC)." A
diversity of microflora can be found on grains and seeds, but from the
standpoint of storage, only a relatively few species of fungi are important.
Species of Fusarium, Alternaria, etc. invade seeds before harvest but do not
grow or cause further deterioration under normal storage conditions.
Aspergillus species and a few species of Penicillium can grow at moisture
contents of 13.5 to 17% in stored grain. They cause germination losses,
discoloration, mustiness, heating, caking, and may produce mycotoxins. Each
species of the storage fungi has a distinct lower limit of moisture that
permits it to grow, so there is sometimes a succession of fungal species in
a grain mass as metabolic activity of the initial invaders creates an
environment suitable for species requiring higher moisture contents.
Moisture content, temperature, and time are the principal factors
determining the amount of fungal growth and deterioration that will occur in
stored grain. Other factors that also have an effect are amount of broken
grains and fine material, initial inoculum level, and insects. Losses can
be prevented by keeping moisture contents and temperatures low, monitoring
the grain for changes in temperature or condition, and using aeration to
stabilize temperature and moisture. Chemical preservatives may be used to
prevent fungal growth in high moisture grain, but they limit the end-product
uses for the grain and are not widely used.
Effects of Fine Material on Mold Growth in Grain (Book Chapter). This
article will be published in "Fine Material in Grain (ed. by R. Stroshine,
NC Regional Res. Publ. 332)." There are several ways in which fine material
can contribute to mold problems in storage, but there are almost no
quantitative data that relate fines directly to mold growth or mold
problems. Practical experience has shown that many cases of extreme heating
and spoilage are associated with accumulations of fine material in
spoutlines. Fine material has a greater resistance to airflow than does
whole grain, so areas in a bin with fines cannot be cooled or dried
effectively. Fines are also much more susceptible to mold invasion than
whole grain. Intact kernels are relatively resistant to invasion by storage
molds, but mechanical damage such as cracks and breaks make them much more
susceptible. Fines represent an extreme case of mechanical damage. Fine
material may serve as a source of inoculum. Screenings and dust from grain
has been shown to have mold populations several times higher than the grain,
particularly when the grain has undergone some mold growth or spoilage.
Fines or screenings from freshly harvested grain probably do not contribute
significantly to the level of storage mold spores in the grain.
Status of the USGMRL Single Kernel Wheat Characterization System
(SKWCS). A cooperative research and development agreement (CRADA) was
executed with Perten Instruments North America (PINA) and the ERU to produce
two commercial prototypes (CP) of the SKWCS. Two CP's as specified were
delivered to ARS USGMRL in March 1992. After a cooperative effort to
develop improved software and optimize some new techniques, the CP's were
normalized using the FGIS Hardness Reference Samples. Their performance
levels were accepted by ARS as equivalent to or better than the USGMRL
experimental units. The first two CP's were delivered to FGIS on August 13,
1992 for further evaluation. Another Cooperative Agreement was executed
with PINA to produce six additional prototypes to determine instrument
reproducibility and for FGIS to use in a field evaluation study.
Specifications and performance standards based on the USGMRL experimental
instruments were developed to aid in license and manufacturer of the SKWCS.
Two USGMRL experimental instruments delivered to FGIS in 1992 successfully
completed acquisition of the 1990 and 1991 field crop survey data (about
6600 samples through each instrument). A study of the SKWCS hardness data
obtained from developing HRW and SRW wheats dried by a variety of methods
showed that air-dried and oven-dried samples generally had similar hardness
values when compared to field-dried mature samples. Single kernel near
infrared reflectance (NIRR), near infrared transmission (NIRT), and SKWCS
data of the 10 FGIS Hardness Reference Samples were obtained in a
preliminary study to compare different hardness measuring technologies.
NIRR, NIRT, and SKWCS data had similar kernel to kernel hardness variations
and were highly correlated. In hard and soft wheat mixtures, high
correlations were obtained between the SKWCS summary parameters and flour
particle granulation in the first stages of milling.
Modeling of Temperature of Grain during Storage with Aeration. Two 6.6
m diameter steel bins were used to store wheat for observing seasonal grain
temperature variations. Aeration in one bin was controlled by a
programmable microprocessor and in the second bin, it was controlled
manually with temperature limit settings. In each bin, 132 thermocouples
were installed to measure the temperature of grain at different depths and
different radial distances from the bin center. Temperatures of the bin
wall, bin floor, and air above the grain surface were also measured.
Temperatures were recorded daily using a programmable data acquisition
system. Each bin was filled with 99.3 t of HRW wheat to a depth of 3.66 m.
Tests were started in May 1988 and ended in December 1990. A model was
developed to predict the temperature of grain during storage. The model was
based on a two-dimensional transient heat conduction equation with the
associated boundary conditions and was solved using the finite difference
method for a cylindrical geometry. The model included several sub-models
which predicted temperature profiles of soil under the bins, solar radiation
on bin wall at any time of day, and convective heat transfer coefficient for
the bin wall. Local hourly weather data (air temperature, relative
humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation on horizontal surface) and airflow
rates during aeration periods were used as model inputs to simulate the
temperatures of grain during storage. Predicted and measured grain
temperatures were in close agreement for a test period of 32 months.
Results indicated that the model and the parameter values used in the model
are applicable for predicting temperature of stored wheat with and without
aeration.
Reduction of Grain Breakage and Power Requirements in a Screw Conveyor.
This is a continuing project at the ERU. Several inlet configurations for a
screw conveyer were designed and constructed. A device was constructed to
test these inlet configurations. Grain damage, conveying capacities, and
power requirements will be determined at various rotating speeds, intake
lengths, and incline angles. Power requirements and rotating speeds of the
inlet section will be monitored by a torque sensor. Preliminary tests
showed that the fine material distribution in the grain mass in the
receiving bin of the test device was very nonuniform. As a results, grain
samples obtained by probing the receiving bin did not represent the grain
damage correctly, therefore a grain cleaner will be used to determine grain
damage in the entire test lot without sampling. Tests also showed that dust
generation during testing was unacceptable. A dust control device was
installed on the top of the receiving bin to control and contain generated
dust.
Grain Flow Through Guarded Horizontal Orifices. Installing guards over
unloading sumps in grain bins would reduce injuries caused by accidental
contact with screw conveyors used to unload bins. But installing guards
would also reduce the rate of grain flow from the bins. This study was
undertaken to measure flow of wheat, corn, sorghum, and soybeans through
guarded and unguarded 15 cm (6 in.) and 23 cm (9 in.) square, horizontal
orifices, and to determine the flow reduction caused by the guards. The
ratio of guarded to unguarded volumetric grain flow ranged from 0.34 to 0.69
depending on grain type and orifice size. We tried to predict grain flow
through guarded orifices by summing theoretical grain flow through the small
openings in the guards. The ratios of measured to predicted grain flow for
guarded orifices were 1.07 to 1.32 for wheat, 0.94 to 1.17 for corn, 0.85 to
0.91 for sorghum, and 0.73 to 0.87 for soybeans.
Automated Acoustical Monitoring of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera:
Tenebrionidae) Populations in Stored Wheat. An automated acoustical
detection system for monitoring Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) populations in
stored wheat was evaluated using 16 microphones per 5 bu (176.2 liters)
wheat. A regression equation explained 93.9% of the variation in the number
of insect sounds over a range of 5-640 adult insects per 5 bu. For one
microphone during a 10-s interval, the probability of detection increased
rapidly from ~0.12 with 10 insects per 5 bu to 0.44 with 80 insects per 5
bu, and then more slowly to 0.66 with 640 insects per 5 bu. The probability
of detection was ~0.90 with 40 insects per 5 bu and 3 microphones, 20
insects per 5 bu and 4 microphones, 10 insects per 5 bu and 5 microphones,
or 5 insects per 5 bu and 12 microphones. More frequently monitoring a
single microphone improved the probability of detection 60-80% as much as
adding the same number of microphones. The number of insect sounds was
unaffected by the sex or mating status of the insects and decreased
logarithmically with increasing distance between insect and microphone.
Adults produced 80 times more sounds than larvae. Automation of insect
monitoring should increase reliability and reduce labor costs.
Spatial Model for Simulating Changes in Temperature and Insect
Population Dynamics in Stored Grain. A spatial model describing insect
population dynamics in a grain bin was developed by coupling a model of
Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) with a two-dimensional bin temperature
model. In the model, the bin is divided into 16 compartments. The insect
model is run separately for each compartment. This allows the insect model
to simulate different population growth rates based on each compartment's
average daily temperature. Field data for a 351-m3 (10,000 bu) bin located
in Cloud County, KS, was used to validate the model. The model predicted
grain temperatures accurately for each of the nine compartments, except the
center top portion of the grain mass. In this region, observed grain
temperatures were 8øC higher than predicted during December. This may have
been caused by convective air movement. In general, the model accurately
predicted insect density for most of the bin compartments. However, the
model tended to overestimate insect density in the center of the grain mass
during the end of the storage period in December. During this period,
actual grain temperatures were still optimal for C. ferrugineus growth.
Cephalonomia waterstoni (Gahan), a common host-specific parasitoid of C.
ferrugineus, may have been responsible for the pest population decrease.
Fluorescent Pigments for Marking Lesser Grain Borers (Coleoptera:
Bostrichidae). Fluorescent dyed melamine copolymer resins were evaluated to
determine their effectiveness for marking adult Rhyzopertha dominica to be
used in release-recapture experiments. Pigments were retained very well,
and marked individuals were easily identified under longwave ultraviolet
light up to 21 days after treatment. Little pigment was transferred between
individuals during mating or other contact within a bulk of wheat.
Treatment with fluorescent pigment did not reduce fecundity or prevent
flight activity.
Response of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) to its
Aggregation Pheromone and Wheat Volatiles. The attraction of adult
Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) to its aggregation pheromone and to volatiles of
infested wheat was examined in relation to age, sex and female mating
status. Male and female beetles did not differ in their response to
pheromone or wheat volatiles regardless of insect age. Virgin and mated
females did not differ in their response to the pheromone and/or wheat
volatiles. R. dominica was more responsive to wheat that was infested than
to clean wheat, and the response was proportional to the density of insects
in the wheat. This suggests a strong attraction to the insect pheromone in
infested grain. The implications of these findings for the attraction and
migration of R. dominica to stored wheat are discussed.
News at the Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory (HWWQL) in the Grain
Quality and Structure Research Unit (GQSRU).
We at the HWWQL have evaluated intrinsic quality parameters of
thousands of hard winter wheat lines from 15 federal, state, and private
nurseries and completed 15 reports for wheat breeders for the 1991 crop
samples and 7 reports for collaborative studies on wheat quality. For the
1992 crops, we have expanded our evaluating service to Texas, Oklahoma,
Colorado, and Nebraska state nurseries in addition to the Federal and Kansas
nurseries.
The hardness scores of about 900 wheats (500 for the 1991 crop and 400
for the 1992 crop) grown in Kansas were determined by both NIR and the
USGMRL Single Kernel Wheat Characterization System (SKWCS): this project
was a collaborative study with the Kansas Association of Wheat Growers for
news release during the harvest period.
We have initiated check sample services by providing three wheats and
three flours each coded to the ten collaborators from the other wheat
testing laboratories. Tests to be conducted include wheat, milling, NIR,
flour, dough, and bread-making characteristics. Comparison of data between
the labs will be shared at the Wheat Quality Council Annual Meeting.
Staffing changes at the HWWQL in the GQSRU are: (a) Ms. Bernadine M.
Eichman, Baking Technician, retired on January 29, 1993 after nearly 30
years of service. We will miss her and wish her the best; (b) Ms. Cristina
Lang, Baking Scientist, will start her new job effective February 21, 1993.
Ms. Lang will try to replace Mr. Merle D. Shogren (retired in 1989) and Dr.
Bernie Bruinsma (resigned in 1983). Please wish her well; (c) Mr. Lerance
C. Bolte, Milling Scientist, plans to retire at the end of May after 39
years of service. We will miss him and wish him the best.
For your information, the phone number for the GQSRU Research Leader
(Dr. Okky Chung) is (913) 776-2703 and the Unit Secretary's (Ms. Marsha
Grunewald) number is (913) 776-2757. The USGMRL FAX number is (913) 776-
2792.
Publications
Bakhella, M., Lookhart, G. L., Hoseney, R. C., and Boujnah, M. 1992.
Relationships between high-molecular weight subunits of glutenin proteins
and bread-making quality of the major Moroccan-grown common wheats. Actes
Inst. Agron. Vet. (In Press)
Bakhella, M., Moujib, M., Lookhart, G. L., and Hoseney, R. C. 1992.
Theories of wheat hardness and the methods of its measurement. Al Awamia,
Revue de la Recherche Agronomique Morrocaine 76:77-98.
Bechtel, D. B., Martin, C. R., and Wilson, J. D. 1992. Single kernel
hardness testing of developing hard and soft red winter wheats. Cereal
Foods World 37:551. [Abstract]
Bechtel, D. B., Zayas, I., Dempster, R., and Wilson, J. D. 1992. Size-
distribution of starch isolated from hard and soft red winter wheats.
Cereal Chem. (In Press)
Branlard, G., Khelifi, D., and Lookhart, G. 1992. Identification of some
wheat proteins separated by a two-step acid polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis technique. Cereal Chem. 69:677-678.
Chang, C. S., Converse, H. H., and Steele, J. L. 1992. Modeling of
temperature of grain during storage with aeration. In: Extended Abstrs.,
International Sym. on Stored Grain Ecosys., Dept. of Agr. Engr., Winnipeg,
Canada, pp. 18-19.
Chang, C. S., and Noyes, R. T. 1992. OSHA requirements and worker safety.
In: Management of Grains, Bulk Commodities and Bagged Products. Coop. Ext.
Ser. Cir. No. E-912, Oklahoma State Univ. and USDA, pp. 59-62.
Chung, O. K., Bolte, L. C., Lookhart, G. L., Martinez, W. H., and Smail, V.
W. 1992. Milling and bread-making quality of blends of hard/soft wheats
with similar hardness values. Cereal Foods World 37:563. [Abstract]
Chung, O. K., Lookhart, G. L., and Smail, V. W. 1992. Effects of mixing
time on bread-making characteristics of straight-dough pup loaf procedures.
Cereal Foods World 37:585. [Abstract]
Chung, O. K., Lookhart, G. L., Smail, V. W., Steele, J. L., McGaughey, W.
H., Sauer, D. B., Seitz, L. M., Shogren, M. D., Bechtel, D. B., Hagstrum, D.
W., Zayas, I. Y., Bolte, L. C., Martin, C. R., Wilson, J. D., Brabec, D. L.,
Converse, H. H., Seabourn, B. W., Dempster, R., Rouser, R. R., Chang, C. S.,
Dowdy, A. K., Flinn, P. W., Kim, W. S., Lin, W. D., Tilley, K., and Xu, A.
1992. Wheat research in the U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory.
Annual Wheat Newsletter 38:215-224. [Review]
Chung, O. K., and Pomeranz, Y. 1992. Cereal Processing. In: Food
Proteins: Properties and Applications. Vol. II. S. Nakai and H. W.
Modler, eds. VCH Publishers, New York. (In Press) [Book Chapter]
Dowdy, A. K., Howard, R. W., Seitz, L. M., and McGaughey, W. H. 1992.
Resposne of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) to its
aggregation pheromone and wheat volatiles. Environ. Entomol. (Submitted)
Dowdy, A. K., and McGaughey, W. H. 1992. Fluorescent pigments for marking
lesser grain borers (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85:567-
569.
Dong, H., Sears, R. G., Cox, T. S., Hoseney, R. C., Lookhart, G. L., and
Shogren, M. D. 1992. Relationships beteen protein composition and
mixograph and loaf characteristics in wheat. Cereal Chem. 69:132-136.
Flinn, P. W., Hagstrum, D. W., Muir, W. E., and Sudayappa, K. 1992.
Spatial model for simulating changes in temperature and insect population
dynamics in stored grain. Environ. Entomol. 21:1351-1356.
Hagstrum, D. W., Vick, K. W., and Flinn, P. W. 1991. Automated acoustical
monitoring of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) populations
in stored wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 84:1604-1608.
Hareland, G. A., Lookhart, G. L., Chung, O. K., and Martinez, W. H. 1992.
Milling and bread-making quality of blends of spring/winter wheats with
similar hardness values. Cereal Foods World 37:563. [Abstract]
Kim, H. S., Seib, P. A., and Chung, O. K. 1992. Effects of D-
erythroascorbic acid in wheat dough and its level in bakers' yeast. J. Food
Sci. (In Press)
Lin, W. D. A., Lookhart, G. L., and Hoseney, R. C. 1992. Purification of a
proteolytic enzyme from wheat flour and its effect on elongational viscosity
of cracker sponges. Cereal Chem. (In Press)
Lookhart, G. L., Cox, T. S., and Chung, O. K. 1992. Statistical analyses
of gliadin reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)
patterns of hard red spring and hard red winter wheat cultivars grown in a
common environment: classification indices. Cereal Chem. (In Press)
Lookhart, G., Cox, T. S., Tilley, K., and Harrell, L. 1992. The effect of
test plots, greenhouse or field, on gliadin electrophoresis (A-PAGE) and
chromatographic (RP-HPLC) patterns of 4 hard red winter wheat cultivars.
Cereal Foods World 37:570. [Abstract]
Lookhart, G. L., Hagman, K., and Kasarda, D. D. 1992. High-molecular
weight glutenin subunits of the most commonly grown wheat cultivars in the
U.S. in 1984. J. Plant Breeding. (In Press)
Lookhart, G. L., Martin, M. L., Mosleth, E., Uhlen, A. K., and Hoseney, R.
C. 1992. Comparison of high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenin and
baking performance of flours varying in bread-making quality. J. Food Sci.
& Tech. (German). (In Press)
Martin, C. R., Rousser, R., and Brabec, D. L. 1992. Device for singulating
particles. U.S. Patent No. 5,082,141.
Norris, N. L., and Steele, J. L. 1992. Pan evaporation, Holland, Virginia,
1950-1991. Information Series 92-1, Virginia Polytechnic and State
University, Blacksburg, VA.
Olewnik, M. C., Lookhart, G. L., and Chung, O. K. 1992. Comparison of
straight-dough and sponge and dough baking methods: pup (100-g flour) and
pound (300-g flour) loaves. Cereal Foods World 37:585. [Abstract]
Park, H. S., Seib, P. A., and Chung, O. K. 1992. Stabilities of three
forms of vitamin C during breadmaking and storage of breads. Cereal Foods
World 37:558. [Abstract]
Rogers, D. E., Hoseney, R. C., Lookhart, G. L., Curran, S. P., Lin, W.D. A.,
and Sears, R. G. 1992. Milling and baking quality of near-isogenic lines
of wheat differing in kernel hardness. Cereal Chem. (In Press)
Sauer, D. B. (editor). 1992. Storage of Cereal Grains and Their Products,
4th ed., Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, MN, 615 pp. [Book]
Sauer, D. B., Meronuck, R. A., and Christensen, C. M. 1992. Microflora.
In: Storage of Cereal Grains and Their Products, 4th ed., D. B. Sauer, ed.,
Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN. pp. 313-340. [Book Chapter]
Sauer, D. B., Meronuck, R. A., and Tuite, J. 1992. Effects of fine
material on mold growth in grain. In: Fine Material in Grain, ed. by R.
Stroshine, NC Regional Research Publ. 332, OARDC Special Circular 141,
Wooster, OH. (In Press) [Book Chapter]
Sauer, D. B., and Seitz, L. M. 1992. Production of geosmin by fungi in
stored grain and in culture. Phytopathology 82:1147. [Abstract]
Sears, R. G., Cox, T. S., Martin, C. R., and Shroyer, J. P. 1992.
Stability of kernel hardness in hard red winter wheats. Proceedings of the
19th Hard Red Winter Wheat Conference, Lincoln, NE, Jan. 21-23.
Seitz, L. M. 1992. Identification of 5-(2-oxoalkyl)resorcinols and 5-(2-
oxoalkenyl)resorcinols in wheat and rye grains. J. Agric. Food. Chem.
40:1541-1546.
Seitz, L. M., and Sauer, D. B. 1992. Off-odors in grains. Chapter 2, pp.
17-35. IN: Off-Flavours in Foods and Beverages, G. Charalambous, ed.,
Elsevier Sci. Publ., Amsterdam. [Book Chapter]
Seitz, L. M., and Sauer, D. B. 1992. Some volatiles and odors in
commercial grain samples. Cereal Foods World 37:528. [Abstract]
Shelke, K., Hoseney, R.C., Faubion, J. M., and Bechtel, D.B. 1992. An
explanation for the new-crop phenomenon in soft and hard wheats. Cereal
Foods World 37:547. [Abstract]
Shi, B., Posner, E., Deyoe, C. W., Steele, J. L., and Spillman, C. K. 1992.
The relationship of wheat hardness to millability. Cereal Foods World
37:545. [Abstract]
Smail, V. W., and Chung, O. K. 1992. USDA/ARS Hard Winter Wheat Quality
Laboratory. Wheat Technology. [News Release]
Steele, J. L., and Walker, D. E. 1992. Popcorn expansion ratios based on
single kernel and flake volume measurements. Proc. Food Processing
Automation Conference, FPEI, ASAE, Lexington, KY, May 4-6. pp 306-315.
Tilley, K. A., Lookhart, G. L., and Hoseney, R. C. 1992. Separation and
characterization of purified high molecular weight glutenin subunits of
bread wheats through the use of various analytical methods. Cereal Foods
World 37:556. [Abstract]
Wilcke, W. F., Chang, C. S., and Hetzel, G. H. 1992. Grain flow through
horizontal guarded orifices. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 8(1):65-75.
Wilson, J. D., and Bechtel, D. B. 1992. Microscopic examination of embryo
development in wheat. Cereal Foods World 37:550-551. [Abstract]
Xu, A., Chung, O. K., and Ponte, J. G., Jr. 1992. Bread crumb amylograph
studies. I. Effects of storage time, shortening, flour lipids, and
surfactants. Cereal Chem. 69:495-501.
Xu, A., Ponte, J. G., Jr., and Chung, O. K. 1992. Bread crumb amylograph
studies. II. Cause of unique properties. Cereal Chem. 69:502-507.
Zayas, I. Y. 1992. Potential of digital imaging for bread crumb grain
evaluation. Cereal Foods World 37:552. [Abstract]
Zayas, I. Y., Bechtel, D. B., Wilson, J. D., and Dempster, R. E. 1992.
Distinguishing hard red and soft red winter wheats by image analysis of
starch granules. Cereal Chem. (Submitted)
Zayas, I. Y., Martin, C. R., Steele, J. L., and Dempster, R. E. 1991.
Image texture analysis of crushed wheat kernels. Proc. Machine Vision
Architectures, Integration and Applications, SPIE 1615:203-215.
Zayas, I. Y., Steele, J. L., Dempter, R. E., and Bolte, L. 1992. Texture
image analysis for discrimination of mill fractions of hard and soft wheat.
Transactions of the ASAE. (Submitted)
--------------------
Kansas Agricultural Statistics, Topeka
T. J. Byram*
(graph goes here?)
Publications
Monthly Crops. Wheat cultivars, percent of acreage devoted to each
cultivar. Wheat qualtiy, test weight, moisture, and protein content of
current harvest. $10.00
Weekly Crop-weather. Issued each Monday, March 1 through November 30.
Provides crop and weather informatin for previous week. $12.00
County Estimates. County data on wheat acreage seeded and harvested, yieid,
and production on summer fallow, irrigated, and continuous cropped land.
December.
Wheat Quality. County data on protein, test weight, moisture, grade, and
dockage. Includes milling and baking tests, by cultivar, from a probability
sample of Kansas wheat. September
--------------------
KENTUCKY
University of Kentucky, Lexington
D. A. Van Sanford, C. T. MacKown, and Y. Z. Ma
Production. The 1991-92 production year began ominously, with a sudden
temperature drop on 1 Nov. which killed all of the top growth of newly
emerged wheat seedlings. Abundant moisture and mild average temperatures
helped the recovery of the wheat crop. In the central part of the state,
however, the winter was punctuated with more sudden temperature changes, and
considerable heaving damage occurred. At Lexington, all of the wheat seeded
by 15-20 October was severely damaged; no yield trials were harvested.
Later planted material, however, came through in good shape, and we obtained
adequate seed production and good disease data from F3-F5 material. In the
western part of the state where most of the wheat is produced, most of the
wheat escaped heaving damage, and yields were at record levels (55 bu/a).
This was a very pleasant contrast to the scab-plagued 1991 season. Disease
pressure was absent until anthesis, when the Septoria leaf blotch complex
moved rapidly up the plant to the flag leaf in susceptible cultivars. Glume
blotch was widely observed, but the effect on yield was variable. Leaf rust
and powdery mildew, though present, had little effect on yield. - Van
Sanford
Grower survey A Wheat Integrated Resource Management committee was
formed, consisting of wheat researchers and extension specialists, county
agents, and farmers. The objective of the committee is to increase the
profitability of wheat production in Kentucky. As a first step, a grower
survey was conducted to identify areas for further research and extension
efforts. One interesting result concerned the growers' perception of
disease resistance. Although diseases were cited as the second most
limiting factor to profitability, disease resistance was not among the top
three traits that growers considered when choosing wheat cultivars. There
seems to be a widespread perception that disease resistance "costs" the
plant in terms of yield potential, and thus is not as cost effective as
fungicide use. - Van Sanford
Kernel Size and Vegetative Assimilates of Wheat Spikes Cultured in
Vitro. The response of kernel size (KS) to 50% sink reduction varies among
soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and may be due to its
differential response to enhanced assimilate supply. In this study, source
levels were manipulated to evaluate cultivar sink and source limitations to
kernel growth. Detached spikes of responsive (FL302, Adena), slightly
responsive (Caldwell), and nonresponsive (Arthur) cultivars were cultured in
vitro from 14 days after anthesis to maturity with sucrose levels of 25, 50,
100, and 200 mM. Relative differences in KS among cultivars for each
sucrose level were similar to those of field-grown plants, but the largest
KS of in vitro cultured spikes was 11 to 21% smaller. Except for Caldwell,
KS was smaller for 25 mM than for 50 mM sucrose cultured spikes. FL302 and
Arthur had larger KS at 50 to 200 mM. Adena had the smallest KS at 200 mM
and largest KS at 50 and 100 mM. Compared to field-grown plants,
vegetative tissues of in vitro cultured spikes had 4.6-fold higher water
soluble carbohydrate levels and 59% more tissue dry weights, which increased
with increasing sucrose levels. Smaller KS but greater accumulation of
water soluble carbohydrate in vegetative tissues indicate that kernel growth
of in vitro cultured spikes appeared to be limited by factors other than
carbohydrate supply. An agreement to the previous classification of the
three responsive cultivars was shown by the KS increase when sucrose levels
increased from 25 to 50 mM for FL302 and Adena and to 100 mM for Caldwell.
However, the nonresponsive (sink-limited) classification of Arthur was not
found in this experiment. Despite smaller KS, relative differences among
cultivars are similar for most traits of in vitro cultured spikes and field-
grown plants and, therefore, the technique should be useful for studies of
relative genetic differences.- Ma, MacKown, Van Sanford
Effect of Tiller Spike Size on Kernel Size. Soft red winter wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars differ in their compensatory kernel size
(KS) response to 50% removal of the main stem spikelets at anthesis. Spikes
of three responsive, one slightly responsive, and two nonresponsive
cultivars selected from previous studies were degrained by 0, 25, 50, 75,
and 100% on all the spikes or 50% on only the main stem spikes in a three-
year experiment. It was hypothesized that, for nonresponsive cultivars, the
intact tiller spikes effectively competed for the extra assimilates from the
partially degrained main stem. Generally, interactions between year and
treatment were not significant for most of the traits measured. Partial
degraining of tiller spikes did not further increase the KS of partially
degrained main stem spikes. Therefore, the reproductive sink size of intact
tiller spikes had little effect on the KS of partially degrained main stem
spikes. Partial degraining increased total water soluble carbohydrate in
stem tissues of both responsive and nonresponsive cultivars, but the
enhanced level of assimilates increased KS only in responsive cultivars.
Kernel size increase after partial degraining may result from the release of
source limitation in responsive cultivars. For nonresponsive cultivars, a
positive response of KS to partial degraining is generally absent, and
unused carbohydrate is accumulated in stems, indicating that kernel growth
is limited by sink capacity. A general agreement is found for the previous
classification of responsive and nonresponsive cultivars and indicates a
degree of genetic control for this characteristic, but the hypothesized
reproductive tiller competition for assimilates is not supported. - Ma,
MacKown, Van Sanford
N Economy of Wheat Plants with Decreased Reproductive Demand.
Many economically important monocarpic annuals accumulate much of their
nitrogen (N) prior to reproductive growth. Redistribution of this nitrogen
assures efficient use of vegetative N and optimum quality of the seeds
produced. In some crops such as soybean, the capacity to temporarily store
N destined for export occurs when the sink demand for N by developing organs
is low. This N is stored in the form of newly synthesized proteins. It is
thought that jasmonic acid, which is found in a wide variety of plants
including wheat, senses the N source and sink activities of organs.
We hypothesized that wheat would elicit a response similar to that of
soybean when the reproductive sink strength was reduced. Nitrogen
redistribution patterns and the N composition of vegetative tissues above
the peduncle node of wheat plants with altered reproductive sink strength
were evaluated to determine the role of vegetative storage proteins (VSP) in
the temporary storage of excess N destined for export. We found that unlike
soybean excess N destined for export was not stored in vegetative tissues as
newly synthesized proteins but accumulated as amino acids. Storage of amino
acids apparently accommodates any excess N accumulated by vegetative tissues
during tissue reproductive growth. Any significant role of VSP in the N
economy of wheat is unlikely.-MacKown and Van Sanford
Publications
May, L. and D. A. Van Sanford. 1992. Selection for early heading and
correlated response in maturity of soft red winter wheat. Crop Sci. 32:
47-51.
Rasyad, A. and D. A. Van Sanford. 1992. Genetic and maternal variances and
covariances of kernel growth traits in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 32: 1139-
1143.
Ibrahim, A., D. M. TeKrony, D. B. Egli, and D. A. Van Sanford. 1992. Water
relations and germination of immature wheat kernels. Seed Sci. and Tech.
20:39-46.
MacKown, C. T., D. A. Van Sanford, and Ningyan Zhang. 1992. Wheat
vegetative nitrogen compositional changes in response to reduced
reproductive sink strength. Plant Physiol. 99:1469-1474.
Ma, Y. Z., C. T. MacKown, and D. A. Van Sanford. 1992. Divergent kernel
size response to differential degraining in six winter wheat cultivars.
1992 Agronomy Abstracts , p.128.
Ma, Y-Z., C.T. MacKown, and D.A. Van Sanford. 1991. Kernel size and
related traits of a potentially sink-limited winter wheat cultivar cultured
in vitro. Agron. Abst. p. 130.
Ma, Y.-Z.*, C.T. MacKown, and D.A. Van Sanford. 1992. Kernel size and
related traits of four divergent winter wheat cultivars cultured in vitro.
Southern Assoc.Agric. Sci. and Southern Branch Amer. Soc. Agron. Agron
Abstr. Appendix 1 p. 6.
--------------------
LOUISIANA
Louisiana State University, LSU Agricultural Center
S.A. Harrison*, P.D. Colyer*, S.H. Moore*, and C.A. Hollier*
Wheat Diseases-General, (Hollier). Disease pressure for the 1992 crop
was below normal statewide. The incidence and severity of Septoria nodorum
blotch and leaf rust in commercial fields was low with development coming
very late in the season. Yield loss due to leaf rust was estimated at 2%,
well below the 5-8% experienced most years.
Bacterial streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens (Xct))
development was near normal even though rainfall amounts were below normal
for most of the state from February to harvest. Evaluations of commercial
cultivars were continued to determine any resistance levels to Xct.
Wheat in North Louisiana, (Colyer). The incidence of foliar diseases
in Northern Louisiana was low in 1992. Leaf rust developed late in the
growing season and probably did not affect yield. In the commercial
varieties test at Winnsboro significant differences in leaf rust, leaf
blotch, and bacterial streak infection were observed among varieties.
Several varieties (Savannah, Florida 304, and Coker 9766) were not infected
with leaf rust. All varieties were moderately to severely infected with
bacterial streak and Septoria leaf blotch. There appears to be little
resistance available in commercial varieties.
Labelled and experimental fungicides were evaluated for the control of
foliar diseases. The incidence of leaf rust was not severe enough to make
the necessary evaluations and Septoria did not progress to the upper leaves
of the plant. As a result, no information on the efficacy of the fungicide
treatments was collected.
Hessian Fly (Mayetiola destructor) was not identified in 1992 in
Bossier Parish in the northwestern part of the state. For the past few
years low incidences of Hessian Fly have been reported from Bossier Parish,
but this pest does not currently present a serious problem to wheat
production in Louisiana.
Wheat in Central Louisiana, (Moore). A multi-year study was
established in 1992 comparing the performance of wheat and canola in mono-
culture and in association with soybeans. The study could contribute to the
realization of soybean-wheat-canola multiple cropping schemes. Foundation
seed for 'Florida 304' is now being produced in the seed program. Fungicide
and management studies in wheat are being continued or initiated.
Wheat Breeding, Variety Testing and Genetics, (Harrison) Yield, test
weight, and quality from the 1992 performance trials was outstanding. The
average yield of 22 cultivars/lines across five locations was 4435 kg/ha,
with a high of 5241 kg/ha and a low of 3521 kg/ha. However, wheat acreage
was lower, about 200,000 acres, due to a very poor season the previous year.
Nurseries of the project included 28 breeding lines in preliminary
yield trials and an additional 840 advanced lines in observation plots. The
breeding program is approaching maturity and the yield-testing phase will
reach maximum size in 1993. All of the breeding lines were selected for low
vernalization requirement; resistance to leaf rust, septoria leaf and glume
blotch, bacterial streak, barley yellow dwarf virus, and other pathogens;
and tolerance to abiotic stress, including waterlogging and heat during
maturation. New populations added to the program included 317 bi-parental
crosses and a large influx of material from the discontinued program at
Tifton, Georgia. A total of 1687 crosses are currently active in nurseries.
A small oat breeding project (about 6,000 headrows) was continued.
Efforts to identify and develop lines resistant to bacterial streak
(Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens) included screening the most recent
5,000 hexaploid wheats from the USDA collection under inoculated conditions
in the field. About 8% of these were selected for detailed evaluation and
use as parental lines. many of these lines will be incorporated into a
dominant male-sterile facilitated recurrent selection program. An
heritability study with bacterial streak is in it's second year. Five
populations were selected for parent-offspring regression and similar
evaluation.
Yield loss studies indicated that bacterial streak caused yield losses
of about 7% in 1992, although disease pressure was lighter than normal.
Copper compounds Agrimycin and Kocide did not prevent yield losses and
appeared to be phytotoxic. In a statewide nitrogen by fungicide study wheat
varieties generally responded to nitrogen rates as high as 134 kg/ha.
Response to fungicides was minimal due to low disease pressure.
New Research Projects, (Harrison). A study to evaluate the effects of
waterlogging stress on yield and yield components was initiated for 1992-93,
as part of a graduate student thesis project. Dr. Robert Bacon (University
of Arkansas) will conduct similar research at Keiser. A group of lines will
be evaluated under three levels of waterlogging stress at the LAES Rice
Research Station.
A study to evaluate the effect of nitrogen source, rate, and foliar
application on development of bacterial streak was initiated for 1992-93.
The study involves 5 nitrogen treatments, 3 varieties, and 2 fungicide
levels. Effects on yield and fungal diseases will also be determined.
Publications
Paxton, K.W., et al. 1992. An economic analysis of management practices
for wheat production in Louisiana. La. Agric. 35(5):13-15.
Moore, S. H., et al. 1992. Canopy development of wheat in conventional,
reduced, and no-till tillage systems. P. 56-58. In Proceedings of the
Southern Conservation Tillage Conference. Special Publication 92-01. The
University of Tennessee, Jackson and Milan, TN. 21-23 Jul. 1992
Harrison, S.A. et al. 1992. Performance of small grain varieties in
Louisiana, 1990-91. LAES Mimeo Series No.
--------------------
MARYLAND
Department of Agronomy, University of Maryland at College Park
D.J. Sammons*
1992 Winter Wheat Production: Maryland wheat producers harvested
220,000 acres (89,100 hectares) in 1992, a 13% increase over harvested area
in 1991. The state crop totaled 12.8 million bushels (349,091 metric tons)
of grain, more than 30% greater than the 1991 crop. This year's harvest set
a new state record for Maryland, exceeding by 7% the previous record set in
1910. Total production was obtained with a state average yield of 58 bu/a
(3898 kg/ha), a per acre (hectare) yield level approximately 15% higher than
for the 1991 crop year.
The production year 1991-1992 was unusually favorable for wheat in most
parts of Maryland. Weather during the fall planting season was mild and
relatively dry permitting timely planting statewide. Seasonable fall
moisture and mild temperatures resulted in good stand establishment and
growth. The winter months were unusually warm, and almost no winter kill was
noted anywhere in the state. Most of the spring and early summer were
characterized by cool temperatures which slowed spring regrowth and retarded
head emergence, but which also resulted in an unusually long grain-filling
period. These conditions tended to delay harvest at most locations in the
state by about 7-10 days compared to recent years. An extended rainy period
in mid-July lowered grain quality by causing sprout damage at some locations
in western Maryland. Fields in some parts of that region of the state were
not harvested. The combination of cool temperatures and a long grain-filling
period resulted in the very high yields observed for wheat, especially on
the upper Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay.
Disease pressure was moderate in wheat in the spring due to the
combination of cool temperatures and damp conditions. Powdery mildew
(Erysiphe graminis) was present everywhere in the state, but did not reach
severe levels because of the cool conditions that prevailed through much of
the spring and early summer. Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) was present but
relatively mild on wheat in most locations. Other common wheat diseases,
including glume blotch (Septoria nodorum) and scab (Fusarium sp.), were
present but variable in incidence and severity in 1992. At several
locations, infestations of true armyworm (Pseudaletia unipuncta), grass
sawfly (Dolerus sp.), and cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus) were
observed - some reaching economically damaging levels.
Cultivar Evaluation: Cultivar evaluation was conducted at three
locations in Maryland in 1992. A total of 45 genotypes were tested (34
cultivars, 11 elite breeding lines). Among public cultivars tested, six (FL
302, Freedom, Gore, Madison, Saluda, Verne) yielded over 100 bu/a (6720
kg/ha) in statewide testing; 15 private cultivars (AGRA GR863, AGRIPRO
Lincoln, AGRIPRO Savannah, AGRIPRO Sawyer, Coker 983, Coker 9803, Coker
9835, Hoffman 89, Pioneer brand 2545, Pioneer brand 2548, Stine 40, Stine
Exp71, Stine Exp121, Southern States FFR 555W, Southern States FFR 568W)
also yielded in this range. The highest statewide yields (114 bu/a = 7661
kg/ha) in the evaluation program were observed for AGRIPRO Sawyer over the
three locations from which harvest data was obtained in 1992.
Two outstanding breeding lines (MD 80004-62 and MD 80071-56) are
expected to be proposed for release in 1993. Both are characterized by early
maturity, short plant height, excellent standability, good winter hardiness,
good test weight, and resistance to powdery mildew, the most threatening
disease in Maryland and the Middle Atlantic Region.
Publications
Reed, H.E., D.J. Sammons, V.W. Smail, and G.J. Taylor. 1992. Sensitivity of
soft red winter wheat cultivars to chlorate-induced toxicity. J. of Plt.
Nutr. 15: 2621-2637.
Sammons, D.J. 1992. Maryland Barley and Wheat Variety Performance. Agronomy
Mimeo #19. University of Maryland at College Park, Department of Agronomy.
Sammons, D.J. 1993. Crop Breeding: A Timely and Timeless Vocation. In
Proceedings of the 1992 NEBASA Symposium on the Future of Agriculture in the
Northeastern United States (29 June - 1 July 1992), University of
Connecticut, Pub. by American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin (in
press).
Slaughter, L.H. and D.J. Sammons. 1993. Low degree of polymerization fructan
accumulation in leaf tissues of four winter cereals. Crop Sci. (in press).
Snyder, G.W., D.J. Sammons, and R.C. Sicher. 1993. Spike removal effects on
dry matter production, assimilate distribution and grain yields of three
soft red winter wheat genotypes. Field Crops Research (in press).
--------------------
MICHIGAN
Cereal Science Group, Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
P.K.W. Ng*
Announcing: A new Cereal Science Program is being established in the
Department of Food Science & Human Nutrition, Michigan State University
(MSU). Ng was invited to join the faculty of MSU in January 1992 from the
University of Manitoba, Canada, to initiate a Cereal Science Group. The
Group has a Baking & Dough Rheology Laboratory, a Cereal Chemistry
Laboratory, and a Milling Laboratory; all are located in the Food Science
Building. The latter facility is being developed.
General Activities: The main focus of this Group, at the present, is
on soft wheat quality and utilization. The Group is actively interacting
with soft wheat breeders on and off the MSU campus and with cereal industry.
Currently, there is one undergraduate Cereal Processing course in the Food
Science Program; and a graduate level course on Cereal Science is being
developed.
Personnel: Presently the Group has six graduate students (two M.S. and
four Ph.D.) in the Program, one part time Visiting Research Associate (Dr.
J. Harte), a Visiting Adjunct Scholar (Mr. H. Yamamoto) from Yamazaki Baking
Company, Ltd., Japan, an Adjunct Professor (Dr. P.L. Finney) from Soft Wheat
Quality Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Wooster, OH, and an Assistant Professor
(P.K.W. Ng), a regular MSU faculty member.
Research Activities: Currently, two lines of research are being
pursued in the Group: one is the molecular structure and functionality of
wheat proteins in relation to end-use quality, and the other is biochemistry
and molecular biology of cereal grain sprouting.
Publication
Kawka, A., Ng, P.K.W., and Bushuk, W. 1992. Equivalence of HMW glutenin
subunits prepared by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography
and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cereal Chem.
69:92-96.
Gao, L., Ng, P.K.W., and Bushuk, W. 1992. Structure of glutenin based on
farinograph and electrophoretic results. Cereal Chem. 69:452-455.
Ward, R. and Ng, P.K.W. 1992. The future of wheat in Michigan. Michigan
State University, 7 pp. Special Report #53 in Status and Potential of
Michigan Agriculture.
--------------------
MINNESOTA
USDA-ARS and Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of
Minnesota, St. Paul
R.H. Busch and L. Van Beuningen
Wheat Production and Breeding Minnesota produced an estimated 137.5
million bushels (2.8 million MT) in 1992 from 2.8 million acres (1.2 million
ha) harvested. The average yield of spring wheat in 1992 was 50 bu/A
compared to an average yield of 31 bu/A in 1991 and 44 bu/A in 1990. The
1992 yield per acre is second only to 1985 with 55 bu/A. Weather conditions
were relatively unfavorable for planting in April except for a short period
in the middle of the month. But, wheat planted in the middle of April was
the poorest yielding wheat produced in 1992, contrary to normal
expectations. A seeding date trial at Crookston, MN began the first week of
May and was continued through June 12. Highest yields were obtained from
seeding around May 23. Normally best yields are obtained if wheat is
planted before the middle of May with 1% per day reduction in yield after
May 15. Except for about a month of dry weather from the middle of May
through middle of June, rain was abundant and temperatures remained much
below normal. This was very favorable for wheat yield, but percent protein
was lower than normal.
The survey of wheat varieties in Minnesota indicated that 2375 was the
leading variety with 20% of the acreage, Vance with 17%, Marshall with 16%
and Butte 86 with 11%. The large increases in the early varieties, 2375 and
Butte 86, was a reflection of last year's yield performance which favored
early varieties. With the cool year in 1992, intermediate to later
varieties were favored and early varieties were only average yielding at
best. Norm, released in 1992, had very high performance in 1992 in its
first seed increase year.
About 300 varieties released in North America since 1900 were evaluated
for 35 morphological traits measured each of two years. Their coefficient of
parentage by descent was also determined. Cluster analysis based on both
morphological traits and coefficient of parentage were conducted. The
relationships of morphological clusters and parentage clusters were
determined to associated with r2=0.46. The relatedness among spring wheat
breeding programs in the USA, Canada, and Mexico, as determined from the
varieties released, were also examined. Canada was equal to or more diverse
than the USA programs until the early 1950's. Since that time, the Canada
varieties have had a higher relationship than full-sibs. This close
relatedness is assumed to be a result of the wheat quality and kernel type
requirements imposed on the wheat breeders. Minnesota and North Dakota
programs were relatively similar in their diversity, with South Dakota
somewhat more diverse. CIMMYT had the greatest diversity in their breeding
program releases. This was expected, since the CIMMYT program is breeding
for different macro environments of the world while more localized regions
are targeted by the most other breeding programs.
Pioneer hard red spring wheat breeding program germplasm, discontinued
by the company in 1990, is being screened systematically by groups of lines
for Minnesota conditions. Two promising lines have been sent to the
southern increase for head row purification and multiplication to provide
possible breeders seed. More assessment will be required for quality and
wide area adaptation before further increase.
Personnel. Leon van Beuningen returned to the Netherlands to take a
the wheat breeding director's position with a commercial company. He is
intending to finish the PhD in about March, 1992. Paul Meints has joined
the project to work on a MS degree in plant breeding. Paul was employed as
a student worker for over year by the wheat project before graduating with a
BS from Minnesota.
Publications
Beninati, N.F., and R.H. Busch. 1992. Grain protein inheritance, nitrogen
uptake and redistribution in a spring wheat cross. Crop Sci. 32:1471-1476.
Mitchell, M.J., R.H. Busch, and H.W. Rines. 1992. Comparison of lines
derived by anther culture and single-seed descent in a spring wheat cross.
Crop Sci. 32:1446-1451.
Wilcoxson, R.D., R.H. Busch, and E.A. Ozmon. 1992. Fusarium head blight
resistance in spring wheat cultivars. Plant Disease 76:658-661.
Van Beuningen, L.T., and R.H. Busch. 1992. Agronomic characterization of
clusters of North American spring wheat cultivars and progress with era of
release. Agron. Abst.
Kamanzi, A., R.E. Stucker, and R.H. Busch. 1992. Classification of testing
location for the Uniform Regional Hard Red Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum
L) Nurseries. Agron. Abst.
Cereal Rust Laboratory, USDA-ARS, St. Paul
A. P. Roelfs*, D. L. Long*, D. H. Casper*, M. E. Hughes* and J. J.
Roberts*
The Rusts of Wheat in the United States in 1992
Stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici). Overwintering stem rust
sites were found on susceptible wheat cultivars in southeastern Alabama,
southern Louisiana, and southern and east central Texas plots. By late
April, stem rust was severe (80% severities) in these plots while in a
northern Texas plot stem rust severities ranged from 60% at the center (not
an overwintering site) to traces 3 meters away. By the second week in May
traces of stem rust were found in plots and fields from north central Texas
to south central Kansas. In late May, traces of stem rust were found on the
cultivar Voyager in south central and central Kansas as well as on 2157
(susceptible to both Pgt-TPM and QCC) in a plot in northern Kansas. By the
first week in June, stem rust severities ranged from 1 to 10% in east
central Kansas fields. This was the least amount of stem rust found in
Kansas since race Pgt-QCC appeared three years ago. By the third week in
June, traces of stem rust were found in plots of the cultivar Karl from
north central Kansas to central and east central South Dakota. Fewer
overwintering sites along the Gulf Coast, cool temperatures and late freezes
all inhibited the spread of stem rust in the Central Plains.
In early June, traces of stem rust were found in spring-planted winter
wheat in a southeastern North Dakota nursery. This was three weeks earlier
than normal for this area. By mid-July, 20% wheat stem rust severities
developed in plots of susceptible winter wheat in central Minnesota and
traces in southeastern North Dakota plots. Due to cool temperatures rust
increased slowly in the Northern Plains resulting in light losses on winter
wheat. In the northern soft red winter wheat area traces of stem rust were
reported in a southeastern Indiana field and south central Illinois plots
the first week in June. Losses were limited traces in the soft red winter
wheat region.
Traces of stem rust were found on the susceptible spring wheat Baart in
southeastern Minnesota in early July. By the last week in July, stem rust
was as high as 60% severity on susceptible spring wheat cultivars in west
central Minnesota plots. The commercial spring and durum wheats are
resistant to stem rust, so losses were negligible.
Six Pgt-races were identified from 88 collections from wheat in the
U.S.A. in 1992 (Table 1). Race Pgt-TPM was the predominant race identified
this year as it was 1974-1989. It comprised 53% of the isolates in 1992
compared to 36% in 1991. Pgt-QCCJ, the most common race in 1990 and 1991,
comprised 16% of the isolates identified in 1992, 38% in 1991 and 67% of the
isolates in 1991. Pgt-QFC comprised 21% of the isolates in 1992, 14% in
1991 and 31% in 1990.
Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici). By early April, leaf
rust was light to moderate on susceptible cultivars in plots and fields in
southern Texas. The winter was mild and rainfall in these areas was above
normal creating favorable conditions for rust infection. By late April, 80%
severities were observed on susceptible cultivars in north central Texas and
southwestern Oklahoma. Rainfall was limited in this area but dews in April
allowed for rust infection. Leaf rust severities on goatgrass (Triticum
cylindrica) growing along wheat fields and roadsides in central and southern
Oklahoma ranged from trace to 20% on flag leaves during mid-May. Sixty
percent leaf rust severities were common in northern Oklahoma. Oklahoma and
the panhandle of Texas had the most severe leaf rust since 1985 which
resulted in statewide losses of 6 and 2.5%, respectively (Table 2). Leaf
rust survived during the 1991-92 winter in much of eastern and southern
Kansas. By the second week in May leaf rust severities on flag leaves in
southern Kansas averaged 60%. During the last week in May throughout
central Kansas, severities in fields varied from less than 5% to 90%. In
western Kansas, severities generally were less than in central Kansas
because of drier conditions. A severe freeze in northwestern Kansas
severely damaged most of the wheat in that area in early May. Leaf rust
losses in Kansas varied with local conditions but many fields suffered 10 to
20% reductions in yield and the state averaged an 11.3% loss (Table 2).
During mid-June, 60% severities were observed in some southeastern Nebraska
winter wheat fields. Losses varied with local conditions, but some
southeastern Nebraska fields suffered 10 to 20% yield reductions, with a
statewide loss of 2.0%.
During late May light amounts of leaf rust (less than 1% severity) were
found in winter wheat plots in the northern Great Plains. By the second
week in June, 20% severities were observed on winter wheat and 5% severities
on spring wheat cultivars in the Rosemount, Minnesota plots. Dry weather
during early June slowed disease development on the upper leaves of winter
wheat, while on the spring wheats the rust developed more readily because of
dew formation on the leaves near to the ground. In mid-June 60% severities
were observed in winter wheat plots in central South Dakota. By early July,
leaf rust severities in winter wheat fields ranged from 80% in north central
South Dakota to traces in northwestern North Dakota. All of the major
winter wheat cultivars grown in this area are susceptible to leaf rust. In
severely rust-infected fields, 5-20% losses occurred and statewide losses
were 10%, 2% and traces for South Dakota, North Dakota and Minnesota
respectively. During late July, only traces of leaf rust were found on
spring wheat cultivars, with the exception of Marshall (10% severity). No
losses occurred on spring wheat cultivars, except for, a 1-5% loss in
Marshall. Statewide losses for South Dakota, North Dakota, and Minnesota
were 2.0, trace and 1.0%, respectively (Table 3). Durum wheats in this area
remain resistant to the prevailing rust races and therefore losses were nil.
In the southern soft red winter wheat area, during early April leaf
rust was light to moderate on susceptible cultivars in plots and fields
within 75 miles of the Gulf Coast from Louisiana to Georgia. Throughout the
area the winter was mild and rainfall was above normal creating favorable
conditions for rust infection. By late April, 80% leaf rust severities were
common on susceptible cultivars in plots but rust was light in fields. By
mid-May leaf rust severities ranged from 10-40% on susceptible cultivars in
fields from southern North Carolina to southern Missouri. In the severely
rusted fields 5% losses occurred. During the last week of June leaf rust
severities ranged from trace-5% in soft red winter wheat fields from central
Pennsylvania to central Indiana. During early July, traces of leaf rust
were observed on winter wheat cultivars in south central New York.
Throughout the northern soft red winter wheat area losses ranged from 1% in
New York to 4% in Kentucky (Table 2).
In the Pacific Northwest, light amounts of leaf rust were found by
early May. By late June, leaf rust was severe in southeastern Washington
fields, which resulted in 5-10% losses in some fields, while in western
Washington moderate amounts of rust were present but drought limited disease
development.
Three Prt-races TBG-10, MBG-10 and MFB-10 comprised over 52% of the
leaf rust isolates identified in 1992 (Tables 4 and 5) and these races
comprised 47% of the isolates in 1991. Forty-eight Prt races comprised the
other 48% of the population in the U.S.A. in 1992.
Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis). By early April, stripe rust was
found in an irrigated nursery in southern Texas. Light amounts of stripe
rust were found in late April in soft red winter wheat fields and plots in
northeastern Texas. Wheat stripe rust was widespread but light this year in
Louisiana and southwestern Arkansas. Traces of stripe rust were reported
for the first time since 1987 on soft wheats in east central Kansas. Only a
trace of loss to stripe rust occurred.
In the Pacific Northwest dry weather delayed stripe rust development in
the fall of 1991. But the early winter was mild and moist, which allowed
for disease establishment. By mid-May rust was severe in the central basin
area of Washington, Willamette Valley of Oregon and in a nursery in the
Sacramento Valley in California. In mid-June stripe rust was severe in the
Gallatin Valley of Montana, and Skagit Valley of Washington. Elsewhere in
the Pacific Northwest, rust was present but disease development was limited
by a lack of moisture. Losses to stripe rust ranged from 0.1% in Oregon to
2% in Washington (Table 2).
Rust losses. Acreage harvested and yield production records based on
1992 Crop Production Summary, Agricultural Statistics Board, USDA. Loss
data are a summary of estimates made by personnel of the State Departments
of Agriculture, University Extension and Research Projects, Agricultural
Research Service, USDA and the Cereal Rust Laboratory. Losses for 1992 are
shown in Tables 2 and 3. Losses were calculated for each rust as follows:
(Production) X (Percent loss)
Loss (specific rust) =
(100%) - Percent loss due to rusts)
Losses were indicated as a trace when the disease was present but no
fields were known to have suffered significant loses. When a few fields
suffered measurable losses this was reflected as a percent of the state's
production. Zeros indicate the disease was not reported in that state
during the season. Blanks for stripe rust indicate that the disease was not
reported nor does it occur annually in that state. Trace amounts were not
included in the calculation of totals and averages.
Table 1. Races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici identified from wheat in
1992
============================================================================
Number of Percentage of isolates of Pgt-race(a)
------------------- --------------------------------------
State Source collections isolates QCCJ QCCQ QCCS QFCS TPLK TPMK
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AL Nursery 1 3 100
GA Nursery 3 8 12 88
IL Nursery 2 6 100
IN Nursery 1 3 100
KS Field 5 12 42 8 50
Nursery 16 46 6 6 20 67
MN Field 1 3 100
Nursery 8 21 10 24 67
MS Nursery 1 0
ND Field 1 0
Nursery 18 51 25 31 43
NE Nursery 3 9 100
OK Field 2 6 50 50
Nursery 4 8 62 38
SD Nursery 2 6 67 33
TX Field 5 11 45 27 27
Nursery 16 36 22 14 22 42
WA Nursery 2 6 100
USA(b)Field 14 32 16 19 38 28
Nursery 75 197 16 4 4 19 *(c) 57
Total 88 229 16 3 6 21 * 53
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) Pgt- race code, after Roelfs and Martens, Phytopathology 78:526-533.
Set four consisted of Sr9a, 9d, 10 and Tmp.
(b) Does not include Washington.
(c) Less than 0.6%.
Table 2. Estimated losses in winter wheat due to rust in 1992
===========================================================================
Losses due to
1,000 of Yield in Production Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
acres bushels in 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
State harvested per acre of bushels % bushels % bushels % bushels
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
AL 95 44.0 4,180 Ta T 1.0 42.2
AR 850 46.0 39,100 0.0 0.0 2.0 797.9 T T
CA 550 75.0 41,250 0.0 0.0 5.0 2,171.1 T T
CO 2,300 30.0 69,100 0.0 0.0 0.5 347.2 0.0 0.0
FL 20 42.0 840 0.0 0.0 1.0 8.5
GA 350 46.0 16,100 0.0 0.0 T T
ID 800 65.0 52,000 0.1 52.4 0.5 262.1 0.2 104.8
IL 1,150 54.0 62,100 T T 3.0 1,920.6 0.0 0.0
IN 450 50.0 22,500 0.0 0.0 2.0 459.2 0.0 0.0
IA 40 39.0 1,560 0.0 0.0 T T
KS 10,700 34.0 363,800 T T 11.3 46,346.6 T T
KY 420 55.0 23,100 T T 4.0 962.5
LA 170 36.0 6,120 T T 2.0 124.9 T T
MI 630 56.0 35,280 0.0 0.0 1.0 356.4
MN 45 42.0 1,890 0.0 0.0 T T
MS 250 42.0 10,500 0.0 0.0 1.0 106.1 0.0 0.0
MO 1,350 48.0 64,800 0.0 0.0 2.0 1,322.4 0.0 0.0
MT 2,100 29.0 60,900 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 T T
NE 1,850 30.0 55,500 0.0 0.0 2.0 1,132.7
NM 330 34.0 11,220 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
NY 110 56.0 6,160 0.0 0.0 1.0 62.2
NC 555 50.0 27,750 0.0 0.0 1.0 280.3
ND 170 35.0 5,950 0.0 0.0 1.0 60.1
OH 1,115 53.0 59,095 0.0 0.0 0.5 297.0
OK 5,900 29.0 171,100 T T 6.0 10,921.3 0.0 0.0
OR 825 52.0 42,900 0.1 43.4 1.0 434.2 0.1 43.4
PA 185 55.0 10,175 0.0 0.0 0.8 82.1
SC 275 47.0 12,925 0.0 0.0 1.0 130.6
SD 1,200 28.0 33,600 0.0 0.0 10.0 3,733.3
TN 280 48.0 13,440 0.0 0.0 1.5 204.7
TX 3,800 34.0 129,200 T T 2.5 3,312.8 T T
VA 265 57.0 15,105 0.0 0.0 1.0 152.6
WA 2,000 51.0 102,000 0.2 212.9 2.0 2,129.4 2.0 2,129.4
WV 11 49.0 539 0.0 0.0 T T
WI 45 40.0 1,800 0.0 0.0 T T
WY 210 25.0 5,250 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 41,396 1,537,479 308.7 78,161.0 2,277.6
Ave. 37.1 0.02 4.8 0.14
USA
total 41,893 38.3 1,606,534
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) T = trace.
Table 3. Estimated losses in spring and durum wheat due to rust in 1992
============================================================================
SPRING WHEAT
Losses due to
1,000 of Yield in Production Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
acres bushels in 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
State harvested per acre of bushels % bushels % bushels % bushels
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CO 47 77.0 3,619 0.0 0.0 T(a) T 0.0 0.0
ID 640 75.0 48,000 0.1 48.4 0.5 241.9 0.2 96.8
MN 2,750 50.0 137,500 0.0 0.0 1.0 1,382.9
MT 2,450 42.0 73,500 0.0 0.0 T T T T
ND 9,100 42.0 382,200 0.0 0.0 T T
OR 100 49.0 4,900 0.1 5.0 0.8 39.8 0.5 24.8
SD 2,500 34.0 85,000 0.0 0.0 2.0 1,734.7
UT 22 48.0 1,056 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
WA 420 42.0 17,640 0.2 36.8 2.0 368.3 2.0 368.3
WI 21 40.0 840 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
WY 10 47.0 470 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 18,060 754,725 90.2 3,767.6 489.9
Ave. 41.8 0.01 0.5 0.06
USA
total 18,065 41.8 755,100
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DURUM WHEAT
Losses due to
1,000 of Yield in Production Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
acres bushels in 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
State harvested per acre of bushels % bushels % bushels % bushels
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
AZ 44 85.0 3,740 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CA 55 93.0 5,115 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
MN 10 47.0 470 0.0 0.0 T T
MT 157 33.0 5,181 0.0 0.0 T T 0.0 0.0
ND 2,150 38.0 81,700 0.0 0.0 T T
SD 33 30.0 990 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 2,449 97,196 0.0 T 0.0
Ave. 39.7 0.0 T 0.0
USA
total 2,449 39.7 97,196
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) T = Trace.
Table 4. Prt code and corresponding virulence formula for wheat leaf rust
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prt code(a) Virulence formula(b)
----------------------------------------
BBB-10 10
BGB-10 10,16
CCB-10 3,10,26
DBB-10,18 2c,10,18
DBG-10 2c,10,11
FBM 2c,3,3ka,30
FBM-18 2c,3,3ka,18,30
FBM-10,18 2c,3,3ka,10,18,30
KBB-10 2a,2c,3,10
KBG-10 2a,2c,3,10,11
KCG-10 2a,2c,3,10,11,26
KDB-10 2a,2c,3,10,24
KDG-10 2a,2c,3,10,11,24
KFB-10 2a,2c,3,10,24,26
LBB-10 1,10
LBB-10,18 1,10,18
LBD-10,18 1,10,17,18
MBB-10 1,3,10
MBD-10 1,3,10,17
MBG 1,3,11
MBG-10 1,3,10,11
MBJ 1,3,11,17
MBJ-10 1,3,10,11,17
MCB 1,3,26
MCB-10 1,3,10,26
MDB-10 1,3,10,24
MDG-10 1,3,10,11,24
MFB-10 1,3,10,24,26
MGB-10 1,3,10,16
NBB-10,18 1,2c,10,18
NBC-10 1,2c,10,30
PBB-10,18 1,2c,3,10,18
PBD-10 1,2c,3,10,17
PBG-10 1,2c,3,10,11
PBM-18 1,2c,3,3ka,18,30
PBM-10,18 1,2c,3,3ka,10,18,30
PBR-10 1,2c,3,3ka,10,11,30
PGL-10 1,2c,3,3ka,10,16
PLM-18 1,2c,3,3ka,9,18,30
PLM-10 1,2c,3,3ka,9,10,30
TBB-10 1,2a,2c,3,10
TBG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11
TBJ-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,17
TBQ-10 1,2a,2c,3,3ka,10,11
TCG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,26
TDB-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,24
TDG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,24
TFB-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,24,26
TFG-10 1,2a,2c,3,10,11,24,26
TLD-10 1,2a,2c,3,9,10,17
TLG-18 1,2a,2c,3,9,11,18
---------------------------------------
(a) Prt code, after Long and Kolmer, Phytopathology 79:525-529.
(b) Resistances evaluated: Lr1, 2a, 2c, 3, 9, 16, 24, 26, 3ka, 11, 17, 30,
10 and 18.
Table 5. Races of Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici identified from wheat
collections in 1992
Percent of isolates per state by area(a)(c)
AL AR GA LA MS TN NY VA IN IL KY OH TX OK KS NE MN ND SD CA WA USA
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
BBB-10 2 4 0.3
BGB-10 3 0.1
CCB-10 8 0.3
DBB-10,18 7 0.1
DBG-10 7 0.1
FBM 4 2 0.4
FBM-18 7 0.4
FBM-10,18 18 0.3
KBB-10 1 1 2 2 0.6
KBG-10 5 6 3 7 7 9 3 6 6 7 17 17 4 6.5
KCG-10 8 1 2 5 3 4 1.2
KDB-10 6 0.1
KDG-10 6 1 0.3
KFB-10 14 1 1 5 2 3 1.1
LBB-10 0.1
LBB-10,18 31 0.6
LBD-10,18 0.3
MBB-10 3 5 20 3 6 1 3 9 12 2.2
MBD-10 4 0.6
MBG 11 4 50 9 40 5 2.2
MBG-10 44 56 8 23 36 50 38 25 36 40 2 6 10 2 5 11 9 4 17.0
MBJ 2 6 0.6
MBJ-10 3 8 7 2 0.7
MCB 23 0.8
MCB-10 8 7 15 3 4 42 2.6
MDB-10 2 6 12 5 5 2 6 4 2.9
MDG-10 7 2 1 2 0.6
MFB-10 2 13 8 2 38 32 12 23 19 13 20 22 14.0
MGB-10 2 0.3
NBB-10,18 7 67 1.0
NBC-10 36 0.7
PBB-10,18 22 0.3
PBD-10 4 0.1
PBG-10 8 0.1
PBM-18 23 2 9 0.7
PBM-10,18 14 2 0.4
PBR-10 21 0.8
PGL-10 11 0.1
PLM-18 2 0.1
PLM-10 2 7 1 0.7
TBB-10 2 4 2 5 9 1.8
TBG-10 21 12 8 30 21 8 19 25 9 23 18 30 12 37 20 26 4 21.2
TBJ-10 2 3 0.4
TBQ-10 2 8 2 0.4
TCG-10 2 0.1
TDB-10 4 3 8 6 9 21 3 3 4 5.1
TDG-10 13 6 2 7 5 4 1.7
TFB-10 2 3 2 9 4 18 3 12 3 11 3.6
TFG-10 2 1 0.4
TLD-10 2 0.1
TLG-18 8 2 62 20 2.8
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. of
isolates 62 52 13 30 14 4 14 13 42 8 11 5 95 17 43 63 35 23 26 9 723
128
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) States grouped according to agroecological area (Plant Dis. 76:495-499).
(b) USA total includes seven additional isolates from six collections: South
Carolina PLM-10, MBG-10; North Carolina (2) LBD-10,18; Iowa MFB-10; Montana
TBJ-10; and Oregon TBG-10.
(c) FL is 50% KBG-10, 50% TBG-10; PA is 20% LBB-10, 60% PBR-10, 20% PLM-10.
--------------------
USDA-ARS, Cereal Rust Laboratory, Dept. of Plant Pathology, and Dept of
Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul,
MN. 55108.
D.V. McVey* and R. H. Busch
Bread Wheat Sources of Resistance to Stem Rust
During the summer of 1992, 4600 durum and bread wheat accessions from
the USDA-ARS National Small Grain Collection were evaluated for their
reaction to stem rust in the field at St. Paul, MN. The nursery was
inoculated with several isolates of stem rust races QFBS, QSHS, RKQS, RPQQ,
RTQQ, RTQS, TNMH, and TNMK. Accessions were rated on a scale of 0-9, with
zero (0) being no visible infection. Those accessions rated zero (0) are
given in the following table. The information for all accessions was
provided to the GRIN system.
Table 1. Spring bread wheat accessions from the USDA-ARS National Small
Grain Collection with no visible infection to stem rust at St. Paul, MN.
1992.
-----------------------------------------------------------------
CII781
CI13986
CI17241
CI17242
CI17267
CI17272
CI17337
CI17345
CI17347
CI17348
CI17396
CI17401
CI17407
CI17409
CI17416
CI17429
CI17430
CI17434
CI17465
CI17689
CI17698
CI17744
CI17756
CI17791
PI142416
PI185925
PI186002
PI186085
PI192098
PI192162
PI192652
PI199793
PI199809
PI199813
PI205730
PI205731
PI205732
PI205735
PI206364
PI213584
PI213599
PI214393
PI214394
PI231307
PI232785
PI232789
PI232791
PI232795
PI232807
PI232808
PI232813
PI234176
PI234177
PI234179
PI234239
PI234367
PI234832
PI237658
PI238389
PI238390
PI238392
PI238396
PI238402
PI243063
PI244484
PI244851
PI247908
PI247913
PI254119
PI254121
PI254124
PI254126
PI254130
PI254137
PI254138
PI254140
PI259893
PI268327
PI274654
PI278374
PI283846
PI286542
PI297013
PI297018
PI314940
PI320111
PI320112
PI320247
PI320490
PI323400
PI330555
PI331251
PI338437
PI344145
PI344466
PI345514
PI345731
PI347198
PI351562
PI352064
PI352088
PI352245
PI371987
PI436326
PI442061
PI442904
PI442910
PI461512
PI461514
PI469269
PI469270
PI469271
PI471919
PI471920
PI471921
PI471922
PI471923
PI472027
PI472028
PI477864
PI477873
PI477892
PI477898
PI478023
PI478100
PI478109
PI478280
PI478281
PI478283
PI478284
PI479662
PI479666
PI479667
PI479670
PI479672
PI479678
PI479682
PI479684
PI479688
PI479691
PI479698
PI480209
PI480221
PI480271
PI480274
PI480278
PI480279
PI480280
PI480281
PI480282
PI480283
PI480285
PI483054
PI486140
PI486141
PI486145
PI486349
PI495816
PI495817
--------------------
MISSOURI
G. Kimber, J.P. Gustafson, A.L. McKendry, K.D. Kephart, H. Aswidinnoor,
D. Bittel, J. Chen, H. Daud, P. Goicoechea, K. Houchins, S. Madsen, J.
Monte, K. Ross, M. Waneous, R. Wilman, B. Winberg, Z. Zhou, J.E. Berg,
D.N. Tague, S. Penix, R. Wilman, C. J. Schlotzhauer.
Genetics and cytogenetics: In collaboration with Dr. R. Pienaar, a set
of aneuploid stocks is being created in the spring wheat "Pavon 76" from the
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico, program.
This series has been completed to backcross seven and is currently being
checked against the Chinese Spring monosomic series for any mistakes after
which it will be made available for use.
Work is continuing on the development of a ditelocentric series in the
highly aluminum tolerant spring wheat "BH1146" and is currently at the
backcross 4 stage. This series will be utilized in studying the genetics of
aluminum tolerance in wheat as influenced by the genes present in rye
(Secale cereale L.).
Genes and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) that have
been isolated from the genomes of wheat, rye, and barley (Hordeum vulgare
L.) and are currently located on various genetic linkage maps, are being
place onto physical maps by the utilization of in situ hybridization
techniques. At the present time 0.6 kb unique sequence DNA fragments can be
visualized.
Genome-specific DNA sequences are currently being isolated from the
potential B genome donors of hexaploid wheat. These sequences will be
utilized for studies on the origin of the B genome of hexaploid wheat as
well as for use by plant breeders as markers. The sequences isolated from
Triticum tauschii have been showed to be physically present and scattered
along the length of seven chromosome pairs of hexaploid wheat.
Six plants with 28 chromosomes have been derived from colchicine
treatment of the diploid species Triticum comosum (2n = 2x = 14, genomically
MM). The derivation of this autotetraploid now allows the investigation of
the differentiation of the natural M genome allopolyploids in which the M
genome is thought to have been modified by introgression as a consequence of
hybridization with other wild tetraploids. Pollination's have already been
made with several species.
Hybrids are being made between different autotetraploid T. monococcum
and A-genome species to investigate the differentiation of the A genome in
natural polyploid species. A set of reciprocal crosses and back-crosses
between the Chinese Spring ditelosomics and Hope substitutions is now
complete and double monotelotrisomics are being selfed. Progeny derived from
these selfed plants will be compared with both Chinese Spring and the Hope
substituted series to determine if there are any quantitative genetic
effects of the normally non-recombined, interstitial regions of wheat
chromosomes.
1992 Missouri Wheat Crop: Missouri's 1992 wheat crop was harvested
from 1.35 million acres, down 13% from the wheat acreage harvested in 1991.
The statewide average yield was 48 bu/acre, up from 38 bu/acre reported for
the 1991 crop year. Total production was 64.8 million bushels.
Winter injury was the major constraint to production in north
Missouri.. Extremely cold temperatures in the first week of November, 1991,
resulted in direct injury to most stands and delayed fall tiller
development. Moderate temperatures during December, January and February,
caused significant heaving and these plants were later killed by freezing
temperatures in mid-March. Surviving plants compensated well in these areas
due to cooler than normal spring temperatures. Disease pressure on the crop
was low to moderate, however, armyworm injury resulted in some crop loss in
southwest Missouri.
Genetic material is currently being produced in order to study the
inheritance of newly identified sources of resistance to Septoria
triticifound among accessions of the wild wheats Triticum tauschii and
speltoides. Direct hybrids, obtained between the soft red winter wheat
Saluda and T. tauschii accession 2377 from the Kansas State Collection were
field evaluated as BC2F2 plants in 1992 and will undergo further testing and
evaluation during the 1993 crop year.
A set of near isogenic lines containing the wheat-rye 1RS.1BL, and
1RS.1AL translocations was completed in a number of different soft red
winter wheat backgrounds in order to facilitate current field investigations
into the impact of these translocations on yield, and quality of soft red
winter wheats and to investigate genotype by translocation interactions.
Commercial Wheat Cultivars of the United States: In 1991, an
informational database was initiated covering the developmental aspects of
wheat cultivars commercially grown in the United States. In early 1993, the
data will be accessible as a Gopher database on the Graingenes Gopher Server
at Cornell University via the Internet network system. The database
presently contains partial records on over 1,500 distinct cultivars.
Information presently available includes the cultivar's true name, name
abbreviations, alias's, USDA accession numbers, PVP certificate numbers and
certificate status, date of release or introduction, place of origin,
originator and pedigree. The cultivars are cross referenced to nearly 900
citations and reprints of Agronomy Journal/Crop Science registration
statements are provided. U.S. acreage estimates have been compiled from
USDA surveys conducted from 1919 to 1984. The database can be accessed
through any local Gopher server on Internet or through public access of the
Great Gopher (consultant.micro.umn.edu or pubinfo.ais.umn.edu) at the
University of Minnesota. Updates, new records and additional information
will periodically added to this database. This project has been partially
funded by the USDA/Federal Extension Service and the USDA/ARS/Plant Genome
Office.
New personnel: Dr. Susan Penix has joined the wheat group as a post-
doctoral fellow to investigate the genetics of host resistance in the
Fusarium graminearum /Wheat Pathosystem.
Visitors: H. Guedes Pinto, Portugal; G. Butnaru, Romania; W. Bluthner,
Germany; R. Riley, England; S. Borojevic, Yugoslavia; and V.D. Reddy, India.
Publications:
Jouve, N., McIntyre, C.L., and Gustafson, J.P. 1991. Chromosome preparations
from protoplasts: In situ hybridization banding pattern of a dispersed DNA
sequence in rye (Secale cereale L.). Genome 34:524-527.
Aswidinnoor, H., Nelson, R.J., Dallas, J.F., McIntyre, C.L., Leungh, J., and
Gustafson, J.P. 1991. Cloning and characterization of repetitive DNA
sequences from genomes of Oryza minuta and Oryza australiensis. Genome
34:790-798.
Jilibene, M., Gustafson, J.P., and Rajaram, S. A Field disease evaluation
method for selecting wheats resistant to Mycosphaerelia graminicola. J.
Plant Breeding. 108:26-32.
Somers, D.J., Gustafson, J.P., and Fillion, W.G. The influence of the rye
genome on expression of heat-shock proteins in triticales. Theor. Appl.
Genet. 83:987-993.
Gustafson, J.P., and Dill‚, J.E. The chromosome location of Oryza sativa
recombination linkage groups. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA. 89:8646-8650.
Monte, J.V., MCIntyre, C.L., and Gustafson, J.P. Analysis of phylogenetic
relationships in the Triticeae tribe using RFLPs. Theor. Appl Genet. In
press.
Dallas, J.F., McIntyre, C.L., and Gustafson, J.P. Comparisons of restriction
fragment length polymorphisms in repetitive and single-copy regions of the
rice genome. Genome. In press.
Song, Yunchun, and Gustafson, J.P. Physical mapping of 55 RNA gene in rice
(Oryza sativa L.). Genome. In press.
Kephart, K.D., A.L. McKendry, D.N. Tague, J.E. Berg and C.L. Hoenshell.
1992. 1992 Missouri winter wheat performance tests. Special Report 441.
Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Food and
Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia.
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1992. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. I. Review of theory and optimization in triploids. Heredity
68:97-103.
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1992. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. II. Amended models for tetraploids. Heredity 68:105-113.
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1992. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. III. Amended models for pentaploids. Heredity 68:193-200.
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1992. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. IV. Utilizing data sets with merged figure classes. Heredity
68:201-204
Chapman, C. G. D. and Kimber, G. 1992. Developments in the meiotic analysis
of hybrids. V. Second order models for tetraploids and pentaploids.
Heredity 68:205-210.
Yen, Y. and Kimber, G. 1992. The S genome in Triticum syriacum. Genome
35:709-713
Yen, Y. and Kimber, G. 1992. Genomic relationships of N-genome Triticum
species. Genome 35:962-966.
Talbert, L. E., Kimber, G., Magyar, G. M., and Buchanan, C. B. 1992.
Repetitive DNA variation and Pivotal-differential evolution of wild wheats.
Genome. Submitted.
Kimber, G. 1992. Genomic Relationships in Triticum and the availability
of alien germplasm. In: Evaluation and Utilization of Biodiversity in Wild
RElatives and Primitive Forms for Wheat Improvement. Ed. A. B. Damania. In
Press.
Kimber, G. 1993. The use of autotetraploids in genomic analysis in wheat.
8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing. In Press.
Talbert, L. E., Storlie, E. W., Chee, P.W., Magyar, G.M., Blake, N. K. and
Kimber, G. 1993. Molecular studies of Pivotal-Differential Evolution. 8th
International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing. In Press.
--------------------
MONTANA
Department of Plant and Soil Science, Montana State University,
Bozeman, MT
S. P. Lanning, R.L. Burrows, L. E. Talbert*, P. L. Bruckner*, E.A.
Hockett, W.L. Morrill (Ento. Research Lab), C.F. McGuire, and G.D. Johnson
(Ento. Research Lab).
Winter Wheat Production. Montana's 1992 winter wheat crop was estimated
at 60.9 million bushels harvested from 2.1 million acres, for an average of
29 bu/acre. Growing conditions were abnormal, with very mild and extremely
dry conditions through the winter, followed by late spring rains and cool
July temperatures. These conditions delayed maturity and contributed to late
harvest across much of the state. Leading winter wheat cultivars were
Neeley, Rocky, Tiber, Redwin, Norstar, Judith, and Winalta which accounted
for approximately 82% of the state's acreage.
Winter Wheat Breeding Program. Primary breeding objectives of the MT
winter wheat program include winterhardiness, and resistance to wheat stem
sawfly, Russian wheat aphid (RWA), and stem rust. We are working to develop
both hard red winter (HRW) and hard white winter (HWW) wheat cultivars.
Breeding objectives are identical for both classes of wheat. At the present
time, development of a sawfly-resistant cultivar with good yield potential
and winterhardiness, is of highest priority. Multiple sources of RWA-
resistance have been backcrossed into adapted germplasm over the past
several years, and field selection to combine RWA resistance with
winterhardiness, yield potential, and high end-use quality has been
initiated. Selection for winterhardiness and pest resistance will be
conducted both in the field and under laboratory conditions. As funding
allows, we plan to systematically evaluate germplasm to identify new sources
of winterhardiness and resistance to wheat stem sawfly. Seed of MT7811, a
well-tested HWW wheat line, is being increased for potential release.
Germplasm release (winter wheat). MT88005 (PI 564588),
Wasatch//Yogo/Rescue/3/Tendoy, was released by the Montana Agricultural
Experiment Station in 1992. MT88005 was released as germplasm based on its
environmentally stable expression of stem solidness and subsequent
resistance to wheat stem sawfly. The line has moderate winterhardiness and
good end-use qualities, but has low yield potential, weak straw, and is
susceptible to stem rust.
Personnel. Dr. Phil Bruckner was hired in July, 1992 as winter wheat
breeder, replacing Dr. Gene Hockett, long-time USDA-ARS barley breeder, who
headed the winter wheat program for the past few years. Gene has retired,
but maintains an office and keeps current on department and university
activities. Phil spent seven years at the University of Georgia Coastal
Plain Experiment Station as a small grains breeder. Dr. Allan Taylor has
returned from Morocco is working on development of International cooperative
research projects.
Spring wheat production. Approximately 2.5 million acres of spring
wheat were harvested in Montana in 1992. Average yields were approximately
30 bushels per acre with a total production of 73 million bushels. Drought
was a severe problem early in the growing season especially in the central
region. The Russian wheat aphid was a major problem, and approximately
225,000 acres of spring wheat, winter wheat and barley were treated.
Leading spring wheat varieties in 1992 were Amidon, Rambo (Western Plant
Breeders), Newana, Len and Lew.
Spring wheat breeding. The major objectives for the Montana hard red
spring wheat breeding program are 1) development of superior sawfly
resistant cultivars, 2) development of Russian wheat aphid resistant
cultivars, and 3) development of hard white spring wheats adapted to Montana
Varietal/Germplasm Release (spring wheat). Hi-Line hard red spring
wheat was released in 1991 (Crop Sci. 32:283-284). Grain yield of Hi-Line
is similar to Newana, and grain protein averages approximately 1% higher.
An additional release in 1992 was of 14 hard red spring wheat germplasm
lines which are resistant to the Russian wheat aphid. These lines were from
the first backcross of PI 372129 to adapted Montana cultivars.
Sawfly Status. Winter and spring wheat were heavily infested by the
wheat stem sawfly. The insect caused reduced head weight and extensive
lodging. Applied controls include selection of solid-stemmed spring wheat
cultivars, tillage of field borders, delayed spring planting, and
pesticides.
Cereal Quality Lab. The Cereal Quality Laboratory was established in
1956 at the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, and provides support to
the plant breeding programs. In the past year, milling (Buhler mill) and
baking evaluations were done on 1150 entries of spring and winter wheat.
Early generation lines evaluated for protein content and mixograph strength
totaled 800. A whole grain near infrared grain analyzer has been in use
this past year. This equipment has improved lab operation by increasing
efficiency while maintaining analytical accuracy. Lab operation has also
been enhanced by streamlining data analysis. All balance-generated data are
recorded directly to a NEC 8300 computer. Data files are then transferred
to a Zenith 386 where reports are generated by use of a software package
developed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. Direct data
transfer has greatly minimized reading errors from manual data collection.
Publications
Bruckner, P. L., and P. L. Finney. 1992. Milling and baking quality
attributes of soft red winter wheat bulk populations and derived lines. Crop
Sci. 32:1174-1179.
Kisha, T. J., G. A. Taylor, H. F. Bowman, L. E. Weisner, G. D. Jackson, G.
R. Carlson, J. W. Bergman, G. D. Kushnak, G. F. Stallknecht, V. R. Stewart,
and C. F. McGuire. 1992. Registration of Tiber hard red winter wheat.
Crop Sci. 32:1292-1293.
Lanning, S. P., C. F. McGuire, and L. E. Talbert. 1992. Parental blends as
predictors of quality in spring wheat hybrids. Cereal Chem. 69:349-350.
Lanning, S. P., L. E. Talbert, F. H. McNeal, W. L. Alexander, C. F. McGuire,
H. Bowman, G. Carlson, G. Jackson, J. Eckhoff, G. Kushnak, V. Stewart, and
G. Stallknecht. 1992. Registration of Hi-Line wheat. Crop Sci. 283-284.
Morrill, W. L., J. W. Gabor, E. A. Hockett, and G. D. Kushnak. 1992. Wheat
stem sawfly (Hymenoptera: Cephidae) resistance in winter wheat. J. Econ.
Entomol. 85:2009-2011.
Morrill, W. L., J. W. Gabor, and G. D. Kushnak. 1992. Wheat stem sawfly
(Hymenoptera: Cephidae): Damage and detection. J. Econ. Entomol. 85:2414-
2417.
Storlie, E. W., L. E. Talbert, G. A. Taylor, H. Ferguson, and J. Brown.
1992. Effects of the Russian wheat aphid on osmotic potential and fructan
content of winter wheat. Euphytica (in press).
Talbert, L. E., S. L. Moylan, and L. J. Hansen. 1992. Assessment of
repetitive DNA variation among accessions of hexaploid and tetraploid wheat.
Crop Sci. 32:366-369.
--------------------
NEBRASKA
University of Nebraska and USDA-ARS, Lincoln
P. S. Baenziger*, C. J. Peterson* (USDA-ARS), R. A. Graybosch* (USDA-
ARS), D. R. Shelton*, L. A. Nelson*, D. D. Baltensperger*, D. J. Lyons*, and
G. L. Hein*
Growing Conditions and Production: A below average crop was harvested in
1992 with production estimated at 55.5 million bushels from 1.85 million
acres and with a state average of 30 bushels per acre. In eastern Nebraska,
early and late freezes, diseases (leaf rust, barley yellow dwarf, and leaf
blotches), and rain at harvest reduced the crop. In southwest Nebraska, the
crop was injured by drought or a frost at heading. In western Nebraska, a
dry fall leading to a poor seedbed and root rots increased winterkilling and
reduced yields.
P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson (USDA-ARS), D. R. Shelton, and D. D.
Baltensperger
Release of New Cultivars and Increases of New Experimental Lines: Vista
(PI 562653, formerly tested as NE87615) was released in 1992 by the
cooperative USDA-University of Nebraska Wheat Improvement Team. Vista was
selected from the cross NE68513/NE68457//Centurk/3/Brule which was made in
1981 by Dr. J. W. Schmidt. NE68513 is Warrior//Atlas
66/Cheyenne/3/Cheyenne/Ottawa. NE68457 is Ponca/*2 Cheyenne/4/IL#1-Chinese
Spring 2*/Triticum timopheevi// Cheyenne-Tenmarq-Mediterranean-Hope/3/Sando
60. It is an awned, white glumed, semi-dwarf, short coleoptile, hard red
winter wheat. In two years of testing (1991 and 1992) in the Nebraska
Fall-Sown Small Grain Variety Tests (28 location-years), Vista (3050 kg/h)
was 4% higher yielding than Redland, 5% higher yielding than Arapahoe, 11%
higher yielding than Siouxland, 13% higher yielding than Rawhide, and 14%
higher yielding than TAM107. In the Uniform Southern Regional Performance
Nursery, Vista (3680 kg/h) was the highest yielding line of those tested in
both years across the region (48 location-years) and yielded 2% more than
TAM107. Current information suggests that it could be grown in southwest
Nebraska and adjoining areas of Kansas and Colorado under dryland production
practices and in western Nebraska under late planted irrigation practices.
Vista is not targeted for very dry wheat growing conditions where its short
coleoptile and short plant height may cause seedling emergence and harvest
difficulties. When grown under irrigation, the short height of Vista may be
beneficial.
The grain volume weight of Vista is similar to Arapahoe, less than
Siouxland and Rawhide, and superior to Redland. The winterhardiness of
Vista is adequate for Nebraska growing conditions, similar to Scout 66.
Vista is a medium-late cultivar, similar in anthesis date to Arapahoe and
Redland. The straw strength of Vista is less than Redland, Siouxland,
Abilene, and Thunderbird, and most similar to TAM200 which under Nebraska
conditions may lodge early (shortly after anthesis) if there is lush spring
growth.
Vista is moderately resistant to the currently prevalent races of leaf
rust (contains Lr3 and Lr16) and stem rust (contains genes Sr6, Sr17, and
Sr36). Vista is resistant to the Great Plains Biotype and Biotype C, and
expresses a heterogeneous reaction to Biotype B of Hessian fly (contains H3
and some plants another gene (possibly H6)). It is susceptible to
soilborne mosaic virus. Vista's reaction to wheat streak mosaic virus needs
further testing; however, in the greenhouse it appears to be more tolerant
than Brule and Redland. With the exception of a low water absorption, the
other milling and baking characteristics of Vista are acceptable, equal to
or better than Scout 66 and Arapahoe, and superior to TAM200 and TAM107.
The following four lines are under increase for possible future release.
NE88427 (TAM107/Bennett) is a medium height, medium maturity, semi-dwarf
wheat (slightly taller than Vista and similar to TAM107) with a intermediate
coleoptile (longer than TAM107). It is susceptible to leaf rust, and
soilborne and wheat streak mosaic viruses, and Hessian fly. It is
moderately resistant to stem rust (contains genes Sr6 and is heterogeneous
for the Amigo gene). NE88427 has good test weight characteristics (similar
to Siouxland, and superior to Redland and Arapahoe) and winterhardiness.
Straw strength is adequate (superior to Vista). The targeted growing region
for NE88427 needs further refinement, however it appears to do well in most
parts of Nebraska in the absence of leaf rust. The end-use quality of
NE88427 is adequate, most similar to Scout 66 for protein and ash content,
gluten strength as determined by the mixograph, and loaf characteristics.
NE88595 (Arkan/Colt//Chisholm sib) is a medium maturity, medium height,
wheat (slightly taller than Vista and similar to TAM107) with a short
coleoptile (similar to Vista and shorter than TAM107). It is susceptible to
leaf rust, and soilborne and wheat streak mosaic viruses. It is
heterogeneous to the Great Plains Biotype of Hessian fly (indicating it
probably carries the Marquillo-Kawvale gene). It is moderately resistant to
stem rust (contains gene Sr24). Preliminary indications are that NE88595
may have greater tolerance to root rots than most Nebraska developed
varieties. NE88595 is a genetically lower test weight wheat (similar to
Redland) and has good winterhardiness. Straw strength is adequate (slightly
better than Vista). The targeted growing region for NE88595 also needs
further refinement, however it appears to do well in areas were root rot is
common and in southwest and western Nebraska. NE88595 is a genetically
lower protein wheat similar to Redland. In poorly fertilized or very high
yielding fields (where the N fertility may not be adequate for the yield),
the lower protein content may be deleterious for baking. Gluten strength as
determined by the mixograph is slightly stronger than Scout 66 and loaf
characteristics are similar to Scout 66.
NE87612 (Newton//Warrior*5/Agent/3/Agate sib), increased in 1992 and
saved for possible release in 1993, is a medium height, semidwarf wheat
(similar to Arapahoe and Brule) with moderate straw strength. NE87612 is
susceptible to leaf rust, and soilborne mosaic and wheat streak mosaic
viruses; resistant to the Great Plains biotype of Hessian fly, and
moderately resistant to stem rust (contains genes Sr17, Sr24, and segregates
for Sr6). NE87612 is a genetically lower test weight wheat, though
superior to Redland. If released, current performance data would suggest it
be targeted for dryland production in western Nebraska. While adapted to
many of the same areas as Arapahoe and having satisfactory winterhardiness
for Nebraska, NE87612 is not as winterhardy as Arapahoe. The wheat protein
content of NE87612 is less than Scout 66 and Arapahoe. Mixograph analyses
indicate strong mixing properties. With the exception of lower loaf volumes
and water absorption values, NE87612 has comparable baking characteristics
to Scout 66.
N87V106 (NB69565//NB65671/NB69655/3/Homestead/4/Centurk/3/Atlas
66//Cmn//Tx2607-6) is a selection from the USDA-ARS breeding program
currently under breeder seed increase. It is a medium height semidwarf
(similar to, or shorter than, Arapahoe and Redland) with short coleoptile
and medium-early maturity. N87V106 possesses a unique combination of leaf
rust resistance genes along with good stem rust resistance and straw
strength. In 1989-1992 breeding trials, it has averaged 11% higher grain
yield than Siouxland with 1% higher grain protein concentration and similar
test weight. Performance data from 1992 suggests potential adaptation to
SE, SC, and SW Nebraska; NC and central Kansas. N87V106 is susceptible to
soilborne mosaic and wheat streak mosaic viruses, Hessian fly, and crown
rot. Overall baking quality is similar to Arapahoe with mellow mixing
characteristics.
W. Navarro-Alvarez, L. E. Oberthur, and P. S. Baenziger
Doubled Haploid Studies: Doubled haploids (completely homozygous lines)
can be developed using tissue culture in which plants are regenerated from
immature pollen grains (saving a minimum of two years in the breeding
program). This year's efforts again concentrated on improving the tissue
culture techniques. Dr. W. Navarro, a former graduate student, worked
diligently on improving the efficiency of the system. Dr. Navarro found
that sugars, particularly maltose and maltose + glucose, were superior to
sucrose for embryo initiation. Wheat starch, used as a gelling agent, was
an important source of sugar in the later stages embryo initiation.
Maltose and sucrose were both good sugars for plant regeneration. Maltose
seemed to reduce the genotype specificity of anther culture (i.e. genotypes
which normally do poorly in anther culture, did better with maltose), a
limitation in anther culture. Dr. Navarro also found that exposing the
anthers to colchicine for a short period (72 hours) greatly increased the
level of chromosome doubling without drastically reducing the number of
embryos initiated or plants regenerated. Work continues by Ms. L. Oberthur
on an alternative method for creating haploids using intergeneric
hybridization (wheat x corn or wheat x pearl millet). This year she
regenerated her first plants using this system. In addition, she has
compared a single seed descent derived population with a doubled haploid
population derived from anther culture to determine if the gametoclonal
effects previously identified in our work with doubled haploids from pure
lines was also found in the doubled haploid from heterozygous parents. On
average the doubled haploids were inferior to the single seed descent lines
for important agronomic traits, however these results could be explained by
either repulsion linkages that were reduced less in the doubled haploids
than in the single seed descent lines or by gametoclonal variation.
Yang Yen and P. S. Baenziger
Chromosome Substitution Lines: A series of lines in which single pairs
of chromosomes were transferred from Cheyenne, the most important ancestor
in the Nebraska Wheat Improvement efforts, to Wichita, an important wheat
from Kansas, and vice versa have been developed by Dr. M. R. Morris.
Previous research showed that chromosomes 3A and 6A have major effects on
agronomic performance (can reduce or enhance yield by 20%). Current efforts
by Dr. Yang Yen are concentrating on developing recombinant chromosome lines
which will be used to determine how many genes on the identified chromosomes
affect yield. In cooperation with Agripro Biosciences, hybrids of the
chromosome substitution lines have been made to identify chromosomal
heterosis. While additional testing is needed the hybrids indicate
predominantly additive gene effects.
Masrizal, E. Millet (Wiezmann Institute of Science), M.D. Clegg, R. A.
Graybosch (USDA-ARS), and P. S. Baenziger
Heat Stress on Grain Filling: Our current procedures to study the effect
of short term heat stress on grain filling in wheat involve heating the
spike for 96 hours with 12 hours of 38 C and 12 hours of 25 C. Ambient
conditions are 26 C day and 20 C night in the greenhouse. Under the heat
stress conditions, we were able to similarly reduce grain weight in both
Karl (thought to be heat tolerant) and Arapahoe (thought to be heat
sensitive). A wheat variety survey is currently underway to see if
varieties differ in their response to the heat stress. A very
low-technology method of providing heat stress is the field can be done by
placing glass jars over the spikes. In sunlight, temperatures raise in the
jars, thus providing a heat stress. Again both Karl and Arapahoe were
similarly affected by the heat stress as determined by lower grain weight.
The temperature stress increased protein content and mixograph tolerance
(probably due to increased protein), and decreased mixograph peak time.
Preliminary protein fractionation experiments (done by Dr. Graybosch)
indicate the relative amounts of protein components were unchanged which was
surprising as these protein components have been reported to be
differentially heat sensitive.
B. Moreno-Sevilla, P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson (USDA-ARS), R. A.
Graybosch (USDA-ARS), D. R. Shelton
Effect of 1B/1R on Agronomic Performance: Previously, we had shown that
lines containing 1B/1R from the cross Siouxland x Ram were 9% higher
yielding than lines with 1B or lines heterogeneous for 1B/1R. Rawhide, a
recent release, is heterogeneous for 1B and 1B/1R. 1B/1R and 1B lines were
extracted from Rawhide and grown in three environments in Nebraska. No
difference was found for yield between the 1B and 1B/1R lines. This study
is being repeated.
N. Budak and P. S. Baenziger
Tall Wheat Research: With the continued interest in taller wheats for
western Nebraska, Mr. Necdet Budak is beginning research to better
understand factors determining plant height. As part of this research, all
experimental lines have been classified by their response to gibberellic
acid (an indicator of the main semi-dwarfing genes) and all of the height
data are being analyzed to look for lines that are not too tall in eastern
Nebraska, but are tall in western Nebraska. Preliminary results indicate
that our wheats differ greatly in their response to the environment with
some wheat being consistently tall (Siouxland and Buckskin), some wheats
being consistently short (Vista), some being relatively tall in taller
environments and becoming short in shorter height environments (Rawhide),
and some lines being relatively short in taller environments and maintaining
their height in shorter environments (Arapahoe). In the past, most height
measurements were taken in eastern Nebraska and may or may not be
representative of plant height in western Nebraska which has caused problems
with line selection and variety recommendations.
R. A. Graybosch (USDA-ARS), C. J. Peterson (USDA-ARS), Jai-Heon Lee and
David R. Shelton.
Effects of glutenin protein polymorphisms on the breadmaking quality of
winter wheats: One hundred winter wheat lines of diverse origin were
screened for the presence of intravarietal glutenin protein polymorphisms.
Fourteen percent of the tested lines were found to be polymorphic, composed
of two or more distinct biotypes. Biotypes, defined as groups of
individuals with the same genotype within a polymorphic line, were selected
from six wheat lines of diverse quality. Analysis of dough-handling and
breadmaking characteristics of the biotypes found in six polymorphic lines
demonstrated significant biotype-dependent responses for numerous quality
attributes. Biotypes, however, rarely exceeded the source line for any one
specific quality attribute, and never exceeded the source line for all
quality variables. The presence of biotypes of diverse quality potential
could contribute to intravarietal quality variation over time or across the
geographic range of cultivation, and could be responsible for unexpected
results from controlled matings in wheat breeding programs.
R. Graybosch (USDA-ARS), Yong Weon Seo, and C. J. Peterson (USDA-ARS)
Detection of wheat-rye chromosomal translocations through use of an anti-
secalin monoclonal antibody: Hybridoma lines derived from mice immunized
with a secalin preparation from the rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivar 'Rymin'
were analyzed for differential reactions with rye secalins and wheat
gliadins. A single cell line secreting a monoclonal antibody (MAB) with
high affinity for rye secalin, but with comparatively little low cross
reactivity with gliadin, was identified. Immunoblotting experiments,
following electrophoretic separation of unreduced proteins, demonstrated
specific binding to omega-secalins encoded by genes located on rye
chromosome 1RS. When used in indirect ELISA, the anti-secalin MAB allowed
the discrimination of rye from wheat, the estimation of the percentage of
rye in mechanical mixtures of wheat and rye, and the identification of wheat
lines carrying wheat-rye chromosomal translocations involving 1RS.
J. H. Lee, R. A. Graybosch (USDA-ARS) and D. J. Lee
Detection of rye chromosome 2R using PCR and non-random primer sequences:
Sequences derived from known sequences of a rye gamma-secalin gene were used
as primers in polymerase chain reactions using DNA derived from a series of
wheat and triticale genetic stocks. A 473 bp fragment, the predicted size
based on the distance between the selected primers, was found only in rye,
triticales, and wheat lines carrying rye chromosome 2RS. Use of a triticale
lines with various wheat chromosome substitutions confirmed the chromosomal
origin of the rye-specific marker. The presence of the 473 bp PCR product
always was associated with the production of 75K secalins in grain samples.
Thus, the primer sequences, and the clone of origin (pSC503), both were
derived from the SEC-2 locus of rye chromosome 2RS.
K. Eskridge and C. J. Peterson (USDA-ARS)
Probability of quality traits falling within acceptable limits in wheats
grown over multiple environments: Improving consistency or stability of
wheat end-use quality requires simultaneous consideration of a large number
of quality traits evaluated from multiple growing environments. Stability
analyses developed for grain yield, while often applied to quality traits,
have inherent limitations that make analyses of large numbers of
intercorrelated variables, or non-normally distributed values, difficult.
Univariate and multivariate probability approaches were proposed to
measuring genotypic stability of wheat quality traits based on probability
of trait to fall within acceptable limits. Acceptability of traits was
defined by (i) values falling within chosen upper and lower limits of
acceptability over locations, and (ii) values exceeding those for a check
cultivar at each location. Eighteen wheat genotypes were evaluated over 14
locations for flour protein concentration, mixograph mixing time and
tolerance, SDS sedimentation volume, and kernel hardness. Multivariate
probabilities of all five traits falling within upper and lower limits of
acceptability ranged from 0.0 to 0.37 among genotypes. Univariate
probabilities of acceptance were calculated for each trait, ranging from
0.15 to 0.95 over genotype-trait combinations, and indicated the relative
contributions of individual quality traits to the multivariate probability
value. Several genotypes had low multivariate probabilities as the result
of only one or two traits with low univariate probabilities. Multivariate
and univariate probabilities of genotypes exceeding trait values from Scout
66 also were calculated and were similar in magnitude. The probability
based approach provides a simply understood, flexible decision making tool
to identify genotypes with high probability of providing acceptable quality
when grown over multiple environments.
D. R. Shelton and W. Park
Investigation of polyphenol oxidase levels in wheat: Dr. Shelton
participated in a wheat utilization survey in 1992, funded by the Nebraska
Wheat Board and arranged by U.S. Wheat Associates, to examine U.S. wheat
exports in the Asian market. During the survey, milling companies in
Malaysia, Singapore, and Korea discussed problems that occur when U.S.
wheats were used to make wet noodle products. The wet noodles, sold at a
high moisture content, were found to discolor during storage. Several
company representatives suggested that U.S. wheats possess high levels of
polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and that this enzyme is related to noodle
discoloration.
Available literature indicates that PPO is found primarily in the bran
layer. Wet noodles, produced from white flour, would be expected to contain
only small amounts of bran. Arbol et al., (Cereal Chemistry 48:466-467,
1971) indicated that tyrosinase was responsible for discoloration in whole
meal chapattie doughs. Tyrosinase is another name for PPO, which is a
complex enzyme system.
The Nebraska Wheat Quality Lab has modified the procedure by Arbol to
evaluate PPO levels and color properties of whole grain wheat: 1) a few
kernels are coarsely cracked using a mortar and pestle; 2) the cracked wheat
is placed in a spot plate and a few drops of a color producing reagent are
added. The reagent used is 20 mg/ml tyrosine in 5% sodium phosphate
(dibasic) with pH 9. 3) rate of color change and final color is recorded.
Preliminary data shows differential response of wheat varieties to the
tyrosine reagent, both among and within red and white wheat classes. Color
differences using the procedure range from gray after 60 minutes or longer
to black in 25 to 35 minutes. Relationships between PPO levels and wet
noodle discoloration are now being investigated.
Personnel. Ms. Gendi Wu, a visiting scientist from Anhui, China, joined
the project to learn more about wheat breeding and genetics. Soliman
Al-Otayk, an M. S. student from Saudi Arabia, joined the project and will be
working on wheat physiological genetics probably in some area of stress
tolerance. Ms. Carla Wildhagen, an M. S. student from Nebraska, joined the
project and will be working on wheat tissue culture and transformation.
Publications
Baenziger, P. S. and C. J. Peterson. 1992. Genetic variation: Its origin and
use for breeding self-pollinated species. p. 69-92. In T. M. Stalker and
J. P. Murphy (eds.) Plant Breeding in the 1990s. March, 1991, Raleigh,
North Carolina.
Baenziger, P. S., J. W. Schmidt, C. J. Peterson, V. A. Johnson, P. J.
Mattern, L. A. Nelson, D. V. McVey, and J.H. Hatchett. 1992. Registration
of 'Rawhide' Wheat. Crop Sci. 32:283.
Baenziger, P. S., J. W. Schmidt, C. J. Peterson, V. A. Johnson, P. J.
Mattern, L. A. Nelson, D. V. McVey, J. H. Hatchett. 1991. Registration of
'NE82438', 'NE82533' and 'NE84557' hard red winter wheat germplasm. Crop
Science. Accepted 12-30-92.
Berke, T. G. and P. S. Baenziger. 1992. Portable and desktop computer
integrated field book and data collection system for agronomists. Agron. J.
84:119-121.
Berke, T. G., P. S. Baenziger, and R. Morris. 1992. Location of wheat
quantitative trait loci affecting agronomic performance of seven traits
using reciprocal chromosome substitutions. Crop Sci.32: 621-627.
Berke, T. G., P. S. Baenziger, and R. Morris. 1992. Locations of wheat
quantitative trait loci affecting stability of six traits using reciprocal
chromosome substitutions. Crop Sci. 32: 628-633.
Chen, J., D. R. Shelton, B. L. D'Appolonia, and K. Khan, Structural
Characterizations of the Carbohydrate Portion of a Glycopeptide from Wheat
Gluten, Cereal Chemistry, 69:481-484, 1992.
Cox, D. J., and D. R. Shelton, Genotype-by-Tillage Interactions in Hard Red
Winter Wheat Quality Evaluation, Agronomy Journal, 84:627-630, 1992.
Chen, J., K. Khan, D. R. Shelton, and B. L. D'Appolonia, Isolation and
Fractionation of Carbohydrate-Containing Proteins from Wheat Gluten, Cereal
Chemistry, 69:475-480, 1992.
Dofing, S. M., T. G. Berke, P. S. Baenziger, and C. W. Knight. 1992. Yield
and yield component response of barley in subartic and temperate
environments. Can. J. Plant Sci. 72:663-669.
Eskridge, K. and C. J. Peterson. 1992. Selection for quality traits in wheat
based on the probability of traits falling within established limits.
Proceedings of the 19th Hard Red Winter Wheat Workers Conference. January
21-23, 1992, Lincoln, NE
Graybosch, R.A., and C. J. Peterson. 1992. Flour biochemical consequences
of wheat-rye translocations. Proceedings of the 19th Hard Red Winter Wheat
Workers Conference, January 21-23, 1992, Lincoln, NE.
Graybosch, R., C.J. Peterson, L.E. Hansen, D. Worrall, D. Shelton and A.
Lukaszewski. 1993. Comparative flour quality and protein characteristics of
1BL/1RS and 1AL/1RS wheat-rye translocations lines. J. Cereal Science, In
press.
Graybosch, R., C.J. Peterson, K. Moore, M. Stearns and D. Grant.
Comparative effects of flour protein, lipid and pentosan composition in
relation to hard wheat quality characteristics. Cereal Chemistry, 70:95.
Graybosch, R. A., Y. W. Seo, and C. J. Peterson. Detection of wheat-rye
translocations through use of an anti-secalin monoclonal antibody. Cereal
Chemistry. In press.
Jin, Y., B. J. Steffenson, L. E. Oberthur and P. S. Baenziger. 1992.
Puccinia coronata on barley. Plant Dis. 76:1283.
Moreno-Sevella, B., P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson, and R. A. Graybosch.
1992. Comparison of 1B and 1BL/1RS lines derived from the wheat cultivar
'Rawhide'. Agronomy Abstracts, p 107.
Peterson, C. J., and R. A. Graybosch. 1992. Genotype and Environmental
Influences on Quality and Biochemical Composition of Hard Red Winter Wheat.
Proceedings of the 19th Hard Red Winter Wheat Workers Conference. January
21-23, 1992, Lincoln, NE.
Peterson, C. J., R. A. Graybosch, P. S. Baenziger, and A. W. Grombacher.
1992. Genotype and environment effects on quality characteristics of hard
red winter wheat. Crop Sci. 32:98-103.
Peterson, C. J., R. A. Graybosch, P. S. Baenziger, D. R. Shelton, W. D.
Worrall, L. A. Nelson, D. V. McVey, and J. H. Hatchett. 1992. Registration
of 'N86L177' wheat germplasm. Crop Science, accepted 9-30-92.
Proceedings of the 19th Hard Red Winter Wheat Workers Conference. 1992. Ed.
by C. J. Peterson. Proceedings of the Conference Held January 21-23, 1992,
Lincoln, NE. 133 pp.
Seo, Y. W., R. A. Graybosch, and C. J. Peterson. 1992. Characterization and
utilization of anti-secalin monoclonal antibody. Agronomy Abstracts, p 114.
Sharma, H., J. Varnum, S. Sato, S. Baenziger, and S. G. Metz. 1992. Analysis
of plants derived from wheat tissue culture. Cereal Res. Comm. 20:75-79.
Shelton, D. R., A. E. Walker, C. E. Walker, J. W. Albers, Interpretation of
Scanned Image Mixograms, Cereal Foods World, 37:571, 1992.
Simonson, R. L. and P. S. Baenziger. 1992. The effect of gelling agents on
wheat anther and immature embryo culture. Plant Breeding 109:211-217.
Yen, Y. and P. S. Baenziger. 1992. A better way to construct recombinant
chromosome lines and their controls. Genome 35:827-830.
--------------------
NEW YORK
M. E. Sorrells* and W. R. Coffman*
Department of Plant Breeding and Biometry, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
1992 Winter Wheat Production: The 1992 soft white winter wheat crop
for New York was 110,000 acres, identical to 1991. Yield was estimated to
be 56 b/a, 7 b/a higher than 1990 and only 2 b/a below the record yield of
1985. The 1992 growing season was 1 to 3¡F cooler than normal. A record
amount of precipitation was received in July but the rest of the growing
season was near normal. This resulted in much preharvest sprouting damage
to the New York crop.
Soft White Winter Wheat: Harus and Geneva are cultivars currently
recommended to New York farmers. NY73116-4W and NY262-37-10W soft white
winter lines are pending release. NY73116-4W has moderate resistance to
sprouting and improved yield while NY262-37-10W has very good resistance to
preharvest sprouting, high test weight, and yield slightly below Geneva.
They will be named and officially released late this year.
Soft Red Winter Wheat: Susquehanna soft red winter wheat was first
available to farmers for 1991 production and popularity of this cultivar is
growing. Wakefield and Madison have also shown good performance in New
York. The soft red winter market class is gaining popularity, especially
following years where there was considerable damage due to preharvest
sprouting in the white wheats.
Hard Red Spring Wheat: Production of hard red spring wheat continues
at a low level. Stoa and lines related to Stoa have demonstrated very good
milling and baking quality and yield performance. We have made arrangements
with North Dakota State University to release ND594. We are currently
producing breeder seed and will name this variety late this year.
RFLP Mapping: Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps:
Genetic linkage maps based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms are
useful for many purposes; however, different populations are required to
fulfill different objectives and clones from the linkage map(s) are
subsequently probed onto populations developed for special purposes such as
gene tagging. Therefore, clones contained on the initial map(s) must be
polymorphic on a wide range of genotypes to have maximum utility. The
objectives of this research were to (1) calculate polymorphism information
content values of 51 low-copy DNA clones, and (2) use the resulting values
to choose potential mapping parents. Polymorphism information content was
calculated using gene diversity by classifying restriction fragment patterns
on a diverse set of 18 wheat genotypes. Combinations of potential parents
were then compared by examining both the proportion of polymorphic clones
and the likelihood that those mapped clones would give a polymorphism when
used on other populations. Genotype pairs were identified that would map
more highly informative DNA clones compared to a population derived from the
most polymorphic potential parents. The methodologies used to characterize
clones and rank potential parents should be applicable to other species and
types of markers as well (J.A. Anderson, G.A. Churchill, J.E. Autrique, S.D.
Tanksley, M.E. Sorrells).
RFLP Analysis of Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to
Pre-harvest Sprouting in Wheat: Resistance to pre-harvest sprouting (PHS)
is difficult to incorporate into new varieties because heritability is low
and selection is limited to one generation per year. Our objective was to
identify genomic regions containing quantitative trait loci associated with
resistance to PHS in two recombinant inbred (RI) populations of white wheat
(Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) using restriction fragment length
polymorphism (RFLP) markers. One population consisted of 78 RI lines from
the cross of NY6432-18 (NY18) X 'Clark's Cream' (CC). The second population
consisted of 138 RI lines from the cross between sib lines NY18 and
NY6432-10 (NY10). The NY18/CC and NY18/10 populations were evaluated for
PHS in 6 and 7 environments, respectively, by examining physiologically
mature spikes under simulated rainfall. The three parental lines were
surveyed for polymorphism with 195 low-copy RFLP clones using four
restriction enzymes. Individual RI lines from the NY18/CC and NY18/NY10
populations were probed with 37 and 27 polymorphic clones, respectively.
Eight regions of the genome (four from each population) were significantly
associated with resistance to PHS. Using multiple regression, specific sets
of markers and their interactions accounted for 44 and 51% of the genetic
variance for PHS in the NY18/CC and NY18/NY10 populations, respectively.
These markers could find utility in breeding programs as indirect selection
criteria for improvement of PHS resistance (J. A. Anderson, M. E. Sorrells,
S. D. Tanksley).
Microsatellite Markers: We are
continuing with the development of
hypervariable hybridization probes and mapping techniques for wheat: We
have isolated several clones containing GA repeats and synthesized primers
for them. Most of them are resolvable on acrylamide gels. Preliminary
results suggest that they are comparable to the better RFLP probes for
detecting polymorphism.
Durum survey: Genetic
diversity in durum wheat was measured in a
collection of 113 improved varieties and landraces from diverse
ecogeographical origin using RFLP, morphophysiological traits and
coefficient of parentage. Some of the landraces evaluated represent
ancestral lines present in pedigrees of improved lines. Thirty-nine clones
were used to measure the RFLP based genetic distance using a single enzyme.
Average taxonomic distances were calculated for the morphophysiological
traits evaluated in four location/years. Lower genetic distances were
observed for both RFLP and average taxonomic distance for the improved
cultivars and for some landraces from Morocco and Jordan, while genetic
distances were larger for the rest of the landraces. Patterns of variation
for morphophysiological traits was associated with traits that have effect
on adaptation like days to heading, plant height and as a result, harvest
index. Landraces contained 99% of the total fragments observed in the pool
of improved varieties and showed 13% of unique fragments. Coefficient of
parentage revealed 15 ancestrals present in the most of the cultivars
contributing for about 72% of the genetic make up of improved cultivars.
Thirty-nine different ancestrals contributed to the remaining 28%.
Prediction of distances based on different measures was higher for average
taxonomic distance and Nei's genetic distance (r=0.47) while COP
relationship with the other two measures was lower.
Leaf Rust Gene Tagging: Isolines
carrying six genes for resistance to
leaf and stem rust were used to find molecular markers linked to these
genes. Clones used to detect polymorphism were selected based on the
reported chromosomal location of the gene. Agropyron derived resistance
genes cosegregated with eight and six molecular markers for Lr19 and Lr24,
respectively. Closely linked RFLP markers were found for Lr32. No putative
marker were detected for Lr9 and two loosely linked markers were detected
for Lr21. Agropyron chromatin present in isolines carrying chromosomes 7Ag
(Lr9) and 3Ag (Lr24) cover most of the chromosome arm and half of it,
respectively. Clones assigned to these chromosomes, based on aneuploid
analysis, hybridized to chromatin of 7Ag and 3Ag confirming cytological
results that these introgressed segments represent homoeologous chromosomes.
Tagging genes introgressed from wild species might help in tagging resistant
genes from T. aestivum as many genes are present in homoeologous chromosomes
in similar locations. (E. Autrique)
A National Genome Database and Bulletin Board for Small Grains:
GrainGenes, the Triticeae Genome Database, is a compilation of molecular and
phenotypic information about wheat, barley, oats, and other small grains.
The project is supported by the USDA Plant Genome Research Program, and
directed by Olin Anderson. Currently the database contains samples of
several classes of data objects, including genetic maps of barley and
Triticum tauschii, information on 1200 DNA probes, germplasm and pedigree
data for 2400 T. aestivum accessions, mailing addresses and phone numbers of
400 Triticeae scientists, and relevant bibliographic citations. Additional
data classes planned include cytogenetic maps, physical maps, nucleotide
sequences, quantitative trait evaluations and QTLs, biochemical properties
of gene products, and digitized images of autoradiograms, plant
morphologies, and disease symptoms. GrainGenes is accessible via the
Internet in either of two formats. A graphical user interface using the
"ACeDB" software, originally developed for the Caenorhabditis elegans genome
database, is available to users with direct TCP/IP network connections and
X11 graphics capability (most Unix workstations, or personal computers with
inexpensive software). The ACeDB format provides "live" graphics and text
displays, with links between the data objects that can be followed by
clicking with the mouse, as well as sophisticated search commands. The
second format, accessible even with only a modem connection to an Internet
host, is provided by a Gopher server. The Gopher interface is text only and
has more limited searching power, but is very easy to use. In addition the
Gopher server contains non-database-structured files of interest, including
tabular data and text documents like the Annual Wheat Newsletter and R.A.
McIntosh's "Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat." Preindexed for fast
searching by any word in the text, the Gopher versions of such documents are
substantially more useful than the print versions that were so popular in
the now obsolete Paper Age.
A "mailgroup", or bulletin board implemented via electronic mail, has
been created for discussions and announcements of interest to Triticeae
geneticists. Mail addressed to "grains@greengenes.cit.cornell.edu" is
automatically forwarded to a list of electronic addresses of anyone who
wishes to be included, currently thirty oat, wheat, barley and rice
scientists around the world. For more information about GrainGenes
(obtaining information from it or adding information to it), contact Olin
Anderson oandersn@wheat.pw.usda.gov or Dave Matthews
matthews@greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
--------------------
Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
G. C. Bergstrom*, J. E. Carroll, S. M. Gray (USDA-ARS), D. W. Kalb,
and
A.M. C. Schilder.
Winter wheat pathology research:
Pot-sown winter wheat plants were
successfully inoculated with wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) via a
thin layer of infectious soil placed below the seed, and symptom development
was observed under controlled environment. Serological detection of coat
protein was positively correlated with the presence and intensity of
characteristic symptoms. A new polyclonal antiserum has been developed to a
New York isolate of WSSMV and is being evaluated for detection of
geographically diverse isolates.
Imidacloprid (BAY NTN33893) seed-applied insecticide was studied for
its effects on aphids and the epidemiology of barley yellow dwarf virus
(BYDV) on New York cereals. Imidacloprid seed treatment resulted in a 25%
yield increase associated primarily with control of bird cherry oat aphid
and PAV-BYDV in 1990-91 winter wheat. Winter wheat plots sown with treated
seed in fall 1991 showed significantly lower populations of corn leaf aphids
and less infection of plants by RMV-BYDV than did nontreated plots. Aphids
were reduced 93% by imidacloprid in 1992 spring oats.
Potassium bicarbonate (51oz/A)
plus Sunspray Ultra-Fine Oil (49fl oz/A)
significantly reduced natural leaf rust development in winter wheat plots
and are being evaluated as an alternative to synthetic fungicides.
Research is continuing on the role of infected seed in the epidemiology of
tan spot and Septoria nodorum blotch of winter wheat under New York
conditions. Collaboration also is continuing with Dr. Peter Ueng (ARS,
Beltsville) to develop molecular probes for Stagonospora nodorum that can be
utilized for pathogen detection and isolate identification in
epidemiological studies.
Publications:
Anderson, J.A., G.A. Churchill, J.E. Autrique, S.D. Tanksley, and M.E.
Sorrells. 1993. Optimizing parental selection for genetic linkage maps.
Genome. In press.
Anderson, J.A., M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1992. RFLP analysis of
genomic regions associated with resistance to pre-harvest sprouting in
wheat. Page 88 in Agronomy Abstracts. American Society of Agronomy,
Minneapolis, MN.
Anderson, J.A., M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1993. Detection of QTLs
affecting pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat by RFLPs. Crop Sci. In
Press.
Anderson, J.A., M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1993. Molecular markers
for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat. In Progress in genome mapping
of wheat and related species: Proceedings of the 3rd Public Workshop of the
International Triticeae Mapping Initiative, CIMMYT, Mexico,1992, in press.
Anderson, J.A., M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1993. Molecular markers
for pre-harvest sprouting resistance in wheat. Proceedings of the Sixth
International Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals. July 25- 29,
1992, Coeur d' Alene, ID, in press.
Anderson, J.A., Y. Ogihara, M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1992.
Development of a chromosomal arm map for wheat based on RFLP markers. Theor.
Appl. Genet. 83:1035-1043.
Bergstrom, G. C., D. W. Kalb, and W. J. Cox. 1992. Effects of Baytan seed
treatment and Tilt application on foliar diseases and yield of winter wheat
in farm scale plots in New York,1991. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 47:258.
Bergstrom, G. C., M. E. Sorrells, and T. S. Cox. 1992. Resistance of winter
wheat cultivars and breeding lines to wheat spindle streak mosaic virus
under natural infection in New York, 1991. Biological and Cultural Tests for
Control of Plant Diseases 7: 84.
Carroll, J. E., G. C. Bergstrom, and S. M. Gray. 1992. Detection of coat
protein of wheat spindle streak mosaic virus is positively correlated with
characteristic symptom expression. Phytopathology 82:1147.
Cox, W. J. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1992. Evaluation of fungicides for control
of foliar diseases on winter wheat in New York, 1991. Fungicide and
Nematicide Tests 47:186.
Gray, S. M. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1992. Imidacloprid controls cereal aphids
and alters barley yellow dwarf virus epidemiology. Phytopathology 82:1073.
Kalb, D. W., G. C. Bergstrom, and W. J. Cox. 1992. Effect of seed treatments
on foliar diseases and yield of winter wheat in New York, 1991. Fungicide
and Nematicide Tests 47:268.
Ma, Z.Q., B.S. Gill, M.E. Sorrells, and S. D. Tanksley. 1993. RFLP markers
linked to two Hessian fly-resistance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
from Triticum tauschii (coss.) Schmal. Theor. Appl. Genet. In Press.
Miller, N. R., G. C. Bergstrom, and M. E. Sorrells. 1992. Effect of wheat
spindle streak mosaic virus on yield of winter wheat in New York.
Phytopathology 82:852-857.
Paolillo, D.J., Jr., and M.E. Sorrells. 1992. The spatial distribution of
growth in the extension zone of seedling wheat leaves.Ann. Bot. In press.
Ršder, M.S.,M.E. Sorrells, and S.D. Tanksley. 1992. 5S ribosomal gene
clusters in wheat: pulsed field gel electrophoresis reveals a high degree of
polymorphism. Mol. Gen. Genet. 232:215-220.
Ršder, Marion S., Nora L. V. Lapitan, Mark E. Sorrells and Steven D.
Tanksley. 1993. Genetic and physical mapping of barley telomeres Mol. Gen.
Genet. In Press.
Schilder, A. M. C. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1992. A low-cost spore trap for
sampling at multiple field sites. Phytopathology 82:247.
Schilder, A. M. C. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1992. Infection of wheat seed by and
seed transmission of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Pages 56-60 in: Advances
in Tan Spot Research: Proceedings of the Second International Tan Spot
Workshop, ed. L. J. Francl, J. M. Krupinsky, and M. P. McMullen (ed.). North
Dakota State University, Fargo. 142pp.
Schilder, A. M. C. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1992. The dispersal of conidia and
ascospores of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Pages96-99 in: Advances in Tan
Spot Research: Proceedings of the Second International Tan Spot Workshop,
ed. L. J. Francl, J. M. Krupinsky, and M. P. McMullen (ed.). North Dakota
State University, Fargo. 142pp.Schilder, A. M. C. and G. C. Bergstrom. 1992.
The process of wheat seed infection by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis.
Phytopathology 82:1072.
Sorrells, M.E. 1992. Development and application of RFLPs in polyploids.
Crop Sci. 32:1086-1091.
Sorrells, M.E., J.A., Anderson, Y. Ogihara, and S.D. Tanksley. 1992.
Development and application of a chromosomal arm map for wheat based on RFLP
markers. In Gill, B.S., W.J. Raupp, and H. Corke, (eds.). Progress in genome
mapping of wheat and related species: Proceedings of the 2nd Public Workshop
of the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative, Manhattan, Kansas, 1991.
Report No. 10, University of California Genetic Resources Conservation
Program, Davis, CA.
Ueng, P. P., E. A. Geiger, and G. C. Bergstrom. 1992. Identification of
wheat Septoria fungal pathogens by simple DNA hybridization. Phytopathology
82:1151.
Ueng, P. P., G. C. Bergstrom, R. M. Slay, E. A. Geiger, G. Shaner, and A. L.
Scharen. 1992. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the wheat glume
blotch fungus, Phaeosphaeria nodorum. Phytopathology 82:1302-1305.
Wu, K.K., W. Burnquist, M.E. Sorrells, T.L. Tew, P.H. Moore, and S.D.
Tanksley. 1992. The detection and estimation of linkage in polyploids using
single-dose restriction fragments. Theor. Appl. Genet. 83:294-300.
--------------------
NORTH DAKOTA
Crop and Weed Sciences Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo
J.A. Anderson*, C.R. Riede*
Personnel changes: Dr. D.J. Cox resigned to assume a position with the
missionary team "Missions: Moving Mountains" in Kenya. Dr. James A.
Anderson has assumed responsibilities for both hard red winter wheat
breeding and wheat germplasm enhancement. Dr. C.R. Riede is a Research
Assistant who presently is on sabbatical leave from IAPAR-Brazil. His main
responsibility is to manage the Pioneer Spring Wheat Program which was
donated to NDSU.
Hard Red Winter Wheat Breeding Project. Approximately 200,000 acres
were planted to hard red winter (HRW) wheat in North Dakota in the fall of
1991. Average yield of the 1992 crop was 2350 kg/ha, compared to 2215 kg/ha
in 1991. The largest concentration of winter wheat acreage is in the
Southwestern portion of the state. Production in these region was hurt by
lack of snow cover and limited moisture in the Spring. North Dakota
releases have occupied 80% of the state's HRW wheat acreage from 1988
through 1991. Roughrider is grown on about 50% of the acreage; Seward, 18%;
and Agassiz, 13%. Two hundred eighty seven crosses were made during the
1991-1992 greenhouse season. Matings were mostly between elite winterhardy
lines and high yielding, rust-resistant lines form the Central Great Plains.
A preliminary yield trial at 3 locations and an advanced yield trial at 6
locations were used to evaluate 150 and 33 lines, respectively. The most
advanced yield trial, the variety trial, was harvested at 5 locations and
contained 8 ND lines and 8 varieties. Five of the ND lines are being
advanced to the 1993 variety trial. The most advanced of these lines is
ND8530. In 35 trials, it has yielded an average of 4.9% higher than
Roughrider, 4.2% less than Seward, and has good quality.
A Method for Selecting Winter Wheat Cultivars for Freezing Tolerance.
One spring and nine winter wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) were
screened for freezing tolerance via a tissue culture procedure. Temperature
treatments were applied to immature embryo-derived callus cultures.
Regression analysis was done using mean calli weights from 2 to -15§C. The
regression coefficients (b values) of the five most winter hardy genotypes
were negatively correlated with published winter survival under both
conventional and no-till conditions. Thus, as hypothesized, lower winter
hardiness was associated with an increased temperature effect on calli
growth. This relationship did not hold with the four least hardy winter
wheats. The best relationship between calli growth and winter survival was
noted at -5§C. Attempts to regenerate plants were made on all calli and a
total of 539 plants were regenerated. All ten genotypes and progeny from
these regenerated plants were evaluated for freezing tolerance at -15§C.
Eighty one lines were selected with improved freezing tolerance compared to
the parents. Calli exposed to the moderate freezing temperature of -5 to -
10§C produced the greatest frequency of selected lines. The tissue culture
scheme utilized in this thesis appears to be effective for identifying
winter hardy genotypes and for producing variation for freezing tolerance
(D.H. Gibson, E.L. Deckard, and D.J. Cox).
Wheat Germplasm Enhancement. Objectives of the project are to identify
genes for traits of interest from unadapted germplasm and incorporate them
into advanced breeding lines of hard red spring and durum wheat. DNA
markers (RFLPs and RAPDs) will be used to aid in the identification and
transfer of useful genes. Experiments are underway to identify genes
governing resistance to the tan spot fungus, regulation of preharvest
sprouting, kernel protein content, and gluten strength.
Tan Spot. Several potential sources of tan spot resistance have been
identified (Table 1-3). The hard red spring wheat genotypes listed in the
tables as well as other synthetic hexaploids and T. tauschii accessions were
screened with a composite of 4 North Dakota isolates of the tan spot
(Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) fungus. Five replications of seedlings were
inoculated at the 2nd leaf stage, subjected to a 24 hour wet period, and
examined for infection type (range of 1, resistant; to 5, susceptible) and
percent of leaf area diseased. The synthetic hexaploids (Table 1) as well
as some of the T. tauschii accessions (all data not shown) exhibited high
levels of resistance in this assay. Table 2 summarizes the observations
made on 35 genotypes that consisted of germplasm previously screened for
leaf blotch in Brazil. An additional 49 cultivars developed by different
Brazilian wheat breeding programs are summarized in table 3. These
materials will be tested under field conditions in 1993 (C.R. Riede, J.A.
Anderson, L.J. Francl, J.G. Jordahl).
Table 1. Tan spot ratings of selected synthetic hexaploids and hard red
spring wheat genotypes.
===========================================================================
% Leaf Diseased Infection Type
Genotype Origin(a) Avg. Range Mode Range
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
W-7976 (synthetic 6X) 1 2.8 1-4 1 1-2
W-7984 (synthetic 6X) 1 2.8 1-6 1 1-2
VERNAL EMMER/A. squarrosa 2 3.8 1-8 2 2
ERIK (Resis. check) 3 7.2 3-11 2 1-2
CHINESE SPRING 2 11.4 2-20 2 1-4
OPATA 85 1 25.2 5-85 2 2-4
ND 495 (Sus. check) 4 30.0 15-55 4 2-5
ND 674 4 30.4 7-75 4 2-5
COLUMBUS (Sus. check) 5 30.6 18-60 4 3-5
ND678 4 34.3 12-75 4 2-5
MAX 6 37.4 22-60 5 2-5
GRANDIN 4 51.6 30-80 5 3-5
ND 671 4 56.6 18-75 5 2-5
ND 673 4 65.0 35-85 5 3-5
============================================================================
(a), CIMMYT; 2, E. Sears, Univ. of Missouri; 3, AgriPro; 4, NDSU; 5,
Agriculture Canada; 6, Germany.
Table 2. Tan spot ratings of spring wheat genotypes that were previously
screened for leaf blotch at IAPAR-Brazil.
=========================================================================
% Leaf Diseased Infection Type
Genotype Origin(a) Avg. Range Mode Range
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
IA 8313 1,2 3.4 2-6 2 1-2
IA905 1,2 3.8 2-8 2 1-2
MON 'S'/MN72131 1,2 4.0 3-5 1 1-2
IA 7956 1,2 5.5 2-10 2
1-3
CEP 76146 3 6.7 3-13 2 1-4
IA 815 1,2 9.0 3-18 2 1-4
ERIK (Resis. check) 4 9.3 3-15 2 1-3
BH1146 (Mod. Resis.
check) 5 15.1 7-20 3 3-5
COLUMBUS (Sus. check) 6 51.5 33-82 5 5
ND 495 (Sus. check) 7 62.5 52-80 5 5
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(a) 1, IAPAR; 2, CIMMYT; 3, FECOTRIGO; 4, AgriPro; 5, EPAMIG; 6, Agriculture
Canada; 7, NDSU.
Table 3. Tan spot ratings of Brazilian spring wheat genotypes.
=========================================================================
% Leaf Diseased Infection Type
Genotype Origin(a) Avg. Range Mode Range
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
IAPAR 42 1 3.2 2-8 1 1-2
FRONTANA 2 4.0 2-6 2 1-2
SERRANO 4 4.0 2-6 2 1-2
PG 1 5 4.2 3-6 2 1-3
BR 34 2 4.4 2-6 2 1-2
BR 23 2 4.6 2-7 2 1-2
CEP 17 3 5.0 3-9 2 1-2
PAT 7392 3 5.8 3-8 2 1-2
IAPAR 41 1 6.2 3-11 2 1-2
CEP 11 3 6.4 4-10 2 1-2
ERIK (Resis. check) 6 8.4 5-17 2 1-2
BH1146 (Mod. Resis. check) 7 11.4 6-18 2 1-2
COLUMBUS (Sus. check) 8 19.8 10-35 4 3-4
ND 495 (Sus. check) 9 28.2 18-40 4 2-5
GRANDIN 9 37.2 12-73 4 4-5
===========================================================================
(a) 1, IAPAR; 2, EMBRAPA; 3, FECOTRIGO; 4, INDUSEM; 5, Land race cv.; 6,
AgriPro; 7, EPAMIG; 8, Agriculture Canada; 9, NDSU.
RAPD Markers for Aluminum Tolerance. An experiment is being conducted
to find RAPD markers linked to a gene for aluminum tolerance using the
random inbred population derived from the cross BH1146 (tolerant)/Anahuac
(sensitive) obtained from Cornell University. Several Operon primer sets
have already been used to screen parents and DNA bulks of the population
(C.R. Riede).
Publications
Cox, D.J., and D.R. Shelton. 1992. Genotype-by-tillage interaction in hard
red winter wheat quality evaluation. Agron. J. 84:627-630.
Fairbanks, D.J. et alli. 1992. Efficient characterization of biological
diversity using field DNA extraction and random amplified polymorphic DNA
markers. Rev. Brasil. Genet (in press).
Mehta, Y.R., C.R. Riede, L.A. Campos, and M.M. Kohli. 1991. Integrated
management of major wheat diseases in Brazil -- an example for the Southern
Cone region of Latin-America. Crop Protection (in press).
Riede, C.R., D.J. Fairbanks, W.R. Andersen, and R.L. Kehrer. 1992.
Enhancement of RAPD analysis by restriction endonuclease digestion of
template wheat DNA. submitted to Plant Breeding.
Riede, C.R., V. Moda-Cirino, L.A. Campos and A. Tulmann Neto. 1991. Mutant
selection from wheat cultivar IAPAR 3-Aracatu with reduced height. Proc. 3rd
FAO/IAEA Research Co-ordination Meeting on "Improvement of rice and other
cereals through mutation breeding in Latin America." Colonia, Uruguay,
November 25-29, 1991.
--------------------
E.M. Elias*, D.K. Steiger, O. Olmedo-Arcega, and C.M. Rystedt
Durum Wheat Production and Breeding
1992 Durum Wheat Production. North Dakota growers produced 81.7
million bushels (2.2 million MT) of durum which was 84% of the total U.S.
production. Producers in North Dakota harvested 2.15 million acres (0.9
million ha), a 25% decrease in acreage from 1991. Bushels of durum produced
in North Dakota were down 8% from 1991 and 21% from 1990. These figures
parallel the national averages for reduced durum production (down 7% from
1991 and 20% from 1990). The North Dakota average yield of durum in 1992
was estimated to be 38 bu/A compared to an average yield of 31.0 bu/A in
1991.
Weather conditions were favorable for timely planting and moisture
conditions were good to excellent at planting. Moisture and temperature for
the primary durum growing region of North Dakota in 1992 was higher than
normal at the beginning of the season. The lower than average temperatures
in June, July, and August resulted in continuous tillering, slow plant
growth, and high yield.
Diseases. The most prevalent leaf diseases were tan spot (Pyrenophora
tritici-repentis), scab (Fusarium spp.), and septoria (Septoria nodorum).
Cultivar Distribution. The 1992 survey of durum cultivars grown in
North Dakota by percentage of acreage was as follows: Monroe, 1985 ND
release, 23%; Renville, 1988 ND release, 19%; Medora, 1984 Canadian release,
14%; Vic, 1979 ND release, 9%; Rugby, 1973 ND release, 8%; Fjord, 1987
Western Plant Breeders release, 7%; Ward, 1972 ND release, 5%; Cando, 1975
ND release, 4%; Sceptre, 1985 Canadian release, 3%; Crosby, 1973 ND
release, 2%; Laker, 1986 Western Plant Breeders release, 1%; and Lloyd,
1983 ND release, 1%. The cultivar Monroe has occupied the largest
percentage of acreage for the past four years. Cultivars Renville and Fjord
are gaining in acreage planted while cultivars Vic and Sceptre are steadily
declining in acreage planted.
The cultivar Regal, released in 1989, has been renamed Regold. The
cultivar Regold is owned and distributed by Western Plant Breeders Co.
Breeding Program Notes. Personnel from the breeding program evaluated
8460 early generation (F3 to F6) samples for gluten strength. Increased
efficiency in using the micro-sedimentation technique allows two researchers
to evaluate 600 to 800 samples daily. One researcher can evaluate 440
daily. Twenty samples are evaluated in each set, and three sets are run
simultaneously with staggered start times. Approximately 90 samples can be
run each hour. NIR protein evaluations were done on 2260 F5 and F6 lines.
Study on the Inheritance of Tan Spot Resistance. A study was initiated
to determine the inheritance of tan spot resistance in five durum
populations. Three resistant lines (DT 614, D88840, and DF588-614) and two
moderately susceptible cultivars (Sceptre and Lloyd) were used as parents to
develop the five populations. Other objectives of the study are to identify
new sources of resistance to tan spot and to measure the correlation between
field and greenhouse disease ratings.
Study to Evaluate Tan Spot Field Inoculation Methods. Three tan spot
field inoculation methods (early-spray, late-spray, and straw) were
evaluated for effectiveness in North Dakota and Morocco. Ninety-nine wheat
genotypes were evaluated at four year-locations. Early- and late-spray
refer to inoculations before and after heading. Straw inoculation consisted
of mulching infected weathered straw on the plots at the 2 to 3 leaf stage.
Early-spray inoculation performed equal to or better than straw and late-
spray inoculation in North Dakota. In Morocco, where conditions were drier,
straw inoculation performed better than either spray inoculation. All three
inoculation methods showed acceptable to high performances in these two
widely differing environments. The success of the inoculation was equally
assessed by genetic variances and correlations between field and greenhouse
disease scores. Lesion size of the upper leaves was the best indicator of
disease reaction; however, disease severity of both upper and lower leaves
can be used effectively.
Study to Assess the Variation in Virulence Within and Between Tan Spot
Populations from North Dakota and Morocco. Differences in host genotype's
clustering, ranking, and disease reaction patterns indicated moderate
variation in virulence and host specificity existed within the Pyrenophora
tritici-repentis isolates sampled in North Dakota and Morocco. Breeders
should use isolates from their geographic areas when searching for
resistance to tan spot. Screening for resistance to tan spot while
preserving a large genetic variance may be better accomplished using
moderately virulent isolates.
Visiting Scientist. Mr. Shiyun Xia is on a two-year leave of absence
from the Tiajin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Crop Research Institute,
Tianjin, China. He is evaluating 202 genotypes for pre-harvest sprouting
tolerance and the effects of sprouting on durum quality characteristics.
Publications and Thesis
Elias, E.M., N. Nsarellah, and R.G. Cantrell. 1992. Evaluation of three
field inoculation techniques of tan spot on wheat. Agron. Abstr. 84:95.
Elias, E.M., N. Nsarellah, and R.G. Cantrell. 1992. Variation in virulence
within and between tan spot populations of North Dakota and Morocco. Agron.
Abstr. 84:95.
Nsarellah, N. 1992. Evaluation of tan spot on wheat in North Dakota and
Morocco. Ph.D. Thesis. 87 p.
Steiger, D.K. 1992. Evaluation of lines derived from crosses of Langdon
(Triticum dicoccoides) substitution lines to a common durum wheat. Ph.D.
Thesis. 162 p.
Steiger, D.K., E.M. Elias, R.G. Cantrell, and L.R. Joppa. Evaluation of
lines derived from crosses of Langdon (T. dicoccoides) substitution lines to
a common durum wheat. (In press). In 9th Int. Cereal and Bread Congress.
1-5 June, 1992. Paris, France.
Steiger, Debra K., E.M. Elias, R.G. Cantrell, and L.R. Joppa. 1992. Use of
wild emmer to increase the protein content of common durum wheat. Pasta
Journal 74(6):29-33.
Steiger, D.K., E.M. Elias, L.R. Joppa, and R.G. Cantrell. 1992. Quality
evaluation of lines derived from crosses of Langdon (Triticum dicoccoides)
substitution lines to a common durum wheat. p. 160-165. In Durum wheats:
challenges and opportunities. 23-25 March, 1992. CIMMYT, Mexico.
--------------------
Cereal Science Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo
W. R. Moore, B. D'Appolonia, K. Khan
Foreign travel during 1992, was undertaken by Drs. Bert D'Appolonia and
Wayne Moore, and Mr. Truman Olson representing the Department of Cereal
Science and Food Technology.
Bert D'Appolonia attended by invitation a conference in Radzikow,
Poland, March 7-10 as a guest speaker to participate in the conference
entitled "Guidelines for Development of Grain Growing in Poland". The
meeting was organized and sponsored by the Centro Studi Operativi Economico
Technici of Catania in Southern Italy.
Clarence McDonald and Bert D'Appolonia attended the Ninth International
Cereal and Bread Congress June 1-5 in Paris, France. D'Appolonia gave a
presentation by invitation at the Congress. McDonald was recipient of the
Harald Perten Award during the opening ceremony. The award is intended to
recognize and reward achievements in science, research, teaching or
transmission of knowledge that serve the cereal sciences and technology,
primarily recognizing practical applications in the areas of starch, gluten,
and enzymes.
Bert D'Appolonia, professor and chair, Wayne Moore, associate
professor, and Truman Olson, food technologist, completed a series of
presentations on the quality of the 1992 hard red spring and durum wheat
crops in November 1992.
D'Appolonia was a member of a wheat quality team that gave
presentations to millers and wheat buyers in Seoul Korea; Tokyo, Japan,
Manila, Philippines; and Taipei, Taiwan. Moore gave wheat quality
presentations in three locations in Mexico and in Caracas, Venezuela. Olson
was part of a wheat team giving presentations in Morocco, Norway, Baltic
states, Denmark, Poland, Italy, England, and Switzerland.
This year's quality reports were of particular interest due to the cool
weather experienced during the crop growing season and the wet conditions
during harvest. The series of seminars are sponsored by U.S. Wheat
Associates and the Foreign Agricultural Service of the United States
Department of Agriculture.
Faculty in the department participated in certain short courses offered by
the Northern Crops Institute as well as giving presentations to numerous
trade team delegations. A successful AACC short course entitled Experimental
Baking and Dough Rheology directed by Dr. Bert D'Appolonia was presented by
faculty and staff at the department. The course attracted twenty-nine
participants.
Two faculty, their support staff, and graduate students moved into the
third floor of the newly opened Industrial Agriculture and Communications
Center. Dr. Navam Hettiarachchy left the department to accept a position at
the University of Arkansas.
Research. A collaborative study with the Institute of Grain and Grain
Products of the former Soviet Union and the NDSU Department of Cereal
Science and Food Technology was completed comparing two types of gluten
preparation instruments and their respective methodologies. Preliminary
results indicated that the Russian instrument removed more starch during
gluten preparation, thereby yielding lower gluten values. However, neither
instrument was highly effective in predicting bread quality.
The albumins of HRS, HRW, and SRW wheats, fractionated by gel-
filtration chromatography on Sephacryl S-300, contained carbohydrates in
peaks I, II, and IV. The quantity of carbohydrates in peak I was highest
for HRS and lowest for SRW wheats. Peak III, a low molecular weight (LMW)
albumin subfraction and peak IV, a LMW carbohydrate fraction, did seem to be
associated with carbohydrate and nitrogen material, respectively. Peak II
of SRW wheat seemed to be associated with high levels of sugar.
A multi-stacking gel sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) procedure was devised for fractionation of the
non-reduced glutenin protein fraction. Five stacking gels of 4, 6, 8, 10,
and 12% acrylamide and 0.6% bisacrylamide were made on a 14% resolving gel.
Fractionation of non-reduced glutenin showed that the glutenin fraction was
polydisperse with molecular species of various sizes.
Publications
Khan, K., Huckle, L., and Jones, B.L. 1992. Inheritance of gluten protein
components of a high-protein hard red spring wheat line derived from
Triticum turgidum var. dicoccoides - Semi-preparative RP-HPLC, gel
electrophoresis, and amino acid composition studies. Cereal Chem. 69:270-
274.
Aktan, B. and Khan, K. 1992. Effect of high temperature drying of pasta on
quality parameters and on solubility, gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase
high-performance liquid chromatography of protein components. Cereal Chem.
69:288-295.
Magnus, E. and Khan, K. 1992. Hydrophobic properties of reduced and
alkylated acetic-acid-soluble glutenins -Fractionation by hydrophobic
interaction chromatography. Cereal Chem. 69:607-612.
Khan, K., Huckle, L., and Freeman, T.P. 1992. Disaggregation of glutenin
with low concentrations of reducing agent and by sonication -
electrophoretic and SEM studies. Abstr. Cereal Foods World 37:556.
Figueroa, J.D.C. and Khan, K. 1992. Albumin fraction from spring, winter,
and soft wheats - characterization of protein and associated carbohydrate by
gel filtration chromatography and gel electrophoresis. Cereal Chem. In
Press.
Figueroa, J.D.C. and Khan, K. 1992. Linear relationship of protein content
and loaf volume affected by oxidation requirements in wheat. Abstr. Cereal
Foods World 37:590.
Khan, K. and Huckle, L. 1992. Use of multi-stacking gels in SDS-PAGE
reveal poly dispersity/aggregation/disaggregation behavior of the glutenin
protein fraction. Cereal Chem. 69:686-688.
--------------------
OHIO
Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center
K. Garland Campbell, B.A. Berzonsky, P.E. Lipps, J. Finer, R.W.
Gooding, P. Vain, R. Persaud, L.D. Herald, R.J. Minyo Jr., T.L. Hoover, A.
Johnston
1991-92 crop A late growing season, coupled with heavy rains at
harvest caused great difficulty for most areas of the state and will be the
legacy of the 1991-1992 winter wheat crop. In spite of the difficulties,
average state yields were 53 bushels per acre. Planting conditions were
adequate with slightly less than normal moisture but higher than normal
temperatures. November began with mild temperatures but dropped into the
low teens causing some top burn in the northern and north-western regions of
the state.
Most of the crop survived the winter in good condition but higher than
normal temperatures in March were followed by a cold air mass that dropped
into the single digits. The crop was just emerging from dormancy and
received moderate to heavy damage. Approximately 1/3 of the Ohio crop was
rated as poor to very poor. Our wheat yield trials at the Northwest branch
station at Custar were abandoned at this time due to poor stands.
Temperatures were cool throughout the spring and the already late season was
further prolonged by rain. Heading dates ran 10-15 days behind the 1990-
1991 crop and the 1991-1992 wheat harvest started 15-20 days later than the
1990-1991 harvest and 7-15 days later than normal. Grain quality was
generally poor due to the disease and weather conditions throughout the
growing season. Growers experienced high dockage and much of the crop was
sold as feed grade due to poor quality. Severe sprout damage, weathering,
scab and Septoria glume blotch lowered germination and many seed producers
reported high (20-30%) clean out rates. The cool, wet weather continued into
the fall, delaying the soybean harvest. Wheat rotated after soybeans was
planted late. Continued cold weather reduced fall top-growth in the 1992-
1993 crop as it entered the winter.
Cultivar development Several new lines were tested in statewide
replicated drilled-plot yield trials. Yields fluctuated from 33 bushels per
acre at South Charleston to 109 bushels per acre at Fremont. Changes in
rank were also apparent at different locations due primarily to differences
in disease pressure and winter kill. OH470 (Tyler/Pioneer 2550) and OH493
(GR 860/Pioneer 2550) topped statewide yield trials. OH470 outyielded
Dynasty by 2.4 bu/a and OH493 outyielded Dynasty by 5.8 bu/a. OH470 also
topped the four-state regional trials. IL87-5687-2 also performed well in
the four-state regional trials. The 1991/92 growing season at Wooster
brought out the best in Freedom, released in 1991. Freedom outyielded all
other entries in every nursery by at least 2-10 bu/a at Wooster.
Population development During the winter of '91/92, several new Rye-
translocation and substitution lines obtained from Adam Lukasewski were
crossed to Ohio germplasm. These F1's are currently being backcrossed and
will be selected for presence of Rye chromosomes through hybridization with
Rye-specific DNA sequences. The ninth modified diallel population between
Ohio, midwestern, and exotic breeding lines was initiated and F1's are being
currently being intermated. The basis of the breeding program will continue
to be three and four-way crosses between adapted X exotic materials.
Crosses involving winter X winter and winter X spring Durum accessions were
also completed in 1991/92. Accessions of Titicum tauschii are being
collected for intercrossing with adapted soft wheat breeding lines during
1993.
Plant pathology. A virulence assay among powdery mildew isolates
collected in Wood, Sandusky, Erie, Seneca, Huron, Wyandot, Marion, Knox,
Holmes, Wayne and Trumbull counties indicated that 95% of the population
studied were virulent on four or more of the nine Powdery mildew
differential isolines. All isolates were virulent on Pm8. Breeding lines
containing the 1B/1R translocation remained moderately resistant as adult
plants, however. It is obvious from this study that the Ohio powdery mildew
population is highly complex with a seemingly unlimited capacity to overcome
single gene sources of resistance. A population comprised of diverse
sources of powdery mildew resistance crossed with adapted lines was
established in 1990 and will be subjected to recurrent selection for adult
plant resistance.
A test was conducted at Wooster to determine the yield response of nine
varieties to nearly complete disease control. Plots were sprayed at stem
elongation and flag leaf emergence with a combination of Bayleton (4oz/A)
and Punch (4oz/A). All varieties, regardless of their resistance level,
responded to fungicide applications. Yield gains were evident even on
varieties which didn't exhibit symptoms associated with yield loss.
Two seed treatment experiments were conducted using Becker wheat seed.
In experiment 1, seeds were harvested from a field with 20-40% incidence and
1-5% severity of Septoria nodorum glume blotch with 93% germination. In
experiment 2, seeds were from a field with 100% incidence, 30-50% severity
of glume blotch, and 76% germination. Seed treatments tested included
Agrosol T 6.6, Agrosol Flowable 2.5, Dividend 3FS 1.0, Granox plus Dry 1.7,
Vitavax 200 4.0, Baytan 30 1.25, and CGA-455 4FS 0.16. Results from both
experiments indicated that, although Baytan 30 treatments resulted in
significantly lower percentage of plants surviving overwinter than untreated
controls, the material effectively controls powdery mildew and increases
yield over controls and other treatments tested.
A study was initiated in 1991 to determine the effect of fungicide
(Baytan seed treatment, Bayleton foliar treatment, none) row width (7, 14,
and 21 inch rows) and seeding rate (12 and 24 seed/ft row) on the severity
of powdery mildew in Becker and Cardinal. Results from three location/years
indicate that Bayleton foliar treatment had the most consistent effect on
reducing powdery mildew and Baytan seed treatment was effective in
experiments that had high levels of powdery mildew early in the season.
Seeding rate and row width did not have a consistent effect on powdery
mildew severity but yield was consistently higher in 7 inch rows and at the
24 seed/ft row seeding rate.
Development of Wheat haploids and doubled haploids. Interspecific
crosses between diverse wheat genotypes and maize have been initiated in the
greenhouse in order to develop haploid and doubled haploid populations. The
resulting haploid and doubled haploid populations will be used in molecular
mapping efforts and genetic studies.
Use of molecular markers in wheat cultivar development. We are
investigating the use of molecular markers in cultivar development.
Initially, we are working with RAPD-DGGE to search for polymorphisms
associated with the Pm resistance genes in Chancellor isolines. Future
goals include the development of low-density linkage maps including RAPD,
RFLP, and protein markers for populations specific to our breeding program.
We'd like to identify molecular markers associated with other disease
resistance and agronomic traits and use linkage maps to study the effects of
selection on linkage disequilibrium, assess genetic diversity within the
program, and follow the population genetics of host-pathogen interactions,
in addition to aiding early generation selection for single or low copy
genes of interest.
Genetic transformation. Wheat embryogenic suspension cultures have
been initiated with Pavon 76 and Chinese Spring. Use of embryogenic
suspension cultures and the Particle Inflow Gun has resulted in reproducible
transformation of soybean and maize. This technology will be applied to
wheat once the cultures are developed.
Future The future focus of the OSU/OARDC project is the development of
high-yielding soft winter wheat cultivars, primarily for Ohio. The size of
the cultivar development program will remain unchanged. We will increase
our emphasis on early generation selection for disease resistance,
specifically Powdery Mildew and Septoria nodorum, and for milling and baking
quality. Additional research will focus on determination of the
heritabilities and genetic correlations among disease and quality traits in
soft winter wheat.
Personnel: Upon Hal Lafever's retirement at the end of 1991, Bill
Berzonsky directed the wheat breeding project in the position of Research
Scientist throughout most of 1992. Kim Garland Campbell assumed
responsibilities as soft winter wheat breeder in September.
Publications
Berzonsky, W.A., 1992. The genomic inheritance of aluminum tolerance in
'Atlas 66' wheat. Genome 35:689-693.
Lafever, H.N, Berzonsky, W.A., Registration of GR 860 wheat. Crop Sci (in
press).
Lafever, H.N, Berzonsky, W.A., Registration of GR 863 wheat. Crop Sci (in
press).
Lafever, H.N., Berzonsky, W.A., Registration of GR 876 wheat. Crop Sci (in
press).
Lafever, H.N., Berzonsky, W.A., Registration of Excel wheat. Crop Sci (in
press).
--------------------
OKLAHOMA
Plant Science Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research
Service, Stillwater
C.A. Baker, J.D. Burd, R.L. Burton, N.C. Elliott, D.R. Porter,
D.K. Reed, J.A. Webster
Host-Plant Resistance. Evaluation of plant germplasm for pest
resistance is a basic component of all host-plant resistance programs.
A systematic germplasm evaluation program was initiated in Stillwater
soon after the detection of the Russian wheat aphid in 1986. As of
this writing, over 43,000 small grain lines from the USDA-ARS National
Small Grain Collection (NSGC) in Aberdeen, Idaho, have been evaluated
at least once for resistance to this pest. Evaluations have been
conducted with seedling-stage plants in the greenhouse. Previous
experience has shown that aphid-resistant seedlings are almost always
resistant in later plant growth stages. Results of these tests have
been documented in 17 reports that have been sent to the curator of the
National Collection where the information has been entered in the GRIN
(Germplasm Resource Information Network) system. Public and private
plant breeders can access RWA information on any line tested in
Stillwater from NSGC records via the GRIN system. A brief summary of
material tested:
*Barley - 21,822 lines; In addition, 947 lines are currently being
evaluated. This completes the evaluation of the barley collection.
*Wheat - 19,655 lines (over one third of the entire collection).
Current plans are to complete tests of this collection during the
winter of 1993-1994.
*Rye - 1,238 lines (all available lines).
*Triticale - 731 lines (all available lines).
Other research on host-plant resistance includes:
* a tritrophic field test in cooperation with the Biological Control
team in 1991-1992 is being repeated this year.
* cooperated with four other USA locations in the First Uniform Russian
Wheat Aphid Field Test.
* cooperative tests with South African researchers to determine the
effects of different temperature regimens on RWA.
New procedures/techniques in use at the lab includes:
* use of a new RWA colony originating from equal proportions of RWA
collected from Colorado, Oregon and Idaho. This colony should be more
representative of the current RWA field population.
* metal halide lights have been installed to extend the daylength to 12
hours, and to supply supplemental lighting.
* computerization of the electronic feeding monitor system.
* a new seed storage controlled-temperature room was put into operation
in 1992.
(Webster)
Germplasm Enhancement. The wheat germplasm enhancement program is
concentrating on a core collection of 29 RWA-resistant lines. Each
selection has been hybridized with adapted RWA-susceptible wheat
cultivars; F1, BC, F2, and F2:3 generations have been produced. All
generations will be used to determine the inheritance of RWA resistance
in each of the 29 selections. To date, the genetics of resistance have
been determined in 2 of the 29 lines: PI 140207 has a single dominant
gene for resistance, and in PI 149898, resistance is controlled by two
genes. An accurate determination of the number of genes in PI 149898
required an analysis of segregation ratios in the F2:3 generation.
Based on F1, BC, and F2 data alone it would have been easy to classify
F2 segregation patterns into a simple 3:1 ratio. It does require extra
time and effort to look at advanced generations, but in cases where
classifications are not always clear, the increased level of certainty
is well worth the extra time.
Genetic analyses are planned to determine if the 29 selections
within the core collection carry different genes for resistance.
Crosses were made between as many lines as possible, and F2 populations
have been produced. Several of these populations are currently being
screened. Genetic analyses of intercrosses with other RWA-resistant
lines (PIs 372129, 294994, 262660, 137739) are also planned.
An RWA-resistant germplasm release is forthcoming. This release
was developed from a cross between Bobwhite and PI 149898. It is a
hard red semidwarf wheat with moderate resistance in the greenhouse and
strong resistance in the field. Field tests have shown lush fall
growth even with RWA infestation. Winter-hardiness of this material is
still unknown.
The transfer of RWA resistance from triticale accessions to wheat
is ongoing. Resistant F1, F2, F3, and backcross plants have been
recovered from crosses with PIs 386149 and 386156.
Cooperative work included RWA screening of wheat breeding lines
from the Oklahoma State University wheat breeding program. (Baker,
Porter)
Cellular Resistance Studies. Efforts to characterize cellular
responses to RWA attack in wheat leaf tissue continue. Protein profiles
of RWA-infested and noninfested leaf tissue of PI 140207 (resistant)
and Pavon (susceptible) were derived via silver-stained denatured
proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis. In general, very few differences were detected
between Pavon and PI 140207 in noninfested leaf tissue. Protein
profiles of leaf sections taken from outside of the clip-cages (where
RWAs were confined) on infested plants showed dramatic differences.
Pavon exhibited a dramatic decrease in the accumulation of a
specific complex of proteins approximately 24kD in weight. This
differential response is virtually identical to that observed in
barley. However, protein profiles of leaf tissue taken from inside the
clip-cages on infested plants showed similar selective inhibition of
accumulation of the 24kD protein complex in both genotypes. These
differential responses present new areas of research opportunities to
explore. It does appear, however, that the cellular damage response of
susceptible genotypes is the same in wheat as it is in barley. (Porter)
Biological control. For two successive years the seasonal
occurrence and abundance of aphid species in alfalfa, canola, sorghum,
red clover, cotton, millet, cultivated sunflower, and vetch, and native
grasses, as well as on several plant species common to uncultivated
lands in the Southern and Central Plains was studied. Sixteen aphid
species were identified whose seasonal abundance patterns indicate that
they might effectively serve as alternate host/prey "bridges" for
aphidophagous predators and parasitoids for use at times when RWA are
typically absent from the agricultural landscape or present in
extremely low numbers. In laboratory tests we found that Diaeretiella
rapae and Aphidius colemani imported for classical biological control
of the RWA parasitized individuals of several of the common aphid
species to which they were exposed for 24 h on caged host plants. Our
results indicate that several of the 16 aphid species that commonly
occur in wheat, in crops often grown adjacent to wheat, or in adjacent
non-agricultural lands may serve as alternate hosts of these
parasitoids. Thus, it may be possible to increase probabilities of
establishment of RWA natural enemies by conducting releases at
locations where adjacent habitats supporting alternate hosts occur.
Results also provide knowledge of hosts and associated habitats into
which RWA parasitoids might be released to attempt establishment at
times when the RWA is temporarily absent in a particular geographic
area. A system has been successfully devised for the incorporation of
radio-labeled markers into Russian wheat aphids, greenbugs, and their
natural enemies. Research on interactions among cereal hosts, RWA, and
natural enemies are continuing. Research on interactions of
entomophagous fungi, resistant and susceptible wheat, and RWA is in the
final stages. Tritrophic effects on wheat grasses has been published,
and work on long-term tritrophic effects and field tritrophic research
is continuing. Thermal thresholds for development of exotic A.
colemani and D. rapae were determined. Lower thermal thresholds are
similar to that of the RWA suggesting that low temperatures may not
impose a barrier to population growth by these parasitoids.
The ability of Cycloneda ancoralis to successfully complete
development on four aphid species (Aphis gossypii, Aphis helianthi,
Diuraphis noxia, and, Lypaphis erysimis) common in Great Plains
agroecosystems was assessed. Results indicate that the coccinellid
can complete immature development on all four species, but the species
differ qualitatively as a food source for the coccinellid. While the
ability to survive on a broad range of prey is insufficient to insure
that the coccinellid can establish and contribute to biological control
of D. noxia and other cereal aphids it is a desirable characteristic
for successful exploitation of this agroecosystem. Mummy weight, an
easily obtained biological parameter often used as a measure of
parasitoid robustness/fitness, was shown to be unreliable due to
variance among growth stages. This variance can be eliminated with
proper experimental protocols. Field overwintering studies conducted
in Oklahoma in 1990 and 1991 indicate that Soviet and Syrian D. Rapae,
South American A. asychis and A. colemani, and South American C.
ancoralis and H. variegata can overwinter successfully in some winters.
Progress has been made towards developing standardized methods for
sampling coccinellids in wheat. Removal sampling provides accurate
estimates of adult coccinellids at all densities, and larval
coccinellid populations at low and intermediate densities; but at high
densities the efficiency of removal sampling is too low to provide
useful estimates for larvae. Based on preliminary analysis of the
data, it appears that sweepnet sampling is the most useful method for
sampling larval coccinellids in wheat. Adult coccinellids are most
efficiently sampled by visual counting. Because larval coccinellids
are not always sampled adequately by visual counting, the sweepnet may
be the best method for sampling adults and larvae simultaneously. A
sequential sampling scheme for estimating the mean number of adult
coccinellids per 2-min count with known average precision was
developed. The effect of greenbug infestations on yield components of
early and late-planted spring wheat was determined in two plantings in
each of two years. Resulting data were used to develop a model relating
yield to cumulative greenbug feeding days (aphid-days). A multiple
linear regression model that included different intercepts for each
spring wheat planting and a common slope relating yield to aphid-days
provided a good fit to the data. Based on the model, a loss of 41 kg
of grain per ha is expected for each 100 aphid-days that accumulate per
tiller. (Elliott, Reed)
Publications
Baker, C.A., Porter, D.R. and Webster, J.A. 1992. Inheritance of
Russian wheat aphid resistance in a hard red winter wheat. Agron.
Abstr. p. 89.
Baker, C.A., Webster, J.A. and Porter, D.R. 1993. Characterization of
Russian wheat aphid resistance in a hard white spring wheat. Crop Sci.
32(6):1442-1446.
Baker, C.A., Webster, J.A. and Porter, D.R. 1992. Mechanisms of Russian
wheat aphid resistance: identification of antibiosis in hexaploid
wheat, pp. 90-93. IN: W.P. Morrison (comp.) Proceedings of the Fifth
Russian Wheat Aphid Conference. Great Plains Agric. Counc. Pub. 142.
Burd, J.D. and Todd, G.W. 1992. Total chlorophyll and chlorophyll
fluorescence profiles of Russian wheat aphid resistant and susceptible
wheat, pp. 101-108. IN: W.P. Morrison (comp.) Proceedings of the
Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference. Great Plains Agric. Counc. Pub.
142.
Burd, J.D. and Burton, R.L. 1992. Characterization of plant damage
caused by the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Econ.
Entomol. 85:2017-2022.
Burton, R.L. 1992. Using conservation tillage to manage greenbug
populations. Proc. Greenbug Workshop, Feb. 4, 1992. Kansas State
Univ., Garden City, KS
2 pp.
Campbell, R.K., Reed, D.K., Burd, J.D., and Eikenbary, R.D. 1992. RWA
and drought stress in wheat: Tritrophic interactions with plant
resistance and a parasitoid, pp. 224-234. IN: W.P. Morrison (comp.)
Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference. Great Plains
Agric. Counc. Pub. 142.
Elliott, N.C., Reed, D.K., Nechols, J.R., Kieckhefer, R.W., Kindler,
S.D., Flanders, R.V., French, B.W., and Arnold, D.C. 1992. Evaluating
Russian wheat aphid parasitoids for establishment potential in the
Great Plains, pp. 160-163. IN: W.P. Morrison (comp.) Proceedings of the
Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference. Great Plains Agric. Counc. Pub.
142.
Elliott, N.C. and Kieckhefer, R.W. 1992. Sampling aphids and natural
enemies. in small grains. Proc. Greenbug Workshop, Feb. 4, 1992,
Kansas State Univ., Garden City, KS. 7 pp.
Fellers, J.P., Guenzi, A.C. and Porter, D.R. 1992. Proteins associated
with somatic embryogenesis in wheat. Agron. Abstr. pp. 189-190.
Porter, D.R. 1992. New sources of resistance to greenbug in wheat.
Proc. Greenbug Workshop, Feb. 4, 1992 Kansas State Univ., Garden City,
KS. 1 p.
Porter, D.R., Baker, C.A. and Webster, J.A. 1992. Russian wheat aphid-
induced protein alterations in spring wheat. Agron. Abstr. pp. 196-
196.
Porter, D.R. and Gatschet, M.J. 1992. Simplified drying of
polyacrylamide gels for fluorography. Biotechniques 13(3):364-365.
Porter, D.R., Weeks, J.T., Anderson, M.P. and Guenzi, A.C. 1992. An
easy technique for extruding polyacrylamide gels from isoelectric
focusing tubes of 1.0- to 1.5 mm inside diameter. BioTechniques
12(3):380.
Puterka, G.J., Burd, J.D. and Burton, R.L. 1992. Biotypic variation in
a worldwide collection of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae).
J. Econ. Entomol. 85:1497-1506.
Reed, D. K., Elliott, N.C., Flanders, R.V., Hein, G.L., Karner, M.A.,
Michels, G.J. Jr., and Walker, C.A. 1992. Caged versus uncaged releases
of Russian wheat aphid natural enemies in four states in spring, 1991,
pp. 164-169. IN: W.P. Morrison (comp.) Proceedings of the Fifth
Russian Wheat Aphid Conference. Great Plains Agric. Counc. Pub. 142.
Reed, D.K., Kindler, S.D., and Springer, T.L. 1992. Interactions of
Russian wheat aphid, a hymentopterous parasitoid and resistant and
susceptible slender wheatgrass. Entomol. exp. appl. 64:239-246.
Reed, H.C., Reed, D.K., and Elliott, N.C. 1992. Comparative life table
statistics of Diaeretiella rapae and Aphidius matricariae (Hymenoptera:
Aphidiidae) on the Russian wheat Aphid, p. 189. IN: W.P. Morrison
(comp.) Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid Conference. Great
Plains Agric. Counc. Pub. 142.
Webster, J.A., Dutoit, F. and Popham. T.W. 1992. Reproduction of
Russian wheat aphids in South Africa and Oklahoma, p. 210. IN: W.P.
Morrison (comp.) Proceedings of the Fifth Russian Wheat Aphid
Conference. Great Plains Agric. Counc. Pub. 142.
--------------------
Plant Pathology Department, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater
R. M. Hunger and J. L. Sherwood
Wheat soilborne mosaic virus (WSBMV). The reactions to WSBMV of
entries in the 1991 Southern Regional Performance Nursery and the USDA
Soilborne Mosaic Nursery were published in Biol. & Cul. Tests for
Control of Plant Diseases (American Phytopathological Society Press,
1992, vol 7, pages 82-83). Reactions of entries in these nurseries in
the future will continue to be published in Biol. & Cul. Tests, as well
as in the annual USDA-ARS report that summarizes the results from the
testing of cooperative nurseries (available from Dr. C. J. Peterson,
USDA-ARS, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE).
Research continues on the mechanism(s) of resistance to WSBMV.
Results using symptomatology, ELISA, and a PCR-based assay have
indicated that resistance in 'Hawk' and 'Newton' appear to be expressed
as an inhibition of virus movement, which is influenced by temperature.
Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Results from field experiments
were published that demonstrated the effects of planting date and
inoculation date on the severity of WSMV on several hard red winter
wheat cultivars. 'Rall' was the only cultivar that demonstrated a
usable level of resistance. On all the cultivars tested, infection
with WSMV in the fall resulted in significantly more severe disease
then infection in the spring. Additionally, wheat planted late in the
fall (November) showed more severe effects from WSMV following
infection during the following spring than did wheat that was planted
earlier in the fall (September or October).
Preliminary results from studies conducted by Mr. Joe Montana
indicate differences in the serological reaction within a collection of
WSMV isolates. Mr. Montana is in the process of characterizing the
pathological and serological differences between these isolates.
Breeding for disease resistance. Resistance to WSBMV was found in
native populations of Triticum dicoccoides (emmers) obtained from Dr.
Eviatar Nevo in Israel (see B&C Tests, 1992, 7:74). Resistant plants
are being increased and retested to confirm the initial results. Wheat
germplasm obtained from Canada (spring wheat) that is reported to be
resistant to wheat streak mosaic virus. Other wheat germplasm was
obtained from South Africa that is reported to be resistant to Puccinia
recondita f. sp. tritici. These germplasms are being increased and
tested for disease resistance. If the resistance is expressed, crosses
with HRWW will be made to transfer the resistance into adapted winter
wheats.
Personnel news and changes. Two retirements occurred in 1992.
Dr. Ervin Williams, Jr., retired after 18 years of service to Oklahoma
State University and the Cooperative Extension Service. Dr. Williams
and his wife, Johnna, plan to remain in Stillwater. Dr. Charles C.
Russell retired after 25 years as the nematologist at Oklahoma State
University. Dr. Russell and his wife Carol also plan to remain in the
Stillwater area. Dr. Ali Farih, a student under the direction of Bob
Hunger, completed his Ph.D. thesis (Components of Partial Resistance,
Mode of Inheritance of Resistance to Septoria Tritici Blotch, and
Status of Septoria Diseases in Morocco) in August, 1992. Dr. Farih
returned to Morocco, where he is initiating a position of breeding for
disease resistant wheat. Mr. Kent Evans, a Ph.D. student under the
direction of Bob Hunger, was awarded a Eugene and Doris Miller Graduate
Fellowship in June, 1992. These fellowships are awarded in recognition
of students that have made outstanding academic and community
contributions during the early stages of their graduate programs.
Publications
Brown, D. A., and Hunger, R. M. 1992. Production of a chlorosis-
inducing, host-specific, low-molecular weight toxin by isolates of
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, cause of tan spot of wheat. J.
Phytopathology 130:In Press.
Evans, C. K., Hunger, R. M., and Carver, B. F. 1992. Assessment of
wheat genotypes in the 1992 southern regional performance nursery and
genetic stocks carrying the 1B/1R translocation for reaction to tan
spot of wheat. Pages 33-38 in: Proceedings of the Second
International Tan Spot Workshop, June 25-26, 1992, North Dakota State
University, L. J. Francl, J. M Krupinsky, and M. P. McMullen, eds., 142
pp.
Hunger, R. M., Carver, B. F., Sherwood, J. L., Evans, C. K., and
Montana, J. R. 1992. Reaction of 1RS-1BL and 1B near-isolines of
wheat to leaf rust (LR), wheat soilborne mosaic virus (WSBMV), tan spot
(TS), and wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). Phytopathology 82:1094
(abstr).
Hunger, R. M., Sherwood, J. L., Evans, C. K., and Montana, J. R. 1992.
Effects of wheat streak mosaic virus on hard red winter wheat. Plant
Dis. 76:1056-1060.
Hunger, R. M., Sherwood, J. L., Pennington, R. E., Carver, B. F., and
Nevo, E. 1992. Reaction of native populations of Triticum dicoccoides
to wheat soilborne mosaic, 1991. Biol. & Cul. Tests for Control of
Plant Diseases 7:74.
Hunger, R. M., Sherwood, J. L., Pennington, R. E., Siegerist, W. C.,
and Myers, L. D. 1992. Reaction of a wheat soilborne mosaic nursery
to wheat soilborne mosaic, 1991. Biol. & Cul. Tests for Control of
Plant Diseases 7:82.
Hunger, R. M., Sherwood, J. L., Pennington, R. E., Siegerist, W. C.,
and Myers, L. D. 1992. Reaction of the southern regional performance
nursery to wheat soilborne mosaic, 1991. Biol. & Cul. Tests for
Control of Plant Diseases 7:83.
Pennington, R. E., Sherwood, J. L., and Hunger, R. M. 1992. Use of a
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay for wheat soilborne mosaic
virus (WSBMV) to evaluate resistance in hard red winter wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.). Phytopathology 82:1147 (abstr).
Sherwood, J. L., Myers, L.D., and Hunger, R. M. 1992. Expression of
resistance to wheat soilborne mosaic virus (WSBMV) in hard red winter
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is temperature dependent. Phytopathology
82:1087 (abstr).
--------------------
OREGON
C. S. Love*, R.S. Karow*, D.K. Kelly, R.W. Knight, W.E. Kronstad*,
M.D. Moore, S.E. Rowe, N.H. Scott, M.C. Verhoeven, Oregon State
University
The 1991-92 Crop Year. Wheat was harvested from 950,000 Oregon
acres in 1992 in comparison to 846,000 in 1991. Average yield was 48.8
bushels per acre, down from the 1991 level of 51.9 bushels and the 5-
year average of 60.8 bushels. Drought throughout much of the summer
fallow producing region of the state severely reduced yields. Late-
season rains added to economic losses by causing severe sprout damage
in some areas. Visible sprout readings of 10-15 percent were not
uncommon.
Drought also led to abandonment of small grain acreage in
irrigated production areas of the central and eastern regions of the
state. Water resources were utilized to irrigate higher value crops
such as vegetables, sugar beets, potatoes, onions and mint.
Due to the dry weather, diseases tended to be of minor
significance on a state-wide basis. Warm, open winter lead to severe
early infections of septoria blotch in the western part of the state,
but dry weather squelched disease spread. Fusarium crown rote,
physiological leaf spot and cephalosporium stripe were problems in some
areas.
Crop quality was poor to good. In areas receiving late spring
rains, test weights were near normal and protein levels below 9.5
percent. In drought stricken areas, test weights were as low as 50
pounds per bushel and protein levels for "soft" white wheat reached 18
percent. On a state-wide basis, protein averaged 10.6 percent in
comparison to the 1991 level of 10.1 percent.
The cultivar Stephens continues to dominate in the state with an
estimated 69 percent of acreage in 1992. Three other winter wheats and
one spring wheat each have from 2 to 6 percent of acreage. Thirty-one
other varieties were identified as being grown in the state by the
Oregon Agricultural Statistic Service. Each occupied less than 1
percent of acreage.
Precipitation levels have been near to or above normal for much of
the state during fall and winter 1992-93. Wheat growers are optimistic
that a normal crop will be harvested in 1993.
Wheat Breeding and Genetics
New Varieties. The Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station
announces the release of 'Hoff' HRW, and 'Gene' SWW wheats. Hoff, PI
560128 is the progeny of a cross between Probstorfer-Extrem and Tobarri
66 made at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center in
Mexico by CIMMYT scientists. Segregating generations and yield trials
were grown in Oregon. ORCR8313, the experimental designation for Hoff,
was selected in the F5 generation using a modified pedigree system.
Breeder's seed was produced through head row selection. Hoff is a
semi-dwarf, with white glumes, and is awned. The kernels are red,
long, hard, and elliptical with a mid-sized germ and a mid-wide,
shallow crease. The brush is small. Grain yields of Hoff have been
consistently higher than those of commercial hard red wheat cultivars
currently grown in Oregon. In 28 yield trials in three environmentally
diverse sites in Oregon, Hoff averaged 5362 kg ha-1, compared to 2997
kg ha-1 for Wanser and 3746 kg ha-1 for Batum. Hoff is moderately
resistant to stripe rust and powdery mildew. It is moderately
susceptible to leaf rust and septoria tritici blotch. Hoff is
susceptible to most races of common and dwarf bunt. Hoff has been
rated as satisfactory for hard red wheat milling and baking properties.
It has higher test weight, flour yield, mill score, kernel hardness,
water absorption and corrected loaf volume than Batum or Wanser. Hoff
does require a slightly longer mixing time.
Gene, PI 560129 is an F4 derived selection from the top cross
Cleo/Pichon//Zenzontli made in 1982. Gene is an early maturing semi-
dwarf with white stiff straw. The spike is awnletted, fusiform, mid-
dense, and nodding. Glumes are glabrous, white, short to mid-long,
shoulder mid-long, square, beaks narrow, acute, 2 to 3 mm. The kernels
are white, mid-long, soft, ovate with a small to mid-sized germ, and a
mid-wide, deep crease. The brush is small. In five years of yield
trials Gene averaged 8137 kg ha-1, and ranked first compared to
commercial cultivars when grown in western Oregon. During the same
period, it has exceeded commercial cultivars in yield in dryland areas
of north central Oregon with an average yield of 4999 kg ha-1. In
northeastern Oregon near Pendleton, Gene has averaged 7283 kg ha-1 in
yield trials over five years, being similar to the yields of Stephens
and Madsen. Gene is shorter than currently grown cultivars, which have
one Rht dwarfing gene, and is very resistant to lodging. It is less
winter hardy that Stephens. Gene is resistant to stripe rust, leaf
rust and septoria tritici blotch. It is moderately resistant to
powdery mildew and susceptible to septoria nodorum blotch, flag smut,
Cephalosporium stripe and most races of common and dwarf bunt. Gene
has been rated as satisfactory to very satisfactory for overall soft
white winter wheat quality traits. Gene is similar to Stephens for
most quality traits. It exceeds commercial club wheat cultivars for
cake volume and cake score.
Durum Breeding Program. A breeding program to develop winter
durum cultivars for northeastern Oregon was recently initiated.
Suitable winter durums would provide diversity in one of the most
important wheat growing areas in the state. Traditionally this area
has been reserved for the growing of soft white winter wheats and, to a
very limited extent, spring common and durum wheats. Although some
previously tested spring durum wheats look promising, winter durums
will be more competitive yield-wise with soft white winter wheats. The
development of winter durums is difficult because of the dearth of
winter durum germplasm, and because winter durums generally lack end-
use quality. Acceptable winter durums for northeastern Oregon would be
fall-sown, with high and stable yields, adequate winter hardiness, and
acceptable quality attributes to satisfy the industry quality
standards. The most promising approach to develop such a cultivar is
to transfer the suitable quality characteristics found in spring durums
into winter durum germplasm which has acceptable agronomic
characteristics. The OSU winter durum program has initially relied on
winter by spring hybridizations to generate segregating populations
with desired levels of genetic variability for the traits of interest.
The main limitation of winter by spring hybridization for the
development of winter lines results from the fact that the spring
growth habit is dominant (in a ratio approaching 1:3). Extensive use
of three way crosses rather than single crosses increases the chance of
selecting winter types, and also allows us to exploit the greater
usable genetic variability inherent in three way crosses. Emphasis has
been on evaluating germplasm from various cooperators, and we have
established a very diversified germplasm base. A number of lines that
were useful for breeding winter durum cultivars have been identified,
and progeny from segregating populations generated from hybridizations
made at OSU have been evaluated in yield trials. We will continue to
evaluate new introductions, but the main objective will be to keep
generating new segregating populations and evaluate the material for
northeastern Oregon. Forty such lines (originating from F5 bulks) are
included in preliminary yield trials this year. Next year, the
majority of the material tested in the yield trials should consist of
lines generated in the program. Field evaluations will be accompanied
by more comprehensive quality testing and more stringent selection of
quality attributes.
Publications
Albahouh, Muhammed S. 1992. Genetic variability for kernel hardness
in two soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. M.S.
Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 52pp.
Briceno Felix, Guillermo A. 1992. Inheritance of resistance to
septoria leaf blotch in selected spring bread wheat genotypes (Triticum
aestivum L.). M.S. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 86pp.
Elsiddig, Ahmed A. 1992. Genetic studies with russian wheat aphid
(Diuraphis noxia mordvilko) in PI 294994 bread wheat line. M.S.
Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 68pp.
Mou, Beiquan. 1992. Duration and rate of grain filling and subsequent
grain protein content in selected winter wheat populations. Ph.D.
Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 123pp.
--------------------
SOUTH DAKOTA
Plant Science, Bot-Bio Departments, South Dakota State University
Spring Wheat Breeding-J.C. Rudd*, G.W. Buchenau, C.H. Chen, B.G.
Farber, H.K. Shin, R. Yu, and I.A. del Blanco
The 1992 production of Hard Red Spring wheat in South Dakota was
the highest on record at 85 million bushels. The harvested acreage of
2.5 million acres was the largest since 1953 and the average yield of
34 bu/a topped the previous record of 33 bu/a set in 1984. In general,
the 1992 growing season could be described as above normal temperatures
and below normal rainfall early in the growing season and below normal
temperatures and above normal rainfall during grain fill. The long
grain filling period resulted in very good grain yields in locations
that had adequate available soil moisture early in the season. Medium
to medium-late maturing cultivars performed better than early
cultivars. In contrast, early maturity is normally desired in South
Dakota to avoid high temperatures during grain fill. The cool, moist
summer encouraged tiller development late in the growing season. In
many fields, these late tillers did not flower until mid July, a month
after the flowering of the main head. In extreme situations, over half
of the total grain yield was contributed by these late tillers. Durum
production in the state was 990,000 bushels from 33,000 acres, with an
average of 30 bu/a.
SD 3056 is being dropped from the release procedure due to
marginal yield in 1992. SD 8072 and SD 8073, sister selections from
the cross SD8052/SD2971 will be increased in 1993. The pedigree of
SD8052 is ND585/Shield and the pedigree of SD2971 is
Agt/2/ND441//Wld/BB/4/Butte/5/Len. Both lines are awned, early
heading, standard height, Hessian Fly resistant, and have excellent
yield potential. If the 1993 data is favorable, we will choose one for
release in 1995.
A genetic study of Fusarium head blight (scab) was initiated in
the greenhouse. Six hard red spring wheat parents ('Butte 86', '2375',
SD3080, SD3116, Fan #1, and Sumai #3) along with their F1 and F2
progeny are being studied. To date, approximately 1700 spikes have
been inoculated and disease progress is being recorded.
Anther culture is being used to supplement the traditional
breeding program, and increasing the efficiency is a continuous
project. Anther calli were plated on plant differentiation medium plus
0-200 mg L-1 of colchicine and incubated at 27øC in the dark for two
days. The best results were obtained from the 100 mg L-1 colchicine
treatments which resulted in dihaploid plant frequencies of 73.3% in
Amidon/Pavon, 50% in Prospect/Pavon, and 60% in Stoa/Pavon. The rates
of spontaneous chromosome doubling in these 3 F1 hybrids were 29.6%,
20.5%, and 10% respectively. Of the 370 pollen plants regenerated from
the F1 hybrids, 152 (41.1%) were found to be dihaploid.
Differential responses of resistant and susceptible spring wheat
anther cultures to the tan spot pathogen Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
South Dakota isolate 9 culture filtrate were observed. Anthers of the
susceptible cv Celtic showed callus induction rates of 0.33% and 0.44%
on media with 1:103 and 1:104 filtrate dilutions, respectively, as
compared to 1.27% for the control. Also, plant regenerability of
Celtic calli decreased as filtrate concentration in medium increased.
No differences in callusing or regeneration were noted in anther
cultures of the resistant cv Erik on filtrate-containing media. These
results suggested a feasibility of introducing the pathogen culture
filtrate into anther culture medium for in vitro selection of tan spot
resistance in wheat breeding practice. A toxin has been isolated from
culture filtrates of the same isolate. Anther cultures of selected
resistant and susceptible lines and their F1 hybrids are being tested
for the feasibility of using the toxin as selection pressure for the
tan spot resistance.
Publications
Cholick, F.A., G.W. Buchenau, and B.G. Farber. 1992. Registration of
'Sharp' wheat. Crop Sci. 32:282-283.
Ruden, B.E., F.A. Cholick, T.E. Schumacher, and W. Riedell. 1992.
Measurement of osmoregulation on the coleoptiles of spring wheat as a
screening technique for drought tolerance potential. Agron. Abs. p.
113.
Shin, H.K., C.H. Chen, and F.A. Cholick. 1992. Enhancement of dihaploid
plant regeneration by colchicine treatment of anther calli of spring
wheat F1 hybrids. Agron. Abs. p. 114.
* * * *
Foliage Fungicide Trials and Leaf Diseases-G.W. Buchenau*, D.J.
Gallenberg and S. Ali.
Tan spot and Septoria blotch developed very slowly in the absence
of infested surface residue over most of the state. Leaf rust
resistance performed beautifully in the cool temperatures. Fungicide
trials with protectant fungicides (leaf rust resistant cultivars)
resulted in 2-5 bu/A yield increases in spring wheat, but these were
unprofitable to marginally profitable. The long growing season, about
10 days longer than 'normal' based on growing degree days, coupled with
frequent rainy periods put severe stress on the effectiveness of
protectant fungicides, and single applications of Tilt generally were
ineffective due to the expanded infection window.
* * * *
Chloride Soil Treatment-Howard J. Woodard* & George Buchenau
TILT and chloride responses of Butte 86 and Marshall spring wheats
were tested in a 'low' chloride (30 lb Cl/A)site near Aurora, SD.
Winter wheat planted between plots in the spring resulted in heavy
spore showers of leaf rust and subsequent severe fleck and small
pustule types on untreated leaves. Chloride treatment significantly
reduced infection type and coefficient of infection on both cultivars.
Subsequent infection by a complex of Septoria blotch and tan spot also
was significantly reduced by chloride but Tilt effects were relatively
small.
Variety, Cl source and TILT and their interactions significantly
impacted grain yields. Mean grain yield and test weights were lower in
the control compared to the Cl treatments and TILT treatments for
cultivar Marshall. Butte 86 grain yield and test weights were not as
responsive to TILT or Cl treatments they were in Marshall. No chloride
response occurred at 3 other low chloride sites in eastern SD.
* * * *
Timing of Cl Application on Grain Yield Response of Hard Red Spring
Wheat-H.J. Woodard*
Marshall hard red spring wheat was planted to determine the effect
of timing of a single Cl application on grain yield. Pre-plant soil Cl
levels in these plots were about 2.5 ppm throughout the 0-24" sampling
profile. Fertilizer Cl was applied by hand as a surface broadcast at
the rate of 55 lb Cl/A as 120 lb KCl/A either pre-plant (incorporated),
or during pre-jointing or flag leaf emergence stages. Control plots
included all other treatment aspects of the experiment except
fertilizer Cl applications.
Grain yields increased in the Cl treatments above the control
treatment regardless of the timing of the application. Test weight
also increased above the control treatment. Timely rains during the
entire growing period solubilized the surface applied KCl and leached
Cl into the root zone. A smaller increase in grain yield was also
observed for the pre-jointing application over the pre-plant
application. The latest Cl application at flag leaf stage was not as
effective in increasing grain yield compared to Cl applications at the
other two stages. However, grain yield increased over the control.
* * * *
Biological Control of Foliar Wheat Pathogens-B. Bleakley, S. Gries
Research is being conducted at SDSU in Brookings, South Dakota on
biological control of Fusarium graminearum and Pyrenophora tritici-
repentis (PTR). Initial screening of potential antagonists is
underway, with several promising microorganisms already isolated.
Emphasis is being placed on siderophore-producing bacteria, especially
pseudomonads. Some fungi have also been isolated.
Further investigation will involve wheat straw trials to determine
which isolates will grow on straw and to determine their antagonistic
ability on wheat straw. Greenhouse trials will eventually be conducted
with the antagonists.
* * * *
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus in South Dakota-M.A.C. Langham, D.G.
Gallenberg, and K. LeBarbier
Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) surveys of winter and spring
wheat have continued. Fifty random samples were collected from sixty-
five fields of winter wheat and sixty fields of spring wheat and
analyzed by Protein-A ELISA. WSMV incidences ranging from 2 to 38%
have been detected in various fields. Preliminary analysis of 1991
survey information has indicated WSMV in over 30% of the fields
surveyed.
Current epidemiological concepts of WSMV include corn or spring
wheat serving as alternate hosts for the virus and its vector, the
wheat curl mite; however, in areas where corn and spring wheat are not
grown, other hosts must be involved in the disease cycle. In many
winter wheat areas of western South Dakota, wild grass species or
sorghum may fulfill this role. Two fields in Meade county were
identified from the fall of 1991 survey. One field had a 38% incidence
of WSMV, and the second had 0% incidence. During the 1992 summer, wild
grasses and sorghum were collected from the area surrounding the fields
and were analyzed for WSMV infection with Protein-A ELISA. The
following species collected surrounding the infected field were found
to be infected with WSMV: Setaria glauca (69.7%), Panicum capillare
(32%), Stipa virdins (4.3%), and Sorghum bicolor (2%). Stipa virdins
(13.6%) and Bromus sp. (8%) were found to be infected in the second
field. Grasses which were not infected in either field include
Agropyron cristatum, Agropyron intermedium, and Agropyron tenerum.
--------------------
TEXAS
Texas A&M University
Amarillo: B. Bean, J. Hu, M. D. Lazar*, G. J. Michels, G. L.
Peterson*, K. B. Porter*, C. M. Rush*, C. D. Salisbury and S.
Winter; Beaumont: J. Sij*; College Station: G. E. Hart*, M. E.
McDaniel*, B. McDonald*, R. Montandon, L. Rooney* and N. A.
Tuleen*; Dallas: M. Harrington, D. Marshall*, R. Sutton and W. C.
Wang; Overton: L. R. Nelson and S. Ward; Vernon: S. J. Caldwell and
W. D. Worrall*.
High Plains: The 1991-92 crop year was a relatively wet one, with
good soil moisture throughout a warmer than normal winter. A total of
13.77 inches of precipitation was received between 9/1/91 and 5/1/92.
The only sustained dry period in the spring was mid April to late May.
Maturity was 2-3 weeks earlier than normal, but late May and June rains
delayed harvest of most nurseries. Nurseries at Washburn were not
harvested due to hail damage. Top irrigated yields were produced by
`TX87U7003' and `2180'. Dryland yields, averaged over three locations
were greatest for `TX88A6533', `TAM107', `TX88A6480' and `TX89V4138'.
Preliminary increases of breeders seed are being made for `TX88A6533`
(TX71A889/TAM2-101) and `TX88A6480' (Siouxland/TAM W-101), as well as
selections from `TXGH12588' (TAM-105*/Amigo*5//Largo), which are
uniformly resistant to biotype `E' greenbug.
Blacklands: Breeder Seed (about 80,000 lb) of the hard red winter
wheat line, TX86D1332 (TAM106/Collin) was produced at Prosper, TX and
turned over to the Foundation Seed Service for possible release as an
improved cultivar. TX86D1332 possesses the leaf rust resistance genes
Lr1, Lr2a, Lr10, Lr16, and Lr24. It also is resistant to soilborne
mosaic virus and has excellent hard wheat quality. In cooperation with
the National Agricultural Research Project in Egypt, we have developed
several spring wheat breeding populations with resistance to greenbugs
and tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus. These lines are being
tested and selected at various locations in the Nile valley.
East Texas: Wheat grain yields in 1992 were at record highs. In
the uniform soft red wheat variety test at Overton, the mean yield was
78 bu/a, while the highest yield was 101 bu/a, which was produced by
Coker 87-13hw. At the Mt. Pleasant variety test site, McNair 1003
produced 109 bu/a. These yields were a result of dry and cool weather
in April and early May. Weather conditions reduced disease pressure
(leaf rust and Septoria) and allowed the grain to fill out more than
normal. Seed were large in size, however, test weights were quite low
(mean 57 lbs/bu) at Overton. Take all was quite severe in late planted
wheat plots and greatly reduced yields in areas of our nursery. Leaf
rust was more damaging on early maturing wheats and useful disease
severity levels were recorded. We are releasing TX76-40-2 as a
Septoria nordorum resistant germplasm. In herbicide trials, metribuzin
has demonstrated very good potential for controlling cheat in wheat.
Metribuzin in combination with Finesse was effective in controlling
annual ryegrass and cheat in wheat. Metribuzin was applied post-
emergence after the wheat had tillered.
Gulf Coast: Thirty one soft red winter wheat cultivars and
experimental lines were evaluated for disease resistance and yield
potential in the Texas Upper Gulf Coast near Eagle Lake and Beaumont.
Coker 9835 at Beaumont and Terral 877 at Eagle Lake were the highest
yielding entries with 49 and 69 bu/acre, respectively. Septoria is
prevalent most years providing an opportunity to evaluate genotypes for
resistance. The late-maturing Texas line, TX 85-121-2, showed
excellent resistance to septoria in 1992.
Cereal Collection: David Marshall and Lloyd Nelson spend most of
July 1992 in Turkey on a cereals exploration and collection trip. They
collected 254 accessions of Aegilops, 97 Triticum (aestivum & durum),
81 Hordeum, 57 Secale, 20 Avena, and 19 Agropyron. The collected
material is now being screened for the presence of endophytic fungi, as
well as resistance to leaf rust, barley yellow dwarf virus, Septoria
tritici, and greenbugs. After the collection is identified as to the
correct species, it will be given to the USDA small grains collection.
Population Genetics of Wheat Fungal Pathogens: Single locus RFLP
analysis and DNA fingerprinting were used to show that populations of
Stagonospora nodorum (anamorph Septoria nordum) in Overton had a
genetic structure similar to that found previously for Septoria
tritici. Over 50 genotypes were found in a collection of 87 isolates
from two fields separated by two km. In many cases, several different
genotypes were present on a single leaf. A Septoria tritici population
collected in Israel was found to share many RFLP alleles with
populations sampled from California, Oregon, and Texas, suggesting a
high level of gene flow among these populations. More diversity for
mitochondrial DNA and nuDNA was found in S. tritici isolates collected
in the Middle East, suggesting that this region of the world is a
center of diversity and the potential center of origin for S. tritici.
Genetics of Greenbug Resistance: Several near-isogenic lines
(NIL's) have been isolated for resistance/susceptibility to biotype `E'
greenbug. These are single-seed descent selections with pedigree
Tam105*4/Amigo*5//Largo. Analysis of F1 progeny from crosses among the
NIL's suggested dominance of resistance over susceptibility, but F2
progeny tests have indicated complex inheritance. Specifically,
several resistant x resistant crosses segregate susceptible F2 progeny,
even though selfed progeny of resistant lines are always resistant.
All NIL's possess the powdery mildew resistance conferred by the 1RS
translocation, derived from Amigo, so there is no indication that the
biotype `C' greenbug resistance locus present on that translocation is
segregating. Segregation patterns among the F2 progeny are generally
consistent with the activity of two complementary loci, A and B, such
that both A_B_ and aabb genotypes confer resistance, but with multiple
alleles, such that resistant lines possess different genotypes. The
two loci probably both derive from `Largo', but are not closely linked.
1992 Aphid Control in Wheat: The recent findings of greenbugs
resistant to certain organophosphate insecticides has stimulated
interest in alternative insecticide chemical classes or mixtures of
organophosphates and other chemical classes for their control. Russian
wheat aphid, while not exhibiting insecticide resistance, is still a
potentially devastating pest of small grains.
Treatments were applied on March 20, 1992, to winter wheat at the
North Plains Research Field at Etter, Texas. Each chemical was applied
to a 6000 square ft. strip of wheat (0.115 A) with a tractor-mounted
compressed air sprayer delivering 9.01 gallons of total spray per acre.
The applications were made at approximately 40oF with 0 to 10 mph
winds. All compounds were applied with water. One pint/A of LI700
adjuvent was added to the NTN33893 application.
Samples were taken from each strip in a completely randomized
fashion at 3, 10, 17 and 32 days post treatment. Greenbugs were
sampled on 3 and 10 days by randomly selecting ten, 1-foot rows of
wheat per treatment and counting all of the greenbugs found in the row.
At 17 and 32 days post treatment, greenbugs were sampled by taking ten,
10-sweep samples per treatment with standard insect sweep net. These
figures were converted to greenbugs per foot of row to compare with the
3- and 10-day readings. Russian wheat aphids were sampled by locating
ten samples of 10 symptomatic tillers (100 total) per treatment and
counting the Russian wheat aphids in each tiller. Beneficial insects
were sampled by taking ten, 10 sweep samples per treatment and counting
the ladybeetle adults, larvae, and pupae, and parasitic Hymenoptera.
Percent control for greenbugs is found in Table 1. The best
control of greenbugs was found with two experimental, unlabeled
compounds, Capture 2E and NTN 33893 240FS. At 10 days post treatment,
these two compounds resulted in 97 percent control. The best labeled
compound at 10 days post treatment was Parathion 8E at 1.00 lb AI/A
with 96 percent control. This was closely followed by Disyston 8E at
0.50 lb AI/A mixed with Furadan 4F at 0.25 lb AI/A. All other
treatments at 10 days gave less than 90% control. The extreme
variability of Lorsban and Lorsban/Furadan combinations may have been
due to an uneven spread of resistant and susceptible greenbugs in the
plot.
Russian wheat aphid control is presented in Table 1. At 10 days
post treatment, all compounds gave better than 85 percent control.
Both Disyston and Lorsban gave acceptable control (>90%) at all rates.
Overall, Disyston 8E at 0.500 lb AI/A gave the best control at over 90%
throughout the study. It should be noted though that fields treated
with Disyston cannot be grazed after application is made.
Table 2 contains the results of sampling for ladybeetles and aphid
parasites, respectively. The least impact on ladybeetles, 10 days post
treatment, was noted with Lorsban 4E at either the 0.50 or 0.25 lb AI/A
rates and Lorsban 4E at 0.50 lb AI/A with 0.13 lb AI/A of Furadan 4F.
The number of ladybeetles recovered from these plots did not differ
significantly from the untreated check. Disyston 8E, Capture 2E,
Parathion 8E and NTN 33893 240FS were very toxic to ladybeetles, often
reaching 100 percent mortality when compared to the untreated check.
The treatments were applied when the ladybeetle populations were
primarily in the late adult or early egg stage; therefore, little
movement out of the plots was expected. We believe that these
mortality results are good indicators of the impact the treatments had
on ladybeetle larvae.
Similar results were found with the parasitic Hymenoptera,
although Disyston did not have as great an impact on them as on the
ladybeetles. The results for the impact of the treatments can be used
as a guide, but is not a completely accurate measurement of parasite
mortality since the parasites are highly mobile and can move from plot
to plot.
Prior to applying the chemical treatments, a sample of greenbugs
was taken and sent to Roxanne Shufran at Kansas State University for
determination of resistance. Of the 40 aphids tested, 27.5% exhibited
Pattern 2 resistance, which is suspected to be the identification for
resistance amplification, and 5% exhibited Pattern 1 resistance.
Twenty-seven of the 40 aphids were classified as susceptible.
On May 7th, 17 days after the treatments were applied, another
sample was taken for resistance determination. The results of this
sampling are presented in Table 3. No greenbugs were found in the
Capture 2E, Methyl Parathion 8E or NTN 33893 240 FS plots. Among those
plots where aphids were found, the highest percentage of resistant
greenbugs were found in the Lorsban 4E plots. All Lorsban 4E plots at
the 0.50 lb AI/A rate had over 90% resistant greenbugs, while all
Lorsban 4E plots at the 0.25 lb AI/A rate had over 80% resistant
greenbugs in the samples. Disyston 8E plots followed the Lorsban
plots, and the least percent of resistance was found in the Furadan 4F
alone plots. The untreated check averaged 68.4% resistant aphids.
Overall, the plots averaged 79% resistant greenbugs.
Table 1. Greenbug and Russian wheat aphid control on wheat, Etter,
Texas 1992, aphid counts
[NOT SHOWN]
Table 2. Greenbug and Russian wheat aphid control on wheat, Etter,
Texas 1992, beneficial insect impact
[NOT SHOWN]
Table 3. Greenbug control on wheat, Etter, Texas 1992, resistance
patterns
[NOT SHOWN]
Personnel: Dr. Wen Chung Wang has joined the research team at
Dallas as an Assistant Research Scientist. Dr. Wang comes to Dallas
from Texas Tech University. He will be working on the development of
genetic transformation systems for wheat using shoot competent cells.
Mr. Xiaobing Fang, wheat breeder from the Guizhou Academy of
Agricultural Sciences, People's Republic of China, is studying wheat
breeding for a one year period at the Texas A&M University Agricultural
Research and Extension Center at Overton.
Publications
Bellamy, B.K., McDonald, B.A., and Appel, D.N. 1992. Genetic
variation in pre-epidemic and post-epidemic live oak populations
affected by oak wilt. Pytopathology 82:1097 (abstract).
Boeger, J.M. and B.A. McDonald. 1992. RFLPs provide evidence for
substantial gene flow between California and Oregon populations of
Septoria tritici. Pytopathology 82:1065 (abstract).
Crowder, Jim, Ward, Steve and Nelson, L. R. 1992. Soft wheat grain
variety tests at DeKalb and Mt. Pleasant for 1990-91. TAES Overton
Res. Ctr. Tech. Rept. 92-1, p. 137-138.
McDermott, J.M., and McDonald, B.A. 1993. Gene flow in plant
pathosystems. Annual review of Phytopathology (in press).
McDonald, B.A. and McDermott, J.M. 1993. The population genetics of
plant pathogenic fungi. BioScience (in press).
Nelson, L. R., Crowder, Jim and Ward, Steve. 1992. Soft wheat grain
variety tests at Overton for 1990-91, and 3-year means. TAES Overton
Res. Ctr. Tech. Rept. 92-1, p. 135-136.
Nelson, L. R. and Crowder, Jim. 1992. Effect of growth stage and
genotype on components of partial resistance of wheat to Septoria
nodorum. Cereal Res. Communications 20:33-40.
Philley, George and Nelson, L. R. 1991. Wheat (Triticum aestivum,
`Pioneer 2157', `Florida 302') powdery mildew; Erysiphe graminis f. sp.
tritici. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests 46:291.
Ward, Steve, Crowder, Jim and Nelson, L. R. 1992. Wheat forage yields
at Overton for 1990-91 and 3-year means. TAES Overton Res. Ctr. Tech.
Rept. 92-1, p. 33-34.
Ward, Steve, Crowder, Jim and Nelson, L. R. 1992. Rye and triticale
forage yields at Overton for 1990-91 and 3-year means. TAES Overton
Res. Ctr. Tech. Rept. 92-1. p. 35-36.
--------------------
UTAH
D. J. Hole
Winter wheat production, diseases and insects. Harvested acreage
of Utah's 1991 winter wheat crop remained at 130 thousand acres.
Average yields, statewide, were 40 bu/acre up 11% from last year. The
warm spring and early dry summer, combined to accelerate the wheat
harvest from 7 to 10 days.
Dwarf smut levels were low throughout the state due mainly to
continued stability of current resistant cultivars. Cereal Leaf Beetle
continues to move north through the state although losses were minimal
this year. Incidence of Russian Wheat Aphid were also lower this year.
Wide hybridization. We have tested a set of disomic and ditelo
addition lines of winter rye into winter wheat from Adam Lukaszewski at
Univ. of California, Riverside. Preliminary screening indicated that
the rye parent is completely resistant, the wheat parent is
susceptible and resistance gene(s) are carried on rye chromosomes 2, 3,
6, and 7. Ditelo additions further indicated that the resistance
gene(s) on chromosome 6 are on the long arm.
New cultivars. The Utah agricultural experiment station has
released Garland Wheat. Garland is a semi-dwarf hard red winter wheat
adapted for irrigation. Garland is meant to replace Ute. Garland is
shorter, higher yielding, has some resistance to dwarf smut and
excellent resistance to mildew. Garland also has higher test weight
than Ute. Foundation seed of Garland was harvested this year and
distributed to seed producers. Garland was tested in Utah under the
designation UT1706-1.
--------------------
R.S. Albrechtsen*
Spring Wheat
Production, diseases and insects. Utah's 1992 harvested spring
wheat acreage was down slightly from that of 1991, continuing a general
trend of many years. Unusually hot and dry spring weather contributed
to slightly lower per-acre yields and a smaller total production than
that of the previous year. Spring wheat diseases were generally minor.
Losses from the cereal leaf beetle and the Russian wheat aphid were
spotty. The prevalence and severity of both insects is unpredictable
from year to year.
Breeding program. Our small spring wheat acreage has prompted
discontinuation of our spring wheat breeding program and to direct
these efforts into other areas. We are still evaluating materials in
the system but have discontinued making new crosses. We plan to
identify adapted materials from the Western Regional Spring Wheat
Nursery, which we will continue to grow.
Cultivars. Our most recent spring wheat release, `Rick' (HRS), is
being well accepted by growers for production under both irrigated and
non-irrigated conditions. We also produce considerable soft white
spring wheat under irrigation.
--------------------
VIRGINIA
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Wheat Production and Research in Virginia in 1992.
C.A. Griffey*, M.K. Das*, D.E. Brann, E.L. Stromberg*, D.A.
Herbert, and J. M. Johnson*
Carl A. Griffey and Dan E. Brann Department of Crop and Soil
Environmental Sciences
Growing Conditions. The growing season was excellent for wheat
production at most locations in Virginia in 1992. Temperatures were
unseasonably warm throughout most of the fall and winter seasons, and
winterkill was minimal. However at a few locations, photoperiod
insensitive cultivars such as Massey, Coker 983, and Savannah, were
damaged by freezing temperatures in the early spring. Moisture was
adequate throughout most of the growing season, and a long grain fill
period resulted in above average grain yields.
1992 Winter Wheat Production. According to the Virginia
Agricultural Statistics Service, 265,000 acres (107,325 ha) of soft red
winter wheat were harvested in Virginia in 1992. Record wheat yields
were obtained, and the state-wide average was 57 bu ac-1 (3830 kg ha-1).
Wheat yields in 1992 were 8.5 bu ac-1 (571 kg ha-1) higher than the
average yield for the previous four year period (1988-1991). Total
wheat production in 1992 was 15.1 million bushels (411,460 metric
tons).
State Variety Tests. Seven public and 13 private wheat cultivars
were evaluated at six locations in Virginia in 1992. Baytan-treated
FFR555W wheat had an average yield of 87 bu ac-1 (5845 kg ha-1). The
cultivars Pioneer 2548, Coker 9803, and Baytan-treated Madison and
Wakefield had average grain yields of 80 bu ac-1 (5375 kg ha-1) or
higher. Test weights ranged from 56 lb bu-1 (721 kg m-3) to 60.8 lb bu-1
(782 kg m-3), and averaged 58.6 lb bu-1 (754 kg m-3) over cultivars.
1992 NAWG Yield Challenge. Virginia wheat growers had 39 entries
in the NAWG yield challenge program in 1992. Nine of the 39 entries
had yields of 100+ bu ac-1 (6719 kg ha-1). The national winner in the
soft red winter wheat division was Mr. David Black of Charles City,
Virginia with 142 bu ac-1 (9541 kg ha-1). This yield was 89.8 bu ac-1
(6034 kg ha-1) above the county average. Mr. Black averaged over 90 bu
ac-1 (6047 kg ha-1) on his entire crop of FFR555W wheat. The NAWG yield
challenge is being discontinued, but a yield challenge program is being
planned in Virginia for both wheat and barley for 1993. This program
has given early adopters of improved management practices a chance to
demonstrate the yield and economic benefits of intensive management.
Diseases and Resistance. Mild weather conditions in the fall and
early spring were conducive to the build-up of large aphid populations,
and barley yellow dwarf was severe in early-sown breeding nurseries and
to a lesser extent in some commercial fields. Few wheat cultivars
possess high levels of tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus; however,
the experimental line VA91-54-222 (VA71-54-147/Coker 68-15//IN65309C7-
18-2-3-2) and several sib lines have shown high levels of tolerance
under epidemic conditions in the past two years. These experimental
lines also are resistant to prevalent populations of powdery mildew
(Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) found in Virginia.
Powdery mildew became established in the fall, and epidemics
developed early in the spring and persisted into the grain-fill period.
The susceptible cultivars Saluda (Pm3a) and Wakefield (Pm1) had mildew
severities exceeding 60%. Florida 302 had a higher mildew severity
(34%) in 1992 than in previous years. Among the standard set of wheat
mildew differentials used in the U.S.A., only the resistance conferred
by Pm4b and Pm17 is still completely effective in Virginia. However,
many of the commercial cultivars possess a moderate level of field
resistance to powdery mildew.
The incidence of wheat leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f. sp.
tritici) was significant only after head emergence and infection
primarily occurred on the flag leaves. The cultivars Massey and Coker
983 were most severely rusted, and had severities of 40 to 50%.
--------------------
Erik L. Stromberg and D. Ames Herbert, Department of Plant
Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, and Department of
Entomology
Effect of Fall Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Infection on a
Susceptible Wheat Cultivar. In the past several years, barley yellow
dwarf (BYDV) has been prevalent in Virginia wheat fields. The most
damaging outbreaks have been associated with fall infections. Losses
resulting from BYDV have been difficult to precisely determine. In
1992 twenty paired plots, each consisting of a 30 cm row section of
BYDV-infected plants and the nearest "apparently healthy"
(asymptomatic) plants were tagged in a field of Wakefield soft red
winter wheat. At maturity, the paired plots were measured for number
of heads, number of seeds per head, number of seeds per 30 cm row,
grain weight per 30 cm row, 1000 kernel weight, and average height of
tillers. Results indicated that BYDV-infected Wakefield had no
reduction in the number of heads per 30 cm row, but seed per head was
reduced by 30.1%, seed per 30 cm row was reduced by 26.1%, grain weight
per 30 cm row was reduced by 34.4%, 1000 kernel weight was reduced by
11.2%, and tiller height was reduced by 15.8% in comparison to
asymptomatic plots. These differences were statistically significant
at the 0.05 level of probability.
Seed treatments with NTN 33893, 1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-
4,5-dihydro-N-nitro-1H-imidazole-2-amine, an insecticide from Miles,
Inc., Kansas City, Missouri, prevented the transmission of BYDV in
Wakefield wheat in a preliminary trial conducted in 1992. In a
randomized complete block test comprised of four replications and 16
treatments, of which four were treated with NTN 33893, there were 76
BYDV loci. None of the NTN 33893 treated plots ever developed BYDV.
Further evaluations of this insecticide have been planned for the
coming year.
--------------------
Modan K. Das and C. A. Griffey, Department of Crop and Soil
Environmental Sciences
Genetic Studies on Resistance to Powdery Mildew. Preliminary data
suggests that adult-plant resistance (APR) in the wheat cultivars Knox
62, Massey, Redcoat, and Houser is governed by two to four genes and is
predominantly additive in nature. Broad-sense heritability estimates
varied from 32 to 93%. Results from a 6 x 6 diallel among the APR
cultivars Massey, Redcoat, Houser, Diplomat, and Maris Huntsman and the
susceptible cultivar Becker, confirmed our previous findings and
indicated that general combining ability and, therefore, additive gene
effects are most important in governing resistance in these cultivars.
Resistance in these cultivars is partially dominant, and narrow-sense
and broad-sense heritability estimates were 60% or higher. The wheat
cultivars Maris Huntsman, Redcoat, and Houser had high negative GCA
effects and should be promising parents for enhancement of powdery
mildew resistance. Massey was promising in specific cross combinations
such as with Redcoat.
--------------------
Janet M. Johnson, Department of Human Nutrition and Foods
Performance of Flours from Virginia Grain in Cakes. Flour was
milled from Wakefield, Madison, and Massey soft red winter wheats grown
under three different fertilization regimes in 1992. Fertilizer was
applied in the fall to all treatments according to recommended rates.
Nitrogen was applied in the spring in a split-application at Zadoks
growth stages 25 and 30 at the rates of 0 + 0 lb ac-1 for treatment
one, 0 + 60 lb ac-1 for treatment two, and 60 + 90 lb ac-1 for treatment
three, respectively. There was no significant difference among
cultivars, but the flour content of the milled grain increased as the
rate of spring nitrogen was increased. The flour protein contents of
the grain also increased with higher rates of nitrogen and were 7.5%,
9.6% and 11.3% for treatments one to three, respectively. Cakes made
from flour with the lowest protein content were of greater volume, more
symmetrical, and softer in texture as measured by compression tests.
The cakes also were evaluated by sensory evaluation. The data from the
sensory tests are not complete but generally, the panelists supported
the instrumental results in that the cakes made from flours with lower
protein contents were rated more tender.
The experiment was also compared with traditional cake flour sold
in local grocery stores. The cakes made from flour from the Virginia
grains were more tender and had a greater volume than those of the
commercial flour. The commercial flour had an average protein content
of 7.3%. Analyses are underway to determine what is different about
the quality of the protein from the Virginia flour compared to the
commercial flour. While the tests were not designed to determine a
"best" or "better" flour, bakers would generally prefer and specify the
flour that produces a lighter cake with greater volume.
--------------------
WASHINGTON
Crop and Soil Science Dept., Washington State University, Pullman
C. F. Konzak
New and proposed cultivars. Three soft white spring wheat
cultivars will be recommended for public release by Washington State
University and cooperating USDA, and other state agencies. These lines
are WA7677, WUC0657, and WA7715. WA7677 (proposed name: Alpowa) a high
yielding semidwarf soft white spring wheat with at least adult plant
resistance to prevailing stripe rusts, probable resistance to local
forms of leaf and stem rusts. Reaction to mildew is not known. WA7677
has excellent soft white wheat milling and processing properties, with
grain test weight superior to Penawawa. Like Penawawa, it is
susceptible to the hessian fly and russian wheat aphid. Because of its
wide adaptability, WA7677 should replace the now popular Penawawa.
WUC657 (proposed name: Calorwa) is a soft white spring semidwarf club
wheat developed as part of a genetics study by Dr. C. O. Qualset, and
students, at the University of California, Davis, CA. It was selected
from among a group of semidwarf club spring wheat lines in a
cooperative trial organized by Dr. Pamela Zwer, Oregon State
University, Pendleton, OR. Quality analyses by the Western Wheat
Quality Laboratory in Pullman, and extensive adaptation and yield
trials established WUC657 to have typical club wheat processing quality
properties, making it superior in pastry-making properties to Penawawa,
the check common soft wheat cultivar. Dr. Stephen Jones, USDA,
Cytogeneticist at Pullman has deterimined that WUC657 has the 2-12
glutenin protein combinations thought to be favorable for soft wheat
quality properties. WUC657 appears to carry resistance to the
prevailing forms of stripe, leaf and stem rusts. Its reaction to
mildew is not known, and it is expected to be susceptible to the
hessian fly and russian wheat aphid. A third line, WA7715 is being
proposed for preliminary seed increase as an improved Wadual, a dual
bread and pastry quality soft white spring wheat. WA7715 is a single
line increase from one of the components initially bulked together to
form Wadual, demonstrating that the combination of quality properties
has a genetic basis. WA7715 was to best among 60 sublines evaluated
for bread and pastry quality over 6 years, although other sublines had
similar properties. Because efforts in 1992 failed to achieve
production of prebreeder seed, the breeder seed stock will be increased
in 1993. WA7715 was recommended to displace Wadual completely as soon
as new breeder seed stock is needed. It may be named Wadual 94, or be
give a new name. WA7715 appears to be more day-length sensitive than
the original Wadual.
Another line, WA7176, also was proposed for recommendation to
release, but release held up at this time. WA7176 is a soft white
semidwarf wheat with the H3 gene for resistance to local forms of the
hessian fly and with a broader resistance to local forms of stripe
rust. However, largely because of the frequently higher ash content in
its flour, it was recommended that the pre-breeder seed be held in
storage reserve to be available for later consideration to recommend
release if its better stripe rust resistance is required in a Wakanz
replacement. WA7176 is a sib of Wakanz, which it would be expected to
replace, because of its broader stripe rust resistance. WA7176 is
similar in all other characteristics to Wakanz, except possibly its
milling proerties. Wakanz is currently the only soft white spring
wheat with hessian fly resistance. However, WA7712, a derivative of
the Wakanz breeding lineage, thus, a carrier of the H3 hessian fly
resistance, will also be considered as a backup to Wakanz over the next
year, largely because of its indicated superior milling and baking
quality and equivalent yielding capacity. It was not proposed for
preliminary increase at theis time, since no material for subline
increases is available and because more data on its rust resistance is
required.
C. F. Konzak, Huaping Zhou, YuanMing Zheng, M. A. Davis, and Gary
Shelton
Dihaploid Breeding of Common Spring Wheats. First year replicated
yield trials were conducted on a number of hard red spring dihaploids
produced over the past two years, and increased in 1991 for evaluation
of quality and general agronomic traits. The cross combiations
selected for dihaploid production generally had local adaptive traits,
HRS quality, and in all combinations disease resistance was contributed
by at least one parent, mainly Spillman. The Spillman parent was used
for the most part because it was also more "culturable" than the other
parents. About 150 dihaploids out of 600 were selected for continued
testing, although seed supplies were sufficient and preliminary quality
analyses completed on only 45 lines included in replicated trials. A
few of the crosses also produced hard white spring recombinants,
indicating that Spillman and Yecora Rojo, and Spillman and WPB906R
carry different R genes. Since 1991 was our first year to observe the
dihaploid progenies in the field, were tended to be more lenient in the
severity of our selection, particularly as regards the maturity
"window", which was tightened in 1992. Probably for that reason, only
a small number of the lines tested showed competitive yields. However,
we did identify one hard white spring line with promise for both
quality and yield, and several hard red spring lines that will be
continued in expanded yield trials.
Even more promising selections were identified among lines
increased in single plots and evaluated for processing quality. These
will be entered into several replicated trials in 1993. Impressively,
even the few dihaploid lines coming into the program at this point have
already displaced others coming from the pedigree-bulk conventional
breeding system maintained at its former level of activity. Our
dihaploid production system is not yet efficient enough to displace a
greater part of the conventional effort, if ever, but the materials
developed so far are highly complementary. We have emphasized protein
quantity and quality at competitive or higher yields, and also the
introduction of hessian fly and RWA resistances into the spring wheats.
More emphasis in 1992 was placed on the production of dihaploid soft
white spring wheats, including club spring wheats, exploiting both the
hessian fly resistance and RWA resistance in derivatives selected in
1991-92 tests. The soft white wheats have proved to be extremely poor
for green plant production, especially, and the clubs even worse.
Thus, in order to produce sufficient numbers of dihaploids for future
field trials, it was necessary to culture as many as 11,000 anthers
from a single cross. As the cross in question involved a spring club x
an RWA resistant common soft white spring line, both club and common
spike progenies were recovered, 39 club to 38 common, an almost perfect
ratio.
In the past, we had found with the hard wheats the spontaneous
doubling occurred at a sufficient frequency to permit us to investigate
whether there might be a culture-related basis for the spontaneous
doubling. While that hypothesis remains worthy of investigation, it is
now clear that for practical reasons, we must resort to colchicine
treatments, either applied to calli before regeneration, or to green
seedlings after recovery from transplanting. Artificial doubling is
absoluttely essential when the numbers of plant recovered are as low as
appears to be the case with the soft white wheats. It is also very
clear now that there is a strong genetic control of spontaneous
doubling, since genotypes have been found to differ greatly in the
frequency of spontaneous doubling. A possibly rare genotype of HRS
wheat has been found which produces more dihaploid progeny than any
ever observed before. Some genotypes are almost recalcitrant even to
culture. The club soft white wheats produce very few green plants, and
of them, only from 25 to 40% spontaneously double.
A low level of mutation in the dihaploids has been observed, such
that some dihaploid (DH2) plant progenies appear as if they might be
segregating. Although we have not yet followed through on enough of
the lines, and have seen only 2-3 of them in the field, we did observe
mutant sectors of a single spike among two club dihaploid plants in the
greenhouse. One mutant sector was speltoid, the other was a modified
common spike. Their appearance as sectors indicates that simple
rogueing of obvious variants may be acceptable as a means to stabilize
such progenies, and shows that the problem is mutation, not segegation,
confirming that the plants originate from microspores, and not from
tapetal cells.
--------------------
Washington State University, Department of Plant Pathology
T. D. Murray*, L. C. Pritchett, C. A. Blank, C. S. Stiles, R. de
la Pe¤a, Qi Min, and Ji Yuanfu
Biology and Control of Cephalosporium Stripe Disease of Wheat
Root Infection. Cephalosporium gramineum, the causal agent of
Cephalosporium stripe disease of winter cereals, was isolated from
field-grown winter wheat plants during the autumn, winter, and early
spring of the 1989-1990, 1990-1991, and 1991-1992 growing seasons using
standard microbiological methods involving a rigorous surface
disinfection of the plant tissues. The fungus was recovered from all
below-ground plant parts, except the subcrown internode, in high
frequency each year. The fact that the pathogen was recovered from a
very low percentage of the subcrown internodes suggests that
adventitious roots are the most important infection court for this
fungus. C. gramineum was isolated from plant tissues with high
frequency before the soil had frozen each year, thus, demonstrating
that infection is possible without soil freezing under field
conditions. The timing and location of infection by C. gramineum is
also being studied in the growth chamber, to determine whether
differences in the relative degree of infection and subsequent
colonization can account for differences in resistance among cultivars.
Pathogen detection. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
for the detection of C. gramineum in plant tissues is being developed.
This tool will allow the rapid and specific detection of the pathogen
in infected plant tissues before leaf symptoms are visible.
Screening wheat and wheat relatives for disease resistance. A
cooperative study with Dr. S. S. Jones, USDA-ARS, Pullman, was
initiated to assess the resistance of wheat cultivars, germplasm, and
relatives to C. gramineum. Plants are subjected to a simulated fall-
winter-spring temperature regime in a growth chamber and greenhouse
with pathogen inoculum added to the soil. Disease incidence and
severity, which reflects the degree of host colonization, are assessed
when 50% of the stems with heads are in anthesis (approximately 5-6
mos. after planting). High levels of resistance were found in T.
aestivum-A. elongatum and T. durum-A. intermedium amphiploids. In a
study of several T. aestivum-A. elongatum substitution lines, most of
the resistance in A. elongatum was contributed by chromosome 2E.
Evaluation of other wheat-Agropyron amphiploid, substitution, addition,
and telocentric substitution lines is in progress.
--------------------
Wheat Genetics, Quality, Physiology and Disease Research, USDA-
ARS, Pullman, WA 99164-6420
R.E. Allan, S.S. Jones, R.F. Line, M.W. Simmons, C.F. Morris, J.A.
Pritchett, L.M. Little, B.K. Sowers, A. Galvez, L. Holappa,
J.L. Ried, H.C. Jeffers, A.D. Bette, D. Engle, M.L. Baldridge, B.S.
Patterson, R. Ader, J. Raykowski, G.L. Rubenthaler, R.M. Cu,
M.C. Cadle and D. Wood
R.E. Allan*, J.A. Pritchett, L.M. Little, and B.K. Sowers
Club Wheat Cultivar Candidates. Hyak has been readily accepted by
growers and was the leading club cultivar in Washington in 1992. Yet
in some environments Hyak produces atypical club wheat flour quality.
Two lines with improved flour quality are being considered: WA7622
(Tyee/Roazon/Tres) has been recommended for joint ARS/WSU release.
WA7622 has resistance to all three rusts. It has two genes derived
from Tres and one from Roazon for resistance to stripe rust. This line
has higher grain yield potential than Hyak even under strawbreaker foot
rot situations. Because it is later than Hyak it is less vulnerable to
spring frost damage. The club wheat flour quality of WA7622 is a
definite improvement over Hyak based on cookie bake, cake volume,
absorption, viscosity and mixogram tests.
WA7752, a bearded tall semidwarf line from a Madsen/2*Tres cross,
was placed in the 1993 Soft White Winter Wheat Regional Trials. WA7752
has high resistance to stripe rust and strawbreaker foot rot and
expresses moderate resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew. It has
high yield potential versus existing club wheat cultivars averaging (7
test-yrs) 30%, 20%, and 7% higher than Tres, Rely, and Hyak,
respectively. It has superior club wheat quality to Hyak based on
replicated tests assessing cookie diameter, absorption, AWRC, and
mixogram.
Stripe Rust Genetic Studies. Both race specific and non-race
specific adult plant resistance are receiving emphasis. Resistance
from Triticum dicoccoides has been transferred to adapted soft white
winter common and club wheat genotypes. Studies by B.K. Sowers showed
that the T. dicoccoides resistance is controlled by a single dominant
gene that differs from 5 designated stripe rust genes and 10 to 15
undesignated genes that are being used in our program. The T.
dicoccoides gene conditions resistance to all stripe rust races it has
been screened against so far. Two populations of the cross Tres/3/T.
dicoccoides//3* Gaines/Tyee were intensively studied to three stripe
races in the greenhouse and to a mixture of races in the field. The
greenhouse studies indicated 4 to 5 genes controlled resistance with 2
derived from Tres, 1 or 2 from Tyee, and 1 from T. dicoccoides.
Several lines were identified that were resistant to all three races,
and some of these should have combined resistance of 3 to 5 genes.
Based on their contrasting greenhouse and field reactions 10 to 25% of
the lines appear to have durable adult plant resistance presumably
derived from Gaines.
Other genetic studies revealed that Hyak has two genes for stripe
rust resistance. One gene is derived from Tyee and VPM/Moisson 421
contributes a second gene which expresses reversal of dominance in
different crosses involving Hyak. The club parental line WA7437 has a
single gene presumably derived from Agropyron elongatum that also
expresses reversal of dominance. This gene differs from the T.
dicoccoides gene and has expressed resistance to all stripe rust races
so far.
Wheats With Both Spring and Winter Growth Habit. We have produced
BC6 populations in 6 to 9 northwest USA winter wheat cultivars
differing for spring vs. winter habit as governed by Vrn1 , Vrn2 , Vrn3
, and Vrn4. Our main goal is to develop near-isogenic lines for each
of these genes in all of the backgrounds to be used in research dealing
with the genetic, biochemical, and physiological regulation of
vernalization. From the practical standpoint, producers are requesting
breeders develop spring versions of winter cultivars for use in
reseeding winter-killed fields. In 1992, 37 Bc2 and BC3 populations
were tested in a replicated test sown in late March at Pullman.
Although these populations were unselected except for spring growth
habit, several achieved high mean yields. A few of the populations
yielded equal (P0.05) to Penawawa (92 bu/ac), a well adapted soft white
spring cv. They included Wanser - Vrn1 (96 bu/ac), Stephens - Vrn4 (92
bu/ac), Nugaines - Vrn3 (85 bu/ac), and Burt - Vrn4 (85 bu/ac). While
none of the club wheat populations equaled Penawawa at P0.05 level,
both Tyee - Vrn4 (83 bu/ac) and Barbee - Vrn1 (82 bu/ac) equaled it at
the P0.10 level. Testing these and other spring/winter populations
will be expanded in 1993.
Germplasm Release. Three germplasm lines of wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) were jointly released by the USDA-ARS and the Washington
Agricultural Research Center in 1992. The three lines designated as
WA7217 (PI561035), WA7437 (PI561033), and WA7666 (PI561030) are
resistant or tolerant to strawbreaker foot rot (caused by
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides (Fron) Deighton). The lines have
shown field resistance to prevalent biotypes of stripe rust (caused by
Puccinia striiformis West.) and to leaf rust (caused by P. recondita
Rob. ex Desm.). WA7437 has expressed field resistance to biotypes of
the stem rust fungus (P. graminis Pers. Ericks & Henn.) while WA7217
and WA7666 are susceptible. WA7437 and WA7217 are tolerant to
partially tolerant to cephalosporium stripe (Cephalosporium gramineum
Nis. & Ika.) and WA7666 is susceptible. WA7217 and WA7666 derive
resistance to foot rot from Aegilops ventricosa. WA7437 derives its
tolerance to foot rot and cephalosporium stripe from Agropyron
elongatum. The lines are generally satisfactory for most soft white
wheat quality parameters. Because these lines have resistance to the
major diseases that affect early-sown wheat, they should serve as
valuable parental stocks to develop winter wheats adapted to early
seeding. Early seeding reduces erosion.
Personnel Changes. Brett K. Sowers completed his M.S. Degree in
Agronomy at Washington State University in August. He is now employed
by Hybritech Seed of Wichita, Kansas.
--------------------
S.S. Jones*, M.C. Cadle, L.R. Rayfuse, A. Yildirim and J. Yuanfu
The world and U.S. collections of club wheats were surveyed for
HMW-glutenin subunits. Subunits 2+12 were the most common type. They
were found in over 90% of the genotypes.
We are screening (with Dr. T.D. Murray, Plant Pathology, WSU)
various species and cytogenetic stocks for resistance to cephalosporium
stripe and strawbreaker foot rot. Our goal is the eventual
incorporation of the resistance genes into adapted soft white wheats.
Mapping of seven clones associated with preharvest sprouting
(isolated by Dr. M.W. Simmons) showed that they are on seven different
chromosome arms.
Publications
Allan, R.E. 1991. Potential for practical exploitation of alloplasmon
in winter wheat breeding. pp. 270-279. In: T. Sasakuma and T. Kinoshita
(eds) Nuclear and organellar Genomes of wheat species. Kihara
Memor.Yokohama Found.,Japan.
Hwu, Kae-Kang and Allan, R.E. 1992. Natural selection effects in wheat
populations grown under contrasting tillage systems. Crop Sci. 32:605-
611.
Allan, R.E. 1992. Genetic expression of grain dormancy in white-grain
wheat cross. Sixth Inter. Symp. on Pre-harvest Sprouting in Cereals,
Abstr. #28.
Rayfuse, Leann M., Cadle, M.C., Goldmark, P.J., Anderberg, R.J.,
Walker-Simmons, M.K. and Jones, S.S. 1992. Chromosome location and
linkage relations of seven genes associated with seed dormancy in
wheat. Sixth Inter. Symp. on Pre-harvest Sprouting in Cereals, Abstr.
#53.
Rayfuse, Leann M., Cadle, M.C. and Jones, S.S. 1992. Locations of a
single gene on chromosome 1D that effects the quantitative trait days
to flowering in wheat. Intern. Conf. on the Plant Genome Abstr. p. 45.
Sowers, B.K. 1992. Inheritance and characterization of resistance to
Puccinia striiformis in club wheat derived from a Triticum dicoccoides
source. M.S. Thesis. Washington State University, Pullman, WA.
--------------------
M.K. Walker-Simmons*, A. Galvez, L. Holappa and J.L. Ried
Molecular and biochemical regulation of wheat grain dormancy and
environmental stress responses. Our long-term goal is to improve
sprouting resistance and stress tolerance in wheat germplasm. In
support of that goal we have cloned and sequenced six genes regulated
by the stress hormone, abscisic acid (ABA) in wheat. Dehydration of
sprouted wheat results in large increases in ABA. One possible link
between ABA increases and the stimulation of multiple stress-responsive
genes is phosphorylation by protein kinases. We have identified a cDNA
clone for a protein kinase from wheat, which is inducible by both ABA
and water stress. DNA sequence analysis confirmed that the clone
corresponds to a serine-threonine protein kinase. The cDNA clones for
the protein kinase and other ABA-responsive genes have been
investigated as potential polymorphic markers for sprouting resistance.
Additionally, we have identified ABA analogs modified in two positions
of the ABA molecule that are effective germination inhibitors.
Interestingly, these ABA analogs only induce a specific sub-set of ABA-
responsive genes. We are now evaluating these wheat genes for an ABA-
inducible protein kinase and other ABA-responsive genes as selection
markers for sprouting resistance in wheat.
Sixth International Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals.
This international symposium was held in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho on July
25-29, 1992. Participants from 15 countries presented papers on
sprouting including mechanisms of dormancy, influence of environmental
and agronomic factors, molecular regulation of seed development,
genetics and plant breeding and sprouting damage assay methods. The
Proceedings of the Symposium will be published by the American
Association of Cereal Chemists in 1993. The volume will be entitled
Pre-Harvest Sprouting 1992 and the editors are M.K. Walker-Simmons and
J.L. Ried.
Publications
Anderberg, R.J. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1992) Isolation of a wheat
cDNA clone for an abscisic acid-inducible transcript with homology to
protein kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 10183-10187.
Curry, J. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1993) Unusual sequence of group 3
LEA (II) mRNA inducible by dehydration stress in wheat. Plant Mol.
Biol. In press.
Galvez, A.F. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1992) Chromosome mapping of a
wheat protein kinase gene in Lophopyrum elongatum using amplified
fragment polymorphism. Plant Genome I International Conference, San
Diego, CA, Abstract #42.
Goldmark, P.J., Curry, J., Morris, C.F., and Walker-Simmons, M.K.
(1992) Cloning and expression of an embryo-specific mRNA up-regulated
in hydrated dormant seeds. Plant Molecular Biology 19: 433-441.
Ried, J.L., Everard, J.D., Diani, J., Loescher, W.H., and Walker-
Simmons, M.K. (1992) Production of polyclonal antibodies in rabbits is
simplified using perforated plastic golf balls. BioTechniques 12: 661-
666.
Ried, J.L. and Walker-Simmons, M.K. (1993) Group 3 late embryogenesis
abundant proteins in desiccation-tolerant seedlings of wheat. Plant
Physiol. In press.
M.K. Walker-Simmons (1992) Environmental stress effects on hormone
levels during cereal seed development - Impact on seed dormancy.
Agronomy Abstracts, p. 164.
Walker-Simmons, M.K., Anderberg, R.J., Rose, P.A., and Abrams, S.R.
(1992) Optically pure ABA analogs - Tools for relating germination
inhibition and gene expression in wheat embryos. Plant Physiol. 99:
501-507.
--------------------
Western Wheat Quality Laboratory
C.F. Morris*, H.C. Jeffers, A.D. Bettge, D. Engle, M.L. Baldridge,
B.S. Patterson, R. Ader, J. Raykowski, and G.L. Rubenthaler
WSU Personnel include: G. King, B. Davis; Post-docs: H. Malkawi,
G. Greenblatt; Graduate student: Vic DeMacon
Evaluation of several thousand experimental breeding lines were
completed. These lines represented the completion of the 1991 harvest
and the beginning of the 1992 harvest. Evaluations included wheat
grain analyses, small-scale flour milling, physical-chemical analyses
on flour, and baking tests. Evaluations are appropriate for the
particular class of wheat - soft white, club, hard red spring, hard red
winter, and hard white. Results are supplied directly to the breeder
and included in an Annual Report of the Lab. Results guide the breeder
in making selections and ultimately have a major influence on what
lines that eventually become new varieties.
The second part of this project examined the impact of blending
hard and soft white wheats on end-use quality. Blends generally had
quality intermediate between the two parent grain lots and the response
to blending was usually linear, but occasionally curvilinear. Yield of
straight-grade flour had a curvilinear response and was highly
dependent on temper level. Dough mixing time and bread loaf volume
were both curvilinear. This information is useful to producers, grain
merchandisers, flour millers and others who may have occasion to blend
or segregate grain lots.
A cooperative project between the USDA-ARS Western Wheat Quality
Lab and Washington State University is aimed at understanding: 1) the
control of endosperm texture, 2) the relationship between starch hot
paste viscosity and end-use quality, and 3) the control of preharvest
sprouting. Endosperm texture may be controlled by friabilin, a starch
granule-associated protein. An improved method of detecting friabilin
was devised. A partial amino acid sequence was obtained for friabilin
and its key solubility characteristics were determined. These results
should advance wheat texture research. Hot paste viscosity is an
important determinate of noodle quality. Genotypes with divergent
paste viscosities were identified and crossed. Results should aid in
the evaluation of breeding lines and the characterization of commercial
grain lots. Seed dormancy affects tolerance to preharvest sprouting
conditions and is lost during the after-ripening process. After-
ripening was shown to be lost at different rates in different genotypes
and was independent of the level of mature seed dormancy. Results
showed that seed dormancy and after-ripening can be manipulated by
breeders as independent traits.
Dr. Craig Morris received a 3 month fellowship to do research at
the CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry, Grain Quality Research
Laboratory, North Ryde NSW, Australia, starting around December 1,
1992. He will be working in Dr. Colin Wrigley's laboratory. The focus
of Dr. Morris' research is studying the effect of particle size,
mechanical starch damage, and presence/absence of friabilin on Rapid
Visco Analyzer (RVA) hot paste viscosity.
Gordon Rubenthaler, who retired in 1989 from the USDA-ARS, Western
Wheat Quality Lab in Pullman, WA, served as director since 1968.
Gordon was elected as an AACC Fellow at the 1992 Annual Meeting of the
American Association of Cereal Chemists, which was held at Minneapolis,
Minnesota, September 20-23, 1992. The Fellow program was established
in 1985 and honors Association members who have made distinguished
contributions to the field of cereal science and technology in
research, industrial achievement, leadership, education,
administration, communication, or regulatory affairs. Under Gordon's
leadership, the laboratory was the first to emphasize the need to
develop wheat varieties with specific milling and baking properties
desired by export customers and to implement a computerized data
record-keeping system. Gordon is currently working in the lab on a 1/4
time temporary appointment. He is doing research aimed at
understanding the relationship between physiochemical starch properties
and end-use quality.
Publications
Morris, C.F., Greenblatt, G.A., and Malkawi, H.I. 1992. Enhanced
electrophoretic detection and isolation of friabilin, a starch granule
protein. Cereal Chem. 69:467-468.
Morris, C.F. and Paulsen, G.M. 1992. Review: Research on pre-harvest
sprouting resistance in hard red and white winter wheats at Kansas
State University. Sixth Intern. Symp. on Pre-harvest Sprouting in
Cereals, Abstr. #30.
DeMacon, V.D. and Morris, C.F. 1992. Rate of after-ripening among
diverse hexaploid wheat genotypes. Sixth Intern. Symp. on Pre-harvest
Sprouting in Cereals, Abstr. #63.
Morris, C.F. and Bettge, A.D. 1991. Isolation and culture of mature
cereal seed embryos. Agron. Abstr. p. 198.
Bettge, A.D., Malkawi, H.I., Greenblatt, G.A. and Morris, C.F. 1992.
Single-kernel analysis of wheat hardness using a biochemical marker,
friabilin. Cereal Foods World 37:570 (abstr. no. 170).
DeMacon, V.L. and Morris, C.F. 1992. Relationship between seed dormancy
and tissue culturability in wheat. Agron. Abstr. p. 93-94.
Greenblatt, G.A., Malkawi, H.I. and Morris, C.F. 1992. Biochemical
characterization of friabilin. Cereal Foods World 37:567-568. (abstr.
no. 169).
Morris, C.F. 1992. Friabilin, a 15-kD starch granule protein. (In) 9th
International Cereal and Bread Congress, Industrie des Cereales,
May-June, abstr. p. 20.
--------------------
Roland F. Line*, Ramon Cu, and Xianming Chen
Control of Rusts and Smuts of Wheat, 1992. Models developed for
predicting stripe rust when used with monitoring data accurately
forcasted stripe rust for the 13th consecutive year. In the United
States Pacific Northwest, the absence of any appreciable precipitation
in the early fall of 1991 delayed emergence in many fields and delayed
establishment of stripe rust and leaf rust. Unusually high
temperatures during the winter were highly favorable for stripe rust
and leaf rust survival and development. Limited precipitation in late
spring reduced the rate of late stripe rust, leaf rust, and stem rust
development and above normal temperatures further limited stripe rust,
especially in spring wheat. Consequently, stripe rust was most severe
in fields of susceptible cultivars that were established early in the
fall and leaf rust was only severe in irrigated fields. When not
controlled, stripe rust reduced yields of winter wheat by 0% to 10%,
leaf rust reduced yields by 0-20%, and losses caused by stem rust were
insignificant. The rusts had only a slight effect on spring wheat
yields. The smuts caused only minor losses.
Table 1 lists the races of Puccinia striiformis that have been
detected in North America and when they have been detected. Fifty
stripe rust races, including five new races, have been identified. The
most prevalent races in the PNW were those virulent on cultivars with
resistance from PI178383, Tres, Hatton, Owens; cultivars from other
regions; and seedlings of Stephens, Madsen, and Hyak (races CDL-5,
CDL20, CDL-22, CDL-25, CDL-27, CDL-37, CDL-38, CDLD-40, CDL-41, CDL-43,
CDL-45, and CDL-46). Races CDL-1, CDL-3, CDL-20, CDL-21, and CDL-25
occurred in California. New information on the relationships among the
races and how they may have evolved was obtained by virulence and
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.
Research on the inheritance and identification of genes for
resistance to specific races of Puccinia striiformis is continuing.
Table 2 summarizes some of the information that we have obtained
regarding identification of race specific genes. Eight genes for high-
temperature, adult-plant resistance to stripe rust have also been
identified. About 1600 crosses of those cultivars with Chinese Spring
and monosomic lines have been made in order to determine the location
of the genes. Those results should aid in identifying races, screening
germplasm and developing new resistant cultivars.
High-temperature, adult-plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust has
continued to be effective against all races. HTAP resistant club wheat
lines with good yield and quality are now being used by breeders in the
PNW to obtain more resistant club wheats.
Each year, we evaluate cultivars and breeding lines developed in
western United States for resistance to stripe rust, leaf rust, and
flag smut. Currently, all of the major soft white winter wheat
cultivars and most of the hard red winter wheat and spring wheat
cultivars grown in the Pacific Northwest have high-temperature, adult-
plant resistance, and their resistance has remained durable against all
North American races of stripe rust. Many of the spring wheat
cultivars in the Pacific Northwest have slow-rusting, variable
infection-type resistance to leaf rust, which also appears to be
durable. As part of an ongoing program, entries in the national small
grain germplasm collection are being evaluated for high-temperature,
adult-plant resistance in the field at Mt. Vernon and Pullman, WA and
for specific resistance to stripe rust races CDL-17, CDL-20, CDL-25, or
CDL-37, CDL-27 or CDL-45, and CDL-29, or CDL-43 in the greenhouse. The
selected races include all of the virulences that have been identified
in North America. As of this date, about 40,000 germplasm entries have
been evaluated at the two field sites and about half of those have been
evaluated in the greenhouse for resistance to the races.
Foliar application of Bayleton, Tilt, Folicur, LS86263, SAN-619,
RH-7592, and Punch controlled stripe rust, leaf rust, stem rust, and
powdery mildew when applied at jointing to early heading stages of
plant growth. Treatment of seed with Baytan, Raxil, San-619, and
RP400727 controlled early stripe rust. Control of flag smut and common
bunt was obtained with Baytan, Raxil, Dividend, SAN-619 and RP400727.
Vitavax formulations continue to control flag smut. For the second
year, Dividend provided excellent control of dwarf bunt of winter wheat
at a range of planting dates at Logan, UT, Kalispell, MT, Pullman, WA,
and Cavandish, ID. When used at 12g/kg of seed, Dividend provided 100%
control at all dates except very early in the Fall. Control in plots
planted in early September at same sites was good but not 100%.
A computerized system for managing rusts and other diseases of
wheat was developed for the United States PNW. The system is based on
rust characteristics; effect of environmental, regional, and individual
farm managerial practices on establishment, survival, and development
of diseases, especially the rusts; prevalence and distribution of rust
races; vulnerability of cultivars; kind and degree of resistance;
effectiveness of fungicides at various rates and schedules; potential
yield; and economic losses or benefits. The program is referred to by
the acronym MoreCrop (Managerial Options for Reasonable Economical
Control of Rusts and Other Pathogens) and is designed to provide
various disease managerial options in different agronomic zones of the
PNW. MoreCrop provides information, options, and suggestions to help
the user make decisions regarding management of wheat diseases. It
predicts diseases based on cultivar characteristics, prevailing
weather, geographical regions, agronomic zones, and crop managerial
practices. MoreCrop can use past managerial decisions to reconstruct
disease conditions, assist the user in reasoning what disease control
option to select, and provide disease-related as well as cultivar-
related information for research, teaching, and extension. MoreCrop
has been tested by various users and is being provided to users in the
PNW. It should be possible to extend the program to include fertility
management and management of other pests such as weeds and insects; and
the programming instructions of MoreCrop and the visual control as well
as the concepts and principles should be adaptable for other crops and
for use in other regions of the world.
Table 1. Virulence of Cereal Disease Laboratory races of Puccinia
striiformis on North American differentials, year detected and regions
where first detected (D) and subsequently detected (d).
============================================================================
CDL Virulence Region
race differential Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 1,2 D d d d d
2 1,2,5 1963 D d d d d d d
3 1,3 D d d d d d d
4 1,3 1964 D
5 1,3,4 1968 D d d
6 1,6,8,12 1972 d d d d d D
7 1,3,5 1974 D
8 1,3,9 1974 d d D d
9 1,3,6,8,12 1975 D d d d d d
10 1,2,3,9 1976 d D
11 1 1976 D D
12 1,5,6,12 1976 D
13 1,5,6,8,12 1976 D
14 1,8,12 1976 D d
15 1,3,6,10 1976 D
16 1,3,9,11 1977 d D
17 1,2,3,9,11 1977 D
18 1,3,4,9 1977 d D
19 1,3,6,8,10,12 1977 D d d d d d
20 1,6,8,10,12 1977 D d d d d d
21 2 1978 D
22 1,3,12 1980 D d d d d d
23 1,3,6,9,10 1981 D
24 1,3,5,12 1981 D
25 1,3,6,8,9,10,12 1981 d D d
26 1,3,9,12 1982 D d d
27 1,3,12,13 1983 D
28 1,3,4,12 1983 D
29 1,3,4,5 1983 D
30 1,4,6,8,12 1983 D
31 1,3,5,11 1983 D
32 1,4 1984 D
33 1,3,9,12,13 1984 D
34 1,3,4,5,12 1984 D
35 1,10 1985 D
36 1,3,4,9,12 1985 D
37 1,3,6,8,9,10,11,12 1987 d d D D
38 1,3,11 1987 D
39 1,2,4 1987 D
40 1,4,14 1989 D
41 1,3,4,14 1989 D
42 1,3,11,12 1989 D
43 1,3,4,5,12,14 1990 D
44 1,4,5 1990 D
45 1,3,12,13,15 1990 D
46 1,3,6,9,10,11 1991 D
47 1,6,8,12,13,14 1992 D
48 1,6,8,12,13,14 1992 D
49 1,3,11,14 1992 D
50 1,3,4,5,14 1992
======================================================================
(a) 1=Lemhi, 2=Chinese 166, 3=Heines VII, 4=Moro, 5=Paha, 6=Druchamp,
7=Riebesel 47-51, 8=Produra, 9=Yamhill, 10=Stephens, 11=Lee,
12=Fielder, 13=Tyee, 14=Tres and 15=Hyak
(b) Region 1=Eastern Washington and Oregon, northern Idaho, and eastern
British Columbia; Region 2=western Montana and southern Alberta;
Region 3=southern Idaho and northern Utah; Region 4=southwestern
Washington, western Oregon, and northern California; Region
5=northwestern Washington and western British Columbia; Region
6=central California, and Region 7=areas east of the Rocky Mountains.
Table 2. Race-specific genes for resistance to Puccinia striiformis in
selected wheat cultivars
=======================================================================
ID number Cultivar No. names
-----------------------------------------------------
CI011765 Chinese Spring 1 Yr1
PI201195 Heines VII 2 Yr2,YrHVII
PI180620 Heines Peko 2 Yr2,Yr6
WA005768 triticum spelta album 1 Yr5
PI180619 Heines Kolben 2 Yr6, YrHK
CI017268 Fielder 2 Yr6,YrFie
CI012388 Lee 2 Yr7,YrLee
PI325842 Compair 2 Yr8,YrCom
PI295999 Riebesel 47/51 1 Yr9
WA007716 Clement 2 Yr9,YrCle
CI013740 Moro 2 Yr10,YrMor
CI011415 Lemhi 1 YrLem
CI017773 Tyee 1 YrTye
CI017917 Tres 2 YrTr1,YrTr2
PI192448 Spaldings Prolific 1 TrSP
CI017406 Produra 2 YrPr1,YrPr2
CI017419 Daws 2 YrDa1,YrDa2
CI014485 Paha 3 YrPa1,YrPa2,YrPa3
PI191311 Carstens V 3 YrCV1,YrCV2,YrCV3
PI262223 Cappelle Desprez 2 Yr3z,Yr4a
PI167419 Nord Desprez 2 Yr3a,YrND
CI013723 Druchamp 2 Yr3a,YrDru
CI017596 Stephens 2 Yr3a,YrSte
PI201196 Minister 2 Yr3c,YrMin
PI164755 Hybrid 46 2 Yr4b,YrH46
PI125093 Vilmorin 23 2 Yr4a,YrV23
CI014563 Yamhill 2 Yr2,Yr4a,YrYam
=============================================================
(a) Yr genes followed by numbers are previously named genes. Yr genes
followed by letters are provisionally designated genes.
Publications
Schultz, T.R. and Line, R.F. 1992. High-temperature, adult-plant
resistance to wheat stripe rust and effects on yield components. Agron.
J. 84:170-175.
Schultz, T.R. and Line, R.F. 1992. Identification and selection of F6
and F7 families of wheat for high-temperature, adult-plant resistance
to stripe rust using hillplots. Plant Dis. 76:253-256.
Chen, Xianming and Line, Roland F. 1992. Inheritance of stripe rust
resistance in wheat cultivars used to differentiate races of Puccinia
striiformis in North America. Phytopathology 82:633-637.
Chen, Xianming and Line, Roland F. 1992. Genes for resistance to stripe
rust in 'Tres' wheat. Crop. Sci. 32:692-696.
Line, Roland F. and Cu, Ramon M. 1992. A computerized program for
integrated management of rusts and other wheat diseases. Proc. 8th
Europ. and Med. Cereal Rusts and Mildews Conf. Vortrage fur
Pflanzenzuchtung 24:324-326.
Line, Roland F. and Qayoum A. 1992. Races of Puccinia striiformis in
North America, Identification of Resistance Genes, and Durability of
Resistance. Proc. 8th Europ. and Med. Cereal Rusts and Mildews Conf.
Vortrage fur Pflanzenzuchtung 24:280-282.
Line, Roland F. 1992. Effectiveness of quarentines for control of flag
smut (Urocystis agropyri) of wheat. Phytopath. 82:1113.
Cu, Ramon M. and Line, Roland 1992. MORE*CROP, an expert system for
managing diseases of wheat. Phytopath. 82:1132.
--------------------
ITEMS FROM YUGOSLAVIA
Institute for Small Grains, Kragujevac 34000
Miroslav Kuburovic, Desimir Knezevic, Milivoje Milovanovic and
Milanko Pavlovic
Important Traits of New Winter Wheat Cultivars Selected in
Institute for Small Grains in Kragujevac - In Institute for Small
grains has created to date 22 winter wheat cultivars. The Yugoslav
Federal Commission for Variety Approvement approved for the Institute
in 1990/91, six new winter wheat cultivars, named, Studenica,
Takovcanka, Jasenica, Ravanica, Levcanka and Gruza. The cultivars were
compared with two check cultivars, Partizanka and Super Zlatna in
Commission micro-trials in 17 different locations of Yugoslavia for a
three year period. Field trials were performed as complete randomized
blocks design, plot 5 m2 in 5 repetitions.
These new winter wheat cultivars belong to Triticum aestivum ssp.
vulgare var. lutescens, which have white spikes without awns and red
grain color. Maturity of the new cultivars is mid-early, stem height
varies between 89 and 93 cm and they are highly resistant to lodging
and low temperatures. Resistance to low temperature was tested in cold
chambers at -15oC during 14 hours. Survival ranged from 93-100%.
These cultivars have higher resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis
tritici) and powdery mildew (Erisiphe graminis tritici) and lower
resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita tritici) than both check
cultivars.
Table 1. Maximal grain yield of Kragujevac's winter wheat cultivars
tested in Yugoslav Commission micro-trials in 1987-1990.
====================================================================
Cultivar Yield Yield in relation to check cultivars(t/ha)
Partizanka Super Zlatna
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Jasenica 10.86 + 1.13 + 1.37
Ravanica 10.10 + 0.37 + 0.61
Levcanka 10.64 + 0.91 + 1.15
Gruza 9.95 + 0.22 + 0.46
Partizanka (check cv.) 9.73
Super Zlatna (" ") 9.49
====================================================================
Genetic grain yield potential for these cultivars is about 10 t/ha
(Table 1). In Commission trials they averaged just under 7 t/ha (Table
2) and had from 220 kg/ha to 560 kg/ha greater mean grain yield than
the best check cultivar Super Zltna. In the majority locations and
years, the average grain yield of these cultivars was significantly
greater than the yield of both check cultivars.
Table 2. Average grain yield of new Kragujevac's winter wheat
cultivars in Commission trials during 1987-1990.
==============================================================
Cultivar Yield t/ha Yield (t/ha) Yield,% of Quality
in relation best check Class
to best check
-------------------------------------------------------------
Jasenica 6.83 +0.56 110.7 II
Super Zlatna 6.27 0 0 III
(check)
Ravanica 6.51 +0.22 103.5 I
S. Zlatna 6.29 0 0 III
(check cv)
Levcanka 7.05 +0.41 106.2 II
S. Zlatna 6.64 0 0 III
(check cv)
Gruza 6.85 +0.40 106.2 II
S. Zlatna 6.45 0 0 III
(check cv)
=============================================================
Table 3. Quality parameters of flour and bread in new Kragujevac's
winter wheat cultivars.
=====================================================================
Cultivar Crude Sed. Total Yd of bread Bread Crumb
Protein vol.(ml) Flour from 100g of Volume Value
% % flour
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Jasenica 13.2 31 76.9 136.0 526 3.1
Ravanica 13.2 36 78.1 135.6 551 4.6
Partizanka 13.9 54 76.1 136.3 616 6.0
(check cv)
S. Zlatna 13.1 28 73.8 135.0 381 0.0
(check cv)
Levcanka 12.4 32 75.7 133.3 524 3.6
Gruza 12.8 44 78.4 136.2 490 3.3
Partizanka 12.7 47 78.0 136.8 526 5.2
(check cv)
S. Zlatna 11.8 26 72.7 132.7 363 0.6
(check cv)
===================================================================
Quality parameters of flour and bread in new Kragujevac's winter wheat
cultivars were similar or insignificantly lower in relation to
"Partizanka" (check cultivar with excellent quality parameters and
which is enhancer cv. for flour of less quality wheats). Cultivars
Ravanica and Gruza had a high percent of milling flour. Cv. Jasenica,
Ravanica and Gruza had a high yield of bread from 100 g flour and
Ravanica, Jasenica and Levcanka had high bread volume (Table 3).
On the basis of data presented we can conclude that these new wheat
cultivars have high genetic potential and stability of grain yield and very
good bread making quality.
--------------------
Center for Small Grains - Kragujevac, 34000
Milivoje S. Milovanovic, Miroslav Kuburovic, Radomir S. Ognjanovic
and Dusanka P. Mihaljlija, Agricultural Research Institute "Serbia"
New Winter Wheat Cultivar "Kragujevacka 56-S" - The new cultivar
of winter wheat Kragujevacka 56-S (Kg. 56/39) was created in the Center
for Small Grains - Kragujevac. It was obtained by selection from wheat
cultivar Kragujevacka 56 which was originated from the crossing of
cultivars (Bezostaya 1 x Halle Stamm) x Bezostaya
Its breeders are Dr. Aleksa Popovic and Mr. Milivoje Milovanovic.
This cultivar belongs to the group of softer red wheats (Triticum
aestivum ssp. vulgare var. letescens). The examinations of Kg. 56-S,
were performed in 16 experiments (locations) of Yugoslav Commission for
cultivar approving, during the period 1988-1991, and its was recognized
for new cultivar in 1992.
Wheat cultivar Kragujevacka 56-S have white and smooth spikes
without awns. The grains are red and glass-like. It belongs to the
group of middle-late cultivars (1.8 days later than cv. Partizanka).
Its height of steam is 93 cm (1.9 lower than "Jugoslavija"), and is
highly resistant to lodging (on the level of check cultivars). It is
highly resistant to low temperatures also (at -15oC for 12h Kg 56-S
survived 100% and Partizanka (95.5%). The degree of resistance to the
causer of powdery Mildew (Erysiphe gram. tritici) is higher than in cv.
Partizanka, and same as well cv. Jugoslavija. Kg 56-S have resistance
to the stem rust (Pucc. gram. tritici), on the level of cv. Partizanka
and insignificantly less than cv. Jugoslavija. It is highly resistant
to leaf rust (Pucc. recondita tritici).
The 1000 grain weight of Kg. 56-S was 36.1 g, which is 4 g more
than in cv. Partizanka and 2 g more than in cv. Jugoslavija. Its mean
mass of hectoliter for three years and all locations was 83 kg.
Sedimentation value of Kg. 56-S was 54 ml (Prtizanka = 52 and
Jugoslavija = 38 ml). The content of row proteins in Kg. 56-S was
14.2% and it belongs to the I quality class and A2 quality group
(enhancer cultivar). It is especially worthy according to the results
of trial baking of bread. It has higher yield of bread (138.3 g/l00g
flour) than check cultivars. The volume of bread of Kg. 56-S is 572
ml, which is also more than in check cv. Cultivar Kragujevacka 56-S
has excellent bread elasticity, even pores, with spongy fine wall of
pores. Its crumb value is 6.8 (Partazanka = 6.3; Jugoslavija = 4.5 and
S. Zlatna = 0.0).
Cultivar Kragujevacka 56-S is high yielding with genetic potential
for grain yield about 10 t/ha. Average grain yield of Kg. 56-S for 3
years and in all 16 locations of SFR Yugoslavija was 6.95 t/ha, while
Partizanka had 6.52; Jugslavija 7.126 and Super Zlatna 6.83 t/ha. In
comparison with check cultivars in 7 experiments of SR Yugoslavia Kg.
56-S had higher yield than all three cited check cultivars.
For sowing of Kragujevacka 56-S, 650 germ. grains/m2 or 280-300
kg/ha of seed is necessary. Optimal sowing period is l0-20th October.
It is plastic cultivar suitable for fertile and less fertile soils..
--------------------
M. A. Kostic, D. Djokic, Jovanka Stojanovic, R. Ognjanovic, M. Jelic
The "Burnt Field" a very Severe Unspecific Impair of Wheat Crop
Introduction. The yellowing of wheat plants was observed in the
beginning of the sixties on great areas of the country. The conclusion
of investigations were that causes of the phenomenon may be the
following: genetic factors, low temperatures, phosphorus deficiency,
errors in herbicide use, diseases and insects, etc.
In the last 10-15 years the yellowing spread and became more
damaging. Yellow fields became in some years "burnt fields" with most
plants damaged and some destroyed. Many farmers brought us plant
samples each spring and asked about causes of the yellowing. They
informed us that in some cases damage was so severe that crops had to
be ploughed under. Examination showed that damage occurred mainly on
acid soils inadequately fertilized with phosphorus.
Yellowing and drying of plants was observed on some treatments of
fertilizer experiments, and we began again to follow and study that
problem.
Description of the phenomenon. Yellowing and drying of plants
began at the end of winter and start of spring, reaching the highest
intensity between tillering and first node formation. Yellowing begins
with lower leaves, then to others, afterwards to recently averaged
secondary tillers and finally includes the whole plants. The yellow
color gains an orange shadow, passing over then into extending
necrosis. Plants appear to have been frozen, poisoned and burnt, as if
a flame had passed across the field. Spots with attacked plants appear
across the whole crop in the form of irregular circles in whose centers
all plants are devastated. From the center outward plants were less
and less damaged. The circles extend and join while only small groups
of normal plants remain among them. Surviving lesser damaged plants
recover later but yield less than nondamaged ones, proportional to the
extent of damage.
Results of investigation. Observations and investigations were
carried ut in a long-term stationary field experiment established in
1970 on a soil very poor in available phosphorus, with pH in H2O about
6.0 at the beginning. In the continuing experiments the influence of
use and omission of single nutrients on growth, development and yield
of wheat and changes in soil fertility was studied. Nutrient rates
used in fertilizer combinations were the following: N1 = 120, N2 = 150
kg N/ha; P1 = 80, P2 = 160, P3 = 400 kg P2025/ha; K1 = 100 K20/ha. The
P3 was used on deposit for 5 years, and other nutrients every year.
The winter wheat cultivar used was Kg-56, developed at the Institute.
It was grown in rotation with maize. It is important to mention that
all treatments were unchanged from year to year regardless of crop.
Plant yellowing and drying occurred every year to available extent
with culmination in 1990. It occurred on plots fertilized with only
nitrogen, or nitrogen and potassium, with omission of phosphorus. It
appeared also in the 4th and 5th year on plots fertilized with
phosphorus on deposit for 5 years, but to a lesser extent. On plots
fertilized every year with phosphorus and nitrogen, or with all three
nutrients, no damaged plants occurred.
Plant analysis done in 1989 and 1990 (Table 1 - see below) showed
evident negative effects of omission of phosphorus on physiological and
growth processes in plant.
Damaged plants had reduced tillering and secondary roots
(particularly dry weight) compared to normal. Grain yields were also
decreased. At 150 kg N/ha plant damage was greater and yields lower
than at 10 kg N/ha. Damage was also more severe in years less
favorable for wheat, such as drought in spring, that reduced
effectiveness of nitrogen applied and increased use of phosphorus.
In 1989 chemical analysis of plants in the vegetative period
showed that omission of phosphorus fertilizer caused a decrease of
phosphorus in plants, and a remarkable increase of total nitrate and
ammonium nitrogen and a decrease of amide nitrogen.
Table1. Data about plant growth and grain yield in 1990
[NOT SHOWN]
Soil analyses showed that omission of phosphorus fertilization
severely decreased its availability, particularly when only nitrogen
was applied with P2 fertilization every year the level of available
phosphorus increased up to the limit of soils well supplied with
phosphorus. Fertilization constantly decreased soil pH, even below 5.5
According to these results, it is evident that poor phosphorus
nutrition is the basic cause of the phenomenon we have titled "burnt
field". Damage was provoked by the following factors: low soil
phosphorus, omission of phosphorus fertilization, high nitrogen use,
drought in spring, low soil pH and free toxic elements in the
rhizosphere. These factors limited root growth and phosphorus uptake,
phosphorus deficiency limited assimilation of nitrogen resulting in
poisoning drying of plants.
--------------------
III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM
Wheat Cultivar Abbreviations: 1991 and 1992 additions.
Bent Skovmand, CIMMYT, Mexico
The last up-date to the list of abbreviations were published in
the Annual Wheat Newsletter Volume 36. This listing includes
abbreviations assigned since that date. Further, abbreviations from the
years 1987, 1988, 1989, and 1990, which were not included in earlier
listing are included.
We would appreciate receiving any information concerning new cultivars,
including name, pedigree, abbreviation, selection history, growth
habit, origin and year of release. Also any additions or corrections to
the present list and to the 1985 edition would be appreciated.
A complete listing of abbreviations is available in either hard copy or
on diskette and can be obtained by requesting "Wheat Cultivar
Abbreviations: 1992. Wheat Special Report No. 4. Mexico, D. F.:
CIMMYT".
[NOT SHOWN]
--------------------
National Small Grains Collection Wheat Germplasm Evaluations
H.E. Bockelman, D.M. Wesenberg, S. Nieto, A. Lee Urie, and B.J.
Goates, National Small Grains Germplasm Research
Facility, Agricultural Research Service - USDA - Cooperation
University of Idaho, Aberdeen, Idaho
The systematic evaluation of wheat accessions in the National
Small Grains Collection (NSGC) and other elite germplasm continued to
be coordinated or conducted by National Small Grains Germplasm
Research Facility (NSGGRF) staff at Aberdeen during 1992.
Cooperative NSGC wheat evaluations continued for reaction to Russian
Wheat Aphid; Hessian fly; barley yellow dwarf virus; stripe, leaf,
and stem rust of wheat; and dwarf bunt as well as ploidy analysis of
Triticum species. The Aberdeen staff has been directly involved in
the entry of NSGC evaluation data into the GRIN system and the
evaluation of the growth habit of NSGC wheat accessions.
Under the direction of H.E. Bockelman, the NSGC staff
distributed over 122,000 accessions in 1992. Maintenance and
evaluation of NSGC small grains germplasm, including quarantine
entries, also continued at Maricopa, Arizona in 1992 under the
supervision of S. Nieto. In dwarf bunt screening trials conducted in
1991-92, B.J. Goates selected four NSGC winter wheat accessions for
further evaluation. Three new sources of bunt resistance were
indicated in pathogenic race reaction tests of several newly
identified resistant winter wheat accession from Turkey and China.
The increase and cooperative evaluation of a wheat germplasm
collection derived from a series of interspecific crosses completed
by W.J. Sando in the 1930s and previously last grown in the 1960s,
continued in 1992. Cooperative evaluation of this germplasm
collection included characters such as reaction to barley yellow
dwarf virus, leaf rust, stripe rust, powdery mildew, Hessian fly, and
Russian Wheat Aphid. Location funds were also used in 1992 to
partially support the evaluation of Pioneer Seed Company developed
hard red winter wheat germplasm as well as NSGC wheat accessions at
Manhattan, Kansas. Specific Cooperative Agreements or within ARS
Fund Transfers involving such cooperative evaluations and related
research for all small grains involve over 20 University and ARS
projects in at least 17 states.
Descriptors appropriate for wheat have been established in
collaboration with the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee. Field
evaluation data are recorded on such descriptors as growth habit,
number of days from planting to anthesis (heading), plant height,
spike or panicle density, lodging, straw breakage, shattering, and
awn and glume characteristics, including color. Data on field
descriptors have been obtained on approximately 35,500 wheat
accessions during the 1983-92 period. Special nurseries are grown
for that purpose at Aberdeen, Idaho and Maricopa, Arizona, with grain
being harvested from each field evaluation nursery to replenish NSGC
seed stocks. Evaluations for disease and insect resistance were
initiated in 1983 along with the agronomic evaluations.
Data obtained from evaluations of NSGC germplasm are entered in
the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) system by the
NSGGRF staff in cooperation with the ARS National Germplasm Resources
Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. GRIN is a database containing the
characteristics and availability of all genetic resources included in
the National Plant Germplasm System. The Database Manager is J.D.
Mowder, Beltsville, Maryland. The NSGGRF staff interacts with the
GRIN system in recording NSGC orders (seed requests), entering a
variety of data, and conducting information searches. Data for
systematic evaluations for a number of descriptors, not currently
available on GRIN, are being prepared for entry into the system. No
evaluations have been conducted to date for descriptors such as
drought tolerance, salt tolerance, winterhardiness, Cephalosporium
stripe, flag smut, leaf blight, loose smut, powdery mildew, snow
mold, take all, tan spot, wheat streak mosaic, green bug, cereal leaf
beetle, and protein. Data currently available on GRIN for wheat is
shown in Table 1.
Similar evaluations are currently underway for other major NSGC
components, including barley, oats, rice, and triticale. Other
important cooperative projects, especially involving wheat, include
the "Conservation of North American Genetic Resources of Triticale"
(University of California, Davis - C.O. Qualset); "Recalcitrance in
Wheat Protoplast Regeneration: Genetic and Genomic Effects" (Alabama
A&M University, Normal - G.C. Sharma); "Evaluation of Yugoslav Wheat
Collections for Drought" (USDA-ARS, Aberdeen - H.E. Bockelman); and
"Evaluation of Small Grains Germplasm, Including West Asian Triticum,
for BYD and other Characters" (University of California, Davis - C.O.
Qualset). Related research concerned with wheat germplasm is
conducted at Aberdeen under the CRIS project entitled "Molecular
Biology of Cereal Genome and Improvement of Stress Tolerance in Wheat
Germplasm" under the direction of S. Ramagopal. B.J. Goates annually
conducts evaluations of wheat germplasm for bunt resistance at
Aberdeen, Idaho and Logan, Utah.
The authors wish to acknowledge the important contributions of
the NSGGRF staff in this effort, with special thanks to Glenda B.
Rutger, John F. Connett, Kathy E. Burrup, Dave E. Burrup, Kay B.
Calzada, Vicki Gamble, Evalyne McLean, Judy Bradley, Carol S. Truman,
M.A. Bohning, and L.W. Briggle.
* * * * * *
Table 1. Descriptors with data on the Germplasm Resources
Information Network (GRIN).
Descriptor Testing Location(s) No. Evaluated
---------------------------------------------------------------
Awn Color Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 15989
Awn Type Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 18119
BYDV Davis, CA 2288
BYDV Urbana, IL 17520
Chromosome Number Columbia, MO 420
Common Bunt - R36 Pendleton, OR; Aberdeen, ID 74
Common Bunt - R39 Pendleton, OR; Aberdeen, ID 1408
Common Bunt - R43 Pendleton, OR; Aberdeen, ID 318
Common Bunt - T-1 Pendleton, OR; Aberdeen, ID 6241
Cmn Bunt-Multiple Pendleton, OR; Aberdeen, ID 6073
Dwarf Bunt Logan, UT 7338
Glume Color Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 16115
Glume Pubescence Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 16075
Growth Habit Aberdeen, ID 31433
Heading Date Aberdeen, ID 14061
Hessian Fly - B West Lafayette, IN 449
Hessian Fly - C West Lafayette, IN 24231
Hessian Fly - E West Lafayette, IN 24214
Hessian Fly - GP West Lafayette, IN 4196
Hessian Fly - L West Lafayette, IN 4196
Kernel Color Aberdeen, ID; Maricopa, AZ 19044
Leaf Pubescence Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 16723
Leaf Rust Manhattan, KS 36045
Plant Height Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 17739
Russian Wheat Aphid Stillwater, OK 19286
RWA - Leafroll Stillwater, OK 19286
Septoria Nodorum Bozeman, MT 8095
Shattering Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 8553
Soilborne Mos.Vir. Urbana, IL 6589
Spike Density Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 8574
Spike Type Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 8578
Stem Rust - Adult Rosemount, MN 8078
Stem Rust - Adult St. Paul, MN 16379
Stem Rust - HJCS St. Paul, MN 4343
Stem Rust - QFBS St. Paul, MN 8641
Stem Rust - QSHS St. Paul, MN 4456
Stem Rust - RHRS St. Paul, MN 4313
Stem Rust - RTQQ St. Paul, MN 8974
Stem Rust - TNMH St. Paul, MN 4403
Stem Rust - TNMK St. Paul, MN 8939
Stem Rust - HNLQ St. Paul, MN 4705
Stem Rust - RKQS St. Paul, MN 4682
Stem Rust - Genes St. Paul, MN 1020
Straw Breakage Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 16960
Straw Color Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 15146
Straw Lodging Aberdeen, ID; Mesa, Maricopa, AZ 17050
* * * * * *
Table 2. PI assignments in Triticum in 1992.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
PI Species Identity Origin/seed source
-------------------------------------------------------------------
559376 aestivum DISCOVERY (PVP)U.S.,Goertzen Seed Res
559378 aestivum SUNSTAR II (PVP)U.S.,Sunderman Breeding,Inc.
559522 aestivum Nepal, IBPGR Collection
559523
to
559555 aestivum Czechoslovakia, Cereal Res. &
Breeding Inst., Kromeriz
559557
to
559645 aestivum,
durum Turkey, R.J. Metzger Coll., 1984
559646 aestivum SICHUAN 9418 China, W.J. Kaiser Collection
559647 aestivum China, W.J. Kaiser Collection
559653 aestivum AC-13 NS
559654 aestivum BEZOSTAJA EARLY NS
559655 aestivum BIE NS
559656 aestivum BT 2288 NS
559657 aestivum BURJAGENAJA 94 NS
559658 aestivum CELINAJA 21 NS
559659 aestivum CELINAJA
JUBILEJNAJA NS
559660 aestivum ERGET NS
559661 aestivum ERIT 1935 G 1573NS
559662 aestivum FANTAM NS
559663 aestivum FLAMINK BG NS
559664 aestivum FLAMURA 80 NS
559665 aestivum HANG-CHOU NS
559666 aestivum HARAMBO NS
559667 aestivum HAZERA 806/75 NS
559668 aestivum KALYANSONA 227 NS
559669 aestivum KARABAL
-JIKSKAJA 84 NS
559670 aestivum KARABAL
-JIKSKAJA 85 NS
559671 aestivum KAZACKA NS
559672 aestivum KAZAHSTAN
-SKAJA 3 NS
559673 aestivum KAZAHSTAN
-SKAJA 9 NS
559674 aestivum KAZAHSTAN
-SKAJA RANA NS
559675 aestivum KRASNOKUTNA 9 NS
559676 aestivum LJUTESUNE 77 NS
559677 aestivum LJUTSEUNE 76 NS
559678 aestivum LOVRIN 32 NS
559679 aestivum MARKOZ JUAREZ
INTA NS
559680 aestivum MORANDI E NS
559681 aestivum NAYAB 70 NS
559682 aestivum NS 2960 NS
559683 aestivum NS 62-38 NS
559684 aestivum OMSKAJA 12 NS
559685 aestivum OMSKAJA 16 NS
559686 aestivum ORENBURCENAJA 6 NS
559687 aestivum PAVLOVSKA NS
559688 aestivum RANAJA NS
559689 aestivum ROSIJANKA NS
559690 aestivum SAHA 3 NS
559691 aestivum SARATOVSKAJA 33 NS
559692 aestivum SARATOVSKAJA 58 NS
559693 aestivum SELENCA NS
559694 aestivum SIBIRSKAJA 62 NS
559695 aestivum SIBIRSKAJA
ZAKAMENSK NS
559696 aestivum SKOPLJANKA NS
559697 aestivum SST 102 NS
559698 aestivum SUBOTICANKA NS
559699 aestivum SUN 25B NS
559700 aestivum TENHO NS
559701 aestivum TULINKA NS
559702 aestivum TULUNSKAJA 12 NS
559703 aestivum ULJBINKA NS
559704 aestivum ULJBINKA 25 NS
559705 aestivum URALOCKA NS
559706 aestivum ZAPOROSKAJA 60 NS
559707 aestivum 90451ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559708 aestivum 90452ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559709 aestivum 90453ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559710 aestivum 90454ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559711 aestivum 90455ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559712 aestivum 90456ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559713 aestivum 90457ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559714 aestivum 90458ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559715 aestivum 90459ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559716 aestivum 90460ARS U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
559717 aestivum N86L177 U.S., Nebraska, USDA-ARS
559718 aestivum FW-301 U.S., Oregon AES
559719 aestivum LAMAR U.S., Colorado AES
559720 aestivum YUMA U.S., Colorado AES
559928 aestivum MALLARD AP
559929 aestivum SAVANNAH AP
559930 aestivum SAWYER AP
559962 aestivum Ethiopia, Turkey, Morocco,
to durum, Tunisia, Egypt. Separation of
559977 turanicum, speices from old PI numbers.
560115 aestivum CERUGA-1 U.S., Minnesota, USDA-ARS
560116 aestivum CERUGA-2 U.S., Minnesota, USDA-ARS
560117 aestivum CERUGA-3 U.S., Minnesota, USDA-ARS
560118 aestivum CERUGA-4 U.S., Minnesota, USDA-ARS
560119 aestivum CERUGA-5 U.S., Minnesota, USDA-ARS
560120 aestivum CERUGA-6 U.S., Minnesota, USDA-ARS
560128 aestivum HOFF U.S., Oregon AES
560129 aestivum GENE U.S., Oregon AES
560318 aestivum FFR 555W (PVP) U.S., FFR Cooperative
560335 turgidum KS91WGRC14 U.S., Kansas AES
560582 aestivum, Turkey C.R. Sperling Collection, 1985
to dicoccoides
560719 durum, &
560787 aestivum, Turkey C.R. Sperling Collection, 1986
to boeoticum,
560896 dicocc.,
durum &
turanicum
561028 aestivum WA 7526 U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
561029 aestivum WA 7665 U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
561030 aestivum WA 7666 U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
561031 aestivum WA 7625 U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
561032 aestivum WA 7624 U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
561033 aestivum WA 7437 U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
561034 aestivum WA 7435 U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
561035 aestivum WA 7217 U.S., Washington, USDA-ARS
561074 aestivum IDAHO 266 U.S., Idaho AES
561075 polonicum QK-77 (PVP)U.S., Montana, T.M. Quinn
561189 aestivum COKER 9105 (PVP)U.S., Northrup King Co.
561190 aestivum COKER 9543 (PVP)U.S., Northrup King Co.
561197 aestivum 2737W PHI
561198 aestivum WBA 963A5 PHI
561199 aestivum WBB031E1 PHI
561200 aestivum WBB441D1 PHI
561220 aestivum LAREDO (PVP)U.S., Kansas, AgriPro
Biosciences, Inc.
561722 aestivum OK91G103 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561723 aestivum OK91G104 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561724 aestivum OK91G105 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561725 aestivum OK91G106 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561726 aestivum OK91G107 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561727 aestivum OK91G108 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561728 aestivum OK91G201 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561729 aestivum OK91G202 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561730 aestivum OK91G203 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561731 aestivum OK91G204 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561732 aestivum OK91G205 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561733 aestivum OK91G206 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561842 aestivum GA-GORE U.S., Georgia AES
561843 aestivum GA-ANDY U.S., Georgia AES
561861 aestivum OK91G109 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561862 aestivum OK91G110 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561863 aestivum OK91G111 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561864 aestivum OK91G112 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561865 aestivum OK91G113 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561866 aestivum OK91G114 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561867 aestivum OK91G115 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561868 aestivum OK91G116 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561869 aestivum OK91G117 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561870 aestivum OK91G118 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561871 aestivum OK91G119 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561872 aestivum OK91G120 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561873 aestivum OK91G121 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561874 aestivum OK91G122 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561875 aestivum OK91G123 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561876 aestivum OK91G124 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561877 aestivum OK91G125 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561878 aestivum OK91G126 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561879 aestivum OK91G127 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561880 aestivum OK91G128 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561881 aestivum OK91G129 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561882 aestivum OK91G130 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561883 aestivum OK91G131 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561884 aestivum OK91G132 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561885 aestivum OK91G133 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561886 aestivum OK91G134 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561887 aestivum OK91G135 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561888 aestivum OK91G136 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561889 aestivum OK91G137 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561890 aestivum OK91G138 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561891 aestivum OK91G139 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561892 aestivum OK91G140 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561893 aestivum OK91G141 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561894 aestivum OK91G142 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561895 aestivum OK91G143 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561896 aestivum OK91G144 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561897 aestivum OK91G145 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561898 aestivum OK91G146 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561899 aestivum OK91G147 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561900 aestivum OK91G148 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561901 aestivum OK91G149 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561902 aestivum OK91G150 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561903 aestivum OK91G151 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561904 aestivum OK91G152 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561905 aestivum OK91G153 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561906 aestivum OK91G154 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561907 aestivum OK91G155 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561908 aestivum OK91G156 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561909 aestivum OK91G157 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561910 aestivum OK91G158 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561911 aestivum OK91G159 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561912 aestivum OK91G160 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561913 aestivum OK91G161 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561914 aestivum OK91G162 U.S., Oklahoma AES
561928 turgidum D 5456 (PVP)U.S.,Farmers Marketing Corp.
561933 aestivum TAM 202 (PVP)U.S., Texas AES
561948 aestivum GRS1201 U.S., Oklahoma, USDA-ARS
562382 aestivum FREEDOM (PVP)U.S., Ohio AES
562383 aestivum GR915 (PVP)U.S., Ohio AES
562524 aestivum OR FW-HS004 'H' U.S., Oregon AES
562525 aestivum OR FW-B0004 U.S., Oregon AES
562526 aestivum OR FW-HS002 'G' U.S., Oregon AES
562528 aestivum FLORIDA 304 U.S., Florida AES
562529 compactum ROHDE U.S., Oregon AES
562612 aestivum CAROL U.S., Indiana AES, USDA-ARS
562613 aestivum ERIN U.S., Indiana AES, USDA-ARS
562614 aestivum FLYNN U.S., Indiana AES, USDA-ARS
562615 aestivum IRIS U.S., Indiana AES, USDA-ARS
562616 aestivum JOY U.S., Indiana AES, USDA-ARS
562617 aestivum KAREN U.S., Indiana AES, USDA-ARS
562618 aestivum LOLA U.S., Indiana AES, USDA-ARS
562619 aestivum MOLLY U.S., Indiana AES, USDA-ARS
562646 aestivum NOGAL U.S., Alaska AES
562647 aestivum INGAL U.S., Alaska AES
562653 aestivum VISTA U.S., Nebraska AES
562658 aestivum P811670A9
-10-6-7-63 U.S., Indiana AES
562700 aestivum NORM (PVP) U.S., Minn. AES, USDA-ARS
564072 aestivum FFR 525W (PVP) U.S., FFR Cooperative
564083 aestivum TERRAL 877 (PVP) U.S., Terral-Norris Seed
Co., Inc.
564087 aestivum KRONA (PVP) U.S., AgriPro Biosci., Inc.
564245 aestivum KARL 92 U.S., Kansas AES
564246 aestivum ARLIN U.S., Kansas AES
564247 aestivum MTRWA 92-91 U.S., Montana AES
564248 aestivum MTRWA 92-93 U.S., Montana AES
564249 aestivum MTRWA 92-114 U.S., Montana AES
564250 aestivum MTRWA 92-115 U.S., Montana AES
564251 aestivum MTRWA 92-120 U.S., Montana AES
564252 aestivum MTRWA 92-121 U.S., Montana AES
564253 aestivum MTRWA 92-123 U.S., Montana AES
564254 aestivum MTRWA 92-145 U.S., Montana AES
564255 aestivum MTRWA 92-149 U.S., Montana AES
564256 aestivum MTRWA 92-150 U.S., Montana AES
564257 aestivum MTRWA 92-158 U.S., Montana AES
564258 aestivum MTRWA 92-155 U.S., Montana AES
564259 aestivum MTRWA 92-160 U.S., Montana AES
564260 aestivum MTRWA 92-161 U.S., Montana AES
564282 aestivum KS84HW196 U.S., Kansas AES
564283
to
564412 aestivum BU
564413 aestivum BORIANA BU
564414 aestivum DIMITROVKA 5-12 BU
564415 aestivum IANTAR BU
564416 aestivum IUBILEI BU
564417 aestivum KALIAKRA 2 BU
564418 aestivum KALOIAN BU
564419 aestivum KRAPETC BU
564420 aestivum LASEN BU
564421 aestivum PRESPA BU
564422 aestivum PROSTOR BU
564423 aestivum REKVIEM BU
564424 aestivum SLAVIANKA BU
564425 aestivum TOHARODEIKA BU
564426 aestivum TRAIANA BU
564427 aestivum VEGA BU
564428 aestivum ZAGORE BU
564429 aestivum ZLATOKLAS BU
564430 aestivum ZLATOSTRUI BU
564510 aestivum MSFRS CC A-1976 U.S., Arizona AES
564511 aestivum MSFRS CC B-1976 U.S., Arizona AES
564550 aestivum PI192339HF U.S., Idaho, USDA-ARS
564566 aestivum BRISCARD France, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand
564567 aestivum GERBIER France, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand
564568 aestivum PERNEL France, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand
564569 aestivum RENAN France, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand
564570 aestivum RESCLER France, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand
564571 aestivum TARASQUE France, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand
564588 aestivum MT88005 U.S., Montana AES
--------------------
J. S. Quick, Colorado State University
CSSA Wheat Cultivars and Germplasm Registration 1992
Refer to Crop Sci. 32:1540-1542 for reference to registration
articles of wheat cultivars assigned CV-770 to CV-776, germplasms
assigned GP-330 to GP-342, and genetic stocks assigned GS-1 to GS-6.
Wheat cultivars, germplasms, and genetic stocks assigned CSSA
registration numbers since the last report (AWN 38:302-303) are:
CULTIVAR REGISTRATION
Reg. No./ ID NO. Name Origin Type Crop Science
CV775 PI517194 Tiber Montana, USDA HRW 32:1291
CV776 PI552816 Howell Illinois SRW 32:1292
CV777 PI542401 Rely Wash., USDA SWW 33:213
CV778 PI508287 GR863 Ohio SRW
CV779 PI508288 GR860 Ohio SRW
CV780 PI515951 GR876 Ohio SRW
CV781 PI555465 Excel Ohio SRW
CV782 PI561842 GA-Gore Georgia-USDA SRW
CV783 PI561843 GA-Andy Georgia-UsDA SRW
CV784 PI562700 Norm Minnesota-USDA HRS
CV785 PI557017 Fairview Idaho, Col.-USDA HRW
CV786 PI560334 AC Reed Alberta HRS
CV787 PI532994 Buchanan Washington-USDA HRW
CV788 PI557013 Meridian Idaho-USDA HRW
CV789 PI562653 Vista Nebraska-USDA HRW
GERMPLASM REGISTRATION
Reg. No. Name Origin Type Crop Science
GP330 Idaho DNSC Idaho-USDA rand. mating 32:290
GP331 TX85C5820-5 Texas greenbug 32:289
GP332 Hamlet Kansas-USDA H. fly 32:506
GP333 KS89WGRL9 Kansas-USDA stress-tol. 32:507
GP334 KS90WGRC10 Kansas-USDA leafrust 32:506
GP335 SC9019R1 Saskatchewan-AC sprout-tol. 32:838
GP336 SC8021V2 Saskatchewan-AC sprout.tol. 32:838
GP337-342 Ceruga1T06 Georgia, USDA leaf rust 32:1514
GP343 KS91WGRC14 Kansas, USDA stem rust 33:220
GP344 N86L177 Nebraska, USDA protein
GP345-350 OK91G201-6 Oklahoma awnlet
GP351 NE82438 Nebraska, USDA misc.
GP352 NE82533 Nebraska, USDA misc.
GP353 NE84557 Nebraska, USDA misc.
GP354 WA7217 Washington,USDA straw breaker ft rot
GP355 WA7437 Washington,USDA straw breaker ft rot
GP356 WA7666 Washington,USDA straw breaker ft rot
GP357 GRS1201 Oklahoma, USDA greenbug
GP358 KS84HW196 Kansas, USDA white winter
GP359 ID266 Idaho, USDA flour extr.
GP360-365 OK91G103-108 Oklahoma, USDA Al tolerance
Those considering registering cultivars, germplasm, parental
lines, or genetic stocks of wheat should refer to Crop Sci. 28:716-
717, which explains some of the procedures that are to be followed.
North America wheat research workers who wish to register cultivars
or germplasm may also write to any member of the wheat subcommittee
of CSSA Registration Committee (C852) for information. The members
of the 1993 committee are:
J. S. Quick Chm., Hard Red Winter Wheats, Colorado
R. H. Busch, Hard Red Spring and Durum Wheats, USDA-ARS, Minnesota
P. K. Zwer, Western USA Wheats, Oregon
D. J. Sammons, Soft Red Winter Wheats, Maryland
--------------------
IV. CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS FOR WHEAT
1993 SUPPLEMENT
R.A. McINTOSH1 (Co-ordinator), G.E. Hart2 and M.D. Gale3
1. The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, 107 Cobbitty Rd,
Cobbitty, N.S.W. 2570, Australia.
2. Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A & M University,
College Station, Texas, U.S.A., 77843-2474.
3. Cambridge Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UJ,
England.
The most recent edition of the Catalogue appears in the Proceedings of
the 7th International Wheat Genetics Symposium held at Cambridge, England
(pp. 1225-1323). This supplement has been offered to the editors of
Annual Wheat Newsletter and Wheat Information Service for inclusion in
their respective journals. A Catalogue revision is in progress.
Additions to Symbols List.
Cat catalase
Cs hybrid chlorosis Type 2
cl cleistogamous flowering in durums
Ce copper efficiency
Dhn dehydrin
Sd segregation distortion
Snb reaction to Septoria nodorum blotch
XTam DNA markers of unknown function: Texas A&M UniV., College
Station, Tx, USA
Anthocyanin Pigmentation
Red Auricles/Purple Leaf Base
Ra1 Ra (863). 1D (Gulyeeva (1984), cited in 1345); 2D (863).
Add: Melz and Thiele (1345) described a "purple leaf base" phenotype
where anthocyanin pigmentation extended to the leaf base as well as
auricles. Purple leaf base was expressed only when pigmentation
occurred in the coleoptiles.
Genes controlling purple leaf base were:
Ra2 (1345). 4B (1345).
Ra3 (1345). 6B (1345).
An5 5R (1345).
Cleistogamous Flowering in Durums
Cleistogamy, a rare flowering habit in durum wheats, is controlled by a
single recessive gene relative to chasmogamy (1349).
Cleistogamous genotypes clcldv: HI8332; WH880.
Chasmogamous genotypes Cl- dv: IWP5308; PWB34; WH872.
Copper Efficiency
Copper efficiency is a genetic attribute that enhances plant growth in
copper deficient soil.
Ce (1370). 4B*L(4BL.5RL) v: Cornell Selection 82a1-2-4-7
(1371). Backcross derivatives
of Cornell Selection to Oxley,
Timgalen, Warigal (1373).
Hairy necked Viking (1370).
ad: CS+5R (1372).
su: CS 5R(5D) (1372).
5BS(5BS.5RL).v: Sears' stock HN-2 (1373).
Backcross derivatives to Warigal
and Timgalen (1373).
Crossibility With Rye and Hordeum spp.
Kr4 (1374). 1A (1374). v: J-11.
DNA Markers:
REVISIONS
GROUP 1L
Xpsr549-1A delete ref. 1150.
GROUP 2S
Xbeta-Amy-2A,B,D add `(4B,D, 5A,)' in last column.
Xpsr108-2A,B,D delete ref. 1150.
Xpsr109 entry - modify to
'Xpsr109-2A,B,D (1),(2),(3) (937, 1150). PSR109. (5A,B,D).'
Xpsr946-2D add '5D' in last column.
GROUP 3S
Xpsr903-3A,B,D delete ref. 1150.
Xpsr689, 909, 910, 930 and 1196 change ref. 1150 to ref. 1165.
GROUP 3L
XCxp1-3A,B,D probe entry should be `p c.3 (948).'
XGlb33-3A,B,D change ref. 1150 to ref. 1165 and change probe ref. to
'1182'.
Xpsr170-3A,B,D add `D' in last column.
XGlb35, Xpsr754, 916, 923, 931, 1060, 1067, 1077, 1203 & 1205 and XTlp
change ref. 1150 to ref. 1165.
Xpsr56, 549, and 1149 delete ref. 1150.
GROUP 4S
Substitute the following for the current entries:
XNra-4A [919]. [XNra-4B (933, 919)]. bNRp10(918). (6A,B,D, 7A,D).
Xpsr119-4A[919]. [Xpsr119-4B (933, 919)]. PSR119. (7A,D).
Xpsr160-4A[919] [Xpsr160-4B (933, 919)]. PSR160. (7A,D).
XWx-4A [919]. [XWx-4B (933, 919)]. pcwx27(907). (7A,D).
GROUP 4L
Xbeta-Amy-B,D1 change probe entry to 'pcbetaC51 (935)' and add
` (2A,B,D, 5A)' in last column.
GROUP 5S
Xalpha-Amy-5A,B,D transfer to 5L.
Xpsr118-5A,B,D add ref. 1169.
Xpsr170-5A,B change to 'Xpsr170-5A,B,D' and add ref 1169.
GROUP 5L
Change Xalpha-Amy-5A,B,D entry to
'Xalpha-Amy-5A,B,D (1169). [alphaAmy3 (50)]. lambdaAmy33 (50)'.
Xbeta-Amy-A1 change probe entry to 'pcbetaC51 (935)' and
add '(2A,B,D, 4B,D)' in last column
XAcl3-5B add 1169 as ref. for locus and 1160 as ref.
for probe.
Xpsr79,115,120,145,164,360,426,912 add 1169 as ref. for locus.
GROUP 5
Remove Nor-D3 entry.
GROUP 6S
XCxp change to 'XCxp3' and add 1170 as ref.
for locus
XEmbp, XGli, Xpsr899 and Xpsr904 add 1170 as ref. for locus.
XNra-6A,B,D add '(4A,7A,D)' in last column.
GROUP 6L
Change Xalpha-Amy-6A,B,D entry to
'Xalpha-Amy-6A,B,D (915, 1170). [alpha-Amy1 (915)]. 2128(915).'
XEmbp-6A, Xpsr154 and Xpsr908 add 1170 as ref. for locus.
GROUP 7S
XNra-7A,D add '(4A, 6A,B,D)' in last column.
Xpsr108-7A,B,D delete ref. 933 and add '(2A,B,D)' in
last column.
Xpsr119-7A,D add '(4A)' in last column.
Xpsr150-7A,B,D delete ref. 933 and add '(2A,B,D,
5A,B,D)' in last column.
Xpsr160-7A,D delete ref. 933 and add '(4A)' in
last column.
XSs1-7A,B,D add '(1394)' as ref. for locus and
'(914)' as ref. for probe.
XWx-7A,D add '(4A)' in last column.
GROUP 7L
Remove Xpsr121-7A,B,D entry.
XEmbp-7D add 1394 as ref. for locus.
XFed-7A,B,D add 1394 as ref. for locus and insert
'pFed [960]' as probe entry.
New entries
GROUP 1S
Xpsr662-1B (1170). PSR662. (6A, 7A,B,D).
Xpsr1201-1A (1169). PSR1201 [a39 (1187).] (4D, 5A,B).
Xtam52-1A,B,D (1164). TAM52.
GROUP 1L
XGlb3-1A,B,D (1394). PSR121 (919), pLW2.1 (1190). (7A,B,D).
Xpsr59-1A,B,D (1161). PSR59. (4A,B.D).
Xtam2-1A,B,D (1164). TAM2.
Xtam7-1A,B,D (1164). TAM7.
Xtam14-1A,B,D (1164). TAM14.
Xtam22-1A,B,D (1164). TAM22.
Xtam35-1A,B,D (1164). TAM35.
Xtam65-1B (1164). TAM65. (2,4,7A, 3B, 7D)
GROUP 1
Xspr1101-1A (1154). PSR1101. (5A,B,D).
GROUP 2
Xpsr148-2A,B,D (1161). PSR148. (7A,B,D).
Xtam8-2A,B,D (1164). TAM8.
Xtam15-2A,B,D (1164). TAM15.
Xtam18-2A,B,D (1164). TAM18.
Xtam23-2A,B,D (1164). TAM23.
Xtam34-2A,B,D (1164). TAM34.
Xtam39-2A,B,D (1164). TAM39.
Xtam46-2A (1164). TAM46. (7B).
Xtam49-2A,D (1164). TAM49.
Xtam50-2A,B,D (1164). TAM50.
Xtam58-2D (1164). TAM58. (7B).
Xtam65-2A (1164). TAM65. (4,7A,1,3B,7D).
Xtam67-2B (1164). TAM67.
Xtam71-2A,B (1164). TAM71.
GROUP 3S
Xpsr547-3B (1168). PSR547. (7A,B,D).
Xtam5-3A,B,D (1164). TAM5.
Xtam12-3A,B,D (1164). TAM12.
Xtam19-3A,B,D (1164). TAM19.
Xtam55-3A,D (1164). TAM55.
Xtam56-3A,B,D (1164). TAM56.
Xtam61-3A,B,D (1164). TAM61.
Xtam73-3A,B,D (1164). TAM73.
GROUP 3L
XPer-3A,B,D (1161). BP1 (1189). (4A,7A,D).
Xtam11-3A,B,D (1164). TAM11.
Xtam33-3A,B,D (1164). TAM33.
Xtam48-3A,B,D (1164). TAM48.
Xtam63-3A,B,D (1164). TAM63.
Xtam72-3B (1164). TAM72. (4A).
GROUP 3
Xtam32-3A,B,D (1164). TAM32.
Xtam44-3A,B (1164). TAM44.
Xtam47-3A,D (1164). TAM47.
Xtam65-3B (1164). TAM65. (2,4,7A,1B,7D).
GROUP 4S
XGlo-4A,B,D (1166). PSP511 (1180).
GROUP 4L
XCat-4B,D (1169). pCat2.1c (1185). (5A).
XPer-4A (1167). BP1 (1189). (3A,B,D, 7A,D).
Xpsr59-4A,B,D (1168). PSR59. (1A,B,D).
Xpsr104-4A,B,D (1125). [Xpsr157 (944)]. PSR104.
Xpsr563-4D (1394). PSR563. (6A, 7A,D).
Xpsr567-4B,D (1169). PSR567. (5B,D, 7B).
Xpsr604-4A (1167). PSR604. (7A,D).
Xpsr914-4A,B,D (1168). PSR914.
Xpsr1051-4A, (1168),4B,D (1154). PSR1051.
Xpsr1201-4D (1169). PSR1201 [a39 (1187)]. (1A, 5A,B).
Xpsr1206-4A (1169). PSR1206. (5B).
Xpsr1316-4A (1169). PSR1316 [L3-17 (1188)]. (5B).
Xpsr1318-4A,B,D (1167). PSR1318 [L3-19 (1188].
GROUP 4
Xtam51-4A,B (1164). TAM51. (7A).
Xtam59-4B (1164). TAM59.
Xtam65-4A (1164). TAM65. (2,7A,1,3B,7D).
Xtam66-4D (1164). TAM66.
Xtam72-4A (1164). TAM72. (3B).
GROUP 5S
Nor-D3. See Nucleolus organizer regions.
Xpsr326-5A,B,D (1169). PSR326.
Xpsr618-5B (1169). PSR618.
Xpsr628-5A,B,D (1169). PSR628.
Xpsr929-5A,B,D (1169). PSR929.
Xpsr940-5A,B,D (1169). PSR940.
Xpsr945-5A,B,D (1169). PSR945.
Xpsr946-5D (1169). PSR946. (2D, 7A,DL,DS).
Xpsr1204-5A,B,D (1169). PSR1204.
Xtam41-5A,D (1164). TAM41.
Xtam53-5A,B,D (1164). TAM53.
Xtam54-5A,B,D (1164). TAM54.
GROUP 5L
XAcl2-5A,B,D (1169). pACPII (1183).
XAdpg1-5A,B,D (1169). WL:agal (1184).
XCat-5A (1169). pCat2.1c (1185). (4B,D).
Xpsr109-5A,B,D (1150). PSR109. (2A,B,D).
Xpsr370-5A,B,D (1169). PSR370.
Xpsr567-5B,D (1169). PSR567. (4B,D, 7B).
Xpsr574-5A,B,D (1169). PSR574.
Xpsr637-5A,B,D (1169). PSR637.
Xpsr906-5A,B,D (1169). PSR906.
Xpsr911-5A,B,D (1169). PSR911.
Xpsr918-5D (1169). PSR918.
Xpsr1094-5A,B,D (1169). PSR1094.
Xpsr1101-5A (1169),5B,D (1154). PSR1101. (1A).
Xpsr1194-5A,B,D (1154, 1169). PSR1194.
Xpsr1201-5A,B (1169). PSR1201 [a39 (1187)].(1A, 4D).
Xpsr1202-5A (1169). PSR1202.
Xpsr1206-5B (1169). PSR1206. (4A).
Xpsr1316-5B (1169). PSR1316[L3-17(1188)].(4A).
Xtam1-5A,B,D (1164). TAM1.
Xtam16-5A,B,D (1164). TAM16.
Xtam29-5A,B,D (1164). TAM29.
GROUP 5
Xtam37-5A,B,D (1164). TAM37.
Xtam38-5A,B,D (1164). TAM38.
Xtam40-5B,D (1164). TAM40.
Xtam43-5A,D (1164). TAM43.
Xtam68-5A (1164). TAM68. (6D).
Xtam70-5A (1164). TAM70.
Xtam75-5A,B,D (1164). TAM75.
XUba-5A,B,D (1169). pUBA1 (1186).
GROUP 6S
Xpsr106-6A,B,D (1170). PSR106.
Xpsr113-6A,B,D (1170). PSR113.
Xpsr141-6A,B,D (1170). PSR141.
Xpsr312-6A,B,D (1170). PSR312.
Xpsr627-6A,B,D (1170). PSR627.
Xpsr662-6A (1170). PSR662. (1B,7A,B,D).
Xpsr831-6A,B,D (1170). PSR831.
Xpsr962-6B,D (1170). PSR962.
Xpsr964-6B,D (1170). PSR964.
Xtam3-6A,B,D (1164). TAM3.
Xtam6-6A,B (1164). TAM6.
Xtam10-6A,B,D (1164). TAM10.
Xtam31-6A,B,D (1164). TAM31.
Xtam57-6A,B (1164). TAM57. (6DL).
Xtam60-6B (1164). TAM60.
Xtam68-6D (1164). TAM68. (5A).
GROUP 6L
Xpsr142-6A,B,D (1170). PSR142.
Xpsr149-6A,B,D (1170). PSR149.
Xpsr371-6A,B,D (1170). PSR371.
Xpsr546-6B,D (1170). PSR546.
Xpsr605-6A,B,D (1170). PSR605.
Xpsr915-6A,B,D (1170). PSR915.
Xtam9-6A,B,D (1164). TAM9.
Xtam17-6A,B,D (1164). TAM17.
Xtam21-6A,B,D (1164). TAM21.
Xtam25-6A,B,D (1164). TAM25.
Xtam26-6A,B,D (1164). TAM26.
Xtam27-6A,B,D (1164). TAM27.
Xtam28-6B,D (1164). TAM28.
Xtam36-6A,B,D (1164). TAM36.
Xtam57-6D (1164). TAM57. (6AS,BS).
Xtam74-6A,B,D (1164). TAM74.
GROUP 6
Xalpha-Amy-6D (1),(2),(3) [1133].[(alpha-Amy-1(A),(B),(C)-6D) 1133].
pHv10 (521).
XDhn-6D [1133]. [Xhv5-6D (1133)]. pTZ18R-DHN5 (1181).
Xpsr563-6A (1409). PSR563. (4D, 7A,D).
GROUP 7S
XPer-7A,D (1167). BP1 (1189). (3A,B,D, 4A).
Xpsr563-7A,D (1394). PSR563. (4D, 6A).
Xpsr567-7B (1169). PSR567. (4B,D, 5B,D).
Xpsr604-7A,D (1167). PSR604. (4A).
Xpsr662-7A,B,D (1167). PSR662. (1B, 6A).
Xpsr913-7A,B,D (1167). PSR913.
Xtam13-7A,B,D (1164). TAM13.
GROUP 7L
Nor-D4. See Nucleolus organizer regions.
XGlb3-7A,B,D (1167, 1394). PSR121(919),pLW2.1(1190). (1A,B,D).
Xpsr148-7A,B,D (1167). PSR148. (2A,B,D).
Xpsr311-7A,B,D (1168). PSR311.
Xpsr340-7A,B,D (1409). PSR340.
Xpsr350-7B,D (1394). PSR350.
Xpsr389-7A,B,D (1394). PSR389.
Xpsr547-7A,B,D (1168). PSR547. (3B).
Xpsr690-7A,B,D (1168). PSR690.
Xpsr965-7A,B,D (1167). PSR965.
GROUP 7
Xtam4-7A,B (1164). TAM4.
Xtam45-7A,B,D (1164). TAM45.
Xtam46-7B (1164). TAM46. (2A).
Xtam51-7A (1164). TAM51. (4A,B).
Xtam58-7B (1164). TAM58. (2D).
Xtam62-7A,B (1164). TAM62.
Xtam64-7A,B,D (1164). TAM64.
Xtam65-7A,D (1164). TAM65. (2,4A, 1,3B).
Xtam69-7A,B,D (1164). TAM69.
Gametocidal Activity
Genes with gametocidal activity in wheat are present in homoeologous
group 7 chromosomes of Thinopyrum elongatum (1360, 1364) and Th.
distichum (1361, 1363). Gene designations of Sd-1 and Sd-1d were
proposed in Zhang and Dvorak (1364) and Marais (1363), respectively.
Although very similar in effect, Sd-1d has a stronger gametocidal
effect than Sd-1 (1362, 1367). Chromosomal recombination events
modified the Sd-1d activity in certain Chinese Spring x Indis
derivatives (1363).
Hybrid Weakness
Progressive Necrosis
Ne1 tv: Langdon
The Chinese Spring 2BS telosome carries an Ne2 allele that is not present
in Chinese Spring (539).
Hybrid Chlorosis (Type 2) (1343).
Confered by complementary dominant genes originally designated Chl1 and
Chl2 (1342) but revised to Cs1 and Cs2, respectively.
Cs1 5A (1384).tv: T. dicoccum cv. Hokudai (1343).
Occurs at high frequency in the T.
paleocolchicum group of emmers.
Cs2 4G (1384).tv: Many accessions of T. timopheevi and
T. araraticum (1343, 1344).
Multiple allelism at the Cs2 locus is discussed in 1344.
Nucleolus organizer regions
NEW ENTRIES:
Nor-H1. [Nor-I1 (1173).] 1HS (1173). dv: Sultan.
Nor-D4 (1174). 7DL (1174). v: CS.
7DL (1174). dv: Ae. squarrosa.
Nor-H4. [Nor-I4 (1173)]. 7H (1173). dv: Sultan.
Nor-H5. [Nor-I5 (1173)] 2H (1173). dv: Sultan.
REVISIONS:
Nor-H2 add 6HS (1173). dv: Sultan (1173).
Nor-H3 add 5HS (1173). dv: Sultan (1173).
Pollen Killer
Add: "Modifiers also appear to be involved as Luig (1366 and
unpublished) found variation among kiki parents. Some F2 and F3
Sr11sr11 plants from Yalta/Chinese Spring crosses segregated with less
than 50% Sr11- phenotypes among the progeny indicating that killing
extended to eggs as well as pollen."
Proteins
2. Enzymes
II. Alcohol dehydrogenase (aliphatic)
Insert at the end of this section,
`A low-level of aliphatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity is
commonly observed on zymograms in the absence of added substrate (243);
this may account for the observation of wheat lactate dehydrogenase
that was reported in 1414.'
III. Aminopeptidase
Under Amp-B1 add
'Amp-B1c (1350). v: Sinvalocho M.A. (null) (1350).'
VI. Endopeptidase
Add 1176 as a reference for both the locus and the chromosome
arm for Ep-R1.
To the sentence after Ep-R1 that begins "An Ep locus was also
located ...,"add "and in 4R in Imperial (1176) using Chinese
Spring/Imperial addition lines."
XV. Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
Delete sentence that begins "Loci were also identified ...."
and substitute " Loci were also identified in 6B (1172), 1EL (1172), 1HL
(91, 532), 1Hch (163) and 1RL (394)."
XXV. Adenylate kinase
Adk-E1 add 7Ebeta (1172).
Adk-H1 add 7HS (1172).
New entry
Adk-H2 6HL (1172). ad: CS/Betzes
XXVI. Glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
Gpt-A1 (1178). 1AS (1178). ad: CS/Betzes.
Gpt-B1 (1178). 1BS (1178). ad: CS/Betzes.
Gpt-D1 (1178). 1DS (1178). ad: CS/Betzes.
Gpt-E1 (1178). 1ES (1178). ad: CS/Betzes.
Gpt-H1 (1178). 1H (1178). ad: CS/Betzes.
XXVII. Catalase
Cat-B1 (1177). [Cat-A1 (1177).] 4BL (1177). ad:CS/S. cereale.
3. Endosperm storage proteins
II. Gliadins
Add to text following Gli-D1:
'The Gli-1 alleles present in 57 Yugoslav wheat varieties have
been determined (1178).'
Add to text following Gli-D2:
'The Gli-2 alleles present in 57 Yugoslav wheat varieties have
been determined (1178).'
New entry:
Gli-R3 (1171). 1RS (1171). v: Four inbred lines
(R2, J14, 8t, E2666).
Pathogenic Disease/Pest Reaction
Reaction to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
Bdv1. 7D (1378). v: Anza, Condor (BW3991)1, Tyrant
(BW3872), Hahn (BW4097), Parrot
(BW10817), Siren (BW18643) (1378).
1CIMMYT bread wheat accession number.
Reaction to Diuraphis noxia
Dn4. v: PI 372129 (1354).
Dn5. 7D (1355). v: PI 294994 (1355).
Reaction to Erysiphe graminis
Pm1 v: BGRC 44514 Pm3a (1352).
Pm3a v: BGRC 44514 Pm1 (1352).
Pm3c v: Cawnpore (1352); Hindukusch (1352).
Pm3d (1352). Ml-k (1351), 1A (1352). v: Kolibri (1351, 1353, 1352);
Mlk (1358). Herold(1351); Ralle (1351);
Syros (1351),Kadett Pm4b
(1351); Turbo Pm4b (1351).
Pm3e (1352). v: Sydney University Accession W150=AUS 6449.
Pm3f (1352). i: Michigan Amber/8*Cc (1352). This
allele was distinguished from
Pm3c with only one of 13 pathogen
cultures.
Pm8 Some wheats which, on the basis of cytological and rust tests
carry 1RS from Petkus rye, do not express resistance e.g., Florida,
Heinrich, Olymp (1375); Sabina (1339).
Pm18 (1365). 7A (1365).v: M1N (1352; In 1351 this is described
as an undesignated subline of
Weihenstephan M1).
Pm19 (1365). 7D (1365).v: Synthetic XX 186 (1365).
dv: Ae. squarrosa (1365).
Reaction to Meloidogyne spp.
Rkn-mn1 (1381).3B (1383). v: Chinese Spring/Ae. variabilis No
1//Rescler/3/Lutin (1382).
Reaction to Phaeosphaeria nodorum
Disease: Septoria nodorum blotch
Snb1 (1368). 3AL (1368). v: Red Chief. EE8 Snb2.
Snb2 (1368). 2AL (1368). v: EE8 Snb1.
SnbTM (1368). 3AL (1368). v:
tv: T. timopheevii PI 290518.
Reaction to Puccinia graminis
Sr5 i: Sr5/7*LMPG(1340).
Sr6 i: Sr6/9*LMPG (1340).
Sr7a i: Sr7a/9*LMPG (1340).
Sr8a i: Sr8a/9*LMPG (1340).
Sr9a i: Sr9a/9*LMPG (1340).
Sr9b i: Sr9b/10*LMPG(1340).
Sr9d i: Sr9d/8*LMPG (1340).
Sr9e tv: See 1356.
Sr12 tv: Postulations for several durums
(1356).
Sr13 i: Sr13/9*LMPG (1340).
Sr18 i: Sr18/8*LMPG (1340).
Sr21 i: Sr21/8*LMPG (1340).
Sr22 i: Sr22/9*LMPG (1340).
Sr24 i: Sr24/9*LMPG (1340).
v: Amigo. Chromosome location unknown.
Also carries a 1AL.1RS
translocation with resistance from
rye(1380).
Sr25 i: Sr25/9*LMPG (1340).
Knott (1359) obtained two mutants of Agatha with reduced levels of
yellow pigment in the flour. One of these mutants lacked Sr25. Marais
(1362) reported that a gene very similar to Sr25, and designated Sr25d,
was present in the Inia 66 x Thinopyrum distichum derivative, Indis.
Marais (1362, 1363) also obtained mutants with reduced yellow pigment
in Indis derivatives and some of these lacked Sr25d.
Sr26 i: Sr26/9*LMPG (1340).
Sr27 i: Sr27/9*LMPG (1340).
Sr30 i: Sr30/7*LMPG - Lines 1,2, & 3 (1340).
Sr34 i: Sr34/6*LMPG (1340).
Sr36 i: Sr36/8*LMPG (1340).
Reaction to Puccinia recondita
Lr13 i Fifteen Thatcher lines with 2-gene
combinations (1357).
Lr19 Knott (1359) obtained two mutants of Agatha with reduced levels
of yellow pigment in the flour. Marais (1362) reported that a
gene very similar to Lr19 and designated Lr19d, was present in
the Inia 66 x Thinopyrum distichum derivative, Indis. Marais
(1362, 1363) obtained mutants and recombinant lines with
intermediate levels of, or no, yellow pigment. He (1363)
showed that in the lines lacking yellow pigment Lr19d was
transferred to a chromosome other than 7D.
Lr24 v: Amigo. Chromosome location unknown
(1380).
Lr34 i: Selections Jupeteco 73R Lr17 Lr27 + Lr31 and Jupateco
73S Lr17 Lr27 + Lr31 and Cocoraque 75 Lr13 Lr17 Lr27 +
Lr31 and Anhuac 75 Lr13 Lr17 Lr27 + Lr31, can be
considered near-isogenic for the presence and absence of
Lr34, respectively (1324). Thirteen Thatcher lines with
2-gene combinations (1358).
Lr38 (1313). 2AL (2AL-7Ai#2L) (1313). v: W49 (1313); T33 (1347).
1DL (1DL-7Ai#2L) (1347). v: T25 (1347).
3DS (3DS-7Ai#2L) (1347). v: T4 (1347).
5AS (5AS-7Ai#2L) (1347). v: T24 (1347).
6DL (6DL-7Ai#2L) (1347). v: T7 (1347).
su: W44; W52 (1347).
Lr42 (1369). 1D (1369). v: KS91WGRC11 = Century*3/
TA2450.
dv: T. tauchii TA2450.
Lr43 (1369). v: KS92WGRC16 = Triumph
64/3/ KS8010-71
/TA2470//TAM200.
dv: T. tauschii TA2470.
Lists of genotypes: 1324 (combinations with Lr34), 1339
(Czechoslovakian cultivars), 1348.
Reaction to Puccinia striiformis
Yr18 i: All Thatcher near-isogenic lines with Lr34 including the 13
2-gene combinations reported in 1358 (McIntosh, unpublished).
Reaction to Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus
Wsm1 (1338). 4A*L(4AL.4Ai-2S) (1315). v: CI17766 (1315).
4D (4DL.4Ai-2S) (1315). v: CI17884 (1315); KS90H445
(1315); KS90H450 (1315).
4Ai-2 (1315). ad: CI17881, CI17886 (1315).
4Ai-2 (4A*) (1315). su: CI15092 (1315).
4Ai-2 (4D) (1315). su: CI17882 CI17885 (1315).
Wsm1 is located in 4Ai-2S. CI 17882, CI 17884, CI 17885 and
KS90H445 also carry a 7S chromosome substituting for 7A (See Reaction
to Schizaphis graminum).
Genetic Linkages
Chromosome 1BS
tv: Gli-B1 - centromere 46.4 cM (1346).
Gli-B1 - Glu-B3 1.7% (701).
tv: Gli-B1 - Glu-B3 2.0% (1376).
Chromosome 1BL
tv: Centromere - Glu-B1 32.6 cM (1346).
Chromosome 1DS
Sr33 - Gli-D1 9.0 ñ 3.2cM (1385).
Chromosome 2BS
Lr16 - Sr40 34.4 ñ 4.1% (1322).
Sr40 - Sr36 21.9 ñ 2.4% (1322).
Sr40 - Lr13 1.0 ñ 0.6% (1322).
Sr40 - Lr23 4.7 ñ 1.2% (1322).
Sr40 - Sr9 28.0 ñ 3.3% (1322).
Chromosome 5BL
Centromere - Ne1 10.5 ñ 2.0cM (539.)
Chromosome 6AL
Centromere - alpha-Amy-A1 3.8 cM (1341).
Chromosome 6BS
Amp-B1 - Centromere <0.6% (1350).
Chromosome 6BL
Centromere - alpha-Amy-B3 35.5 cM (1341).
- alpha-Amy-B1 13.8 cM (1341).
alpha-Amy-B3 - alpha-Amy-B1 9.3 cM (1341).
Chromosome 6BL
Centromere - Lr3 I (1350).
Chromosome 6DS
Cmc1 - Centromere I (1379).
Chromosome 6DL
Centromere - alpha-Amy-D1 11.3 (1341).
Chromosome 7D
Lr34 - Yr18 0 (1323, 1377).
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Amendments to References
942. 83: 1019-1021.
949 83: 931-939.
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1071. 1990. Genome 33: 530-537.
1072. 1990. Location of a Triticum speltoides chromosome segment
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1109. 1992. J. Cereal Sci 15: 29-37.
1145. 84: 339-344.
1150. 1993 Comparative RFLP maps of the homoeologous group 2
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1154. Cheung WY, Moore G, Money TA & Gale MD 1992 Theor Appl Genet 84:
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1161. Gale MD, Personal communication, 1992, 1993.
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1163. 83: 1035-1043.
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1322. Dyck PL 1992 Transfer of a gene for stem rust resistance from
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1324. Association between gene Lr34 for leaf rust resistance and leaf
tip necrosis in wheat. Crop Science 32: 874-878.
1325. Singh RP, PA Burnett, M. Albarran and S. Rajaram. 1993. Bdv1: a
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1164. Devey ME & Hart GE 1993 Chromosomal localization of RFLP loci in
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1165. Devos KM, Gale MD 1993 Extended genetic maps of the homoeologous
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1166. Millan T, Devos KM, Chinoy CN, Litts JL, Quatrano RS, Gale MD
1992 Chromosomal location and RFLP utility in wheat and barley of a
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1167. Devos KM, Atkinson MD, Chinoy CN, Harcourt RL, Koebner RMD, Liu
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1992 RFLP mapping of rye chromosome 7R reveals a highly translocated
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1172. Sun M & Dvorak J 1992 Chromosomal location of adenylate kinase,
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1173. Leitch IJ and Heslop-Harrison JS 1992 Physical mapping of the
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1174. Mukai Y, Endo T & Gill BS 1992 Physical mapping of the 18S-
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Regulation of gene expression in wheat embryos by abscisic acid;
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1182. Wang J, Xu P, Fincher GB 1992 (1-3)-beta-glucanase isozyme GIII
from barley (Hordeum vulgare). Eur J Biochem 209: 103-109.
1183. Hansen L, Kauppinen S 1991 Barley Acyl carrier protein II:
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1184. Olive MR, Ellis RJ, Schuch WW (1989) Isolation and nucleotide
sequences of cDNA clones encoding ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
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1185. Bethards LA, Skadsen RW, Scandalios JG 1987 Isolation and
characterization of a cDNA clone for the Cat2 gene in maize and its
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1186. Hatfield PM, Callis J, Vierstra RD 1990 Cloning of ubiquitin
activating enzyme from wheat and expression of a functional protein in
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1187. Clarke BC, Stancombe P, Money T, Foote T, Moore G 1992 Targeting
deletion (homoeologous chromosome pairing locus) or addition line
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1188. Wang ML, Leitch A, Schwarzacher T, Heslop-Harrison J, Moore G
1992 Construction of a chromosome enriched HpaII library from flow-
sorted wheat chromosomes. Nucleic Acids Res 20: 1897-1901.
1189. Rasmussen SK, Welinder KG, Hejgaard J 1991 cNDA cloning,
characterization and expression of an endosperm-specific barley
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1190 Loi L, Ahluwalia B, Fincher GB 1988 Chromosomal location of
genes encoding barley (1-3,1-4)-beta-glucan 4-glucanohydrolases. Plant
Physiol 87: 300-302.
1338. Friebe B 1992 Personal Communication.
1339. Lutz J Limpert E Bartos P & Zeller FJ 1992 Identification of
powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
I. Czechoslovakian cultivars. Plant Breeding 108: 33-39.
1340. Knott DR 1990 Near-isogenic lines of wheat carrying genes for
stem rust resistance. Crop Science 30: 901-905.
1341. Nishikawa K 1991 Chromosome mapping by use of aneuploids in
wheat. Wheat Information Service 72: 60-63.
1342. Tsunewaki K & Hamada J 1968 A new type of hybrid chlorosis
found in tetraploid wheats. Japanese Journal of Genetics 43: 279-288.
1343. Tsunewaki K & Nakai Y 1973 Considerations on the origin and
speciation of four groups of wheat from the distribution of necrosis
and chlorosis genes. Proceedings of the 4th International Wheat
Genetics Symposium, Columbia, Missouri (Sears ER & Sears LMS eds) pp.
123-129.
1344. Kawahara T 1991 Further analysis of Cs chlorosis observed in
hybrids between emmer and the timopheevi group of tetraploid wheats.
Wheat Information Service 72: 83.
1345. Melz G & Thiele V 1990 Chromosome locations of genes
controlling 'purple leaf base' in rye and wheat. Euphytica 49: 155-
159.
1346. Curtis CA & Lukaszewski AJ 1991 Genetic linkage between C-bands
and storage proteins in chromosome 1B of tetraploid wheat. Theoretical
and Applied Genetics 81: 245-252.
1347. Friebe B, Jiang JM, Gill BS & Dyck PL Radiation-induced
nonhomoeologous wheat - Agropyron intermedium chromosomal
translocations conferring resistance to leaf rust. Submitted.
1348. Singh RP & Gupta AK 1991 Genes for leaf rust resistance in
Indian and Pakistani wheats tested with Mexican pathotypes of Puccinia
recondita f. sp. tritici. Euphytica 57: 27-36.
1349. Chhabra AK & Sethi SK 1991 Inheritance of cleistogamous
flowering in durum wheat (Triticum durum ). Euphytica 55: 147-150.
1350. Sacco F Tranquillo G Gorgoschidse L & Suarez E 1991
Aminopeptidase B1: a centromere marker for chromosome 6B of wheat.
Genome 35: 261-263.
1351. Heun M & Fischbeck G 1987 Genes for powdery mildew resistance
in cultivars of spring wheat. Plant Breeding 99: 282-288.
1352. Zeller FJ Lutz J & Stephan U 1993 Manuscript.
1353. Heun M & Fischbeck G 1989 Inheritance of the powdery mildew
resistance Mlk in wheat. Plant Breeding 103: 262-264.
1354. Quick J 1992 Personal Communication.
1355. Marais GF & du Toit F A monosomic analysis of Russian wheat
aphid resistance in the common wheat PI 294994. Manuscript.
1356. Singh RP Bechere E & Abdalla O 1992 Genetic analysis of
resistance to stem rust in ten durum wheats. Phytopathology 92: 919-
922.
1357. Kolmer JA 1992 Enhanced leaf rust resistance in wheat
conditioned by resistance gene pairs with Lr13. Euphytica 61: 123-
130.
1358. German SE & Kolmer JA 1992 Effect of Lr34 in the enhancement
of resistance to leaf rust of wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics
84: 97-105.
1359. Knott DR 1984 The genetic nature of mutations of a gene for
yellow pigment linked to Lr19 in 'Agatha' wheat. Can J Genet Cytol
26: 392-393.
1360. Kibirige-Sebunya I & Knott DR 1983 Transfer of stem rust
resistance to wheat from an Agropyron chromosome having a gametocidal
effect. Can J Gen Cytol 25: 215-221.
1361. Marais GF 1990 Preferential transmission in bread wheat of a
chromosome segment derived from Thinopyrum distichum (Thunb.) L”ve.
Plant Breeding 104: 152-159.
1362. Marais GF 1992 Gamma irradiation induced deletions in an alien
chromosome segment of the wheat 'Indis' and their use in gene mapping.
Genome 35: 225-229.
1363. Marais GF 1992 The modification of a common wheat - Thinopyrum
distichum translocated chromosome with a locus homoeoalletic to Lr19.
Theor Appl Genet 35: 73-78.
1364. Zhang HB & Dvorak J 1990 Characterization and distribution of
an interspersed repeated nucleotide sequence from Lophopyrum elongatum
and mapping of a segregation distortion factor with it. Genome 33:
927-936.
1365. Zeller FJ 1992 Personal Communication.
1366. Luig NH 1968 Mechanisms of differential transmission of gametes
in wheat. Proceedings of the 3rd International Wheat Genetics
Symposium, Australian Acadamy of Science, Canberra (Finlay KW &
Shepherd KW eds) pp. 322-323.
1367. Marais GF 1992 Genetic control of a response to the segregation
allele, Sd-1d in the common wheat line 'Indis'. Euphytica 60: 89-95.
1368. Hughes GR 1993 Personal Communication.
1369. Cox TS 1993 Personal Communication.
1370. Schlegel RT Werner T & Hlgenhof E 1991 Confirmation of a
4BL.5RL wheat rye translocation line in wheat cultivar 'Viking' showing
high copper efficiency. Plant Breeding 107: 226-234.
1371. Graham RD 1978 Nutrient efficiency objectives in cereal
breeding. Plant Nutrition 1978. Proceedings of the 8th International
Colloquium on Plant Analysis and Fertilizer Problems, Auckland, NZ
pp. 165-170.
1372. Graham RD 1984 Breeding for nutritional characteristics in
cereals. Advances in Plant Nutrition 1: 57-102.
1373. Graham RD Asher JS Ellis PAE & Shepherd KW 1987 Transfer to
wheat of the copper efficiency factor carried on rye chromosome 5RL.
Plant Soil 99: 107-114.
1374. Zhang YL Luo MC Yen C & Yang JL 1992 Study on the inheritance
of the crossability of a new common wheat strain "J-11" with rye. Acta
Genetica Sinica In press.
1375. Friebe B Heun M & Bushuk W 1989 Cytological characterization,
powdery mildew resistance and storage protein composition of tetraploid
and hexaploid 1BL/1RS wheat-rye tanslocation lines. Theor Appl Genet
78: 425-432.
1376. Pogna JC Autran C Mellini F Lafiandra D & Feillet P 1990
Chromosome 1B encoded gliadins and glutenins subunits in durum wheat:
genetics and relationship to gluten strength. J Cereal Sci 11: 15-34.
1377. McIntosh RA 1992 Close genetic linkage of genes confering
adult-plant resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust in wheat. Plant
Pathology 41: 523-527.
1378. Singh RP 1992 Personal Communication.
1379. Thomas JB & Whelan EDP 1991 Genetics of wheat curl mite
resistance in wheat: recombination of Cmc1 with the 6D centromere.
Crop Sci 31: 936-938.
1380. The TT Gupta RB Dyck PL Appels R Hohmann U & McIntosh RA
1992 Characterization of stem rust resistant derivatives of wheat
cultivar Amigo. Euphytica 58: 245-252.
1381. Yu MQ Person-Dedrywer F & Jahier J 1990 Resistance to root
knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) transferred from Aegilops
variabilis Eig to bread wheat. Agronomie 6: 451-456.
1382. Yu MQ, Jahier J & Person-Dedryver F 1992 Genetics of two
mechanisms of resistance to Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) in an Aegilops
variabilis Eig accession. Euphytica 58: 267-273.
1383. Jahier J 1992 Personal communication.
1384. Tsunewaki K 1992 Aneuploid analysis of hybrid necrosis and
hybrid chlorosis in tetraploid wheats using the D genome chromosome
substitution lines of durum wheat. Genome 35: 594-601.
1385. Czarnecki EM & Lukow OM 1992 Linkage of stem rust resistance
gene Sr33 and the gliadin (Gli-D1) locus on chromosome 1DS. Genome
35: 565-568.
--------------------
V. ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND
Financial Statement
Account Number 52-732-7, Brenton Bank & Trust Company, Johnston, IA
Ian B. Edwards, Treasurer: Annual Wheat Newsletter
The level of financial support for the Annual Wheat Newsletter
decreased slightly during 92-93, and the current fund balance (as of
April 15, 1993) is at $5,258.25 (compared with $5,484.53 in 1991-92
and $4,065.65 in 1990-91).
We are pleased to welcome the following new corporate or
institutional contributors:
Agripro Biosciences, Inc., Brookston, IN
California Wheat Commission, Woodland, CA
Campbell Taggart, Inc., Dallas, TX
Cargill, Incorporated, Wichita, KS
Ciba Agricultural Biotechnology, Research Triangle Park, NC
ConAgra Grain, Omaha, NE
Continental Baking Company, St. Louis, MO
Hybrinova, Cedex, France
Kansas Wheat Commission, Manhattan, KS
Nebraska Wheat Board, Lincoln, NE
USDA - Soft Wheat Quality Lab, Wooster, OH
A total of 132 individual contributors made donations to Volume 39,
compared to 151 for Volume 38. All those whose donations were received on
or before April 15 are acknowledged in the pages that follow. Those who
contributed between April 15 and June 1 may still expect to receive a copy
of the AWN, and their financial support is also appreciated. However, owing
to the high costs of printing the AWN, we are only able to print a certain
number of copies, and requests received from new contributors after June 1
will likely not be filled. We apologize for this and ask for your under-
standing. Printing is limited by available funding, and we try to meet all
requests received on time.
A special thanks is extended to Dr. J. S. Noll (Canada), Dr. R. A.
McIntosh (Australia), Dr. Ricardo H. Maich (Argentina), and R. M. DePauw
(Canada) for coordinating individual contributions. We would encourage
individuals in other overseas countries to volunteer and coordinate local
contributions; the use of a single bank draft represents a substantial
savings in time and bank charges and is much appreciated by your treasurer.
Certain institutions have indicated that they are only able to pay by
invoice. In such instances, please notify your treasurer as to the amount
that you are willing to donate, and we will gladly send you an invoice.
It has been a pleasure to serve as your treasurer this past year, and
I would again like to extend my thanks to all of those who so graciously
support our Newsletter.
Current Year Previous Year
Balance as of October 30, 1992 $ <506.75> $ <247.22>
Contributions (Oct. 30, 1992 to
April 15, 1993, plus interest
on checking): 5,765.00 5,731.75
Total Fund Balance (Previous
balance, plus 1992-93): 5,258.25 $ 5,484.53
1993 (VOLUME 39) AWN CONTRIBUTORS
(Contributions $200 to $999)
Agripro Biosciences, Inc., Koy E. Miskin, P.O. Box 411, Brookston, IN,
47923
HybriTech Seed International, Inc., John Erickson, 5912 N. Meridian,
Wichita, RS, 67204
National Wheat Improvement Committee, Rollin Sears, Chairman, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, KS, 666506-5501
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., Ian B. Edwards, 6800 Pioneer Parkway,
Johnston, IA; Greg Marshall, R.R. 1, Windfall, IN, 46076
(Contributions $100 to $199)
Camas Wheat Breeding, Warren Pope, 1206 E. F Str., Moscow, ID, 83843
Campbell Taggart, Inc., 6211 Lemmon Avenue, Dallas, TX, 75266-0217
Cargill, Incorporated, Gary Yee, Flour Milling Division, P.O. Box 2696,
Wichita, KS, 67201
Cargill, Incorporated, Sid Perry, 2540 East Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO,
80525
ConAgra Grain, P.O. Box 3500, Omaha, NE, 68103-0500
John Innes Centre for Plant Science Research, Mike Gale, Colney Lane,
Norwich NR4 7UH, U.K.
Kansas Wheat Commission, Steven Graham, 2630 Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS,
66502
Louisiana State University Ag. Center, Stephen A. Harrison, Dept. of
Agronomy, 104 Madison B. Sturgiss Hall, Baton Rouge, La, 70803-2110
Nebraska Wheat Board, Ron Maas, P.O. Box 94912, Lincoln, NE, 68509
PROCOSEM S.A., Chapon Michel, Domaine du Chaumoy, Le Subdray, 18570 La
Chapelle St. Ursin, France
USDA - Soft Wheat Quality Lab, Patrick Finney & Lonnie Andrews, Campus of
OARDC, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, 44691
Western Plant Breeders, Dan Biggerstaff, P.O. Box 1409, Bozeman, MT, 59715
(Contributions $50 to $99)
Bryce C. Abel, MBS, Inc., P.O. Box 308, Ames, IA, 50010
Robert K. Bequette, Dept. of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State
University, Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506
California Wheat Commission, Bonnie Fernandez, Box 2267, Woodland, CA,
95776-2267
EBECO-HANDELSRAAD, R. K. Rai, Plant Breeding Station, P.O. Box 139, 8200 AC
Lelystad, The Netherlands
Okkyung Kim Chung, USDA-US Grain Marketing Research Lab, 1515 College Ave.,
Manhattan, KS, 66502
Ciba Agricultural Biotechnology, Susan M. Jayne, P.O. Box 12257, Research
Triangle Park, NC, 27709
Continental Baking Company, Checkerboard Square, St. Louis, MO, 63164
Nordsaat Saatzuchtges.mbH, Zuchtstation Langenstein, Boehnshausen, 0-3721
Germany
Rex K. Thompson, Farmers Marketing Corporation, P.O. Box 60578, Phoenix,
AZ, 85082
David Worrall, Texas A & M University, Texas Agricultural Experiment
Station. P.O. Box 1658. Vernon. TX. 76384
Robert E. Allan
James A. Anderson
T. Aung
Robert K. Bacon
P. Stephen Baenziger
B. Ballantyne
Ron Barnett
P. Bartos
William Berzonsky
Franca Bidinost
Harold E. Bockelman
Diego Ricardo Bonelli
Myron Brakke
Hans-Joachim Braun
Phil L. Bruckner
L. Burgess
Allan J. Ciha
John M. Clarke
Fred C. Collins
Natalia Contin
Barry M. Cunfer
Christine Curtis
Byrd C. Curtis
E. Czarnecki
N. Darvey
E. Deambrogio
Dennis J. Delaney
R. M. DePauw
Dennis J. Dunphy
P. L. Dyck
Ian B. Edwards
F. Ellison
Everett H. Everson
George Fedak
M. R. Fernandez
Carola Ferraris
Bernardo Ferro
Bikram S. Gill
Lisardo J. Gonzalez
Alice Guthrie
S. Haber
J. H. Hatchett
Elmer G. Heyne
David Hole
N. K. Howes
Robert Hunger
Russell Karow
E. R. Kerber
A. Khan
M. B. Kirkham
F. J. Kloppers
J. Kolmer
Calvin F. Konzak
M. I. P. Kovacs
M. D. Lazar
J. Dudley Leaphart
D. Leisle
Roland F. Line
Walter Hugo Londero
Adam J. Lukaszewski
David Luckett
O. Lukow
M. Mackay
Charles T. MacKown
Ricardo Hector Maich
K. Malkoff
Gabriel Augusto Manera
G. F. Marais
D. Mares
D. R. Marshall
Bob Matchett
Paul J. Mattern
C. May
Tom McCaig
R. A. McIntosh
R. I. H. McKenzie
Wayne McProud
Robert J. Metzger
Jerry F. Miller
Gene Milus
S. Moore
A. Morgunov
Charles F. Murphy
Timothy D. Murray
Hiro Nakamura
Hans G. Nass
Lloyd R. Nelson
Perry K. W. Ng
J. S. Noll
Ron Normann
L. O'Brien
Carlos Angel Olmos
Marc Pacaux
R. F. Park
Juan Carlos Pavoni
Wayne L. Pedersen
G. Penner
C. James Peterson
David R. Porter
Kenneth B. Porter
J. M. Prescott
Z. A. Pretorius
D. Procunier
Carlos R. Riede
Rodolfo Roldan
Robert W. Romig
Jackie Rudd
Fernando Salvagiotti
David J. Sammons
J. A. Martin Sanchez
Rollin G. Sears
Gregory Shaner
P. Sharp
M. Walker Simmons
Bent Skovmand
Mark E. Sorrells
Debra K. Steiger
F. Stoddard
Donald W. Sunderman
Luther Talbert
D. The
P. Thomas
T. F. Townley-Smith
R. Trethowan
Maxime Trottet
Wayne E. Vian
David A. Van Sanford
N. Watanabe
C. Wellings
Norman D. Williams
James A. Wilson
P. Wilson
--------------------
VI. VOLUME 40, MANUSCRIPT GUIDELINES
1.
The required format for Volume 40 will be the same as for Volume 39.
Cost of production and quality of the end product require using
computer files and a laser printer (see guidelines in #3 below). Send
your written contributions to James Quick and financial contributions
to Ian Edwards. Considering recent cost increases, a $15 contribution
would seem appropriate. Your careful attention to editorial details
below would be very helpful.
2.
Subject matter contributions related to wheat:
- germplasm development and genetic stocks, new cultivars
- breeding procedures, equipment, techniques, computerization
- diseases, insects, quality, production practices, weed control,
fertilizer responses
- untried ideas
- personnel changes
- list of recent publications (not other references to support
materials and methods, etc.)
3.
All text will be entered in computer files; therefore, please submit
your manuscript on a 5 1/4 inch diskette if at all possible. Use Word
Perfect 4.2, 5.0, or 5.1 programs or send an ASCII file which we can
convert. Use Courier 12 CPI and avoid indents (F4 in Word Perfect)and
tabs in the text. Maintenance of correct spacing during conversion of
tables to a reduced size script is difficult, so please submit tables
in "Tables" format in WP 5.1 if possible and send hard copies using
CPI = 12 and a maximum width of 17 cm. Double-space the text of your
contribution if you must use a typewriter. Do not fold your
manuscript.
4.
Do not submit manuscript with literature reviews. Tabular material,
if not in computer files, must be brief, simple, and camera-ready in
a maximum width of 17 cm (send original, not photocopy). Use CPI =
12.
5.
If line drawings are presented, they should be suitable for direct
use, i.e., camera-ready original copy in a maximum space of 17 x 17
cm.
6.
No acknowledgements of contributions are made.
7.
Some editorial changes are made. PLEASE NOTE that "cultivar", not
variety, is used throughout, semidwarf is one word, kg/ha is
preferred to kg ha-1, and Crop Science should be used as a guide.
Use Volume 39 as a guide for page headings for country, state or
province, and authors. Underline subject headings at the beginning
of the first line of the paragraph. Use the pedigree writing system
of Purdy, et al., Crop Science. Coordination of manuscript
preparation, combined listing of authors, and dispatch within
research locations would aid in organization, provision of copies,
etc.
8.
The mailing list is revised annually for contributors for all
countriesand includes the following:
- those who make a written contribution; sent only to senior author
(identified by *) unless otherwise requested
- those who make a financial contribution
- for those who do neither, a request for a copy must be made in
writing
- the AWN is sent only to individuals. We suggest, however, that you
place a copy in your local library for others to use.
9.
The Annual Wheat Newsletter is sponsored by the USA National Wheat
Improvement Committee and is financed by voluntary contributions.
Older copies may be available - contact Elmer Heyne, Kansas State
University.
10.
Send only one copy of your written contributions to the editors by 15
February 1992.
11.
The AWN size and contributions have increased considerably, and that
is good news! Include a minimum of tables and not much detail of
apparent local interest only; readers can correspond with the author
for more details.
12.
The editor appreciates your careful assistance in manuscript
preparation, and suggestions for improved communication are
appreciated. The job has been made much easier by the receipt of
information on computer diskettes and local coordination of
manuscripts.
--------------------
VII. MAILING LIST
Carefully check the present mailing list to see that your address is
correct. We need complete information on each individual because in most
cases of multiple authors, we often do not know in what department or area
each person is involved. Please clearly type or print your name and
address.
At the time of printing the mailing list for Volume 39 was:
ARGENTINA
Jose Buck S.A., 7637 La Dulce, Necochea - L.J. Gonzales
Juan Carlos Pavoni, Calle 26 - Nro. 4017, 7630 Necochea, BsAs
Ricardo H. Maich, Faculty Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad
Nacional
de Cordoba, Cassilla de Correo 509-C Central
H.E. Hopp, Instituto Biologia Molecular, CICV, INTA Castelar, CC77,
1708 Moron
Instituto de Recursos Biologicos, CIRN-INTA-Castellar-E. Suarez
AUSTRALIA
NEW SOUTH WALES
Agricultural Research Station, RMB 944, Tamworth, 2340, M. C. Mackay,
R. Hare
Agricultural Research Institute, Wagga Wagga 2650 - B. Ballantyne,
Cedric May, D. Luckett, A. Khan
Cargill Wheat Research, P. O. Box W252, West Tamworth 2340 - Peter
Wilson
I. A. Watson Wheat Research Center, P. O. Box 219, Narrabri 2390 - L.
O'Brien, F.W. Ellison, D. J. Mares, S. G. Moore
University of Sydney, Detp. of Plant Pathology, Sydney 2006 - D.R.
Marshall
University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute, Cobbitty Road,
Cobbitty 2570 - R.A. McIntosh, C. Wellings, D. The, R.F. Park, N.
Darvey, P. Sharp, A. Khan, R. Trethovan
CSIRO Wheat Research Unit, P.O. Box 7, North Ryde 2113 - C. Wrigley
QUEENSLAND
Wheat Research Inst., P. O. Box 5282, Toowoomba, 4350 - Bob Rees,
D.J. Martin, P. Brennan, R.L. Eiseman, G. Wildermuth
SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Waite Agricultural Research Inst., Department of Agronomy, Glen
Osmond 5065 - H. Wallwork
Roseworthy Agric. College, Roseworthy 5371 - G. Hollamby, A.
Bayraktor
WEST AUSTRALIA
Dept. of Agric., Jarrah Road, S. Perth 6151 - R. Wilson
BANGLADESH
Dep. Genetics & Breeding, Bangladesh Agric. Univ., Mymensingh - M. A.
Hossain
BELGIUM
Station d'Amelioration des Plantes, Rue du Bordia 4, B-5800, Gembloux
- G. Clamat
BRAZIL
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo, Caixa Postal 569, 99 100 Passo
Fundo, RS - C. N. A. Sousa, J.C.S. Moreira, P.L. Scheeren
CNPT/EMBRAPA, Cx Postal 569, 99001 Passo Fundo, R.S. - A.C. Baier
Universidade Federal do RS, Departamento de Genetica, Cx. P. 1953,
90.001 Porto Alegre, RS - Leo de J.A. Del Duca
Melhoramento de Sementes, Rua Joao Battisti, 76 Passo Fundo, RS 99
05o - O.S. Rosa
EMBRAPA-UEPAE de Dorados, Caixa Postal 661, 79800 Dourados, MS -
A.C.P. Goulart, A. L. Barcellos
BULGARIA
Institute of Introduction and Plant Genetic Resources, 4122 Sadovo,
Plovdiv - V.I. Vassilev, B. Boyadjieva, S. Stoyanova
CANADA
ALBERTA
Ag. Canada Research, Bag Service 5000, Lacombe T0C 150 - Peter Burnett
Alberta Wheat Pool, Alberta Wheat Pool Bldg., Calgary, T2P 2P5 - B.
A. Friesen
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lethbridge, T1J 481 - Julian
Thomas Field Crop Dev. Center, Alberta Agric., Bag 47, Lacombe T0C
150
MANITOBA
Agriculture Canada Research Station, 195 Dafoe Road, Winnipeg, R3T
2M9 - E. M. Czarnecki, P. L. Dyck, N. K Howes, E. R. Kerber, O.
Lukow,
M. Kovacs, D. Leisle, J. S. Noll, T. F. Townley-Smith, W. Kim, R. I.
McKenzie, S. Haber, T. Aung, P. Thomas, J.A. Kolmer, G. Pennar, D.
Procunier Manitoba Pool Elevators, 220 Portage Ave., Winnipeg, R3C
0A6 - D. W. Wilton
United Grain Growers Ltd., P. O. Box 6600 - Winnipeg, R3C 3A7 - J. A.
White Deiter Mulitze, Agromix Software, P.O. Box 67, Portage la
Prairie R1N 3B2 ONTARIO
Agriculture Canada, Plant Research Center, Ottawa K1A 0C6 - George
Fedak
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Charlottetown, C1A 7M8 - H. G.
Nass, H.W. Johnston
SASKATCHEWAN
Agriculture Canada Research Station, Swift Current, S9H 3X2 - R. M.
DePauw, J. M. Clark, T. N. McCaig
Canada Coop. Wheat Prod., Sask. Wheat Pool, Regina, S4P 2Y6 - J. O.
Wright
CHINA
Wheat Inst., Henan Academy of Agric. Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan - Lin
Zuo-ji
Nanjing Agricultural College, Dept. of Agronomy, Nanjing, Jiangsu
210014 - Zhaosu Wu
Beijing Agricultural University, Dept. of Agronomy, Beijing - Q. Sun,
Luxiang Liu
Inst. of Crop Breeding and Cultivation, Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, Department of Wheat Breeding, Beijing - Heng Li Wang
Academy of Agriculture, Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu - Cao Ke Chang
Dry Farming Institute, 6 Nan Men Kou St., East of Bridge, Hengshui
City, Hebei Province - Fengwu Zhao
CROATIA
Poljoprivredni Institut Zagub, Za Oplemenjivanje - Biblioteka,
Marulicev Trg 5/1, Box 309, 4100 Zagreb - S. Tomasovic, B. Koric
CZECH
Inst. of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Praha 6, Ruzyne 507 - P. artos,
Z. Stehno
Plant Breeding Station Uhretice, 538 32 Ahretice, Okres Chrudim -
Pavel Amler Cereal Research & Breeding Inst., Dept. of Genetics,
Havlickova 2787, 767 41 Kromeriz - J. Smocek
DENMARK
Carlsberg Plant Breeding, G. L. Carlsberg, Vej 10-DK-2500,
Copenhagen, Valby - J. Larsen
ESTONIA
Institute of Experimental Biology, Estonian Academy of Science, Harju
rajoon, Harku, 203051 Estonia, SSR, USSR - O. Priilinn
ETHIOPIA
Holetta Research Station, Inst. of Agricultural Research, P. O. Box
2003, Addis Abada - Gebre-Mariam Hailu
FRANCE
Hybrinova, Z. E. de Courtaboef 1-16, Ave. de la Baltique, 91953 Les
Ulis Cedex - A. Bergais, Ch. Quandall
Station de Selection Weibull, Semonville, Cedex 1824, 28310 Janville
- J. P. Jossett
INRA, BP29, 35650 Le Rheu, 35 Rennes Villejean - M. Trottet
Lochow Petkus, PN 154, 28150 Allones - Marc Paceux
GERMANY
Institut fur Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzuchtung, Der Universitat
Gottingen, 34 Gottingen, V., Seibold Strasse 8 - Gerhard Robbelen, K.
Rudolf
Technische Universitat Munchen, Institut fur Pflanzenbau und
Pflanzenzuchtung, 8050 Freising, Weihenstephan - F. J. Zeller
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Genetics Institute, Corrensstrasse 5,
4325 Gatersleben - D. Mettin, A. Boerner, R. Schlegel
Landesanstalt fur Bodenkultur u Pflanzenbau, P221, Vottinger Str. 38,
8050 Freising - G. Zimmerman
Nordsaat S. Aatzuchtges, Zuchstation Langenstein, Boehnshausen 3721 -
A. Meinel
HUNGARY
Agricultural Research Inst., Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462
Martonvasar - Laszlo Balla, Z. Bedo, L. Lang, J. Sutka
Cereal Research Inst., Wheat Breeding Dep., P.O. Box 391, 6701 Szeged
- J. Maruz, L. Bona, Z. Kertesz
INDIA
BIHAR
IARI Regional Res. Sta., Pusa 848125 - M. P. Jha
HARYANA
Indian Agricultural Research Inst., New Delhi - 110012
Division of Genetics - R. N. Sawhney, Dalmir Singh, S.M.S. Tomar, J.
G. Bohowal
HIMACHYAL PRADESH
H.P. Krishi Vishva Vidyalya Research Station, Palanpur 176062 -
Satish Sharma, G.S. Sethi
PUNJAB
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab 141004, Vice
Chancellor - K. S. Gill, H. S. Dhaliwal
IRAN
Seed and Plant Improv. Institute, 4119, Mardabad Road, Karaj - A.
Maroofi
ITALY
Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, via Cassia 176, 00191
Rome- V. Vallega, M. Pasquini, M. G. D'Eggidio
Istituto Cerealicoltura, via Mulino 3, 20079 San Angelo Lodigiano
(Milano) - B. Borghi, M. Perenzin
Societa Produttori Sementi, Via Macero 1, 40050 Argelato (BO) - E.
Deambrogio
JAPAN
National Agricultural Research Center, Kannondai 3-1-1, Tsukuba,
Ibaragi-Ken 305 - T. Yamada, A. Oyanagi, H. Nakamura
Gifu University, Faculty of Agriculture, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu-shi
501-11 - N. Watanabe
Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Shimo-Kuriyagawa,
Morioka, Iwate 020-01 - S. Ito, M. Watanabe
MEXICO
CIMMYT, Lisboa 27, Apdo. Postal 6-641, Delg. Cuauhtemoc 06600 Mexico,
D. F. - R.A. Fischer, S. Rajaram, G. Varughese, B. Skovmand, A.
Morgunov
Programa de Cereales, Univ. Agraria, Buenavista, Saltillo PC25315,
Coahuila - G. Martinez Zambrano
MOROCCO
INRA/USAID/MIAC, Aridoculture Centre, B. P. 290, Settat - M. Mergoum
NEPAL
CIMMYT/Winrock, P. O. Box 1336, Kathmandu - Jesse Dubin
NETHERLANDS
CEBECO Handelsraad Plant Breeding, P. O. Box 139, Lisdoddewet 36,
Lelystad - R. K. Rai
NIGERIA
Dept. of Plant Science, Ahmadu Bello University, P.M.B. 1004 - Zaria
- U. S. Gupta
PAKISTAN
Agricultural Research Station, Bahawalpur - Manzoor Husain
PARAGUAY
CIMMYT, G.C. 1170, Asuncion - M.M. Kohli
POLAND
University of Wroctaw, Inst. of Botany, Kanonia 6/8 50-328 Wroctaw -
Romuald Kosina
PORTUGAL
Divisao de Genetica, UTAD, AP 202, 5001 Vila Real Codex - H. Guedes
Pinto
ROMANIA
Res. Inst. for Cereal Crops, Fundulea 8264, Calarasi - Gh. Ittu, N.
Saulescu
RUSSIA
Kurgan Agric. Res. Inst., P. O. Sadovoe, Kurgan reg. 641325 - S.
Polikarpov, L. Maltseva
Ul. Efremova, I8, lcv. 7, Moscow II9048 - A.K. Fedorov
N.I. Vavilov Institute, 44 Herzen ST., St. Petersburg - N.P.
Loskutova
Agric. Res. Inst., Saratov 410020 - N. S. Vassiltchouk
Computation Center, P. O. Emmans 171330, Tver - S. P. Martynov
SIBERIA
Siberian INst. of Agric. Res., Omsk - 12 644012 - M. Evdokimov
Far East Agric. Res. Inst., 107 Marx St., Khabarovsk 680031 - I. M.
Shindin
SLOVAKIA
Plant Breeding Station, Solary, 930 13 Trhove Myto - G. Zalabai
Selekt, VSU, 91928 Bucany - Ivan Fabian
SOUTH AFRICA
Small Grain Centre, Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700 - H. A. van Niekerk, W.H.
Kilian, J. Smith, H. A. Smit, D. B. Scott, J. L. Purchase
University of Stellenbosch, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch 7600
- R. de V. Pienaar, G. F. Marais
Department of Agronomy, University of the Orange Free State,
Bloemfontein - C.S. van Deventer, Z.A. Pretorius, F. K. Kloppers
Sensako, P.O. Box 556, Bethlehem 9700 - J.P. Jordaan, B. Lombard
Pannar Seed, P.O. Box 17164, Bainsvlei 9338 - F. du Toit
SPAIN
UPC-IRTA, Centre R+D de Lleida, Alcalde Rovira Rovre 177, 25006
Lerida - J. A. Martin Sanchez
SWEDEN
Svalof-Weibull, S-26881 Svalof - G. Svensson
SYRIA
ICARDA, P. O. Box 5466, Aleppo - John Hamblin
TURKEY
Regional Agricultural Res. Inst., P. O. Box 9, Menemen, Izmir - The
Director CIMMYT, R. F., P. O. 120, Yenimahalle, Ankara - Hans Braun,
Tom Payne
UKRAINE
Remslo Mironovka Wheat Inst., P. O. Tsentralnoe, Mironovka dist.,
Kiev reg. 256816 - A. Zhivotkov
UNITED KINGDOM
AFRC, J.I. Center for Plant Science Research, Cambridge Laboratory,
Colney Lane, Norwich N4R 74J - T. E. Miller, M. D. Gale, C. N. Law,
A. J. Worland, J. Snape
John Innes Institute, Institute for Plant Science Research, Colney
Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH - J.S. Heslop Harrison
Long Ashton Research Station, Long Ashton, Bristol BS18 9AF - P.R.
Shewry
Welsh Plant Breeding Station, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23
3EB - J. Valentine
Plant Breeding International Cambridge Ltd., Maris Lane, Trumpington,
Cambridge CB2 2QL - P.I. Payne, W. Hollins
UNITED STATES
ARIZONA
Farmers Marketting Corp., P.O. Box 60578, Phoenix 85082 - R.K.
Thompson Western Plant Breeders, 227 S. Smith Rd., Suite 104, Tempe
AZ 85281
ARKANSAS
University of Arkansas, Agronomy Dep., Fayetteville 72701 - Robert
Bacon Plant Pathology Dept. - Gene Milus
Northrup King Seed Co., P.O. Box 729, Hwy 158 E., Bay 72411 - Fred
Collins Agripro, Jonesboro 72401 - B. Fogelman
CALIFORNIA
Marchett Farm, Goldsmith Seeds, P. O. Box 165, Zamora 95698 - R.
Matchett University of California, Dep. Botany & Plant Sciences,
Riverside 92521 - A.J. Leukaszewski, J.G. Waines
USDA-ARS, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany 94710 - O. Anderson
COLORADO
Colorado State University, Agronomy Department, Fort Collins 80523 -
J.S. Quick, G. H. Ellis, R. N. Normann, Agripro, P. O. Box 30, 806
N. 2nd St., Berthoud, 80513 - Robert F. Bruns, Joe A. Smith, J.
Reeder, J. Moffat Cargill Wheat Research, 2540 E Drake Rd., Fort
Collins 80525 - D. Johnston, Sid Perry, Jill Handwerk, Sally
Clayshulte, D. Shellberg
FLORIDA
Agricultural Research and Educ. Center, Rt. 3, Box 4370, Quincy 32351
- R. D. Barnett
GEORGIA
Agronomy Department, Georgia Exp. St., Experiment 30212 - Jerry W.
Johnston, John Roberts, B.M. Cunfer
IDAHO
Agricultural Exp. Station, P. O. Box AA, Aberdeen 83210 - H. E.
Bockelman, Ed Souza
University of Idaho, Plant & Soil Science Dept., Moscow 83343 - Bob
Zemetra, S. Guy
Camas Wheat Breeding, Orchard and F1206, Moscow 83343 - Warren Pope
Plant Breeders, 851 East 7 St., Moscow 83843 - W. McProud
ILLINOIS
Department of Agronomy, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801 - Fred
Kolb, Wayne Peterson
INDIANA
Agripro Biosciences, Inc., P. O. Box 411, Brookston 47923 - Koy E.
Miskin
Hybritech Seeds, 6025 W. 300 South, W. Lafayette 47905 - Gordon
Cisar,D. Dunphy
Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Windfall 46076 - G.C. Marshall
Purdue University, West Lafayette 47901
Agronomy Department - H. W. Ohm,I.M. Dweikat, H.C. Sharma, F. L.
Patterson
Botany and Plant Pathology Department - G. E. Shaner, D.M. Huber
Entomology Dept., Room 222, Ent. Hall - R. H. Radcliffe, R. H. Shukle
IOWA
Pioneer Hybrid International, 6800 Pioneer Parkway, P. O. Box 316,
Johnston 50131 - Ian Edwards
MGS, Inc., P. O. Box 308, Ames 50010 - Bryce C. Abel
KANSAS
Kansas Crop & Livestock Reporting Service, 444 S. Quincy, Rm. 290,
Topeka 66683 - T.J. Byram
Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
Agronomy Department, Throckmorton Hall - T. S. Cox, R.G. Sears, E. G.
Heyne, M. B. Kirkham, G. H. Liang, W.J. Raupp
Entomology Department - J.H. Hatchett
Plant Pathology Department, Throckmorton Hall - B. S. Gill
Grain Science Dept., S. Shellenburger Hall - Bob Bequette
Hybritech Seed, 5912 N. Meridian, Wichita 67204 - John R. Erickson,
Jerry Wilson, Steve Kuhr, B. Hardesty, D. Delaney
Trio Research, Inc., 6414 N. Sheridan, Wichita 67212 - J. A. Wilson
U. S. Grain Marketing Research Center, 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan
66502 - O. K. Chung, G.L. Lookhart, V. Smail, L.C. Bolte
Kansas State University, Fort Hays Experiment Station, Hays 67601 -
Joe Martin, Tom Harvey
KENTUCKY
University of Kentucky, Department of Agronomy, Lexington 40546 - D.
A. Van Sanford, C. T. MacKown
LOUISIANA
Louisiana State University, Dep. of Agronomy, Baton Rouge 70803 -
Steve Harrison
MARYLAND
University of Maryland, Agronomy Department, College Park 20742 -
David J. Sammons
USDA-ARS, NPS, 331-A, Bldg. 005, BARC-W, Beltsville 20705
Plant Genetics and Germplasm Inst. - C. F. Murphy
National Association of Wheat Growers, 425 Second St., NE, Suite 300,
Washington, D. C. 20002
MICHIGAN
Michigan State University, Department of Crop & Soil Sciences, E.
Lansing, 48823 - Rick Ward, E. Everson, P.K.W. Ng
MINNESOTA
University of Minnesota, Department of Agronomy & Plant Genetics, St.
Paul, 55108 - Robert H. Busch
Cooperative Rust Laboratory, USDA/ARS - Alan Roelfs, D. McVey, D. E.
Long, M. Hughes, J. J. Roberts
MISSOURI
Monsanto, TIE, 800 N. Lindbergh, St. Louis 63167 - A. Ciha
University of Missouri, Agronomy Department, Curtis Hall, Columbia
65201 - J. P. Gustafson, Gordon Kimber, A. L. McKendry, K.D. Kephart
MONTANA
Montana State University, Bozeman 59715
Plant/Soil Science Department - P. L. Bruckner, L. E. Talbert
Western Triangle Agric. Research Center, P. O. Box 1474, Conrad
59425 - Greg Kushnak
Western Plant Breeders, P. O. Box 1409, Bozeman 59715 - Dan
Biggerstaff
NEBRASKA
University of Nebraska, Agronomy Department, Keim Hall, East Campus,
Lincoln 68583 - P.S. Baenziger, D. R. Shelton, C. J. Peterson, L. A.
Nelson, D.J. Lyons
Plant Pathology Department - R. A. Graybosch
Panhandle Res/Ext Center, 4502 Avenue I, Scottsbluff 69361 - David
Baltensperger, Gary Hein
NEW YORK
Cornell University, Dept. of Plant Breeding & Biometry, 420 Bradfield
Hall, Ithaca 14853 - W. Ronnie Coffman, Mark Sorrells
Dept. of Plant Pathology - Gary Bergstrom
NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105
Crop and Weed Sciences Department - N. D. Williams, D. K. Steiger,
Elias Elias, Jerry Miller, J. Anderson, C. Reide
Cereal Science & Technology Dept. - B. L. D'Appolonia, C. E.
McDonald, K. Khan, W. Moore
OHIO
Department of Agronomy - OARDC 1680 Madison, Ave., Wooster 44691 -
Kim Campbell, W.A. Berzonsky, Pat Finney
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma State University - Stillwater 74074
Agronomy Department - Brett Carver, E. L. Smith
Plant Pathology Dept. - R. Hunger, J.L. Sherwood
USDA-ARS, Plant Science Research Lab., 1301 N. Western St.
Stillwater 74074 - David Porter, J. A. Webster, J. Burd, C. Baker,
D.K. Reed, N.C. Elliott
OREGON
Oregon State University, Corvallis 97330
Crop Science Department - Warren E. Kronstad, R. Karow, C. S. Love
SOUTH CAROLINA
Pioneer Hybrid Int., Rt. 3, Box 181-B, St. Mathews 29135 - B. E. Edge
SOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota State University, Plant Science Department, Brookings
57007 - G. W. Buchenau, Fred A. Cholick, J. J. C. Rudd, J. Woodard
Wheat Quality Council, 106 W. Capitol, Suite 2, P. O. Box 966, Pierre
57501 - Ben Handcock
TEXAS
Texas A&M University
Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland 79012 - Mark
Lazar, Gary Peterson
Agric. Res. Center, Drawer E. Overton 75684 - L. R. Nelson
Soil & Crop Science Dept., College Station 77843 - M. E. McDaniel, N.
A. Tuleen, C. A. Erickson, G. Hart, L. W. Rooney
Plant Pathology Dep. - B. McDonald
Research & Extension Center, 17360 Coit Road, Dallas 75252 - D.
Marshall
Research Center, P. O. Box 1658, Vernon 76384 - W. David Worrall
Research Center, Rt. 7, Box 999, Beaumont 77713 - John Sij
Res. & Ext. Center, 6500 Amarillo Blvd. W., Amarillo 79106 - C. M.
Rush, K.B. Porter
UTAH
Utah State University, Plant Science Dept., Logan 84321 - Rulon S.
Albrechtsen, David Hole
VIRGINIA
Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Agronomy Department, Blacksburg 240 Carl
Griffey, M. K. Das, E. L. Stromberg, I. M. Johnson
WASHINGTON
Washington State University, Pullman 99163
Crop & Soil Sciences Department - Robert E. Allen, Calvin Konzak, C.
J. Peterson, M. Walker-Simmons, S. S. Jones
Plant Pathology Department - Roland F. Line, T. Murray
Wheat Quality Laboratory, Wilson 7 - Craig F. Morris
YUGOSLAVIA
Institutza strna zita, Save Kovacevica - 31, 34000 Kragujevac - M.
Kuburovic. D. Knezevic
--------------------
VIII. FAX/TELEPHONE LIST
Name Loc. Tel. FAX
Bergstrom, G. C. NY,USA 6072557849 6072554471
Bockelman, H. ID, USA 2083974162 2083974165
Braun, H. J. UNK, TUR 9042872595 9042878955
Campbell, K. OHI, USA 2162633878 2162633658
Cox, T.S. KS, USA 9135327260 9135325692
Edwards, I.B. IL, USA 5152257507 5152703156
Elias, E.M. ND, USA 7012377971 7012377973
Fischer, R.A. CIM, MEX 59542100 59541069
Fisher, J.A. WAG, AUS 069230999 069230809
Gale, M. D. NR, UNK 4460352571 44603502270
Goertzens, K. KS, USA 3164657744 3164652693
Gustafson, P. MO, USA 3148824734 3148755359
Heslop, H. NR, UNK 4460352571 4460356844
Hole, David UTA, USA 8017502233 8017503376
Konzak, C. F. WAS, USA 5093353475 5093358674
Maich, R.H. COR, ARG 051602684 545137841
Matuz SZD, HUN 3662435235 3662434163
McIntosh, R. SYD, AUS 046512600 046512578
Miller, T. E. NR, UNK 4460352571 44603502241
Nelson, L.R. TX, USA 9038346191 9038347146
Ng, P. K. W. WI, USA 5173539605 5173538963
Ohm, H. IN, USA 3174948072 3174961368
Qualset, C.O. CA, USA 9167578921 9167578755
Quick, J.S. CO, USA 3034916483 3034910564
Sammons, D. NY, USA 3014543715 3014545680
Shaner, G. IN, USA 3174944651 3174940363
Snape, J. W. NR, UNK 4460352571 44603502241
Souza, E. ID, USA 2083974162 2083974311
Ward, Rick MI, USA 5173552231 5173535174
Worland, A. J. NR, UNK 4460352571 44603502241
Zwer, P. K. OR, USA 5032784186 5032784188
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