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ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
Volume 40
Edited by J. S. Quick, Department of Agronomy, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO, USA: Financial arrangements made by Ian B. Edwards, Treasurer,
Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Johnston, IA, USA. Carolyn Schultz, Senior
Secretary, CSU Department of Agronomy, typed and collated the information for
the printing of this volume. Facilities and assistance during manuscript
editing were kindly provided by Colorado State University.
Additional regional editing and manuscript solicitation were done by:
J. S. Noll, Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
R. A. Fischer, CIMMYT, Mexico, D. F., Mexico
R. H. Maich, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina
T. E. Miller, Plant Sci. Res., Cambridge Laboratory, Norwich, England
H. A. van Niekerk, Small Grain Center, Bethlehem, South Africa
B. C. Curtis, Former CIMMYT Wheat Director, Retired
This volume was financed by voluntary contributions - list included. The
information in this Newsletter is considered as personal contributions.
Before citing any information herein, obtain the consent of the specific
author(s). The Newsletter is sponsored by the National Wheat Improvement
Committee, USA.
1 June 1994
90 copies and 350 diskettes printed
Publications Services, Colorado State University
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
H. HARRISON
R. E. HEINER
C. F. KONZAK
I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes - Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
Minutes - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Members - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
Grain Genes and Triticea Database
II. CONTRIBUTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES
Joe Smith, Blake Cooper, Barb Cook, Jerry Betz, John Moffatt, Steve
Askelson, Jerry Brick, Scott Seifert, Paul Griess, Jim Reeder, Bobby
Talley, Berthoud, CO
Barton Fogleman, C. Taylor - Jonesboro, AR
Koy Miskin, Curtis Beazer, E. Glover, D. Scruggs - Brookston, IN
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, INC.
Nestor Machado, Pedro Paulucci, Hector Mertinuzzi - Argentina
S. W. Perry, Sallly R. Clayshulte, Jill Handwert,
D. P. Shellberg - Fort Collins, CO
R. Daniel, D. Donaldson, Lyn Hockings, Garry Lane, Michael
Materne, Michael Nowland, Chris Tyson, Jane & Peter Wilson,
Tamworth, N.S.W.
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Karolyn Ely, Dennis Delaney,
Bud Hardesty, Jerry Wilson - Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar -
Lafayette, IN;
Hal Lewis - Corvallis, OR; Dudley Leaphart - Billings, MT
HYBRINOVA
A. Gervais - Les Ulis Cedex, France
Stephen D. Sunderwirth, Christian Quandalle, Laurent Batreau
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
June Hancock, Craig Allen - Bay, AR
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Johnston, IA - I. B. Edwards
Windfall, IN - G. C. Marshall, W. J. Laskar, K. J. Lively
St. Mathews, SC - B. E. Edge, P. L. Shields
Frouville, France - G. Dorlencourt, R. Marchand, O. Vanderpol
Sevilla, Spain - J. M. Urbano, M. Hidalgo, M. Peinado
Sissa (Parma), Italy - M. Tanzi
Northampton, England - Paul Wilson and Ian Edwards
Buxtehude Germany - H. Schoenwallder, Ian Edwards
Pandorf, Austria - G. Reichenberger
TRIGEN SEED SERVICES
Robert Romig, Bloomington, MN
TRIO RESEARCH, INC.
J. Wilson - Wichita, KS
ARGENTINA
G. E. Tranquilli, E. Y. Suarez, S. M. Lewis, M. L. Appendino,
N. Fatta, J. P. Ortiz, M. I. Reggiardo, S. Altabe, G. D. Cervigni,
M. A. Spitteler, R. H. Vellejos, S. E. Feingold, H. E. Hopp,
A. Acevedo - Castellar
D. Avalos, A. Ordonez, N. La Porta, M. Cerana, S. Gil, A. L.
Pascualides, M. R. Zaninetti, D. Igarzabal, A. A. Rollan, N. A.
Buteler, O. A. Bachmeiet, A. Barchuk, E. Allessandria, J. Zamar,
S. Lugue, R. M. Roldan, F. Salvagiotti, D. Opovin, G. Manera, R.
Maich, N. Contin, W. Londero, D. Bonelli, C. Ferraris, B. Pantanoi,
C. Principi, F. Bidinost, B. Ferro, G. Alemano, N. Guzman, C. Olmos,
M. Bianchi, M. E. Dubois, Z. A. Gaido, G. A. Manera, M. Conles, M. C.
Salvadores, M. Barrientos - Cordoba
AUSTRALIA
Queensland
Paul Brennan, Phillip Banks, John Sheppard, Peter Keys, Lloyd Mason
Martin Fiske, Peter Agius, Jamie Ross
Meryl Fordyce, Paul Brennan, Ian Delacy, Mark Cooper, David
Butler, Ian Haak, Gay McKinnon, Robert Henryk, Wendy Lawson,
Ma Wujin, Ian Godwin, S. J. Kammholtz, P. M. Banks, D. J. Martin,
M. W. Sutherland, R. Ramage, R. Marshke
G. B. Wildermuth, R. B. McNamara and T. M. Sparks
New South Wales
R. A. Hare, Tamworth
K. Adhikari, J. Bell, A. M. Bennet, L. W. Burgess, G. N. Brown,
C. Zhao, H-S Hwang, S. Johnson, R. A. McIntosh, D. R. Marshall,
J. D. Oates, R. F. Park, J. E. Roarke, P. J. Sharp, F. Stoddard,
D. The, M. Turner, C. R. Wellings, Dept. of Crop Science,
University of Sydney and PBI, Cobbitty
I. A. Watson, F. W. Ellison, D. J. Mares, S. G. Moore, K. Mrva,
L. O'Brien, R. M. Trethowan
C. W. Wrigley, Sydney
AUSTRIA
H. Brausgruber, H. Burstmayr, M. Lemmens, P. Ruckenbauer, Vienna
S. Groger, H. Bistrich, T. Lelley
BRAZIL
J. C. S. Moreira, C. N. A. de Sousa, E. P. Gomes, L. J. A.
Del Duca, J. F. Philipovsky, P. L. Scheeren
W. I. Linhares
L. J. A. Del Duca, R. S. Fontaneli, J. F. Philipovsky,
O. Rodriguez, G. R. Cunha - Passo Fundo
A. C. P. Goulart, F. de A. Paiva, P. J. M. Andrade - Dourados
CANADA
MANITOBA
J. Gilbert and A. Tekauz - Winnipeg
P. L. Dyck
J. A. Kolmer
J. A. Kolmer and J. Q. Liu, O. M. Lukow, R. I. H. McKenzie,
Taing Aung, E. R. Kerber
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
H. W. Johnston, H. G. Nass
SASKATCHEWAN
R. M. De Pauw, J. M. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, R. B. Irvine
CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Zhaosu Wu, Shirong Yu, Xizhong Wei, Quimei Xia, Youjia Shen,
Jiming Wu, Yong Xu, Xhaoxia Chen, Guoliang Jiang - Nanjing
Shi-Jia Liu
Zhong-hu He and Zhen-hua Du
F. W. Zhao, H. M. Ki, Z. Y. Liu, Y. Z. Shen, F. C. Liu,
Z. Q. Li, Z. Z. Bai, C. S. Guo, L. Z. Sun
CROATIA
Slobodan Tamasovic, P. Javor, B. Koric - Zagreb
CZECH REPUBLIC
P. Martinek, Z. Nesvadba, J. Mikulcova - Havlickova
P. Bartos, E. Stuchlikova, R. Hanusova
J. Kosner
Z. Stehno, M. Vlasak, I. Faberova - Prague
K. Vacke, V. Sip, M. Skorpik
ESTONIA
O. Priilinn, T. Enno, H. Peusha, K. Jarve, L. Timofeyeva,
T. Tsimbalova - Tallinn
M. Tohvar
GERMANY
J. von Kietzell and K. Rudolph - Grisebachstr
R. Schlegel, U. Vahl, G. Muller - Gatersleben
A. Borner, J. Plaschke, I.M.B. Amer, V. Korzun - Gatersleben
HUNGARY
B. Barnabas, G. Kovacs, E. Szakacs, I. Takacs, M. Kovacs
J. Sutka, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, B. Koszegi, E. Farshadfar,
M. Arshadfar, O. Veisz, G. Linc
T. Janda, G. Szalai, J. Kissimon, E. Paldi
J. Matuz, Z. Kertesz, L. Bona, B. Beke, A. Mesterhazy
J. Falusi, Cs. Kertesz, J. Matuz, L. Cseuz,
M. Papp, A. Mesterhazy, L. Purnhauser - Szeged
INDIA
R. N. Sawhney, et al. - New Delhi
S.M.S. Tomar, et al. - Wellington
J. G. Bhowal and G. Guha - Wellington
D. Singh - New Delhi
J. G. Bhowal, G. Huha, R. Brahma and R. Singh
P. Bahadur, K. Srivastava, D. Singh, R. Aggarwal
Neelam Vir, Mandip Kaur, R. G. Saini - Ludhiana
Harjit Singh, H. S. Dhaliwal, Khem Singh Gill, Ludhiana
R. Asir, V. R. K. Reddy, P. Viswanathan
Aloka Saikia and V. R. K. Reddy
J. S. Bijral, et al. - R. S. Pura
R. N. Brahma
ISRAEL
Sem Atsmon, Udi Meidan - Hazera
ITALY
M. Pasquini, L. Sereni, F. Casini, F. Casullil - Via Cassia
N. E. Pogna, R. Redaellil, S. Pagliaricci, P. Cacciatori,
R. Castagnal et al.
V. Vassilev, P. Lavermicocca, N. S. Lacobellis
C. Rubies-Autonell
V. Vallega
M. G. D'Egidio, B. M. Mariani, S. Nardi, P. Novaro
M. Cattaneo
G. M. Borrelli, S. Travella, N. Di Fonzo, E. Lupotto
et al.
JAPAN
Ichiko Nishimura and N. Watanabe - Gifu University
H. Nakamura - Kannondai
MEXICO
R. A. Fischer, G. Varughese - CIMMYT
R. L. Villareal, G. Hernandez, S. Rajaram
K. D. Sayre, M. Van Ginkel, S. Rajaram, I. Ortiz-Monasterio
A. I. Morqunov, M. Albarran, S. Rajarm
MOROCCO
M. Mergoum et al. - Settat
PAKISTAN
Munawar Husain - Islamabad
ROMANIA
N. N. Saulescu, Gh. Ittu, Mariana Ittu, Mustatea - Fundalea
M. Moldovan, et al. - Turda
RUSSIA
N. S. Vassiltchouk, V. I. Kassatov, S. N. Gaponov - Saratov
S. V. Tuchin, Yu V. Italianskaya, T. I. Dyatchouk
S. P. Martynov, T. V. Dobrotvorskaya
Alexandr Fedorov - People's Friendship University
Book Review
S. N. Sibikeev, S. A. Voronina, Y. E. Sibikeeva, V. A. Krupnow
SOUTH AFRICA
G. F. Marais, R. Prins, A. Antonov, H. S. Roux, M. Horn,
A. S. Marais - Stellenbosch
Z. A. Pretorius, F. J. Kloppers, A. L. Vorster - Bloemfontein
H. A. van Niekerk, M. C. B. Coetzee, H. A. Knobel, D. J.
Exley, W. Miles, Riana Pretorius, et al. - Bethlehem
J. Purchase, A. Barnard, C. Burbridge, J. deWet, T. Walsh, et al.
H. Smit, D. Scott, E. Lubbe, J. Smith, S. Smith, D. van Neikerk,
K. Wilken, L. Visser, C. de Villiers
H. Smit, G. Prinsloo, V. Tolmay, J. Hatting, J. du Toit,
H. Knobel, C. Pool,, R. Lindeque
Lombard, Du Toit, Malan, Engelbrecht, Boonzaaier, et al. - Sensako
R. de V. Pienaar, D. Lesch - Stellenbosch
F. du Toit, S. S. Walters, A. Brummer, P. Thorpe - Pannar, Ltd.
SYRIA
S. K. Yau, J. Ryan, M. Nachit, G. Ortiz-Ferrara, J. Hamblin - Aleppo
TURKEY
Hans-Joachim Braun, Thomas Payne - Ankara
UKRAINE
L. A. Zhivotkov, et al. - Mironovka
UNITED KINGDOM
NORWICH, John Innes Centre, Colney
T. E. Miller, S. M. Reader, K. A. Purdie, R. P. Dunford
A. J. Worland
G. Galiba, S. A. Quarrie, J. Sutka, J. Snape, et al.
R. Koebner, P. Martin, J. Flintham, J. Hewslop-Harrison et al.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ARKANSAS
R. K. Bacon, E. A. Milus, et al.
CALIFORNIA
C. A. Curtis, Bahman Ehdaie, K. Knio, A. Lukaszewski,
R. Tayyar, J. Waines, Xitang Xu - Riverside
COLORADO
J. S. Quick, G. H. Ellis, R. Normann, A. Saidi,
J. S. Stromberger, H. Doug, Q. Khan
GEORGIA
J. W. Johnson, B. N. Cunfer, J. J. Roberts
G. D. Buntin, D. E. McMillin, J. P. Wilson
IDAHO
R. S. Zemetra, E. Souza, S. Guy, et al. - Moscow & Aberdeen
ILLINOIS
F. L. Kolb, E. D. Nafziger, W. L. Pedersen, et al.
INDIANA
H. Ohm, H. Sharma, I. Dweikat, S. Mackenzie, D. McFatridge,
F. Patterson, G. Buechley, D. Huber, R. Lister, G. Shaner,
F. Maas, R. Ratcliffe, R. Shukle, G. Safranski, S. Cambron
KANSAS
O. Chung, G. Lookhart, V. Smail, J. Steele, W. McGaughey,
I. Zayas, D. Bechtel, A. Dowdy et al.
B. S. Gill, T. S. Cox, R. G. Sears, W. J. Raupp et al -
Kansas State University
T. J. Martin, T. L. Harvey, T. S. Cox et al. - Wheat Genetics
Resource Center - Kansas State University
Jingxian Zhang and M. B. Kirkham - Evapotranspiration Lab
Xu Gu, George Liang - Dept. of Agronomy - Kansas State Univ.
T. J. Byram - Topeka
KENTUCKY
D. A. Van Sanford, et al.
LOUISIANA
S. A. Harrison, C. Clark, P. Colyer, S. H. Moore, C. Hallier et al.
MINNESOTA
A. P. Roelfs, D. L. Long, M. E. Hughes, D. H. Casper, J. J. Roberts
Cereal Rust Lab - St. Paul
R. Busch, D. McVey
R. Busch and Jochum Wiersma
MISSOURI
A. L. McKendry, J. P. Gustafson, K. D. Kephart et al.
MONTANA
C. F. McGuire, S. P. Lanning, R. l. Burrows, et al.
H. B. Chen, J. M. Martin, L. E. Talbert
NEBRASKA
P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson, D. R. Shellton, R. A.
Graybosch,
D. D. Baltensperger, L. A. Nelson, D. J. Lyons, G. L. Hein, et
al.
NEW YORK
M. E. Sorrells, A. Neiss
G. C. Bergstrom, J. E. Carroll et al.
NORTH DAKOTA
J. A. Anderson, C. R. Riede
G. A. Hareland
Cereal Science Department
OKLAHOMA
R. M. Hunger, J. L. Sherwood - Oklahoma State University
C. A. Baker, J. D. Burd, N. C. Elliott et al. - ARS
Stillwater
OREGON
W. E. Kronstad, R. S. Karow, D. K. Kelly, R. W. Knight,
W. D. Moore, S. E. Rowe, S. Rezgui
SOUTH DAKOTA
J. C. Rudd, G. Buchenau, et al.
S. D. Haley, R. A. Schut
M. A. Langham, D. J. Gallenberg
H. Woodard, A. Bly
TEXAS
Mark Lazar, J. Hu, G. L. Peterson, et al. - Texas A&M
UTAH
R. S. Albrechtsen
David Hole
VIRGINIA
C. A. Griffey, D. E. Brann, E. Stromberg, E. C. Jones
J. M. Johnson - Virginia Polytechnic & State University
WASHINGTON
R. E. Allen, S. S. Jones, R. F. Line, et al. - USDA-ARS
S. S. Jones, M. M. Cadle, L. M. Rayfuse, A. Yildirim
M. K. Walker-Simmons, E. Cudaback, A. Galvez, et al.
C. F. Morris, H. C. Jeffers, A. D. Bettge, D. Engle, et al.
Roland F. Line, Xianming Chen, Stephen Jones
T. D. Murray, . C. Pritchett, C. A. Blank, et al.
SERBIA (formerly YUGOSLOVIA)
Desimir Knezevic, Miroslav Kuburovic, et al.
Miroslav Kuburovic, Desimir Knezevic et al.
III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM
H. E. Bockelman, D. M. Wesenberg, S. Nieto, A. Urie, B. J. Goats
- Evaluation of National Small Grains Collection Germplasm
J. S. Quick - CSSA Cultivar and Germplasm Registration
IV. CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS, 1994 SUPPLEMENT
R. A. McIntosh, G. E. Hart, M. D. Gale
V. ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND
VI. VOLUME 41 MANUSCRIPT
VII. MAILING LIST
VIII. FAX/TELEPHONE
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HOWARD HARRISON
Howard Harrison, retired since July of 1989 from his position as senior and
oat breeder, Northrup King Seed Co (formerly Coker's Pedigreed Seed Company of
Hartsville, South Carolina) since 1989, died on May 25, 1993. He was a small
grain breeder with Coker's for more than 30 years, and released over 30
improved wheat and oat varieties that substantially contributed to smalll
grain and livestock production throughout the southern U.S. He was also very
active in his church and community.
Howard Harrison was born January 4, 1924, in Crafordville, Georgia, where he
was raised on a farm. After serving in World War II, he entered the
University of Georgia, where he received a B.S. and M.S. in 1952 and 1954,
respectively. He began his long and successful career as a plant breeder in
1954, at the headquarters of Coker's Pedigreed Seed Company in Hartsville. He
and his predecessor/co-worker released 'Suregrain' oats in 1957 and
'Moregrain' in 1958.
In 1958, Howard was employed as an peanut Agronomist at the University of
Georgia's Coastal Plains Station in Tifton, Georgia. He returned to Coker's
Pedigreed Seed Company in 1961 and assumed sole leadership of the small grains
breeding program. Howard had an extremely successful career as a wheat
breeder, releasing 19 improved varieties of soft red winter wheat. These
varieties did much to revitalize wheat production in the southeastern United
States. Varieties he developed accounted for 57, 35, 79, 80, 66, 38, and 27%
of the total wheat acreage in Georgia, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, respectively, in 1984. His
varieties and lines have been widely utilized as parental material regionally
and globally. He also released 11 oat varieties, including 'Coker 227' and
'Coker 234', the first U.S. varieties with crown rust resistance from Avena
sterilis.
He was recognized as "Man of the Year in Southern Agriculture" by Progressive
Farmer Magazine in 1982, in recognition of his contributions toward improved
agricultural production. He was also named "Distinguished Agronomist of the
Year" by the Agronomy Society of South Carolina in 1982 and received the Gamma
Sigma Delta Award of Merit for Distinguished Service to Agriculture from the
University of Georgia in 1983. He also received recognition from the
Carolina-Virginia chapter and national groups of the national Agricultural
Marketing Association in 1985. In 1989 he was given a "Certificate of
Appreciation" by the North Carolina Crop Improvement Association, and was also
awarded the "Drug and Science Foundation of South Carolina Award for
Contributions to Science" in 1989. Howard was recognized with an "Award for
Distinguished Service to Oat Improvement" in the 1989 Annual Oat Newsletter.
He is survived by his wife Louise, of Hartsville; two sons: Stephen, small
grain breeder with Louisiana State University, Howard Jr., weed scientist -
physiologist with the USDA-ARS Vegetable Research Station in Charleston, SC;
two daughters: Beth, a journalist in Charleston, SC; and Celia, a teacher in
Charlotte, NC; and five grandchildren.
ROBERT E. HEINER
Dr. Robert (Bob) E. Heiner recently retired from his position as Vice
President of Plant Research and Development for AgriPro Biosciences Inc. His
extensive contributions to the science and art of wheat breeding make Bob one
of the all-time elite contributors to applied wheat improvement.
Bob started his long and distinguished wheat career as ARS-USDA Regional
Coordinator of the North Central HRS Region from 1968-77. During this time,
he also coordinated the Winter Increase Nurseries in Obregon Mexico for the
spring wheat breeders of the US and Canada. He established strong ties with
CIMMYT breeders during those years and fostered free germplasm exchange which
eventually resulted in many of the improved U.S. wheats we enjoy today. Many
of the "Green Revolution" wheats released by CIMMYT had parents developed by
Bob during this period of time.
During his twelve years at Minnesota, seven improved wheat varieties were
released. The most important of these varieties was Era. It was the first
semidwarf hard red spring wheat released in the US, and was 25% higher
yielding than any variety grown in that region at that time. Needless to say,
the impact was extraordinary. This landmark variety was a primary contributor
for a four-fold increase in the wheat acreage in Minnesota from 1970 to 1976.
It was the dominant variety in the Red River Valley for 11 years, generating
an estimated $30 million of genetically derived extra income annually for the
producers of that region.
The impact of Bob's dedication continued at NAPB/AgriPro Biosciences Inc. top
science position in 1985. As Vice President of Plant Research and
Development, Bob was responsible for corporate performance, policy, and
strategic planning as well as directing the activities of 85 researchers.
Scientific ethic was always the foundation that Bob relied on as he fulfilled
these important functions for the corporation.
Bob's no-nonsense dedication to germplasm development and the resulting
improved varieties has resulted in significantly improved agricultural
production world wide. Bob earned his recognition through his skilled plant
breeding and consummate interpersonal and managerial skills.
Bob is looking forward to continuing his contributions to wheat improvement as
a wheat specialist consultant for AgriPro Biosciences Inc. He and his wife
Marilyn have recently relocated to Sandy Utah.
CALVIN F. KONZAK
Dr. Calvin Konzak retired from Crop and Soil Sciences Department of Washington
State University (WSU) in December 1993 after an exemplary career of 37 years
as professor, agronomist and spring wheat breeder. A native of North Dakota,
he obtained his B.S. in Agriculture from North Dakota State University (1948)
and his Ph.D. in Plant Breeding and Genetics from Cornell University (1952).
Prior to coming to WSU he was an Associate Geneticist at the Brookhaven
National Laboratory from 1951 to 1957.
The scope and impact of his scientific discoveries, plant breeding
accomplishments, teaching, and advising graduate students have been
extraordinary. He developed 24 cultivars including spring oats, durum wheats,
soft white spring wheats and hard red spring wheats. His variety Penawawa is
currently the most widely grown spring wheat in the Pacific Northwest. He
advised 14 PhD. and 14 M.S. students in their graduate studies in genetics and
agronomy. He taught several genetics and agronomy courses and had numerous
post doctorates and visiting scientists that collaborated with him on
research. Many of his former students have gone on to become nationally and
internationally recognized scientists, educators and CEO's.
Throughout his career C.F. Konzak has directed his genius and energy toward
facilitating plant breeding. To that end, his efforts include: contributing
over 300 scholarly papers on cereal genetics research; conceiving innovative
germplasm evaluation procedures; designing standardized ways for data
collection, processing, and analysis; outlining methods to enhance genetic
variability and reduce genetic vulnerability; and writing in depth reviews of
important topics in cereal breeding and genetics. Dr. Konzak and his
coworkers have contributed valuable landmark publications on the genetic
diversity for semidwarfism, wheat quality and mutation breeding strategy.
More recently he and his students have focused on double haploids in wheat,
and on wheat transformation.
Among the most notable accomplishments for which he was instrumental include
developing a standard-computer friendly pedigree system; a one-person plot
combine/data acquisition system; the first procedure for embryo rescue via
tissue culture (1951); a decimal code for cereal growth stages; a staining
procedure to detect A1. toxicity; and developing dual-purpose pastry and bread
wheat varieties. He pioneered modern mutation breeding and conducted
exhaustive studies to improve the efficiency of mutagenesis and to identify
effective mutagens. His strategies for exploiting mutation breeding to
augment conventional breeding have been adopted worldwide. Because of his
broad expertise he served as consultant to numerous organizations including
FAO, the National Research Council, International Atomic Energy Agency and
several private companies. He has received many honors including U.S. Public
Health Senior Scientist Fellow, the O.A. Vogel Plant Breeding Award and Fellow
in AAAS, ASA and CSSA.
Cal remains actively involved in research. He began a private mutation and
plant breeding program in 1982, focusing mainly on oats and durum wheats.
This program has produced a wide range of semidwarf and other mutants in oats
and several valuable semidwarf durums. He and his wife, Margaret will
continue to make their home in Pullman.
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I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes of the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
November 18, 1993
El Batan, Mexico
Committee members in attendance were T.S. Cox (Chairman), R.F. Line (Vice-
Chairman), G. Waines, J.S. Quick, D.V. McVey, R.H. Busch, B. Skovman, I.B.
Edwards, O. Anderson, S. Jones, S. Leath, and H.E. Bockleman (ex-officio).
Stephen S. Jones and Steven Leath were introduced as new members. The by-
laws permit 16 committee members. There are now 14 members. No new members
were proposed.
In addition to the WCAC members, many of the members of the National Wheat
Improvement Committee also attended the meeting.
Minutes of the 1992 meeting, as published in the 1993 Annual Wheat
Newsletter, were approved by voice vote.
Germplasm Collections. G. Waines reported on the proposal to collect
germplasm in S.E. Turkey before a large irrigation project is installed and
reported that C. Sterling did not think that it is necessary. Other areas
that were considered for future collection were Albania, N. Iraq, Syria,
Kurdistan, Ethiopia, Niger, China, and Tibet. Waines will be in contact
with ICARDA regarding future collection in the Middle East. Dave Marshall
and L.R. Nelson, Texas A&M, collected wild cereals from Turkey on a proposal
"Exploration for Fungal Endophytes in Wild Cereals". That collection is
being evaluated for a number of traits. It will be increased and deposited
in the National Small Grains Collection. There was concern that some
germplasm from active breeding programs may be lost when current wheat
breeders retire. H. Bockleman will maintain contact with those people
regarding their material. Limited funds are available to help prevent the
loss of valuable germplasms.
Germplasm Protection. The Wheat Advisory Committee was greatly concerned
about recent developments regarding the distribution of germplasm. They
voted unanimously to support the current USDA-ARS policy regarding seed held
by the National Plant Germplasm System; recommended that a letter be sent to
Dr. Shands expressing our concern, and recommended that the topic be
discussed at the National Wheat Improvement Committee Meeting. The letter
to Dr. Shands is included at the end of the minutes.
Germplasm Evaluation. H. Bockleman provided a detailed report on evaluation
of wheat accessions in the National Small Grains Collection. Evaluation of
the accessions is showing great progress and considerable new data are being
added to the GRIN system. A letter from Dr. Eberhart regarding "Core
Subsets" was distributed to the committee. Considerable discussions of the
definition of a core, how it should be constructed, and the need for a core
subset followed. The general conclusion of the group was that a random
sample would not be useful. An elite set for a specific purpose may be
useful. A subcommittee to study the details of the subject will be
appointed.
Wheat Nomenclature. G. Waines reported on the results of a workshop on
Triticum systematics. The last taxonomic revision was in the 1960's. They
concluded that the present state of taxonomy and nomenclature in Triticum is
confusing for people who collect germplasm and maintain germplasm and for
breeders and geneticists. They proposed that a monographic revision is
necessary.
Wheat Databases. B. Skovman reported on the Genetic Resources Information
Package (GRIP) and a planning meeting that occurred on July 22, 1993 at
Beijing, China. The data will be available on CD-ROM. O. Anderson
discussed progress in developing the Wheat Genome Database that is part of
the USDA Plant Genome Project. Wheat is one of four species used as models
for a database that will be in the National Agricultural Library. Major
emphasis is in gathering wheat data from numerous sources. Some of the the
data included in the database are mapping data, information on genetic
stocks, data on disease and insect resistance, and historical data on
cultivars and lines. It is accessible by phone using various methods. They
are looking for more data and other types of data to add to the database.
Quarantine Update. There were no major changes in the quarantine situation
for seed coming from Mexico to the United States. CIMMYT has developed a
system of producing and treating their seed to prevent the distribution of
karnal bunt.
-------------------------
Dr. Henry Shands
Associate Deputy Administrator
Genetic Resources, USDA-ARS
Bldg. 005
BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Dear Dr. Shands:
I am writing on behalf of the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee (CAC), which
voted unanimously on Nov. 18, 1993 in support of the current USDA-ARS policy
regarding seed held by the National Plant Germplasm System. Specifically, we
support the USDA's unrestricted distribution of germplasm. (Cultivars
registered under Plant Variety Protection Act, while not distributed by the
NPGS, are by law available as parental germplasm.) By maintaining its
current policy, USDA-ARS is demonstrating to the world's agricultural
community a strong commitment to the free exchange of plant germplasm; this
free exchange is, as you know, the foundation upon which plant breeding
progress worldwide has been and continues to be built.
As a committee, we are well aware of the changes occurring in the seed
distribution policies of other countries. To ensure that the NPGS can
continue to play a key role in protection of genetic diversity of the
world's crop plants in the face of political, economic, and environmental
disruptions, it may become necessary to hold collections from abroad at the
National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL) with restrictions on their
distribution. However, this necessity - one that the United States
government at times may have no choice but to accept - should not lead our
nation to abandon its own commitment to the free exchange of germplasm.
There are more accessions of wheat than of any other crop held by the
NPGS. Our CAC recommends the following actions, intended simultaneously to
provide maximum protection of crop diversity and to foster germplasm
exchange to the greatest extent possible:
(1) When it is necessary, in the interest of national and world
agricultural security, for USDA to enter into agreements with foreign
governments to store plant germplasm at NSSL with restrictions on
distribution, we support such action.
(2) However, we strongly oppose restrictions on distribution of germplasm
deposited at NSSL by private firms or by public institutions within the
United States. By holding such germplasm, USDA would be lending its
considerable prestige to, and in effect endorsing, the commercialization of
germplasm exchange within our own system. The function of NSSL is to ensure
the long-term viability of germplasm; this is often a concern regard to seed
collections representing the genetic diversity of a region, but not ones
that are of current commercial value as parents. We support the storage of
the latter class of germplasm within NPGS only after restrictions on
distribution have expired and long-term preservation becomes an issue.
We hope the above comments will be a helpful contribution to the
continuing discussion of national germplasm policy.
Sincerely, T.S. Cox, chair
CC: Dr. Dean Plowman
Dr. Steve Eberhart
--------------------------
Minutes of the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) Meeting
November 19-20, 1993
CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico
ATTENDANCE
Committee Members: R.G. Sears, Chair; C.J. Peterson, Secretary; H.F.
Bockelman; R. Bruns; R.H. Busch; T.S. Cox; G. Hareland; D. Hole; L. Joppa;
F.L. Kolb; R.F. Line; C. Morris; P. Murphy; D. Porter; D. Van Sanford; W.D.
Worrall; R. Zemetra. Absent: R. Frohberg; Ellen Ferguson, NAWG.
Non-Committee Members: O. Anderson, ARS, WRRC Albany, CA; I. Edwards,
Pioneer, Johnston, IA; S. Jones, ARS, Pullman, WA; S. Leath, ARS Raleigh,
NC; D. McVey, ARS, Cereal Rust, St. Paul, MN; J. Quick, Colorado State
Univ., Fort Collins, CO; B. Skovmand, CIMMYT, Mexico; G. Waines, Univ. of
California, CA.
PRELIMINARIES
Chairman Sears called the meeting to order and members and guests were
introduced. WELCOMES were presented by Dr. Roger Rowe, Deputy Director
General for Research, CIMMYT; and Dr. Tony Fischer, Director of the CIMMYT
Wheat Research Program.
Dr. Rowe discussed current status of CIMMYT programs in light of recent
funding problems. Since 1989, CIMMYT has faced a 25% reduction in funding,
the number of senior staff has dropped from 93 to 63, and the wheat program
has lost 12 people. Efforts have been made to sustain core programs, such
as breeding and related support activities. However, CIMMYT is under
pressure to develop a new research agenda as improving crop productivity is
viewed as a lesser concern at the present time. New focus areas include:
biodiversity, exploiting diversity in plant species; sustainable
agriculture; and natural resource management, including cropping systems
research.
Dr. Fischer indicated that, with passage of the North American Free
Trade Agreement, competition will develop between US and Mexican produced
wheat and quality will be an important consideration. Providing wheats to
the developing world with improved end-use quality is an important goal of
the CIMMYT wheat program. He also indicated that, although improving
productivity is of less concern at present, growth in production is unlikely
to keep up with estimated demand, which is increasing at 3% per year.
Providing free exchange of germplasm and information to developing countries
will continue to be an important function of CIMMYT.
Dr. George Varughese, Assistant Director for the Wheat Project,
indicated that changes were expected in funding of the international
centers. The World Bank will provide a fixed percentage (7%) of funds for
each center, but will no longer reduce support when centers receive special
project funds. Four of the centers will receive fewer funds (including
ICARDA) and four centers more funds from the World Bank than in the past.
CIMMYT will essentially remain even, relative to current World Bank funding.
MINUTES OF THE 1992 MEETING
Peterson asked for a motion to waive reading Minutes, which were
published in the Annual Wheat Newsletter, Vol. 39. Busch made the motion,
motion carried.
RESPONSES TO 1992 LETTERS
Several letters were sent by the NWIC in 1992. Dr. Plowman,
Administrator, ARS, responded by expressing his appreciation for the NWIC
letter supporting the wheat genome database project. A letter to Secretary
Mike Espy, regarding support of FGIS applied research activities, was
received and acknowledged by his office. Dave Galliert, Administrator,
FGIS, responded regarding formation of a working group on wheat test weight
issues. He indicated that FGIS, as a federal agency, was unable to take the
lead in forming the working group and suggested that NWIC or NAWG take the
leadership role. FGIS would, however, be a willing participant in the
working group.
In February, Sears sent a letter to Mr. Glen Lee, Deputy Administrator,
USDA-APHIS, regarding potential impact of relaxing barberry quarantine laws,
allowing for stem rust susceptible barberry plants to be grown commercially.
Mr. Lee responded that budget constraints have caused APHIS to adopt
regulatory procedures to conform to fiscal limitations, implying that black
stem rust (BSR) quarantine enforcement is now up to state plant protection
offices. APHIS is under pressure from nurserymen to make regulations less
restrictive, as their industry bears the regulatory and financial burden for
the BSR program. Sears stressed that the NWIC must be very proactive on
this issue, initiating contacts with state quarantine representatives and
providing information regarding potential impact of stem rust. The need to
communicate with nursery associations also was stressed. Sears will provide
background information on BSR quarantine to NWIC members, to be forwarded to
nursery associations and plant protection offices in each state. A letter
to NAWG and state wheat grower associations will be prepared to develop
additional support.
WHEAT WORKERS WORKSHOP
Sears reported on plans for the North American Wheat Workers Workshop,
sponsored by the NWIC. The workshop is scheduled for March 7-9, 1994 in
Kansas City. Programs and registration forms were distributed in October
and the speakers list is nearly complete.
CROP ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPORT
Cox suggested that a report from the Wheat CAC was unnecessary, as all
the NWIC members also attended the CAC meeting. The CAC minutes are
presented in their entirety in the Annual Wheat Newsletter, following those
from the NWIC.
WHEAT NEWSLETTER
The following reports are included by J.S. Quick, Editor, and I.
Edwards, Treasurer, of the Annual Wheat Newsletter. Cost of preparation and
publication continue to be a problem relative to supporting revenue.
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
1993 Annual Report to NWIC, J.S. Quick, Editor
The editing and publishing of Volume 39 of the Annual Wheat Newsletter
(AWN) followed the format of previous newsletters and was the third volume
directly printed in reduced font size entirely from computer files. There
were 460 copies printed and each copy had 434 pages. Ten copies of Volume
39 and about 15 of Volume 35 are still available. A summary of information
about each volume printed since 1954 (Volume 1) was published in the AWN,
Volume 32 (1986). The number of pages has increased by 240 since 1980, the
number of contributions has increased considerably, and the cost of
publication increased significantly in 1992 and 1993. Due to rising costs,
an effort was made to reduce the number of copies printed by encouraging
multiple use. Cost of production was reduced from about $4500 in 1987 to
about $3900 in 1988, increased to $5416 in 1989, decreased to $4690 in 1991
due to limited distribution, and increased to $7317 in 1993 due to increased
pages per volume (including 44 pages of history of USDA research on wheat
and rye, 1863 to 1972). Cost per copy is about $16.00.
In addition to the total cost of production, Colorado State University
Agronomy Department has contributed part of my time, computer facilities,
and some occasional letter typing. An Agronomy Department secretary,
Carolyn Schultz, has done an excellent job of manuscript preparation since
1983.
All AWN address lists are computerized for mailing and sorting. We are
requesting all workers provide their manuscripts on computer disks if
possible. All text will be entered into computer files and laser printed
with reduced font size to save space. Manuscripts can also be provided
through the BITNET system. About 300 requests for manuscripts and financial
assistance are sent to U.S., Australian, and Canadian wheat workers each
January. The requests for manuscripts and financial contributions from
other foreign scientists are included as an insert in the Newsletter mailing
in June. Additionally, regional manuscript and financial solicitation and
coordination are done by scientists in other countries. Since 1983, 34
scientists have been recognized for their contributions to wheat
improvement.
The cost of producing Volume 40 will probably be similar to that for
Volume 39. I believe it is now feasible and financially necessary to
consider AWN distribution by diskette to all locations. One copy would go
to each location, and it would be included in a folder with photo pages and
a table of contents. Volumes 37, 38 and 39 have been included in the USDA-
ARS Wheat Database. Suggestions from the NWIC would be appreciated. Ian
Edwards, AWN treasurer, has done an excellent job of securing cooperative
and institutional financial contributions allowing us to maintain a sound
financial position.
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER TREASURER'S REPORT
1992 Annual Report to NWIC
I.B. Edwards, Treasurer
ITEM DEBIT CREDIT BALANCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Balance reported
June 1, 1992 AWN $5258.25
2. Mailing request letter 43.84 5214.41
3. Envelopes 11.00 5203.41
4. Photocopy charges 12.00 5191.41
5. Mailing, Vol. 38,
July 1992 1025.70 4165.71
6. Printing and binding 5474.62 <1308.91>
7. Typing and editing, 750.00 <2058.91>
Vol. 38 (Carolyn Schultz)
8. Misc. bank charges 5.00 <2063.91>
9. New contributions
(since June 1) 790.00 <1273.91>
10. Interest on checking 44.18 <1229.73>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comments:
1. The total cost of Volume 39 was $7,317.16. This costs divided by
460 copies printed is about $15.91/copy. Volume 39 is 92 pages longer than
Volume 38 (435 vs 343). The total printed pages of Volume 39 was 27 percent
greater than that of Volume 38, and the total cost was 15% higher. Volume
38 was printed entirely from computer files.
2. Current funding balance, at the present time, is $<1,229.73>
compared with $<506.75> a year ago. It must be noted that there is still an
outstanding balance owing for production costs in the amount of $1267.16.
In the past four years, contributions have not matched the rising costs, and
this is an area of concern.
3. Although corporate contributions have increased in recent years,
this past year showed a decline. A number of institutions and companies
require an invoice in order to make payments. We are encouraging them to
notify your Treasurer as to the amount they wish to donate, and we will
gladly furnish an invoice. Private contributions remain our major source of
revenue. We will need very strong appeal in 1994 to keep the Annual Wheat
Newsletter solvent.
Quick proposed to begin AWN distribution on disk, with accompanying
folder, table of contents, and hard copies of photos and figures.
Distribution of 1 disk copy and folder per location was suggested, with one
individual per site responsible for local copying and distribution. Cost of
producing the newsletter would then be expected to drop to about $2,000 from
the current $7,000 for hardcopies. Distribution by disk appears the only
means to regain financial solvency for the AWN.
Two motions were put forward by Zemetra: 1) Use computer diskette for
primary distribution of the AWN. Motion unanimously approved. 2) Send
diskette and folder to one person per location, then site copy and print.
Motion was defeated; 10 against, 4 in favor. Concern was expressed over
ability to generate funds unless each individual received some type of copy
in hand. Others expressed desire for hard copy, if it could be made
available. Bruns moved that AWN diskette and folder be sent to everyone on
mailing list; and an option to purchase a hard copy be made available, at a
fixed cost per copy, and with a specific deadline for ordering hard copies.
The motion passed unanimously.
Quick indicated that, after 12 years of service to the AWN, Volume 40
would be his last as AWN editor. Edwards also indicated his intent to
relinquish his position as Treasurer after Volume 40. Sears will notify
people of opportunity to take over AWN positions, then NWIC will consider
options in 1994. A resolution of thanks to Quick and Edwards for their
dedicated service will be developed.
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE REPORT
Sears reported on the 1993 NWIC legislative visits. The legislative
teams visited eight Senate offices and 12 House offices. Although the NWIC
Plant Pathology Initiative was not successful, the visits were considered to
have a cumulative positive effect, both in Congress and with ARS
administrators. The visits enhanced recognition of the NWIC and had impact
in terms of presence, resulting in subsequent calls and questions from
legislative aids. Sears indicated the need for more homework prior to
visit, more follow-up, and support from NAWG. He noted the addition of
Bruce Lans, Nebraska Wheat Board Chair, to the team was a significant
benefit. Future visits need grower support and representation from target
states. Van Sanford suggested that the NWIC needs to rethink strategies and
develop corporate partners, such as millers and bakers, in legislative
efforts. We may also need to collaborate with oat or barley workers in
legislative agendas.
USDA-ARS RESEARCH UPDATE
Busch reported that the USDA is currently undergoing an in-depth
reorganization, called for by Vice President Gore and Secretary Espy. The
proposal includes combining ARS, CSRS, Extension Service, and the National
Ag Library into a single agency: Agricultural Research and Education Service
(ARES). The goal is reducing administrative costs and enhancing efficiency
in the USDA. ARS administrators appear positive about the reorganization as
it allows an opportunity for change. The FY94 ARS budget has been
tentatively approved by Congress, with additional funds over what was
requested by ARS inserted by the House and Senate. The Office of Management
and Budget cut $26 million from the ARS budget ($18 million in positions and
funds, 8 million in buildings and maintenance) in November, but this was
later restored in its entirety by the House. Final disposition is unclear
at this time.
Funding levels for the ARS Plant Science Unit at Manhattan remain
critical. The unit, comprised of Stan Cox, Jim Hatchett, and Merle
Eversmeyer, began the fiscal year $15,000 over budget. Approximately
$500,000 new federal money has been targeted for the Grain Marketing
Research Lab at Manhattan. The funds were among those removed from the ARS
budget by OMB, but were subsequently restored. If approved, some of these
funds may be directed to support the Manhattan Plant Science Unit and the
ARS wheat projects in Nebraska.
Kolb provided an update on the three new ARS wheat positions at Purdue
(Dr. Chuck Murphy provided additional clarification in December). Joe
Anderson, ARS, Bozeman, MT, has transferred to Lafayette and is now in the
Barley Yellow Dwarf, Molecular Biology position. Anderson was formerly
working on molecular genetics and biochemistry of barley seed development.
The remaining positions, Molecular Plant Pathologist with focus on fungal
diseases and Molecular Geneticist working on Hessian Fly, have been
advertised and closed and should be filled early in 1994.
Van Sanford discussed the continuing need for Pathology support
position in the southeast. The position was part of the 1992 NWIC
legislative agenda. It was targeted for Arkansas as a good site for
screening and with potential for political support from Senator Bumpers.
The Oat Workers have proposed a position at Raliegh, NC to work half time on
Crown Rust, which is currently written in language of the ARS budget, but
with no supporting dollars. Van Sanford proposed that the NWIC work with
the Oat Workers to establish a Small Grains Pathology position at Raliegh
that can allocate some time to wheat efforts. This was identified as a high
priority need during the 1992 ARS Grain Crops review.
Zemetra reported that efforts to develop a dwarf bunt (TCK) position in
Montana have failed. Some funds were initially allocated for dwarf bunt
work, but were insufficient to fill a position. He also indicated that a
special CSRS grant on TCK has been redirected to support the Portland Grain
Marketing Center. Concerns were expressed over lack of information
available on US and Canadian TCK research projects and lack of a focused
project.
Chuck Murphy provided additional comments on the Montana ARS positions
after the meeting. The Cereal Crop Improvement Research Unit at Bozeman
had 3 SY's prior to retirement of Al Sharen and transfer of Joe Anderson.
Victor Rayboy, Cereal Molecular Geneticist, was left as the sole SY in the
Unit. Rayboy's position has now become secured by tranferring the position
into the Bozeman Range Science Unit for administrative purposes, while
providing technical supervision through the Aberdeen Small Grains Research
Unit.
Morris reported on status of the ARS unit at Pullman, WA which is
composed of four subunits; physiology, quality, pathology, and genetics.
Morris has the only fully funded project in the research unit. Bob Allan is
nearing retirement and is stepping down as Research Leader (RL). Kay
Walker-Simmons will assume the RL position. There is concern over possible
loss of club wheat research in the Northwest and desire to refill Allan's
position with a club wheat/quantitative genetics position. However, chances
of refilling the position are not promising at this time. Rollie Line also
indicated that he could retire at any time and that current funding levels
were likely insufficient to refill his position.
Busch and McVey expressed concerns over status of ARS positions at the
Cereal Rust Laboratory in St. Paul. Alan Roelfs will retire in the near
future. Roelfs' CRIS project has already been eliminated and position will
likely be lost. The position may be included as a priority in the Oat
Workers legislative initiatives. Support from CIMMYT and Canadian
researchers could also be generated.
STATUS OF ARS WHEAT QUALITY RESEARCH
Peterson reported that ARS held a meeting in Fargo, ND in August to
discuss and develop national research priorities for wheat quality research
efforts. Input from the meeting, provided by federal and state scientists
and representatives from the milling and baking industry, will be used to
develop a National Research Initiative for wheat quality research. The long
term goal is to develop more collaborative research efforts among
researchers and emphasize research objectives with potential market impact.
Morris discussed need to deal with hard white wheat quality issues and
develop specific, common, quality goals for U.S. breeding projects. A
upcoming meeting of the CSRS WRCC81 regional committee on 'Improving end-use
quality in small grains' will provide a forum to discuss regional hard white
development issues. The meeting is scheduled for January 6 and 7, 1994 in
Portland, Oregon. Morris also indicated that the western region was not
interested, at this time, in joining the national Wheat Quality Council
organization.
UPDATE ON WHEAT HARDNESS AND CLASSIFICATION
Sears reported that the Wheat Classification Working Group is expected
to hold a meeting this winter. They will review hardness data from the 1992
and '93 crop years obtained with the Single Kernel Hardness (SKH) tester.
Implementation of the new SKH tester for grain classification is still
targeted for 1995 or 1996.
WHEAT TEST WEIGHT ISSUES
Van Sanford questioned whether NWIC could lead a working group on test
weight, now that FGIS indicated it was unable to take leadership in such an
effort. Applications of the SKH tester would be the initial focus for the
group. Edwards was concerned that test weight might not be a viable issue
at this time, without either implementation of the SKH tester or NAWG
support for this as a marketing issue. However, potential may still exist
to form a task force. There is strong support in ARS quality labs to
develop methodology and data to supplant test weight as an indicator of
milling yield. Bruns suggested an opportunity to tie the issue into the
next FGIS wheat grain grading review process, which takes place every five
years. However, the next review, scheduled in four years, will likely be
consumed with implementation of the SKH tester. It was suggested that the
eastern section of the Wheat Quality Council might also provide a leadership
role.
Kolb moved that Van Sanford be named as the official NWIC
representative on wheat test weight issues, and that he make appropriate
contacts and pursue development of a working group. Bruns provided second
and motion was unanimously approved.
PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION (PVP)
Sears discussed the status of legislation to amend PVP laws to meet the
UPOV '91 treaty. Legislation has been introduced in the Senate (S.1406) by
Kerrey (NE) and House (H.R.2927) by de la Garza (TX). Senate cosponsors
currently include Daschle (SD), Kassebaum (KS), Exon (NE), and Pressler
(SD). A bill was introduced to committee on August 6 and subcommittee
hearings were held on September 20. The NWIC provided written testimony
supporting the legislation to Sen. Kerrey, and the 1992 NWIC resolution on
PVP was recorded as written testimony in Congress. Marsha Stanton, ASA
Congressional Fellow located in Senator Kerrey's office, has been working on
the bill, which is expected to receive markup in December and action
sometime after January 1. At this time, there has been little overall
Congressional concern over changes proposed for PVP.
Concern was expressed by Bruns and others regarding a recent decision
by ARS that seed of PVP'd varieties not be distributed from the ARS National
Germplasm Collections. The decision was related to language in the PVP
research exemption that fails to specifically state what agencies can
distribute such seed. Clarification regarding the status of PVP germplasm
appears needed. This may also need to be considered in developing the new
PVP legislation.
Edwards indicated that the version of UPOV that member nations will be
asked to ratify in 1994 includes a clause prohibiting any off farm seed
sales. Even with changes proposed in current PVP legislation, it is
doubtful that the U.S. will be in full compliance with the treaty.
REPORT FROM ASTA SUBCOMMITTEE ON ESSENTIALLY DERIVED CONCEPTS
Edwards gave an update on ASTA efforts to develop definitions and
concepts for essentially derived materials. The key issue is the 'doctrine
of dependency', which applies to PVP'd materials only. If a line is
considered 'essentially derived' from a PVP variety, then there is a legal
issue of dependency in the marketplace. Questions remain as to what is
considered 'essentially derived'; based on breeding methods, thresholds for
genetic distance, and scientific methods of measurement. There is general
agreement that if two lines have less than 75% of segregating traits in
common then they are not essentially derived; if greater than 95% in common
they are essentially derived. Question is in the middle ground. To date,
at least 1 backcross and 75% or more of identifiable traits in common, or 2
backcrosses regardless of number of common identifiable traits, would be
considered essentially derived. Again, there is a question as to minimum
number of traits to be measured, and which technologies would be accepted.
Application of essentially derived concepts to PVP laws would likely require
some type of grandfather clause. Ultimately, these concepts will be
described by case law history and definitions will need to be updated on a
regular basis.
DNA FINGERPRINTS AS PVP DESCRIPTORS
P. Murphy and Kolb brought up potential use of DNA technologies as PVP
descriptors, to get away from more tedious and less useful measures of
varietal differences. It was recognized that some morphological markers
will be needed to facilitate the seed certification process. Edwards
indicated that the PVP office is currently unable to handle this type of
data and information. However, there is increasing interest, especially in
private companies, in use of DNA technologies for varietal protection.
INTERNATIONAL GERMPLASM EXCHANGE SUBCOMMITTEE REPORT
Peterson presented results of a national survey conducted by the
International Germplasm Exchange Subcommittee. The survey was intended to
identify countries/programs which should be priorities for international
exchange efforts and determine current level of exchange activities and
factors that limit access to international germplasm. A total of 50 U.S.
wheat breeders and geneticists responded. Survey results indicated that a
large number of germplasm lines were imported each year by U.S. breeders.
However, when considered on a per program basis, most programs obtained
relatively few new lines each year, generally from 1 or 2 sources. Personal
contacts were the primary means of accessing international germplasm,
followed by international nurseries. Countries or programs which were
identified as high priority for exchange efforts included: 1) Former Soviet
Union; 2) CIMMYT/Mexico; 3) China; and 4) Eastern European countries. The
majority of respondents indicated a willingness to provide imported
germplasm to either the National Small Grains Collection or directly to
other breeding programs on request; assuming that permission of the
originating program could be obtained prior to secondary distribution. All
indicated willingness to participate if some type of reciprocal
international germplasm exchange program could be established. There were
five recurring themes in suggestions to improve international exchange: 1)
need for national coordination and support; 2) need for central location for
increase and distribution; 3) need for either a nationally funded or
contractual quarantine growout system; 4) need for support of international
nurseries; and 5) need to reduce and simplify APHIS quarantine restrictions.
It was recognized that, realistically, there are no funds currently
available for a national coordinating position, for a centralized quarantine
growout system, or for supporting international nurseries. Also, there is
little expected change, near term, in APHIS regulations. Chances of
obtaining new funds for international germplasm exchange efforts were
considered nonexistent. However, the general willingness of breeders to
exchange germplasm they have imported (once approval of originating program
is obtained), may provide an opportunity to increase overall germplasm
availability.
The Subcommittee proposed that USDA-ARS develop a program for breeders
to submit international germplasm as a temporary introductions to the
National Small Grains Collection, and then NSGC provide for small scale
distribution of seed. Individual breeders would be responsible for
importation of seed and quarantine increase. It would also be their
responsibility to obtain written permission from the originating programs to
allow NSGC to distribute the germplasm. Once increased, seed of each line
(approximately 500 grams) would be provided to the NSGC, with copy of
permission to distribute. The NSGC would assign a temporary introduction
number (i.e. TI# series to differentiate from PI) to each line and
distribute 10 gram samples, on request, for up to 3 years or until the seed
supply is exhausted. After 3 years, remaining seed would be discarded and
the introduction would be unavailable. The NSGC would need to provide an
annual newsletter, or list of available entries, for distribution to U.S.
breeding programs (Regional Secretaries could help with distribution). NSCG
would also need to provide formal guidelines and appropriate information
that could be used to obtain written permission from originating
institutions. The NWIC Germplasm Subcommittee and CAC could help to
organize breeders to obtain germplasm from key target countries/programs.
The Subcommittee recognized that some funds may be needed for seed increase
of specific international nurseries, or small collections, to facilitate
entry into the program.
Based on general approval and concensus of the Committee, NWIC will
send letter to Shands endorsing the proposal, with draft prepared by the
Subcommittee.
UPDATING THE WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
Kolb expressed concern that the current Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
fails to address impact of new technologies. Language should be included to
prohibit production of somoclones, transgenic plants by recombinant DNA
techniques, and induction of mutations without permission of the originator.
A committee of Kolb, Cox, and Edwards was assigned to develop specific
language for consideration. The revision was later tabled for future
consideration. It was generally agreed upon that language and concepts in
the Code of Ethics should match those used for definitions of essentially
derived materials in PVP, which have not yet been agreed upon. The NWIC
will reconsider revision in 1994.
GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION BY NPGS
Cox brought forward a letter from the Crop Advisory Committee to Henry
Shands, regarding germplasm distribution policies of the National Plant
Germplasm System. The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) Board of
Directors has requested that USDA-ARS change its policy of free distribution
of germplasm in NPGS collections to allow for deposition and storage of
germplasm with restricted distribution. The CAC letter opposes any
restriction on distribution of germplasm deposited in the NPGS that may be
established by private firms or public institutions wishing to deposit
materials. Cox proposed developing a joint letter to Shands from the NWIC
and CAC. Bruns indicated a need to broaden awareness regarding the NWIC
position on NPGS distribution policies and suggested sending an appropriate
resolution to experiment station directors, ASA executive committee, and ARS
administrators. A motion was approved to develop a resolution supporting
free exchange of germplasm in the NPGS, similar to the letter developed by
the CAC. Cox and Bruns later presented the resolution to the NWIC, which
was unanimously approved as written.
STATUS OF CIMMYT GERMPLASM EXCHANGE AND SEED HEALTH EFFORTS
CIMMYT will use Mexicali as a primary site for seed increase prior to
distribution of international nurseries in 1994. The Mexicali nursery will
be located near the California border in a Karnal Bunt (KB) free area. Few
international wheat nurseries were distributed in 1993 due to presence of KB
at the Hermosillo seed increase site.
Larry Butler provided additional background on the CIMMYT Seed Health
Unit and related KB work, including a tour of seed treatment equipment and
inspection methods. Samples of seed lots used for international shipments
are extensively screened for presence of KB spores using washing and
filtration techniques and microscopic evaluation. CIMMYT is using a sodium
hypochlorite bath for all wheat seed prior to packaging and distribution to
eliminate potential KB spores on seed surfaces. In addition to a standing
bath, nicknamed the 'killer jacuzzi', CIMMYT has recently developed a
mechanized system for seed treatment. Seed is also treated with Vitavax 300
and chlorothalonil prior to distribution. However, a guarantee of 0 spores
is unrealistic and a rational limit still needs to be established. CIMMYT
continues to work with APHIS as new seed health and KB screening procedures
are developed.
STATUS OF CIMMYT PLANT PATHOLOGY EFFORTS
Gene Saari provided an update on activities in the CIMMYT Crop
Protection Unit, which currently has seven staff members. Improving
resistance to the three rusts remain the #1 priority in pathology efforts,
although stem rust is more on a maintenance status. Other priorities
include Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum, KB, bunts and loose smut.
Second generation problems, related to cropping systems and residue
management, are receiving increased attention. These include tan spot,
Helmenthosporium sativum, and BYDV; root rots, scab and mildew also are
important, but fewer funds are available for these diseases. Paraguay had
been a focus for scab screening, but support has been reduced. Minor
element deficiencies and predisposition to disease also receive some effort.
Global monitoring and surveillance continues as a priority. Concern exists
over durability and diversity of resistances in light of sustainable
agriculture issues and practices.
CIMMYT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
Paul Fox and Bent Skovmand gave an impressive demonstration of the
CIMMYT Wheat Database. The database provides an extensive pedigree
management and information system, cross referencing variety names and
designations, varietal performance information, and agronomic descriptions.
Also underway are efforts to combine data files from long-term International
Nursery results for analyses. However, reductions in CIMMYT funding have
severely affected database development efforts. It was anticipated that
Paul Fox would not be retained unless additional outside funds could be
identified. Canada, Australia, and U.S. agencies have each been contacted
about contributing funds, and each has expressed interest. Busch moved that
the NWIC send a letter to Henry Shands expressing our support for the CIMMYT
database effort and encouraging ARS to provide support as possible. Motion
passed unanimously.
UPDATE ON GENE MAPPING AND WHEAT TRANSFORMATION EFFORTS
Olin Anderson reported on funding and genome mapping efforts of ITMI.
An ARS competitive grant and an ARS/DOE/NSF coordination grant were received
last year. There is increasing evidence of similarity in genome
organization across grass species, suggesting the possibility to use all
grasses as a genetic unit in gene isolation. Anderson also reported on
progress in ARS wheat transformation efforts. Transformation has now been
confirmed as stable through five generations of reproduction. Using a gene
gun, they have inserted a herbicide resistance gene in the variety Bobwhite.
Multiple transformation events have been obtained, at the rate of 1 per 500
embryos. Other laboratories are using similar approaches and have either
achieved transformation, or are very close.
THE 1993 SCAB EPIDEMIC
Busch gave an update on scab (Fusarium head blight) disease losses in
1993. In Minnesota, average yield was reduced by 30%, with an estimated
$400 million loss to producers. Approximately 300,000 acres were destroyed
or burned prior to harvest. In the Great Plains region, there was an
estimated $1 billion loss. In contrast, there is one position dedicated to
scab research, in Minnesota, with total investment of $90,000 per year.
Prior to 1993, it was anticipated that this position would be lost.
Vomitoxin levels over 30 ppm were found in 1993, and less than 50% of the
Minnesota crop met the 2 ppm maximum acceptable level for human consumption.
After milling, 1/2 of initial grain vomitoxin levels have been found in
straight grade flour and three times the initial levels in bran.
Busch discussed the scab screening and inoculation techniques developed
in Minnesota. There is no known genetic source of resistance to scab,
however a range in tolerance has been identified. Hundreds of Chinese
lines, reported to possess tolerance, have been screened. Two varieties,
Sumai #3 and Fan #1, were identified with less susceptibility than any other
germplasm. Sumai tolerance appears more of a qualitative than quantitative
trait. However, associated agronomic characteristics and poor baking
quality of the Chinese wheats will make their use difficult.
Kolb indicated that scab was a severe problem in the SRW wheat region
in 1990 and '91. Increasing incidence appears related to minimum till and
eco-fallow cropping trends. Gene Milas, Arkansas, has formed an ad hoc
committee for evaluation of germplasm. Greg Shaner is trying to develop a
North Central Region Committee for coordinating scab research, but the
committee has no funding.
Busch stressed the need to upgrade scab research as a national
priority. A long-term, focused effort on methodology, screening, and basic
research will be required to reduce scab incidence. Impact of the '93
epidemic provides an opportunity to rally support in the wheat industry,
collect information on disease losses, and develop a legislative initiative
for new funding. Support of the Wheat Quality Council, milling and baking
industry, and NAWG will be critical. Morris suggested exploiting food
safety issues to help garner support. However, care must be taken that the
publicity does not adversely affecting grain marketing. Goal may be to
obtain ARS monies and support similar to that obtained for the Russian Wheat
Aphid work. The scab issue was moved forward as a key item in the
legislative agenda.
NEW RESEARCH ON BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID LOSSES
Porter discussed new research evidence that non-viruliferous Bird
Cherry-Oat Aphids were just as damaging as the Russian Wheat Aphid and
Greenbug. As little as 10 aphids/plant can cause a 50% yield reduction.
The damage is chronic, with little symptom expression. Control with
chemical pesticides is currently the only option. A symposium on the aphid
will be held at the national entomology meetings in December, 1993.
Research from Hungary suggested that some level of genetic tolerance may be
available, with yield losses of 30% expressed in tolerant lines compared to
60% in susceptible. The tolerance is not genetically related to other aphid
resistances.
Busch indicated that previous threshold levels recommended for chemical
control were not adequate. In 1992, Minnesota had a severe aphid influx.
Untreated plots averaged 31.8 bu/a compared with 50 bu/a for treated. Busch
estimated that 1.7 million acres could have been economically sprayed that
year. The concern is potential for major insecticide applications over wide
acreages. New threshold levels for treatment are 1 aphid/stem on 85/100
stems. Kolb questioned the role of BYDV in yield losses as BYDV infections
may show little visual symptomology. Porter indicated that several tests
documenting yield loss have used certified non-viruliferous aphids. Leath
indicated a new seed treatment, documented and used in Europe, may provide
short-term control, but it is very expensive. Some resistance also may be
available in SRW wheats due to long-term natural selection under aphid
infestations.
SUPPORT FOR CSRS WHEAT RESEARCH
Bruns brought forward communication with Stephen Baenziger, Nebraska,
requesting the NWIC increase its efforts to promote increased CSRS/Hatch
funding for wheat and wheat pathology. Worrall also expressed concern that
the NWIC each year focuses on ARS programs and need to increase ARS funding,
while numerous CSRS wheat research problems are not addressed. However,
lack of mechanisms to increase specific CSRS funding for wheat are a primary
problem. Baenziger suggested pursuing a combined ARS/CSRS funding program,
similar to the STEEP II program in the Pacific Northwest, with competitive
funding and peer review. Targeted CSRS special grants might be pursued with
appropriate congressional support. However, CSRS special grants are
considered as 'pork barrel' and difficult to obtain in todays political
climate. They are also renewed annually and require substantial political
investment to maintain. An alternative proposed would be to develop a
permanent pool of ARS funds and use ARS as a granting agency for
collaborative/competitive ARS and CSRS projects. This has been done
effectively for the oat germplasm enhancement program. Merging of ARS and
CSRS into a single USDA agency may provide additional and more effective
mechanisms in the near future.
Committee members agreed that the NWIC needs to more actively pursue
means to enhance CSRS wheat funding. A motion was approved that established
a subcommittee comprised of Worrall and Van Sanford to study CSRS funding
options and report to the NWIC next year. The committee will also be in
communication with Stephen Baenziger regarding options and directions.
NAWG ISSUES
Zemetra indicated that a $1.1 million dollar National Research
Initiative on jointed goatgrass control has recently been obtained with NAWG
support. The program is targeted for western and plains states. Goals and
objectives are unclear and there is no proposal draft available at this
time. Contact person is Jim Zuiches, Washington State University.
Zemetra brought forward a resolution from the Idaho Wheat Commission
for input from the NWIC. The resolution has been circulated to state wheat
commissions and grower associations and is expected to be considered by
NAWG. It recommends that the American Association of Seed Certification
Agencies require milling and baking quality information, based on nine
location/year of testing, be provided and made available as a matter of
public record prior to inclusion of a new or existing wheat variety in a
certified seed program. It was noted that this was, in essence, similar to
initial proposals in the Grain Quality Incentives Act developed by Senator
Daschle. That bill currently requires that quality data be provided on
state variety trials, an requirement which is largely not met at this time.
Bruns explained the role of the AOSCA Small Grains Variety Review Board,
which requires data only when needed to substantiate claims made on a
variety. Edwards noted the resolution was interesting in light of lack of
interest of western states in joining the National Wheat Quality Council
organization, which could provide quality information and uniform testing
procedures. A straw poll was conducted to determine support for the Idaho
resolution. No support was indicated. Sears will respond to the Idaho
Wheat Commission, and NAWG as appropriate, indicating lack of support for
the resolution. Background information also will be provided, based on
testimony developed by Fred Cholick for congressional hearings on the Grain
Quality Incentives Act.
REGIONAL ITEMS AND UPDATES
Peterson reported on status of the USDA-ARS wheat virology research in
Lincoln. Two ARS scientists, Roy French and W. Langenberg, currently work
on molecular genetics of wheat streak mosaic, soilborne wheat mosaic, and
BYDV. Langenberg is expected to retire in the near future. Without
additional funds, his position will not be replaced. Local ARS and UN-L
administrators hope to refill Langenberg's position, but state and national
support will be needed to obtain additional funds. An
epidemiologist/molecular geneticist is desired with primary research
emphasis on wheat streak mosaic virus. Consideration as a possible
legislative agenda item was proposed.
Kolb indicated that there is continuing interest and need for the
International Septoria Screening Nursery, which was discontinued upon
retirement of Al Sharen. Basic need is to identify a coordinator. Leath
indicated that he was willing, if support (i.e. 1/2 technician position)
could be found. After consideration of possible actions, it was decided
that the issue would be brought up informally, as a point of information,
with C. Murphy.
Personnel changes and pending retirements from each region were
discussed. Zemetra indicated that, in addition to changes in the Montana
ARS positions, the Aberdeen ARS wheat germplasm/physiology position of S.
Ramagopal has been transferred to Beltsville, along with supporting funds.
Washington State University is anticipating the retirement of Clarence
Peterson and Cal Konzak in the next year, and Bob Allan in 2 to 3 years.
Filling of the O.A. Vogel endowed chair position at WSU is currently on
hold. Van Sanford indicated that John Roberts, Pathologist at Griffin GA,
is nearing retirement. Gordon Kimber, cytogeneticist at Columbia, MO, will
retire in May of 1994. Bruns reported that Merle Eversmeyer, ARS
Pathologist and Research Leader at Manhattan, KS could retire at anytime.
Ed Smith, Oklahoma State University wheat breeder, may retire in the next
few years. Busch indicated that two thirds of the ARS Cereal Rust
Laboratory researchers could retire within the next three years; Allan
Roelfs will retire shortly. Several retirements are anticipated in the ARS
unit at Fargo, including Norm Williams, Cytogeneticist and Research Leader;
Jim Miller, Pathologist; and Leonard Joppa, Geneticist. Retirement of S.S.
Maan, Fargo, also is eminent.
MISSION STATEMENT FOR THE NWIC
Sears and Peterson proposed a mission statement to clarify goals and
function of the NWIC. The statement is to be used in correspondence with
legislators, industry, and press, to explain the role of the NWIC as a
standing expert Committee. After discussion and consideration of
appropriate language, Worrall moved for acceptance. The revised mission
statement was unanimously approved. It is included with the 1993
resolutions and letters.
1994 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA
Sears lead discussion on plans for the NWIC legislative initiative and
Congressional visit, scheduled for late March. Membership of the
Legislative subcommittee was discussed. It was emphasized that the NWIC
legislative team should be expanded outside of NWIC members; include NAWG
representatives, growers from key states, and representatives from the
milling and baking industry. The Wheat Quality Council Board of Directors
should be approached for representation. Glenn Weaver, ConAgra, is
currently Chair of the Board.
The 1992-93 Legislative Initiative included requests of support for
five ARS positions/units: Plant Science Unit, Manhattan; Plant
Pathology/Germplasm position in Southeast; Wheat Pathology, Pullman; Cereal
Rust Lab, St. Paul; and Smut position, Bozeman. Sears recommended that the
1993-94 initiative focus on a single, high priority item, such as the
Manhattan Research Unit, then present others as informational items. Van
Sanford concurred that primary focus should be the ARS Manhattan unit; with
additional funds, their research efforts could be expanded to include work
on all wheat classes. He also recommended supporting the Oat Workers
initiative for a pathology position at Raleigh, NC. Busch reminded the
Committee that growers lost $1 billion to disease in 1993, which could be
powerful focus for this years lobbying efforts, especially for scab
research. Morris suggested that food safety and security could also be an
effective focus.
P. Murphy suggested that the Oat Workers Strategic Plan could be an
effective concept and model for the NWIC. It was agreed that a strategic
plan for pathology could provide an effective background for the legislative
initiative. Target of a long-term strategic plan would then be diseases,
rather than people or programs. Specific annual legislative initiatives
would then focus on individual disease impact and losses, and take advantage
of opportunities for Congressional support.
Sears proposed the NWIC organize a subcommittee to develop a long-term
strategic plan for wheat research needs, with focus on pathology issues.
However, due to the short time frame for planning, this years initiative
would combine current regional pathology issues into a package with a single
item as high priority focus. Bruns indicated that last years initiative
would be an effective base, with slight modifications in language and focus.
It was agreed that Sears, as NWIC Chair, would head the Legislative
Subcommittee, enlisting aid from NWIC members and others as needed. Sears
also will contact C. Murphy and W. Martinez for advice and direction on
strategies and funding targets. Regional Chairs will provide a list of
regional disease priorities to Sears by December 15. Sears will then work
with NWIC members to develop appropriate documents and a legislative
information packet during December and January. The information packet will
be provided to key congressional staff, ARS administrators, NAWG, and
industry groups such as the Wheat Quality Council. The Manhattan Plant
Science Unit will remain the primary focus for the funding initiative and
the other key pathology positions will be included as appropriate. Regional
Chairs will serve as members of a Strategic Planning Subcommittee for the
NWIC. During the next year, the Subcommittee will develop list of regional
and national wheat research priorities to be presented and considered at the
1994 NWIC meeting.
NWIC INTERACTIONS WITH PRESS
Sears reported that a news article, loosely based on a draft developed
by several NWIC members in February, was released through the AP wire
service in May. The article expressed NWIC concerns over reduced funding
for pathology research in light of increasing disease losses. The article
was published in several national newspapers. Sears received several calls
and favorable comments on the article and he believed it was beneficial in
increasing visibility of the NWIC. It was suggested that copies of the
legislative information packet be provided to key members of the
agricultural press to increase awareness of our national research concerns.
This would serve to increase recognition of the NWIC as an expert committee,
and show willingness to provide testimony regarding national wheat issues.
MISC. RESOLUTIONS AND LETTERS
Sears proposed that two resolutions be developed, acknowledging 12
years of dedicated service by Jim Quick and Ian Edwards in publication and
distribution of the Annual Wheat Newsletter. Busch moved that appropriate
resolutions be drafted, expressing the appreciation of the world wheat
community. Motion was approved and Peterson will write resolutions.
Drafting of resolution expressing appreciation to CIMMYT personnel for
serving as excellent hosts of the 1993 NWIC meeting also was approved.
NEXT MEETING
Sears proposed that the next NWIC meeting be held on November 4 and 5,
1994 at, or near, Beltsville, MD. Peterson and Sears will identify an
appropriate location and facility. The 1994 CAC meeting will then be held
on the evening of November 3, prior to the NWIC meeting. Motion was
approved. The meeting was then adjourned by Sears.
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
NOVEMBER 19-20, 1993, EL BATAN, MEXICO
SUBJECT: MISSION OF THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
The National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) is a non-profit,
independent organization representing public and private wheat researchers.
It is composed of scientists which represent each of the four major U.S.
wheat growing regions. The NWIC addresses issues that have direct, or
indirect, effect on U.S. wheat; including areas of research, production,
marketing, and end-use. The Committee provides information and counsel to
Congressional leaders and U.S. agricultural policymakers, with the long-term
goal of improving wheat production and marketing opportunities. The NWIC is
an expert committee and is willing to provide either written or verbal
testimony regarding wheat research issues in the United States. The NWIC
meets annually. Minutes of Committee meetings, resolutions, and letters are
published each year in the Annual Wheat Newsletter.
SUBJECT: GERMPLASM EXCHANGE POLICY OF THE NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM
TO: Shands; Plowman; Eberhart; Exp. station directors; CSSA Executive
Committee
WHEREAS, the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) Board of Directors has
requested that USDA-ARS change its policy of free distribution of germplasm
in National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collections to allow for
deposition and storage of germplasm with restricted distribution, and
WHEREAS, the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) has consistently
supported free exchange of germplasm as the cornerstone of wheat
improvement, and
WHEREAS, the National Plant Germplasm System is a critical source of genetic
material and an integral part of free germplasm exchange in the United
States and the world, and
WHEREAS, the NWIC strongly supports the current USDA policy of unrestricted,
free distribution of germplasm from the NPGS to continue the legacy of wheat
improvement, and
WHEREAS, the NWIC recognizes that extreme political, economic, and
environmental pressures may necessitate the acceptance by NPGS of certain
critical international collections with restrictive distribution (a
compromise to ensure the protection of genetic diversity of world stocks
that should not be allowed to affect our domestic germplasm exchange
policies),
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the National Wheat Improvement Committee
strongly opposes restriction on the distribution of germplasm deposited with
the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System; international collections accepted
under crisis situations would be the sole exception. If a policy of
restricted germplasm distribution were accepted, the USDA-ARS would, in
effect, be endorsing a policy of germplasm commercialization. This implied
endorsement would undermine a long-standing USDA-ARS commitment to the world
wheat community of free germplasm exchange and would irreparably damage
wheat improvement efforts.
SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF HOSTS
WHEREAS, CIMMYT has served as an excellent host of the 1993 National Wheat
Improvement Committee and Wheat Crop Advisory Committee, and
WHEREAS, our hosts provided superior meeting facilities and have expended
much time and effort to ensure that the meetings were successful, and
WHEREAS, our hosts provided NWIC members with an impressive tour of current
CIMMYT research efforts and facilities,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the members of the NWIC and WCAC sincerely
thank our hosts from CIMMYT: Dr. Roger Rowe, Deputy Director General for
Research; Dr. Tony Fischer, Director of the Wheat Research Program; Dr. Bent
Skovmand, Head, Wheat Genetic Resources; and Linda Ainsworth, Head, Visitor
and Conference Services. Appreciation also goes out to Larry Butler, Paul
Fox, Gene Saari, George Varughese, and Diego Gonzalez de Leon for their
presentations and participation in the meeting.
SUBJECT: RECOGNITION OF DR. JIM QUICK'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL WHEAT
NEWSLETTER
WHEREAS, Dr. Jim Quick has provided twelve years of dedicated and able
service to the world wheat research community through his position as Editor
of the Annual Wheat Newsletter, and
WHEREAS, the Annual Wheat Newsletter has provided a unique and extremely
valuable resource for international wheat researchers, and
WHEREAS, he has expended much time and effort in editing, publication, and
distribution of the Newsletter,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that members of the NWIC express their collective
appreciation to Dr. Quick for his distinguished service and contributions to
the International and National Wheat Improvement efforts.
SUBJECT: RECOGNITION OF DR. IAN EDWARDS'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL WHEAT
NEWSLETTER
WHEREAS, Dr. Ian Edwards has provided twelve years of dedicated and able
service to the world wheat research community through his position as
Treasurer of the Annual Wheat Newsletter, and
WHEREAS, the Annual Wheat Newsletter has provided a unique and extremely
valuable resource for international wheat researchers, and
WHEREAS, he has expended much time and effort in raising funds and handling
accounts to provide for publication and distribution of the Newsletter,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that members of the NWIC express their collective
appreciation to Dr. Edwards for his distinguished service and contributions
to the International and National Wheat Improvement efforts.
-------------------------
LETTERS OF THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE,
APPROVED NOVEMBER 19-20, 1993, EL BATAN, MEXICO
February 18, 1994
Dr. Henry L. Shands
Genetic Resources
USDA-ARS, NPS,GR
Bldg 005, BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Dear Dr. Shands,
I'm writing to report on the NWIC's impression of the CIMMYT germplasm and
database program being developed by Dr. Paul Fox and Dr. Bent Skovmand. The
entire committee was very favorably impressed, and we would make the
recommendation that the USDA contribute to funding the database until it can
be completed in the next year or two.
We feel as a group of wheat researchers, that the database could very easily
be utilized by other self-pollinated crops. In fact, we understand that
IRRI is presently examining the database for
utilization within their system. We also feel that this database could be
easily incorporated for use with inbred lines in either corn or sorghum.
In summary, the NWIC would encourage USDA to support the funding of the
CIMMYT database program until it can be finished. Thank you for allowing us
to comment on this critical issue involving wheat.
Sincerely, R.G. Sears, Chair
-------------------------
MEMBERS OF NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
November 1993
Dr. R.G. Sears, Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-7245
FAX: (913)-532-6094
Dr. C.J. Peterson, Secretary
USDA-ARS, Dept. of Agronomy
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583
(402) 472-5191
FAX: (402) 437-5254
Eastern Wheat Region
Dr. Fred Kolb, Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
Univ. of Illinois
Urbana, IL 61801
(217) 244-6148
FAX: (217) 333-9817
Dr. H.E.Bockelman, Secretary
USDA-ARS, 1691 So. 2700 W.
P.O. Box 307
Aberdeen, ID 83210
(208) 397-4162
FAX: (208) 397-4165
Dr. Paul Murphy
Dept. of Crop Science
North Carolina State Univ.
Raleigh, NC 27607
(919) 515-3281
FAX: (919) 515-5657
Dr. D. Van Sanford
Dept. of Agronomy
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506
(606) 257-5811
FAX: (606) 258-5842
National Assoc. of Wheat
Growers
Ellen Ferguson
Director, NAWG Foundation415
Second St. NE Suite 300
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 547-7800
FAX: (202) 546-2638
Great Plains Spring Wheat
Region
Dr. Gary Hareland, Chair
USDA-ARS, Northern Crop
Science Lab
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7728
FAX: (701) 237-7713
Dr. R.H. Busch, Secretary
USDA-ARS, 411 Borlaug Hall
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, MN 55108
(612) 625-1975
FAX: (612) 625-1268
Dr. Leonard Joppa
USDA-ARS, Northern Crop
Science Lab
1307 N 18th St
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 239-1339
FAX: (701) 237-7713
Dr. R. Frohberg
Dept. of Crop and Weed
Science
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7971
FAX: (701) 237-7973
Great Plains Winter Wheat
Region
R. Bruns, Chair
Agripro Bioscience, Inc.
806 N. Second St., P.O. Box 30
Berthoud, CO 80513
(303) 532-3721
Dr. T.S. Cox, Secretary
USDA-ARS
Throckmorton Hall, Rm.
421Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-7260
FAX:(913) 532-5692
Dr. W.D. Worrall
Texas A&M, P.O. Box 1658
Vernon, TX 76384
(817) 552-9941
FAX: (817) 553-4657
Dr. David Porter
USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western St.
Stillwater, OK 74075
(405) 624-4212
FAX: (405) 372-1398
Western Wheat Region
Dr. R.S. Zemetra, Chair
Dept. of Plant, Soil & Ent. Sci.
University of Idaho
Moscow, ID 83843
(208) 885-7810
FAX: (208) 885-7760
Dr. R.F. Line, Secretary
USDA-ARS, 361 Johnson Hall
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3755
FAX: (509) 335-7674
Dr. David Hole
Dept. of Plant and Soil Sci.
Utah State Univ.
Logan, UT 84321
(801) 750-2235
FAX: (801) 750-3376
Dr. Craig Morris
USDA Western Wheat Quality lab
E-202 FSHN Fac. East
Washington State Univ.
Pullman, WA 99164-6394
(509) 335-4062
FAX: (509) 335-8573
-------------------------
WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
"This seed is being distributed in accordance with the `Wheat Workers
Code of Ethics for Distribution of Germplasm' developed by the National
Wheat Improvement Committee 10/27/76. Acceptance of this seed
constitutes Agreement."
1. The originating breeder, station or company has certain rights to
the unreleased material. These rights are not waived with the
distribution of seeds or plant material but remain with the
originator for disposal at this initiative.
2. The recipient of unreleased seeds or plant material shall make no
secondary distributions of the germplasm without the permission
of the owner/breeder.
3. The owner/breeder in distributing unreleased seeds or other
propagating material, grants permission for use (1) in tests
under the recipient's control, (2) as a parent for making crosses
from which selections will be made, and (3) for induction of
mutations. All other uses, such as testing in regional nurseries,
increase and release as a cultivar, selection from the stock, use
as parents in commercial F(1) hybrids or synthetic or multiline
cultivars, require the written approval of the owner/breeder.
4. Plant materials of this nature entered in crop cultivar trials
shall not be used for seed increase. Reasonable precautions to
insure retention or recovery of plant materials at harvest shall
be taken.
5. The distributor of wheat germplasm stocks may impose additional
restrictions on use or may waiver any of the above.
-------------------------
PROGRESS ON GRAIN GENES, THE TRITICEAE GENOME DATABASE
David E. Matthews and Olin D. Anderson
A genetic database for Triticeae, oats, and sugarcane is being
assembled as part of the United States Department of Agriculture, National
Agricultural Library's Plant Genome Program, directed by Jerome P. Miksche.
The project includes the creation of a comprehensive database at the
National Agricultural Library incorporating data from all plant species.
The data are available for public access and distribution, and cooperation
with the international research community is encouraged. Additional support
for the Triticeae database is provided by ITMI, the International Triticeae
Mapping Initiative, through a grant from the USDA/DOE/NSF Joint Program on
Collaborative Research in Plant Biology.
The Triticeae database project, "GrainGenes," is coordinated by Olin
Anderson (USDA, Albany, CA). The master database is currently running at
Cornell University (David Matthews and Mark Sorrells) and is accessible via
Internet. The main efforts in this program are to establish the hardware
and software systems to construct and maintain a database, and coordinate
the loading of all available and useful data. Kinds of information being
loaded include:
genetic and cytogenetic maps,
genomic probes, nucleotide sequences,
genes, alleles and gene products,
associated phenotypes, quantitative traits and QTLs,
genotypes and pedigrees of cultivars, genetic stocks, and other
germplasms,
pathologies and the corresponding pathogens, insects, and abiotic
stresses,
a taxonomy of the Triticeae and Avena,
addresses and research interests of colleagues,
relevant bibliographic citations.
The retrievable information includes images (photographs and drawings) as
well as text and numeric data.
DATA COORDINATORS
Needless to say, compiling and curating all this information is a very
large project. We have identified specific areas that require data assembly
and organization, and have formed a committee of coordinators. As is
inherent in such databases many areas are overlapping and will require input
from several areas of expertise. As the need becomes apparent,
'subcommittees' will form around broad topics. The following individuals
have agreed to serve as the coordination committee for the wheat portion of
the database.
Database coord., Olin Anderson, USDA, ARS, WRRC, 800 Buchanan,
probe repository Albany, CA 94710, Tel: 510-559-5773 FAX: 510-
559-5777
Email:oanderson@wheat.usda.gov
Cytogenetics, Bikram Gill, Department of Plant Pathology,
stocks, mapping Kansas State University, Throckmorton Hall,
Manhattan, KS 66506 Tel: 913-532-6176 FAX: 913-
532-5692
Email:raupp@matt.ksu.edu
Proteins, gel Bob Graybosch, USDA, ARS, Department of Agronomy,
322 Keim patterns, wheat quality Hall, University
of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
Tel: 402-472-1563 FAX: 402-437-5234,
Email:agro100@unlvm.unl.edu
Genetic stocks Perry Gustafson, USDA, ARS, Department of
Agronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
65211 Tel: 314-882-7318 FAX: 314-875-5359,
Email:agro1375@mizzou1.missouri.edu
Genetics, Gary Hart, Department of Soil & Crop Sciences,
nomenclature Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,
Tel: 409-845-8293 FAX: 409-845-0456,
Email:ghart@zeus.tamu.edu
Germplasm, Ken Kephart, 214 Waters Hall, University of
pathology (temp.), Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Tel: 314-882-2001
traits FAX: 314-884-4317
Email:kephart@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu
Data entry, David Matthews, Dept. of Plant Breeding &
coord., maint., Biometry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel:
database design 607-255-9951 FAX: 607-255-6683,
Email: matthews@greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
Taxonomy Pat McGuire, Genetic Resources Conservation
Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, Tel: 916-757-
8923 FAX: 916-757-8755,
Email:grcp@ucdavis.edu
Data entry, Mark Sorrells, Dept. of Plant Breeding &
coordination Biometry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel:
607-255-1665, FAX: 607-255-6683,
Email:mark-sorrells@qmrelay.mail.cornell.edu
Anyone with interests in participating in database design, data
contributions, data assembly in any of these or other specific areas should
contact the appropriate coordinator or Olin Anderson.
GRAINGENES RELEASE 1.3
The first demonstration of a functional prototype of the database was
in September 1992, at the ITMI Third Public Workshop in Mexico. The current
version of GrainGenes is 1.3, released 12 Jan 1994. An overview of its
contents is as follows.
Data class Number of records
------------- -----------------
Map 11 Wheat, T. tauschii, barley, diploid
oat, sugarcane
Linkage-Group 120
Locus 1500
Probe 2000
Polymorphism 80 With images of autoradiograms
Sequence 100 End sequences of probes
Gene 560
Allele 550
Germplasm 11000 Wheat, rye, triticale
Species 370 Including plants, pathogens and insects
Trait-Scores 14000 24th International Spring Wheat Yield
Nursery
QTL 4
Pathology 380 With images of symptoms
Image 150
Colleague 900
Paper 1300
Additional data are being added on a continuing basis. New data in this
release since the previous version include:
- Genes, alleles and stocks, part of the "Catalogue of Gene Symbols
for Wheat," from Gary Hart
- Wheat chromosome group 2 and 3 maps of Devos et al.
- Updated Triticum tauschii map, from Bikram Gill
- Barley maps
- IGRI x FRANKA, from Andreas Graner
- VADA x H. spontaneum, from Andreas Graner
- Proctor x Nudinka, from Mark Sorrells
- Summary of the rice/maize/wheat comparative map of Ahn et al.
- CIMMYT list of wheat cultivar abbreviations, from Bent Skovmand
- Trait evaluation data, CIMMYT's 24th International Spring Wheat
Yield Nursery, from Paul Fox
- QTL study of wheat sprouting, from Jim Anderson
- Pathologies (diseases, insects, abiotic injuries) of wheat,
barley and oats,from Ken Kephart
- Polymorphisms of BCD and CDO probes on barley, rice, oat, wheat
and sugarcane, from Mark Sorrells
- Address information for additional colleagues, from the Oat
Newsletter mailing list
By the time you read this report there will be more data added.
USER INTERFACES TO GRAINGENES AND ASSOCIATED DATASETS
The database is currently available in three formats: ACEDB, Gopher,
and World Wide Web (WWW). The ACEDB interface supports more powerful query
strategies and provides interactive graphical displays of the genetic maps.
On the other hand, for many people the Gopher and WWW formats are easier to
access, as well as easier to use.
In addition, the Gopher and WWW formats include not only all the data
described above (the core GrainGenes dataset) but also an equally large
amount of information that is in free text format or in structures other
than that of ACEDB. These additional datasets are searchable online, and
some are also available for downloading in their entirety. They include
Annual Wheat Newsletter, volumes 37 and 39 (38 and 40 to come)
Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat, 1988 and 1993
Commercial Wheat Cultivars of the US, an electronic monograph by Ken
Kephart
HMW-glutenin subunit data for 1500 wheat cultivars, from Bob Graybosch
Wheat quality evaluations, from Bob Graybosch
CIMMYT list of abbreviations for 8700 wheat cultivars, from Bent
Skovmand
The Gopher/WWW datasets are also updated more frequently than the official
releases of the ACEDB version of the database. The following data have been
added to the Gopher server in the six weeks since the current (1.3) release
of GrainGenes.
GrainGenes database
- Wheat chromosome arm map, from Mark Sorrells
Chromosome and chromosome-arm locations of homologies to 210 BCD,
CDO, and WG probes, with the sizes of the 800 mapped restriction
fragments.
- 120 species of Triticeae and Avena, and all their synonyms, from Ken
Kephart and Gordon Kimber
- Germplasm records for the 500 wheat cultivars that have been
evaluated in the 1st through 27th CIMMYT International Spring Wheat
Yield Nurseries, from Bent Skovmand
Images from the GrainGenes database
- 450 new pathology-related images, from Ken Kephart
NABGMP Steptoe X Morex dataset
- Barley quantitative trait mapping dataset, from Pat Hayes 8 traits
x
16 environments x 150 doubled haploids, with QTL analysis.
Grains files to browse
- "Barley IGRI x FRANKA mapping data", from Andreas Graner
Segregation data, including substantially more markers than are on
the 1991 published map
ACCESS METHODS
For sites that are connected to the Internet, the Gopher and WWW
formats of GrainGenes are the easiest to access, requiring only
- a direct network connection from your personal computer to the
Internet (no password needed),
or
- a modem connection to a Unix or other Internet host running Gopher
or WWW software.
The ACEDB format of GrainGenes provides its graphical, mouse-based user
interface via the "X11" network protocol. ACEDB access requires
- a Unix machine running the ACEDB software,
or
- a direct network connection (as opposed to a modem connection) to
such a machine and an account to use it, and X11 software for your
personal computer.
Gopher
For enhanced reliability, identical copies of the GrainGenes Gopher
server are maintained at two independent sites, one at Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, and the other at the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville,
MD. If one is unavailable, due to unforeseen but over the longer term
inevitable circumstances, simply switch to the other one:
host greengenes.cit.cornell.edu, port 70
host probe.nalusda.gov, port 7002
The NAL has also established a Gopher server that allows searching a
merged database of all the USDA-supported plant genome databases:
GrainGenes, AAtDB (Arabidopsis), Mace (maize), Soybase, and TreeGenes. This
Gopher server is listed in the GrainGenes Gopher menu "Other plant genome
Gophers", or it can be accessed directly at host probe.nalusda.gov, port 70.
WWW
The World Wide Web is a kind of super-Gopher system, with all the
features of the Gopher plus many more. For those who have direct access
(TCP or SLIP) to the Internet, WWW can be accessed using the "Mosaic"
software which can be obtained by anonymous ftp from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu.
Those who have dialup access to a Unix host can use the Unix WWW client
program "Lynx".
Access to GrainGenes via the World Wide Web is available from the
Agricultural Genome World Wide Web Server, located at the NAL. The address
(URL) for this server is
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/index.html
From the wheat standpoint, the uniquely useful service offered here is
a hypertext version of the GrainGenes dataset, located at URL:
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/acedbs/acedbs/index.html
In addition, the full GrainGenes Gopher server, including all the Gopher
datasets described above, can be accessed via WWW using URL:
gopher://greengenes.cit.cornell.edu/1
ACEDB
Copies of the ACEDB version of GrainGenes, for running on a Unix host,
can be obtained from the NAL's anonymous ftp server, probe.nalusda.gov.
Copies are currently running at eleven distributed sites:
USDA Western Regional Research Laboratory, Albany, CA (Olin Anderson)
INRA, Clermont, France (Philippe Leroy)
Australian National Genetic Information Service, Sydney (Alex Reisner)
Montana State University (Tom Blake)
Station d'amelioration des plantes, Gembloux, Belgium (Jean Jacquemin)
Weizman Institute, Israel (Jaime Prilusky)
Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston (Leland Ellis)
Texas A&M University (Gary Hart)
Academia Sinica, Beijing (Lihuang Zhu)
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee (Scott Chasalow)
CIMMYT, Mexico (David Hoisington)
Users who have no Unix machine but do have direct network access
(TCP/IP or SLIP) and X11 software for their personal computer may request a
GrainGenes ACEDB account from the authors.
HELPLINE
The NAL has set up a helpline for assistance in accessing and using the
plant genome databases. Help is available either by electronic mail to
pgenome@nalusda.gov, or by telephone at 301-504-6613. GrainGenes-specific
questions should be directed to the authors, at the addresses mentioned
above.
LONG-TERM CONSIDERATONS
Although the USDA is supporting the initial stages of database
development, the success of this program will depend greatly on the
cooperation and participation of laboratories throughout the research
community world-wide. We are particularly interested in cooperating with
members of international community who are recognized, officially or
unofficially, as curators of data. The USDA will concentrate on hardware,
software, assembly of combined databases, database access, and will only
perform minor curatorial functions; each plant community will be called on
to organize and update the data for its own plant system.
All laboratories possessing relevant data are urged to deposit their
data with the database. Any laboratory interested in accessing the
databases or running the databases locally can contact Olin Anderson, Susan
Altenbach, or David Matthews. Users are reminded that this is a developing
database effort, therefore gaps in data should be expected. However, all
users are encouraged to make both suggestions on improvements and new
sources of data.
-------------------------
II. CONTRIBUTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
Joe A. Smith, Blake Cooper, Barb Cook, Jerry Betz
We have an ongoing wheat development program with the United Grain
Growers, Inc. From this program, we have achieved registration of our first
CWRS cultivar in Canada. It has been named Invader and was tested as BW158
in official registration Co-ops over the past three seasons. It averaged 4%
and 7% above the commercial checks Katepwa and Columbus, respectively in the
black soil zones. Invader has late maturity similar to Columbus and
improved leaf rust resistance compared to the checks. It will be marketed
exclusively by the United Growers, Inc. in Canada.
The 1993 season was too cool and too wet for good wheat development in
our primary breeding area, the Red River Valley. A heavy fusarium infection
reduced yields far below what were anticipated. Some differences were
noticed between cultivars. Generally taller and earlier cultivars held up
better. Plots were discarded at our Casselton site due to flooding damage
and fusarium.
In our U.S. program, we will be releasing a new semidwarf durum
cultivar to be named Voss. It has been tested as D87-1534 in 1993 North
Dakota State tests and the 1992 Regional test. This cultivar has exhibited
higher yield and test weight than currently grown semidwarfs.
Dr. Blake Cooper joined the project in early summer. Blake will be in
charge of the U.S. program.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
John M. Moffatt, Steve L. Askelson, Jerry D. Brick, Scott A. Seifert,
Paul T. "Tom" Griess
The 1992/93 crop year was a banner year for foliar disease development.
Leaf rust, septoria glume blotch, tan spot and scab were found in varying
degrees in all of our core nursery sites from north central Oklahoma to
south central Nebraska. Leaf rust and septoria were also problems in our
irrigated nurseries along the Ogallala aquifer. Abnormally high rain-fall
during June delayed harvest, flooded nurseries and resulted in the loss of
most of our core locations. Although foliar diseases caused reductions in
both test weight and yield in the west, we were able to harvest seven
irrigated nurseries with trial means averaging from 66 bu/a at Goodland, KS
to 125 bu/a at Berthoud.
AgriPro Brand Varieties "Ogallala" and "Ponderosa", were released to
our associate system in 1993 and will be available to the farmer in the fall
of 1994.
Ogallala (TX81V6187/Abilene) was formerly tested as WI89-055. Ogallala
has better leaf rust resistance than either parent, has high test weight
patterns and excellent straw strength for irrigated production. Ogallala is
heterogeneous for 1A/1R and has a moderately resistant field reaction to
wheat streak mosaic virus. Ogallala is susceptible to both soil borne and
spindle streak mosaic virus and is being positioned as a western wheat.
Ponderosa (W81-133/Thunderbird) was formerly tested as W87-017-44.
Ponderosa is a daylength sensitive semidwarf similar to Tomahawk in plant-
type. Ponderosa has good protection to prevalent leaf rust races and
powdery mildew and is resistant to the soilborne and spindle streak mosaic
viruses. Ponderosa is adapted to both the core and the aquifer. Ponderosa
has excellent milling and baking properties.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
Jim Reeder, Bobby Talley
Almost 1000 hard red winter wheat hybrids were made in 1993 at
Berthoud, Colorado and Hereford, Texas. Hybridizing agent technology was
used to produce these hybrids. The 500 combinations that produced the most
hybrid seed will be yield tested throughout the Great Plains in 1994.
Performance of previously made hybrids was encouraging with a significant
number exceeding our yield goal. Yield stability of hybrids over locations
and over years continues to be high.
Approximately 650 hard red spring wheat hybrids were made at Berthoud,
Colorado and Casselton, North Dakota. Over 300 of these will be yield
tested in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota. Heterosis
observed in previously made hybrids in this region was again high.
Bobby Talley joined the hybrid development project on February 1, 1994
after spending five years on the hard red winter wheat project on a part-
time basis while going to school.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
Koy E. Miskin, Curtis Beazer, Eugene Glover, Dayna Scruggs.
In contrast to 1992, this year soft wheat research had a crop. In
1992, the entire breeding nursery at Brookston was dead. Fortunately, we
had a good year in 1993. Stem rust was very severe (very unusual)
eliminating a great deal of material from the program. We had not had good
selection pressure for stem rust for many years. Leaf rust and the septoria
diseases were also quite serious this year and it is believed we made good
progress in selection for improved disease resistance.
We conducted a seed treatment study involving Vitavax 200, Baytan,
Dividend and Gaucho (a seed treatment insecticide) and three varieties,
Twain, Pontiac and Sawyer. These were planted in single rep trials at four
locations, Brookston, IN, Carmi, IL, St. Jacobs, IL, and Delphos, OH.
Fungicides alone showed no advantage. However, when combined with Gaucho
yields increased an average of seven bu/A. This was not too surprising as
there was a high population of aphids last fall. Aphids transmit BYDV.
None of the chemicals had any effect on height or maturity.
Agripro Pontiac is the name given to experimental line 88M-3143 (ABI
88-3143 in the UESWN). Agripro Pontiac has very good Rhizoctonia resistance
and performs very well in harsh environments. It has a good disease
resistance package and acceptable milling and baking quality. Test weight
is 1.5 lbs/bu higher than Cardinal and has a very low preharvest sprouting
response. Agripro Pontiac carries the H5 Hessian fly gene. It will replace
Agripro Lincoln and will be available to farmers in the fall of 1994.
Three hundred forty-three hybrids were tested at eight locations. Late
spring freezes caused considerable sterility and hybrid performance was down
from expected. Late spring freeze seems to be one environmental condition
that hybrids do not withstand better than pureline varieties. Probably
because they begin growing more vigorously earlier than the varieties and
are therefore more vulnerable to the frost.
The Shell Oil decision to sell AgriPro resulted in considerable down
sizing of both northern and mid southern hybrid wheat research.
Unfortunately, Dr. Greg Holland, and one technician left AgriPro. Dr.
Holland is now with Asgrow Seed Co. as a corn breeder in Iowa. We certainly
wish him well.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
J. Barton Fogleman, C. Keith Taylor.
Much of the mid south wheat environment was cool and damp making the
season about two weeks later than normal. Leaf rust and stem rust were very
severe and some lines with LR9 and LR24 showed considerable susceptibility.
This may be the result of a sudden race change or a temperature sensitivity
response.
Hybrid wheat performance was again exceptional. Twenty-one percent of
our new hybrids met or exceeded our goal of eight bushel per acre above the
average of three best check varieties. The checks were the Coker 9877,
Wakefield and the new Agripro Hickory.
Our research on wheat in rotation with rice was presented at the 1993
Midsouth Association of Wheat Scientists in Memphis. The purpose of this
study was to examine the yield and agronomic responses of several commercial
SRWW cultivars when grown in rotation with rice. Paired yield trials were
grown at Fisher, AR and at Cleveland, MS. These two-replication yield
trials were planted in silty-loam soil in rotation with rice and in rotation
with soybeans at each location. Responses of SRWW cultivars in rotation
with rice showed the following average effects when compared with
corresponding SRWW cultivars in rotation with soybeans: Grain yields were
reduced 16.5 bu/ac; Heading dates were delayed 2.8 days; Plant heights were
reduced 2.5 inches, Test weights were essentially unaffected (increased 0.3
lbs/bu). Five commercial cultivars had yields that were not significantly
different from the highest yielding cultivar (Lsd. 10) in each of the rice
rotation trials: AgriPro Hickory; Freedom; AgriPro Sawyer; NK Coker 9543
and AgriPro Mallard.
ABI experimental line 88D-1903 has been named Agripro Hickory. It is
best adapted to the midsouth, coastal plains and southern Ohio Valley. It
has demonstrated very high yield, medium early maturity, and moderate levels
of resistance to nearly all major wheat diseases in these areas including
Xanthomonas. It performs very well behind rice and carries the H6 gene for
Hessian fly resistance. Agripro Hickory has excellent milling and baking
properties and its test weight is two pounds heavier than FL 302.
-------------------------
CARGILL ARGENTINA HYBRID WHEAT PROGRAM
N. Machado, P. Paulucci, H. Martinuzzi
Normal weather conditions were present at planting time. Long maturity
and intermediate cultivarewere planted in June and short maturity were
planted in July.
After planting, a long drought period affected the production level
depending on the area and the plot qualityincluding rotation and cultural
practices applied. In someareas, there were no rains for 140 days. Just
before flowering it started to rain, and diseases were favored by humidand
warm conditions. Tillering was delayed but compensated for some of the
yield potential. Different genotypes reacted differently. The final result
was a general reduction in yield with a severe
Fusarium (FHB) damage in the Northern areas that affected seriously the
farmer economy due to discounts in prices when referred to hectoliter weight
and FHB. The seed produced in areas with high infections will be a poor
quality seed and many preventions will have to be taken.
Yield trials. Some trials were affected due to irregular germination
and consequently bad stand. Other were partially flooded at heading time
with plant losses. In spite of the highf variation, the recorded data
related to yields and grain quality is very valuable considering the
Fusarium head blight infection. We have selected a group of 10 advanced
experimental hybrids with acceptable performance under the described
conditions.
Experimental hybrids. The seed set was acceptable but the plants could
not get their normal development, so the hybrid seed production was less
than expected. Nicking was not affected by environmental conditions.
Ninety experimental hybrids were obtained for testing during 1994. A new
hybrid was released for 1993 season named TRIGOMAX 206, making a total of
seven commercial hybrids. This new release is an intermediate maturity
hybrid but flexible for its planting time, competing well with short
maturity hybrids when planted in July. We think this trait must be present
in any intermediate maturity hybrid to avoid complications when the weather
conditions are not good enough in June. At the time this report is
submitted, negotiations are being under way for the sale of all the wheat
operation. Cargill Argentina has decided to interrupt the wheat business
including production and research. The germplasm developed during 25 years
produced very well adapted hybrids and valuable knowledge was obtained to be
effective for profitable commercial production. We hope to have the chance
to continue with the production of better spring CMS hybrids for our country
and other areas.
-------------------------
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, Fort Collins, Colorado
Sid Perry, Sally Clayshulte, Jill Handwerk, Dana Shellberg
1992-93 Season. F1 hybrids, F2s and inbred lines were evaluated at 2
locations. Four locations were discarded due to the persistent wet weather
at harvest. The same conditions provided excellent selection for leaf rust,
stem rust, leaf blotch and powdery mildew.
F1 Performance. Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas was
37.9 bu/A. Twenty-four percent of the hybrids tested were economically and
agronomically acceptable. Best average performance in central Kansas was
118% of Karl.
F2 Performance. Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas was
41.7 bu/A. Fifteen percent of the F2s tested were economically and
agronomically acceptable. Best average performance in central Kansas was
125% of Karl.
Inbred Performance. Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas
was 35 bu/A. Twenty-one percent were selected for retesting. Best average
performance in central Kansas was 107% of Karl.
Acquisitions. Cargill has merged the research operations at Ft.
Collins, Colorado, with Goertzen Seed Research of Haven, Kansas. The
specialty grain and identity preserved focus of Goertzen Seed Research will
diversify the existing Cargill research program, and complement various
divisional needs within Cargill. Cargill has acquired Goertzen Seed
Research of Haven, Kansas. Under Cargill ownership, Goertzen Seed Research
will continue its research and breeding operations to develop specialty
grain. Goertzen Seed Researh will become part of Cargill's efforts to apply
its diverse skills to the changing, more demanding needs of the marketplace.
Goertzens will continue research into wheat and other cereals with end user
characteristics increasingly desired by millers and other grain users.
Kenneth and Betty Goertzen, the previous owners of the company, will remain
as consultants. Roy Lanning and Kevin Goertzen will continue as employees
with Goertzen Seed Research. The Goertzens hope to bring many of their long
term breeding projects to fruition in the next few years. Dr. Sid Perry
will be in charge of Goertzen Seed Research activities.
-------------------------
CARGILL, AUSTRALIA
Richard Daniel, David Donaldson, Lyn Hockings, Garry Lane, Michael
Materne, Michael Nowland, Chris Tyson, Jane & Peter Wilson - Tamworth,
N.S.W., Australia.
Cargill Seeds, based in Tamworth N.S.W., is currently selling two
hybrids, Meteor and Pulsar. These hybrids are recommended in the northern
half of N.S.W. and Queensland. Sowing takes place from April until the end
of July depending mainly on moisture availability.
To cope with this range in sowing times, farmers use varieties with
different maturities. This ensures that flowering does not occur too early,
with risk of frost damage to the developing inflorescence, or too late, when
moisture stress and high temperatures during grain fill reduce yield.
For some time Cargill Seeds has been aware that our current hybrids,
which both fit into an early sowing time slot, left us vulnerable to low
seed sales if rain did not fall for sowing in late April to mid-May. This
fact was reinforced in 1993 when much of Queensland received no sowing rain
and sowing rains in northern N.S.W. did not occur until late May. This
meant that the area which accounted for 60% of our seed sales in 1992 only
accounted for 40% of sales in 1993.
To combat this problem our breeders have been working to produce
hybrids whose ideal sowing time is from late May until July. Below are
Trial Results of our best quick maturing hybrids compared to the highest
yielding quick maturing inbred variety - Hartog.
Table 1: Mean yield of advanced Hybrids vs Hartog in Northern N.S.W. 1992-
93
1992 (6) 1993 (9) 1992-93 (15) Flowering
relative to
t/ha % Htg t/ha % Htg t/ha % Htg Hartog
(days)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH34 5.628 118 5.215 118 5.380 118 +2
CH30 5.349 113 5.396 122 5.377 118 -7
CH31 5.469 115 5.067 114 5.228 115 -3
HARTOG 4.749 100 4.436 100 4.561 100 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH30 and CH31 are undergoing final quality testing in May 1994 and will
hopefully be approved for release in October.
Although much emphasis has been placed on increasing the maturity range
of our hybrids we are also developing higher yielding, disease resistant
hybrids of the same maturity as Meteor and Pulsar.
Table 2, below, compares our current hybrids with our best experimental line
and Miskle, the highest yielding inbred variety of the same maturity. (1992-
93)
Table 2 : Mid-season hybrids vs Miskle in Northern N.S.W. (1992-93)
1992 (6) 1993(9) 1992-93 (15)
t/ha % Mkl t/ha % Mkl t/ha % Mkl
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH27 5.250 108 5.007 122 5.104 116
PULSAR 4.872 100 4.817 118 4.839 110
METEOR 4.754 98 4.648 113 4.690 107
MISKLE 4.852 100 4.097 100 4.399 100
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) ( ) = No. sites
We are hopeful that CH27 will be approved for release in October and
that it will replace both Meteor and Pulsar. The encouraging results
obtained over the past two seasons suggest that hybrids consistently
performing 15% more than the better varieties of similar maturity can be
developed, and could form the basis of a viable hybrid wheat seed industry.
This is particularly relevant to Australian timopheevi hybrid growing areas,
where we have relatively low seeding rates (30-40 kg/ha), high yields (3-6
t/ha dryland) and high hybrid seed production yields (up to 6 t/ha
irrigated).
Unfortunately most currently available F1 hybrids produced using the
timopheevi sterility restoration system have decreased spike fertility at
higher latitudes and hence reduced yield advantages compared to the better
varieties. Different hybridisation systems, such as chemical hybridising
agents, may be an advantage for higher latitudes in Australia.
-------------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Karolyn Ely, Dennis Delaney, Bud Hardesty,
Jerry Wilson-Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar - Lafayette, IN; Hal Lewis -
Corvallis, OR; Dudley Leaphart - Billings, MT.
Hybrid Development. We have been testing HRW hybrids developed with
CHA technology in USDA regional nurseries for a couple of years. Several
new hybrids have been entered into state trials for 1994 evaluation.
Hybrid performance in the 1993 SRPN regional nursery was excellent,
with ranks of 1,3,4,6, and 9 out of 45 wheats tested. Three of the top four
wheats in the 1992 SRPN trials also were our hybrids. A soft white winter
hybrid was the top entry in the 1992 Western Uniform Regional test conducted
in