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ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
Volume 40
Edited by J. S. Quick, Department of Agronomy, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO, USA: Financial arrangements made by Ian B. Edwards, Treasurer,
Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Johnston, IA, USA. Carolyn Schultz, Senior
Secretary, CSU Department of Agronomy, typed and collated the information for
the printing of this volume. Facilities and assistance during manuscript
editing were kindly provided by Colorado State University.
Additional regional editing and manuscript solicitation were done by:
J. S. Noll, Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
R. A. Fischer, CIMMYT, Mexico, D. F., Mexico
R. H. Maich, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina
T. E. Miller, Plant Sci. Res., Cambridge Laboratory, Norwich, England
H. A. van Niekerk, Small Grain Center, Bethlehem, South Africa
B. C. Curtis, Former CIMMYT Wheat Director, Retired
This volume was financed by voluntary contributions - list included. The
information in this Newsletter is considered as personal contributions.
Before citing any information herein, obtain the consent of the specific
author(s). The Newsletter is sponsored by the National Wheat Improvement
Committee, USA.
1 June 1994
90 copies and 350 diskettes printed
Publications Services, Colorado State University
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
H. HARRISON
R. E. HEINER
C. F. KONZAK
I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes - Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
Minutes - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Members - National Wheat Improvement Committee
Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
Grain Genes and Triticea Database
II. CONTRIBUTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES
Joe Smith, Blake Cooper, Barb Cook, Jerry Betz, John Moffatt, Steve
Askelson, Jerry Brick, Scott Seifert, Paul Griess, Jim Reeder, Bobby
Talley, Berthoud, CO
Barton Fogleman, C. Taylor - Jonesboro, AR
Koy Miskin, Curtis Beazer, E. Glover, D. Scruggs - Brookston, IN
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, INC.
Nestor Machado, Pedro Paulucci, Hector Mertinuzzi - Argentina
S. W. Perry, Sallly R. Clayshulte, Jill Handwert,
D. P. Shellberg - Fort Collins, CO
R. Daniel, D. Donaldson, Lyn Hockings, Garry Lane, Michael
Materne, Michael Nowland, Chris Tyson, Jane & Peter Wilson,
Tamworth, N.S.W.
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Karolyn Ely, Dennis Delaney,
Bud Hardesty, Jerry Wilson - Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar -
Lafayette, IN;
Hal Lewis - Corvallis, OR; Dudley Leaphart - Billings, MT
HYBRINOVA
A. Gervais - Les Ulis Cedex, France
Stephen D. Sunderwirth, Christian Quandalle, Laurent Batreau
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
June Hancock, Craig Allen - Bay, AR
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Johnston, IA - I. B. Edwards
Windfall, IN - G. C. Marshall, W. J. Laskar, K. J. Lively
St. Mathews, SC - B. E. Edge, P. L. Shields
Frouville, France - G. Dorlencourt, R. Marchand, O. Vanderpol
Sevilla, Spain - J. M. Urbano, M. Hidalgo, M. Peinado
Sissa (Parma), Italy - M. Tanzi
Northampton, England - Paul Wilson and Ian Edwards
Buxtehude Germany - H. Schoenwallder, Ian Edwards
Pandorf, Austria - G. Reichenberger
TRIGEN SEED SERVICES
Robert Romig, Bloomington, MN
TRIO RESEARCH, INC.
J. Wilson - Wichita, KS
ARGENTINA
G. E. Tranquilli, E. Y. Suarez, S. M. Lewis, M. L. Appendino,
N. Fatta, J. P. Ortiz, M. I. Reggiardo, S. Altabe, G. D. Cervigni,
M. A. Spitteler, R. H. Vellejos, S. E. Feingold, H. E. Hopp,
A. Acevedo - Castellar
D. Avalos, A. Ordonez, N. La Porta, M. Cerana, S. Gil, A. L.
Pascualides, M. R. Zaninetti, D. Igarzabal, A. A. Rollan, N. A.
Buteler, O. A. Bachmeiet, A. Barchuk, E. Allessandria, J. Zamar,
S. Lugue, R. M. Roldan, F. Salvagiotti, D. Opovin, G. Manera, R.
Maich, N. Contin, W. Londero, D. Bonelli, C. Ferraris, B. Pantanoi,
C. Principi, F. Bidinost, B. Ferro, G. Alemano, N. Guzman, C. Olmos,
M. Bianchi, M. E. Dubois, Z. A. Gaido, G. A. Manera, M. Conles, M. C.
Salvadores, M. Barrientos - Cordoba
AUSTRALIA
Queensland
Paul Brennan, Phillip Banks, John Sheppard, Peter Keys, Lloyd Mason
Martin Fiske, Peter Agius, Jamie Ross
Meryl Fordyce, Paul Brennan, Ian Delacy, Mark Cooper, David
Butler, Ian Haak, Gay McKinnon, Robert Henryk, Wendy Lawson,
Ma Wujin, Ian Godwin, S. J. Kammholtz, P. M. Banks, D. J. Martin,
M. W. Sutherland, R. Ramage, R. Marshke
G. B. Wildermuth, R. B. McNamara and T. M. Sparks
New South Wales
R. A. Hare, Tamworth
K. Adhikari, J. Bell, A. M. Bennet, L. W. Burgess, G. N. Brown,
C. Zhao, H-S Hwang, S. Johnson, R. A. McIntosh, D. R. Marshall,
J. D. Oates, R. F. Park, J. E. Roarke, P. J. Sharp, F. Stoddard,
D. The, M. Turner, C. R. Wellings, Dept. of Crop Science,
University of Sydney and PBI, Cobbitty
I. A. Watson, F. W. Ellison, D. J. Mares, S. G. Moore, K. Mrva,
L. O'Brien, R. M. Trethowan
C. W. Wrigley, Sydney
AUSTRIA
H. Brausgruber, H. Burstmayr, M. Lemmens, P. Ruckenbauer, Vienna
S. Groger, H. Bistrich, T. Lelley
BRAZIL
J. C. S. Moreira, C. N. A. de Sousa, E. P. Gomes, L. J. A.
Del Duca, J. F. Philipovsky, P. L. Scheeren
W. I. Linhares
L. J. A. Del Duca, R. S. Fontaneli, J. F. Philipovsky,
O. Rodriguez, G. R. Cunha - Passo Fundo
A. C. P. Goulart, F. de A. Paiva, P. J. M. Andrade - Dourados
CANADA
MANITOBA
J. Gilbert and A. Tekauz - Winnipeg
P. L. Dyck
J. A. Kolmer
J. A. Kolmer and J. Q. Liu, O. M. Lukow, R. I. H. McKenzie,
Taing Aung, E. R. Kerber
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
H. W. Johnston, H. G. Nass
SASKATCHEWAN
R. M. De Pauw, J. M. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, R. B. Irvine
CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
Zhaosu Wu, Shirong Yu, Xizhong Wei, Quimei Xia, Youjia Shen,
Jiming Wu, Yong Xu, Xhaoxia Chen, Guoliang Jiang - Nanjing
Shi-Jia Liu
Zhong-hu He and Zhen-hua Du
F. W. Zhao, H. M. Ki, Z. Y. Liu, Y. Z. Shen, F. C. Liu,
Z. Q. Li, Z. Z. Bai, C. S. Guo, L. Z. Sun
CROATIA
Slobodan Tamasovic, P. Javor, B. Koric - Zagreb
CZECH REPUBLIC
P. Martinek, Z. Nesvadba, J. Mikulcova - Havlickova
P. Bartos, E. Stuchlikova, R. Hanusova
J. Kosner
Z. Stehno, M. Vlasak, I. Faberova - Prague
K. Vacke, V. Sip, M. Skorpik
ESTONIA
O. Priilinn, T. Enno, H. Peusha, K. Jarve, L. Timofeyeva,
T. Tsimbalova - Tallinn
M. Tohvar
GERMANY
J. von Kietzell and K. Rudolph - Grisebachstr
R. Schlegel, U. Vahl, G. Muller - Gatersleben
A. Borner, J. Plaschke, I.M.B. Amer, V. Korzun - Gatersleben
HUNGARY
B. Barnabas, G. Kovacs, E. Szakacs, I. Takacs, M. Kovacs
J. Sutka, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, B. Koszegi, E. Farshadfar,
M. Arshadfar, O. Veisz, G. Linc
T. Janda, G. Szalai, J. Kissimon, E. Paldi
J. Matuz, Z. Kertesz, L. Bona, B. Beke, A. Mesterhazy
J. Falusi, Cs. Kertesz, J. Matuz, L. Cseuz,
M. Papp, A. Mesterhazy, L. Purnhauser - Szeged
INDIA
R. N. Sawhney, et al. - New Delhi
S.M.S. Tomar, et al. - Wellington
J. G. Bhowal and G. Guha - Wellington
D. Singh - New Delhi
J. G. Bhowal, G. Huha, R. Brahma and R. Singh
P. Bahadur, K. Srivastava, D. Singh, R. Aggarwal
Neelam Vir, Mandip Kaur, R. G. Saini - Ludhiana
Harjit Singh, H. S. Dhaliwal, Khem Singh Gill, Ludhiana
R. Asir, V. R. K. Reddy, P. Viswanathan
Aloka Saikia and V. R. K. Reddy
J. S. Bijral, et al. - R. S. Pura
R. N. Brahma
ISRAEL
Sem Atsmon, Udi Meidan - Hazera
ITALY
M. Pasquini, L. Sereni, F. Casini, F. Casullil - Via Cassia
N. E. Pogna, R. Redaellil, S. Pagliaricci, P. Cacciatori,
R. Castagnal et al.
V. Vassilev, P. Lavermicocca, N. S. Lacobellis
C. Rubies-Autonell
V. Vallega
M. G. D'Egidio, B. M. Mariani, S. Nardi, P. Novaro
M. Cattaneo
G. M. Borrelli, S. Travella, N. Di Fonzo, E. Lupotto
et al.
JAPAN
Ichiko Nishimura and N. Watanabe - Gifu University
H. Nakamura - Kannondai
MEXICO
R. A. Fischer, G. Varughese - CIMMYT
R. L. Villareal, G. Hernandez, S. Rajaram
K. D. Sayre, M. Van Ginkel, S. Rajaram, I. Ortiz-Monasterio
A. I. Morqunov, M. Albarran, S. Rajarm
MOROCCO
M. Mergoum et al. - Settat
PAKISTAN
Munawar Husain - Islamabad
ROMANIA
N. N. Saulescu, Gh. Ittu, Mariana Ittu, Mustatea - Fundalea
M. Moldovan, et al. - Turda
RUSSIA
N. S. Vassiltchouk, V. I. Kassatov, S. N. Gaponov - Saratov
S. V. Tuchin, Yu V. Italianskaya, T. I. Dyatchouk
S. P. Martynov, T. V. Dobrotvorskaya
Alexandr Fedorov - People's Friendship University
Book Review
S. N. Sibikeev, S. A. Voronina, Y. E. Sibikeeva, V. A. Krupnow
SOUTH AFRICA
G. F. Marais, R. Prins, A. Antonov, H. S. Roux, M. Horn,
A. S. Marais - Stellenbosch
Z. A. Pretorius, F. J. Kloppers, A. L. Vorster - Bloemfontein
H. A. van Niekerk, M. C. B. Coetzee, H. A. Knobel, D. J.
Exley, W. Miles, Riana Pretorius, et al. - Bethlehem
J. Purchase, A. Barnard, C. Burbridge, J. deWet, T. Walsh, et al.
H. Smit, D. Scott, E. Lubbe, J. Smith, S. Smith, D. van Neikerk,
K. Wilken, L. Visser, C. de Villiers
H. Smit, G. Prinsloo, V. Tolmay, J. Hatting, J. du Toit,
H. Knobel, C. Pool,, R. Lindeque
Lombard, Du Toit, Malan, Engelbrecht, Boonzaaier, et al. - Sensako
R. de V. Pienaar, D. Lesch - Stellenbosch
F. du Toit, S. S. Walters, A. Brummer, P. Thorpe - Pannar, Ltd.
SYRIA
S. K. Yau, J. Ryan, M. Nachit, G. Ortiz-Ferrara, J. Hamblin - Aleppo
TURKEY
Hans-Joachim Braun, Thomas Payne - Ankara
UKRAINE
L. A. Zhivotkov, et al. - Mironovka
UNITED KINGDOM
NORWICH, John Innes Centre, Colney
T. E. Miller, S. M. Reader, K. A. Purdie, R. P. Dunford
A. J. Worland
G. Galiba, S. A. Quarrie, J. Sutka, J. Snape, et al.
R. Koebner, P. Martin, J. Flintham, J. Hewslop-Harrison et al.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ARKANSAS
R. K. Bacon, E. A. Milus, et al.
CALIFORNIA
C. A. Curtis, Bahman Ehdaie, K. Knio, A. Lukaszewski,
R. Tayyar, J. Waines, Xitang Xu - Riverside
COLORADO
J. S. Quick, G. H. Ellis, R. Normann, A. Saidi,
J. S. Stromberger, H. Doug, Q. Khan
GEORGIA
J. W. Johnson, B. N. Cunfer, J. J. Roberts
G. D. Buntin, D. E. McMillin, J. P. Wilson
IDAHO
R. S. Zemetra, E. Souza, S. Guy, et al. - Moscow & Aberdeen
ILLINOIS
F. L. Kolb, E. D. Nafziger, W. L. Pedersen, et al.
INDIANA
H. Ohm, H. Sharma, I. Dweikat, S. Mackenzie, D. McFatridge,
F. Patterson, G. Buechley, D. Huber, R. Lister, G. Shaner,
F. Maas, R. Ratcliffe, R. Shukle, G. Safranski, S. Cambron
KANSAS
O. Chung, G. Lookhart, V. Smail, J. Steele, W. McGaughey,
I. Zayas, D. Bechtel, A. Dowdy et al.
B. S. Gill, T. S. Cox, R. G. Sears, W. J. Raupp et al -
Kansas State University
T. J. Martin, T. L. Harvey, T. S. Cox et al. - Wheat Genetics
Resource Center - Kansas State University
Jingxian Zhang and M. B. Kirkham - Evapotranspiration Lab
Xu Gu, George Liang - Dept. of Agronomy - Kansas State Univ.
T. J. Byram - Topeka
KENTUCKY
D. A. Van Sanford, et al.
LOUISIANA
S. A. Harrison, C. Clark, P. Colyer, S. H. Moore, C. Hallier et al.
MINNESOTA
A. P. Roelfs, D. L. Long, M. E. Hughes, D. H. Casper, J. J. Roberts
Cereal Rust Lab - St. Paul
R. Busch, D. McVey
R. Busch and Jochum Wiersma
MISSOURI
A. L. McKendry, J. P. Gustafson, K. D. Kephart et al.
MONTANA
C. F. McGuire, S. P. Lanning, R. l. Burrows, et al.
H. B. Chen, J. M. Martin, L. E. Talbert
NEBRASKA
P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson, D. R. Shellton, R. A.
Graybosch,
D. D. Baltensperger, L. A. Nelson, D. J. Lyons, G. L. Hein, et
al.
NEW YORK
M. E. Sorrells, A. Neiss
G. C. Bergstrom, J. E. Carroll et al.
NORTH DAKOTA
J. A. Anderson, C. R. Riede
G. A. Hareland
Cereal Science Department
OKLAHOMA
R. M. Hunger, J. L. Sherwood - Oklahoma State University
C. A. Baker, J. D. Burd, N. C. Elliott et al. - ARS
Stillwater
OREGON
W. E. Kronstad, R. S. Karow, D. K. Kelly, R. W. Knight,
W. D. Moore, S. E. Rowe, S. Rezgui
SOUTH DAKOTA
J. C. Rudd, G. Buchenau, et al.
S. D. Haley, R. A. Schut
M. A. Langham, D. J. Gallenberg
H. Woodard, A. Bly
TEXAS
Mark Lazar, J. Hu, G. L. Peterson, et al. - Texas A&M
UTAH
R. S. Albrechtsen
David Hole
VIRGINIA
C. A. Griffey, D. E. Brann, E. Stromberg, E. C. Jones
J. M. Johnson - Virginia Polytechnic & State University
WASHINGTON
R. E. Allen, S. S. Jones, R. F. Line, et al. - USDA-ARS
S. S. Jones, M. M. Cadle, L. M. Rayfuse, A. Yildirim
M. K. Walker-Simmons, E. Cudaback, A. Galvez, et al.
C. F. Morris, H. C. Jeffers, A. D. Bettge, D. Engle, et al.
Roland F. Line, Xianming Chen, Stephen Jones
T. D. Murray, . C. Pritchett, C. A. Blank, et al.
SERBIA (formerly YUGOSLOVIA)
Desimir Knezevic, Miroslav Kuburovic, et al.
Miroslav Kuburovic, Desimir Knezevic et al.
III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM
H. E. Bockelman, D. M. Wesenberg, S. Nieto, A. Urie, B. J. Goats
- Evaluation of National Small Grains Collection Germplasm
J. S. Quick - CSSA Cultivar and Germplasm Registration
IV. CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS, 1994 SUPPLEMENT
R. A. McIntosh, G. E. Hart, M. D. Gale
V. ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND
VI. VOLUME 41 MANUSCRIPT
VII. MAILING LIST
VIII. FAX/TELEPHONE
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HOWARD HARRISON
Howard Harrison, retired since July of 1989 from his position as senior and
oat breeder, Northrup King Seed Co (formerly Coker's Pedigreed Seed Company of
Hartsville, South Carolina) since 1989, died on May 25, 1993. He was a small
grain breeder with Coker's for more than 30 years, and released over 30
improved wheat and oat varieties that substantially contributed to smalll
grain and livestock production throughout the southern U.S. He was also very
active in his church and community.
Howard Harrison was born January 4, 1924, in Crafordville, Georgia, where he
was raised on a farm. After serving in World War II, he entered the
University of Georgia, where he received a B.S. and M.S. in 1952 and 1954,
respectively. He began his long and successful career as a plant breeder in
1954, at the headquarters of Coker's Pedigreed Seed Company in Hartsville. He
and his predecessor/co-worker released 'Suregrain' oats in 1957 and
'Moregrain' in 1958.
In 1958, Howard was employed as an peanut Agronomist at the University of
Georgia's Coastal Plains Station in Tifton, Georgia. He returned to Coker's
Pedigreed Seed Company in 1961 and assumed sole leadership of the small grains
breeding program. Howard had an extremely successful career as a wheat
breeder, releasing 19 improved varieties of soft red winter wheat. These
varieties did much to revitalize wheat production in the southeastern United
States. Varieties he developed accounted for 57, 35, 79, 80, 66, 38, and 27%
of the total wheat acreage in Georgia, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, respectively, in 1984. His
varieties and lines have been widely utilized as parental material regionally
and globally. He also released 11 oat varieties, including 'Coker 227' and
'Coker 234', the first U.S. varieties with crown rust resistance from Avena
sterilis.
He was recognized as "Man of the Year in Southern Agriculture" by Progressive
Farmer Magazine in 1982, in recognition of his contributions toward improved
agricultural production. He was also named "Distinguished Agronomist of the
Year" by the Agronomy Society of South Carolina in 1982 and received the Gamma
Sigma Delta Award of Merit for Distinguished Service to Agriculture from the
University of Georgia in 1983. He also received recognition from the
Carolina-Virginia chapter and national groups of the national Agricultural
Marketing Association in 1985. In 1989 he was given a "Certificate of
Appreciation" by the North Carolina Crop Improvement Association, and was also
awarded the "Drug and Science Foundation of South Carolina Award for
Contributions to Science" in 1989. Howard was recognized with an "Award for
Distinguished Service to Oat Improvement" in the 1989 Annual Oat Newsletter.
He is survived by his wife Louise, of Hartsville; two sons: Stephen, small
grain breeder with Louisiana State University, Howard Jr., weed scientist -
physiologist with the USDA-ARS Vegetable Research Station in Charleston, SC;
two daughters: Beth, a journalist in Charleston, SC; and Celia, a teacher in
Charlotte, NC; and five grandchildren.
ROBERT E. HEINER
Dr. Robert (Bob) E. Heiner recently retired from his position as Vice
President of Plant Research and Development for AgriPro Biosciences Inc. His
extensive contributions to the science and art of wheat breeding make Bob one
of the all-time elite contributors to applied wheat improvement.
Bob started his long and distinguished wheat career as ARS-USDA Regional
Coordinator of the North Central HRS Region from 1968-77. During this time,
he also coordinated the Winter Increase Nurseries in Obregon Mexico for the
spring wheat breeders of the US and Canada. He established strong ties with
CIMMYT breeders during those years and fostered free germplasm exchange which
eventually resulted in many of the improved U.S. wheats we enjoy today. Many
of the "Green Revolution" wheats released by CIMMYT had parents developed by
Bob during this period of time.
During his twelve years at Minnesota, seven improved wheat varieties were
released. The most important of these varieties was Era. It was the first
semidwarf hard red spring wheat released in the US, and was 25% higher
yielding than any variety grown in that region at that time. Needless to say,
the impact was extraordinary. This landmark variety was a primary contributor
for a four-fold increase in the wheat acreage in Minnesota from 1970 to 1976.
It was the dominant variety in the Red River Valley for 11 years, generating
an estimated $30 million of genetically derived extra income annually for the
producers of that region.
The impact of Bob's dedication continued at NAPB/AgriPro Biosciences Inc. top
science position in 1985. As Vice President of Plant Research and
Development, Bob was responsible for corporate performance, policy, and
strategic planning as well as directing the activities of 85 researchers.
Scientific ethic was always the foundation that Bob relied on as he fulfilled
these important functions for the corporation.
Bob's no-nonsense dedication to germplasm development and the resulting
improved varieties has resulted in significantly improved agricultural
production world wide. Bob earned his recognition through his skilled plant
breeding and consummate interpersonal and managerial skills.
Bob is looking forward to continuing his contributions to wheat improvement as
a wheat specialist consultant for AgriPro Biosciences Inc. He and his wife
Marilyn have recently relocated to Sandy Utah.
CALVIN F. KONZAK
Dr. Calvin Konzak retired from Crop and Soil Sciences Department of Washington
State University (WSU) in December 1993 after an exemplary career of 37 years
as professor, agronomist and spring wheat breeder. A native of North Dakota,
he obtained his B.S. in Agriculture from North Dakota State University (1948)
and his Ph.D. in Plant Breeding and Genetics from Cornell University (1952).
Prior to coming to WSU he was an Associate Geneticist at the Brookhaven
National Laboratory from 1951 to 1957.
The scope and impact of his scientific discoveries, plant breeding
accomplishments, teaching, and advising graduate students have been
extraordinary. He developed 24 cultivars including spring oats, durum wheats,
soft white spring wheats and hard red spring wheats. His variety Penawawa is
currently the most widely grown spring wheat in the Pacific Northwest. He
advised 14 PhD. and 14 M.S. students in their graduate studies in genetics and
agronomy. He taught several genetics and agronomy courses and had numerous
post doctorates and visiting scientists that collaborated with him on
research. Many of his former students have gone on to become nationally and
internationally recognized scientists, educators and CEO's.
Throughout his career C.F. Konzak has directed his genius and energy toward
facilitating plant breeding. To that end, his efforts include: contributing
over 300 scholarly papers on cereal genetics research; conceiving innovative
germplasm evaluation procedures; designing standardized ways for data
collection, processing, and analysis; outlining methods to enhance genetic
variability and reduce genetic vulnerability; and writing in depth reviews of
important topics in cereal breeding and genetics. Dr. Konzak and his
coworkers have contributed valuable landmark publications on the genetic
diversity for semidwarfism, wheat quality and mutation breeding strategy.
More recently he and his students have focused on double haploids in wheat,
and on wheat transformation.
Among the most notable accomplishments for which he was instrumental include
developing a standard-computer friendly pedigree system; a one-person plot
combine/data acquisition system; the first procedure for embryo rescue via
tissue culture (1951); a decimal code for cereal growth stages; a staining
procedure to detect A1. toxicity; and developing dual-purpose pastry and bread
wheat varieties. He pioneered modern mutation breeding and conducted
exhaustive studies to improve the efficiency of mutagenesis and to identify
effective mutagens. His strategies for exploiting mutation breeding to
augment conventional breeding have been adopted worldwide. Because of his
broad expertise he served as consultant to numerous organizations including
FAO, the National Research Council, International Atomic Energy Agency and
several private companies. He has received many honors including U.S. Public
Health Senior Scientist Fellow, the O.A. Vogel Plant Breeding Award and Fellow
in AAAS, ASA and CSSA.
Cal remains actively involved in research. He began a private mutation and
plant breeding program in 1982, focusing mainly on oats and durum wheats.
This program has produced a wide range of semidwarf and other mutants in oats
and several valuable semidwarf durums. He and his wife, Margaret will
continue to make their home in Pullman.
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I. SPECIAL REPORTS
Minutes of the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
November 18, 1993
El Batan, Mexico
Committee members in attendance were T.S. Cox (Chairman), R.F. Line (Vice-
Chairman), G. Waines, J.S. Quick, D.V. McVey, R.H. Busch, B. Skovman, I.B.
Edwards, O. Anderson, S. Jones, S. Leath, and H.E. Bockleman (ex-officio).
Stephen S. Jones and Steven Leath were introduced as new members. The by-
laws permit 16 committee members. There are now 14 members. No new members
were proposed.
In addition to the WCAC members, many of the members of the National Wheat
Improvement Committee also attended the meeting.
Minutes of the 1992 meeting, as published in the 1993 Annual Wheat
Newsletter, were approved by voice vote.
Germplasm Collections. G. Waines reported on the proposal to collect
germplasm in S.E. Turkey before a large irrigation project is installed and
reported that C. Sterling did not think that it is necessary. Other areas
that were considered for future collection were Albania, N. Iraq, Syria,
Kurdistan, Ethiopia, Niger, China, and Tibet. Waines will be in contact
with ICARDA regarding future collection in the Middle East. Dave Marshall
and L.R. Nelson, Texas A&M, collected wild cereals from Turkey on a proposal
"Exploration for Fungal Endophytes in Wild Cereals". That collection is
being evaluated for a number of traits. It will be increased and deposited
in the National Small Grains Collection. There was concern that some
germplasm from active breeding programs may be lost when current wheat
breeders retire. H. Bockleman will maintain contact with those people
regarding their material. Limited funds are available to help prevent the
loss of valuable germplasms.
Germplasm Protection. The Wheat Advisory Committee was greatly concerned
about recent developments regarding the distribution of germplasm. They
voted unanimously to support the current USDA-ARS policy regarding seed held
by the National Plant Germplasm System; recommended that a letter be sent to
Dr. Shands expressing our concern, and recommended that the topic be
discussed at the National Wheat Improvement Committee Meeting. The letter
to Dr. Shands is included at the end of the minutes.
Germplasm Evaluation. H. Bockleman provided a detailed report on evaluation
of wheat accessions in the National Small Grains Collection. Evaluation of
the accessions is showing great progress and considerable new data are being
added to the GRIN system. A letter from Dr. Eberhart regarding "Core
Subsets" was distributed to the committee. Considerable discussions of the
definition of a core, how it should be constructed, and the need for a core
subset followed. The general conclusion of the group was that a random
sample would not be useful. An elite set for a specific purpose may be
useful. A subcommittee to study the details of the subject will be
appointed.
Wheat Nomenclature. G. Waines reported on the results of a workshop on
Triticum systematics. The last taxonomic revision was in the 1960's. They
concluded that the present state of taxonomy and nomenclature in Triticum is
confusing for people who collect germplasm and maintain germplasm and for
breeders and geneticists. They proposed that a monographic revision is
necessary.
Wheat Databases. B. Skovman reported on the Genetic Resources Information
Package (GRIP) and a planning meeting that occurred on July 22, 1993 at
Beijing, China. The data will be available on CD-ROM. O. Anderson
discussed progress in developing the Wheat Genome Database that is part of
the USDA Plant Genome Project. Wheat is one of four species used as models
for a database that will be in the National Agricultural Library. Major
emphasis is in gathering wheat data from numerous sources. Some of the the
data included in the database are mapping data, information on genetic
stocks, data on disease and insect resistance, and historical data on
cultivars and lines. It is accessible by phone using various methods. They
are looking for more data and other types of data to add to the database.
Quarantine Update. There were no major changes in the quarantine situation
for seed coming from Mexico to the United States. CIMMYT has developed a
system of producing and treating their seed to prevent the distribution of
karnal bunt.
-------------------------
Dr. Henry Shands
Associate Deputy Administrator
Genetic Resources, USDA-ARS
Bldg. 005
BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Dear Dr. Shands:
I am writing on behalf of the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee (CAC), which
voted unanimously on Nov. 18, 1993 in support of the current USDA-ARS policy
regarding seed held by the National Plant Germplasm System. Specifically, we
support the USDA's unrestricted distribution of germplasm. (Cultivars
registered under Plant Variety Protection Act, while not distributed by the
NPGS, are by law available as parental germplasm.) By maintaining its
current policy, USDA-ARS is demonstrating to the world's agricultural
community a strong commitment to the free exchange of plant germplasm; this
free exchange is, as you know, the foundation upon which plant breeding
progress worldwide has been and continues to be built.
As a committee, we are well aware of the changes occurring in the seed
distribution policies of other countries. To ensure that the NPGS can
continue to play a key role in protection of genetic diversity of the
world's crop plants in the face of political, economic, and environmental
disruptions, it may become necessary to hold collections from abroad at the
National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL) with restrictions on their
distribution. However, this necessity - one that the United States
government at times may have no choice but to accept - should not lead our
nation to abandon its own commitment to the free exchange of germplasm.
There are more accessions of wheat than of any other crop held by the
NPGS. Our CAC recommends the following actions, intended simultaneously to
provide maximum protection of crop diversity and to foster germplasm
exchange to the greatest extent possible:
(1) When it is necessary, in the interest of national and world
agricultural security, for USDA to enter into agreements with foreign
governments to store plant germplasm at NSSL with restrictions on
distribution, we support such action.
(2) However, we strongly oppose restrictions on distribution of germplasm
deposited at NSSL by private firms or by public institutions within the
United States. By holding such germplasm, USDA would be lending its
considerable prestige to, and in effect endorsing, the commercialization of
germplasm exchange within our own system. The function of NSSL is to ensure
the long-term viability of germplasm; this is often a concern regard to seed
collections representing the genetic diversity of a region, but not ones
that are of current commercial value as parents. We support the storage of
the latter class of germplasm within NPGS only after restrictions on
distribution have expired and long-term preservation becomes an issue.
We hope the above comments will be a helpful contribution to the
continuing discussion of national germplasm policy.
Sincerely, T.S. Cox, chair
CC: Dr. Dean Plowman
Dr. Steve Eberhart
--------------------------
Minutes of the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) Meeting
November 19-20, 1993
CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico
ATTENDANCE
Committee Members: R.G. Sears, Chair; C.J. Peterson, Secretary; H.F.
Bockelman; R. Bruns; R.H. Busch; T.S. Cox; G. Hareland; D. Hole; L. Joppa;
F.L. Kolb; R.F. Line; C. Morris; P. Murphy; D. Porter; D. Van Sanford; W.D.
Worrall; R. Zemetra. Absent: R. Frohberg; Ellen Ferguson, NAWG.
Non-Committee Members: O. Anderson, ARS, WRRC Albany, CA; I. Edwards,
Pioneer, Johnston, IA; S. Jones, ARS, Pullman, WA; S. Leath, ARS Raleigh,
NC; D. McVey, ARS, Cereal Rust, St. Paul, MN; J. Quick, Colorado State
Univ., Fort Collins, CO; B. Skovmand, CIMMYT, Mexico; G. Waines, Univ. of
California, CA.
PRELIMINARIES
Chairman Sears called the meeting to order and members and guests were
introduced. WELCOMES were presented by Dr. Roger Rowe, Deputy Director
General for Research, CIMMYT; and Dr. Tony Fischer, Director of the CIMMYT
Wheat Research Program.
Dr. Rowe discussed current status of CIMMYT programs in light of recent
funding problems. Since 1989, CIMMYT has faced a 25% reduction in funding,
the number of senior staff has dropped from 93 to 63, and the wheat program
has lost 12 people. Efforts have been made to sustain core programs, such
as breeding and related support activities. However, CIMMYT is under
pressure to develop a new research agenda as improving crop productivity is
viewed as a lesser concern at the present time. New focus areas include:
biodiversity, exploiting diversity in plant species; sustainable
agriculture; and natural resource management, including cropping systems
research.
Dr. Fischer indicated that, with passage of the North American Free
Trade Agreement, competition will develop between US and Mexican produced
wheat and quality will be an important consideration. Providing wheats to
the developing world with improved end-use quality is an important goal of
the CIMMYT wheat program. He also indicated that, although improving
productivity is of less concern at present, growth in production is unlikely
to keep up with estimated demand, which is increasing at 3% per year.
Providing free exchange of germplasm and information to developing countries
will continue to be an important function of CIMMYT.
Dr. George Varughese, Assistant Director for the Wheat Project,
indicated that changes were expected in funding of the international
centers. The World Bank will provide a fixed percentage (7%) of funds for
each center, but will no longer reduce support when centers receive special
project funds. Four of the centers will receive fewer funds (including
ICARDA) and four centers more funds from the World Bank than in the past.
CIMMYT will essentially remain even, relative to current World Bank funding.
MINUTES OF THE 1992 MEETING
Peterson asked for a motion to waive reading Minutes, which were
published in the Annual Wheat Newsletter, Vol. 39. Busch made the motion,
motion carried.
RESPONSES TO 1992 LETTERS
Several letters were sent by the NWIC in 1992. Dr. Plowman,
Administrator, ARS, responded by expressing his appreciation for the NWIC
letter supporting the wheat genome database project. A letter to Secretary
Mike Espy, regarding support of FGIS applied research activities, was
received and acknowledged by his office. Dave Galliert, Administrator,
FGIS, responded regarding formation of a working group on wheat test weight
issues. He indicated that FGIS, as a federal agency, was unable to take the
lead in forming the working group and suggested that NWIC or NAWG take the
leadership role. FGIS would, however, be a willing participant in the
working group.
In February, Sears sent a letter to Mr. Glen Lee, Deputy Administrator,
USDA-APHIS, regarding potential impact of relaxing barberry quarantine laws,
allowing for stem rust susceptible barberry plants to be grown commercially.
Mr. Lee responded that budget constraints have caused APHIS to adopt
regulatory procedures to conform to fiscal limitations, implying that black
stem rust (BSR) quarantine enforcement is now up to state plant protection
offices. APHIS is under pressure from nurserymen to make regulations less
restrictive, as their industry bears the regulatory and financial burden for
the BSR program. Sears stressed that the NWIC must be very proactive on
this issue, initiating contacts with state quarantine representatives and
providing information regarding potential impact of stem rust. The need to
communicate with nursery associations also was stressed. Sears will provide
background information on BSR quarantine to NWIC members, to be forwarded to
nursery associations and plant protection offices in each state. A letter
to NAWG and state wheat grower associations will be prepared to develop
additional support.
WHEAT WORKERS WORKSHOP
Sears reported on plans for the North American Wheat Workers Workshop,
sponsored by the NWIC. The workshop is scheduled for March 7-9, 1994 in
Kansas City. Programs and registration forms were distributed in October
and the speakers list is nearly complete.
CROP ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPORT
Cox suggested that a report from the Wheat CAC was unnecessary, as all
the NWIC members also attended the CAC meeting. The CAC minutes are
presented in their entirety in the Annual Wheat Newsletter, following those
from the NWIC.
WHEAT NEWSLETTER
The following reports are included by J.S. Quick, Editor, and I.
Edwards, Treasurer, of the Annual Wheat Newsletter. Cost of preparation and
publication continue to be a problem relative to supporting revenue.
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
1993 Annual Report to NWIC, J.S. Quick, Editor
The editing and publishing of Volume 39 of the Annual Wheat Newsletter
(AWN) followed the format of previous newsletters and was the third volume
directly printed in reduced font size entirely from computer files. There
were 460 copies printed and each copy had 434 pages. Ten copies of Volume
39 and about 15 of Volume 35 are still available. A summary of information
about each volume printed since 1954 (Volume 1) was published in the AWN,
Volume 32 (1986). The number of pages has increased by 240 since 1980, the
number of contributions has increased considerably, and the cost of
publication increased significantly in 1992 and 1993. Due to rising costs,
an effort was made to reduce the number of copies printed by encouraging
multiple use. Cost of production was reduced from about $4500 in 1987 to
about $3900 in 1988, increased to $5416 in 1989, decreased to $4690 in 1991
due to limited distribution, and increased to $7317 in 1993 due to increased
pages per volume (including 44 pages of history of USDA research on wheat
and rye, 1863 to 1972). Cost per copy is about $16.00.
In addition to the total cost of production, Colorado State University
Agronomy Department has contributed part of my time, computer facilities,
and some occasional letter typing. An Agronomy Department secretary,
Carolyn Schultz, has done an excellent job of manuscript preparation since
1983.
All AWN address lists are computerized for mailing and sorting. We are
requesting all workers provide their manuscripts on computer disks if
possible. All text will be entered into computer files and laser printed
with reduced font size to save space. Manuscripts can also be provided
through the BITNET system. About 300 requests for manuscripts and financial
assistance are sent to U.S., Australian, and Canadian wheat workers each
January. The requests for manuscripts and financial contributions from
other foreign scientists are included as an insert in the Newsletter mailing
in June. Additionally, regional manuscript and financial solicitation and
coordination are done by scientists in other countries. Since 1983, 34
scientists have been recognized for their contributions to wheat
improvement.
The cost of producing Volume 40 will probably be similar to that for
Volume 39. I believe it is now feasible and financially necessary to
consider AWN distribution by diskette to all locations. One copy would go
to each location, and it would be included in a folder with photo pages and
a table of contents. Volumes 37, 38 and 39 have been included in the USDA-
ARS Wheat Database. Suggestions from the NWIC would be appreciated. Ian
Edwards, AWN treasurer, has done an excellent job of securing cooperative
and institutional financial contributions allowing us to maintain a sound
financial position.
ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER TREASURER'S REPORT
1992 Annual Report to NWIC
I.B. Edwards, Treasurer
ITEM DEBIT CREDIT BALANCE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Balance reported
June 1, 1992 AWN $5258.25
2. Mailing request letter 43.84 5214.41
3. Envelopes 11.00 5203.41
4. Photocopy charges 12.00 5191.41
5. Mailing, Vol. 38,
July 1992 1025.70 4165.71
6. Printing and binding 5474.62 <1308.91>
7. Typing and editing, 750.00 <2058.91>
Vol. 38 (Carolyn Schultz)
8. Misc. bank charges 5.00 <2063.91>
9. New contributions
(since June 1) 790.00 <1273.91>
10. Interest on checking 44.18 <1229.73>
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comments:
1. The total cost of Volume 39 was $7,317.16. This costs divided by
460 copies printed is about $15.91/copy. Volume 39 is 92 pages longer than
Volume 38 (435 vs 343). The total printed pages of Volume 39 was 27 percent
greater than that of Volume 38, and the total cost was 15% higher. Volume
38 was printed entirely from computer files.
2. Current funding balance, at the present time, is $<1,229.73>
compared with $<506.75> a year ago. It must be noted that there is still an
outstanding balance owing for production costs in the amount of $1267.16.
In the past four years, contributions have not matched the rising costs, and
this is an area of concern.
3. Although corporate contributions have increased in recent years,
this past year showed a decline. A number of institutions and companies
require an invoice in order to make payments. We are encouraging them to
notify your Treasurer as to the amount they wish to donate, and we will
gladly furnish an invoice. Private contributions remain our major source of
revenue. We will need very strong appeal in 1994 to keep the Annual Wheat
Newsletter solvent.
Quick proposed to begin AWN distribution on disk, with accompanying
folder, table of contents, and hard copies of photos and figures.
Distribution of 1 disk copy and folder per location was suggested, with one
individual per site responsible for local copying and distribution. Cost of
producing the newsletter would then be expected to drop to about $2,000 from
the current $7,000 for hardcopies. Distribution by disk appears the only
means to regain financial solvency for the AWN.
Two motions were put forward by Zemetra: 1) Use computer diskette for
primary distribution of the AWN. Motion unanimously approved. 2) Send
diskette and folder to one person per location, then site copy and print.
Motion was defeated; 10 against, 4 in favor. Concern was expressed over
ability to generate funds unless each individual received some type of copy
in hand. Others expressed desire for hard copy, if it could be made
available. Bruns moved that AWN diskette and folder be sent to everyone on
mailing list; and an option to purchase a hard copy be made available, at a
fixed cost per copy, and with a specific deadline for ordering hard copies.
The motion passed unanimously.
Quick indicated that, after 12 years of service to the AWN, Volume 40
would be his last as AWN editor. Edwards also indicated his intent to
relinquish his position as Treasurer after Volume 40. Sears will notify
people of opportunity to take over AWN positions, then NWIC will consider
options in 1994. A resolution of thanks to Quick and Edwards for their
dedicated service will be developed.
LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE REPORT
Sears reported on the 1993 NWIC legislative visits. The legislative
teams visited eight Senate offices and 12 House offices. Although the NWIC
Plant Pathology Initiative was not successful, the visits were considered to
have a cumulative positive effect, both in Congress and with ARS
administrators. The visits enhanced recognition of the NWIC and had impact
in terms of presence, resulting in subsequent calls and questions from
legislative aids. Sears indicated the need for more homework prior to
visit, more follow-up, and support from NAWG. He noted the addition of
Bruce Lans, Nebraska Wheat Board Chair, to the team was a significant
benefit. Future visits need grower support and representation from target
states. Van Sanford suggested that the NWIC needs to rethink strategies and
develop corporate partners, such as millers and bakers, in legislative
efforts. We may also need to collaborate with oat or barley workers in
legislative agendas.
USDA-ARS RESEARCH UPDATE
Busch reported that the USDA is currently undergoing an in-depth
reorganization, called for by Vice President Gore and Secretary Espy. The
proposal includes combining ARS, CSRS, Extension Service, and the National
Ag Library into a single agency: Agricultural Research and Education Service
(ARES). The goal is reducing administrative costs and enhancing efficiency
in the USDA. ARS administrators appear positive about the reorganization as
it allows an opportunity for change. The FY94 ARS budget has been
tentatively approved by Congress, with additional funds over what was
requested by ARS inserted by the House and Senate. The Office of Management
and Budget cut $26 million from the ARS budget ($18 million in positions and
funds, 8 million in buildings and maintenance) in November, but this was
later restored in its entirety by the House. Final disposition is unclear
at this time.
Funding levels for the ARS Plant Science Unit at Manhattan remain
critical. The unit, comprised of Stan Cox, Jim Hatchett, and Merle
Eversmeyer, began the fiscal year $15,000 over budget. Approximately
$500,000 new federal money has been targeted for the Grain Marketing
Research Lab at Manhattan. The funds were among those removed from the ARS
budget by OMB, but were subsequently restored. If approved, some of these
funds may be directed to support the Manhattan Plant Science Unit and the
ARS wheat projects in Nebraska.
Kolb provided an update on the three new ARS wheat positions at Purdue
(Dr. Chuck Murphy provided additional clarification in December). Joe
Anderson, ARS, Bozeman, MT, has transferred to Lafayette and is now in the
Barley Yellow Dwarf, Molecular Biology position. Anderson was formerly
working on molecular genetics and biochemistry of barley seed development.
The remaining positions, Molecular Plant Pathologist with focus on fungal
diseases and Molecular Geneticist working on Hessian Fly, have been
advertised and closed and should be filled early in 1994.
Van Sanford discussed the continuing need for Pathology support
position in the southeast. The position was part of the 1992 NWIC
legislative agenda. It was targeted for Arkansas as a good site for
screening and with potential for political support from Senator Bumpers.
The Oat Workers have proposed a position at Raliegh, NC to work half time on
Crown Rust, which is currently written in language of the ARS budget, but
with no supporting dollars. Van Sanford proposed that the NWIC work with
the Oat Workers to establish a Small Grains Pathology position at Raliegh
that can allocate some time to wheat efforts. This was identified as a high
priority need during the 1992 ARS Grain Crops review.
Zemetra reported that efforts to develop a dwarf bunt (TCK) position in
Montana have failed. Some funds were initially allocated for dwarf bunt
work, but were insufficient to fill a position. He also indicated that a
special CSRS grant on TCK has been redirected to support the Portland Grain
Marketing Center. Concerns were expressed over lack of information
available on US and Canadian TCK research projects and lack of a focused
project.
Chuck Murphy provided additional comments on the Montana ARS positions
after the meeting. The Cereal Crop Improvement Research Unit at Bozeman
had 3 SY's prior to retirement of Al Sharen and transfer of Joe Anderson.
Victor Rayboy, Cereal Molecular Geneticist, was left as the sole SY in the
Unit. Rayboy's position has now become secured by tranferring the position
into the Bozeman Range Science Unit for administrative purposes, while
providing technical supervision through the Aberdeen Small Grains Research
Unit.
Morris reported on status of the ARS unit at Pullman, WA which is
composed of four subunits; physiology, quality, pathology, and genetics.
Morris has the only fully funded project in the research unit. Bob Allan is
nearing retirement and is stepping down as Research Leader (RL). Kay
Walker-Simmons will assume the RL position. There is concern over possible
loss of club wheat research in the Northwest and desire to refill Allan's
position with a club wheat/quantitative genetics position. However, chances
of refilling the position are not promising at this time. Rollie Line also
indicated that he could retire at any time and that current funding levels
were likely insufficient to refill his position.
Busch and McVey expressed concerns over status of ARS positions at the
Cereal Rust Laboratory in St. Paul. Alan Roelfs will retire in the near
future. Roelfs' CRIS project has already been eliminated and position will
likely be lost. The position may be included as a priority in the Oat
Workers legislative initiatives. Support from CIMMYT and Canadian
researchers could also be generated.
STATUS OF ARS WHEAT QUALITY RESEARCH
Peterson reported that ARS held a meeting in Fargo, ND in August to
discuss and develop national research priorities for wheat quality research
efforts. Input from the meeting, provided by federal and state scientists
and representatives from the milling and baking industry, will be used to
develop a National Research Initiative for wheat quality research. The long
term goal is to develop more collaborative research efforts among
researchers and emphasize research objectives with potential market impact.
Morris discussed need to deal with hard white wheat quality issues and
develop specific, common, quality goals for U.S. breeding projects. A
upcoming meeting of the CSRS WRCC81 regional committee on 'Improving end-use
quality in small grains' will provide a forum to discuss regional hard white
development issues. The meeting is scheduled for January 6 and 7, 1994 in
Portland, Oregon. Morris also indicated that the western region was not
interested, at this time, in joining the national Wheat Quality Council
organization.
UPDATE ON WHEAT HARDNESS AND CLASSIFICATION
Sears reported that the Wheat Classification Working Group is expected
to hold a meeting this winter. They will review hardness data from the 1992
and '93 crop years obtained with the Single Kernel Hardness (SKH) tester.
Implementation of the new SKH tester for grain classification is still
targeted for 1995 or 1996.
WHEAT TEST WEIGHT ISSUES
Van Sanford questioned whether NWIC could lead a working group on test
weight, now that FGIS indicated it was unable to take leadership in such an
effort. Applications of the SKH tester would be the initial focus for the
group. Edwards was concerned that test weight might not be a viable issue
at this time, without either implementation of the SKH tester or NAWG
support for this as a marketing issue. However, potential may still exist
to form a task force. There is strong support in ARS quality labs to
develop methodology and data to supplant test weight as an indicator of
milling yield. Bruns suggested an opportunity to tie the issue into the
next FGIS wheat grain grading review process, which takes place every five
years. However, the next review, scheduled in four years, will likely be
consumed with implementation of the SKH tester. It was suggested that the
eastern section of the Wheat Quality Council might also provide a leadership
role.
Kolb moved that Van Sanford be named as the official NWIC
representative on wheat test weight issues, and that he make appropriate
contacts and pursue development of a working group. Bruns provided second
and motion was unanimously approved.
PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION (PVP)
Sears discussed the status of legislation to amend PVP laws to meet the
UPOV '91 treaty. Legislation has been introduced in the Senate (S.1406) by
Kerrey (NE) and House (H.R.2927) by de la Garza (TX). Senate cosponsors
currently include Daschle (SD), Kassebaum (KS), Exon (NE), and Pressler
(SD). A bill was introduced to committee on August 6 and subcommittee
hearings were held on September 20. The NWIC provided written testimony
supporting the legislation to Sen. Kerrey, and the 1992 NWIC resolution on
PVP was recorded as written testimony in Congress. Marsha Stanton, ASA
Congressional Fellow located in Senator Kerrey's office, has been working on
the bill, which is expected to receive markup in December and action
sometime after January 1. At this time, there has been little overall
Congressional concern over changes proposed for PVP.
Concern was expressed by Bruns and others regarding a recent decision
by ARS that seed of PVP'd varieties not be distributed from the ARS National
Germplasm Collections. The decision was related to language in the PVP
research exemption that fails to specifically state what agencies can
distribute such seed. Clarification regarding the status of PVP germplasm
appears needed. This may also need to be considered in developing the new
PVP legislation.
Edwards indicated that the version of UPOV that member nations will be
asked to ratify in 1994 includes a clause prohibiting any off farm seed
sales. Even with changes proposed in current PVP legislation, it is
doubtful that the U.S. will be in full compliance with the treaty.
REPORT FROM ASTA SUBCOMMITTEE ON ESSENTIALLY DERIVED CONCEPTS
Edwards gave an update on ASTA efforts to develop definitions and
concepts for essentially derived materials. The key issue is the 'doctrine
of dependency', which applies to PVP'd materials only. If a line is
considered 'essentially derived' from a PVP variety, then there is a legal
issue of dependency in the marketplace. Questions remain as to what is
considered 'essentially derived'; based on breeding methods, thresholds for
genetic distance, and scientific methods of measurement. There is general
agreement that if two lines have less than 75% of segregating traits in
common then they are not essentially derived; if greater than 95% in common
they are essentially derived. Question is in the middle ground. To date,
at least 1 backcross and 75% or more of identifiable traits in common, or 2
backcrosses regardless of number of common identifiable traits, would be
considered essentially derived. Again, there is a question as to minimum
number of traits to be measured, and which technologies would be accepted.
Application of essentially derived concepts to PVP laws would likely require
some type of grandfather clause. Ultimately, these concepts will be
described by case law history and definitions will need to be updated on a
regular basis.
DNA FINGERPRINTS AS PVP DESCRIPTORS
P. Murphy and Kolb brought up potential use of DNA technologies as PVP
descriptors, to get away from more tedious and less useful measures of
varietal differences. It was recognized that some morphological markers
will be needed to facilitate the seed certification process. Edwards
indicated that the PVP office is currently unable to handle this type of
data and information. However, there is increasing interest, especially in
private companies, in use of DNA technologies for varietal protection.
INTERNATIONAL GERMPLASM EXCHANGE SUBCOMMITTEE REPORT
Peterson presented results of a national survey conducted by the
International Germplasm Exchange Subcommittee. The survey was intended to
identify countries/programs which should be priorities for international
exchange efforts and determine current level of exchange activities and
factors that limit access to international germplasm. A total of 50 U.S.
wheat breeders and geneticists responded. Survey results indicated that a
large number of germplasm lines were imported each year by U.S. breeders.
However, when considered on a per program basis, most programs obtained
relatively few new lines each year, generally from 1 or 2 sources. Personal
contacts were the primary means of accessing international germplasm,
followed by international nurseries. Countries or programs which were
identified as high priority for exchange efforts included: 1) Former Soviet
Union; 2) CIMMYT/Mexico; 3) China; and 4) Eastern European countries. The
majority of respondents indicated a willingness to provide imported
germplasm to either the National Small Grains Collection or directly to
other breeding programs on request; assuming that permission of the
originating program could be obtained prior to secondary distribution. All
indicated willingness to participate if some type of reciprocal
international germplasm exchange program could be established. There were
five recurring themes in suggestions to improve international exchange: 1)
need for national coordination and support; 2) need for central location for
increase and distribution; 3) need for either a nationally funded or
contractual quarantine growout system; 4) need for support of international
nurseries; and 5) need to reduce and simplify APHIS quarantine restrictions.
It was recognized that, realistically, there are no funds currently
available for a national coordinating position, for a centralized quarantine
growout system, or for supporting international nurseries. Also, there is
little expected change, near term, in APHIS regulations. Chances of
obtaining new funds for international germplasm exchange efforts were
considered nonexistent. However, the general willingness of breeders to
exchange germplasm they have imported (once approval of originating program
is obtained), may provide an opportunity to increase overall germplasm
availability.
The Subcommittee proposed that USDA-ARS develop a program for breeders
to submit international germplasm as a temporary introductions to the
National Small Grains Collection, and then NSGC provide for small scale
distribution of seed. Individual breeders would be responsible for
importation of seed and quarantine increase. It would also be their
responsibility to obtain written permission from the originating programs to
allow NSGC to distribute the germplasm. Once increased, seed of each line
(approximately 500 grams) would be provided to the NSGC, with copy of
permission to distribute. The NSGC would assign a temporary introduction
number (i.e. TI# series to differentiate from PI) to each line and
distribute 10 gram samples, on request, for up to 3 years or until the seed
supply is exhausted. After 3 years, remaining seed would be discarded and
the introduction would be unavailable. The NSGC would need to provide an
annual newsletter, or list of available entries, for distribution to U.S.
breeding programs (Regional Secretaries could help with distribution). NSCG
would also need to provide formal guidelines and appropriate information
that could be used to obtain written permission from originating
institutions. The NWIC Germplasm Subcommittee and CAC could help to
organize breeders to obtain germplasm from key target countries/programs.
The Subcommittee recognized that some funds may be needed for seed increase
of specific international nurseries, or small collections, to facilitate
entry into the program.
Based on general approval and concensus of the Committee, NWIC will
send letter to Shands endorsing the proposal, with draft prepared by the
Subcommittee.
UPDATING THE WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
Kolb expressed concern that the current Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
fails to address impact of new technologies. Language should be included to
prohibit production of somoclones, transgenic plants by recombinant DNA
techniques, and induction of mutations without permission of the originator.
A committee of Kolb, Cox, and Edwards was assigned to develop specific
language for consideration. The revision was later tabled for future
consideration. It was generally agreed upon that language and concepts in
the Code of Ethics should match those used for definitions of essentially
derived materials in PVP, which have not yet been agreed upon. The NWIC
will reconsider revision in 1994.
GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION BY NPGS
Cox brought forward a letter from the Crop Advisory Committee to Henry
Shands, regarding germplasm distribution policies of the National Plant
Germplasm System. The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) Board of
Directors has requested that USDA-ARS change its policy of free distribution
of germplasm in NPGS collections to allow for deposition and storage of
germplasm with restricted distribution. The CAC letter opposes any
restriction on distribution of germplasm deposited in the NPGS that may be
established by private firms or public institutions wishing to deposit
materials. Cox proposed developing a joint letter to Shands from the NWIC
and CAC. Bruns indicated a need to broaden awareness regarding the NWIC
position on NPGS distribution policies and suggested sending an appropriate
resolution to experiment station directors, ASA executive committee, and ARS
administrators. A motion was approved to develop a resolution supporting
free exchange of germplasm in the NPGS, similar to the letter developed by
the CAC. Cox and Bruns later presented the resolution to the NWIC, which
was unanimously approved as written.
STATUS OF CIMMYT GERMPLASM EXCHANGE AND SEED HEALTH EFFORTS
CIMMYT will use Mexicali as a primary site for seed increase prior to
distribution of international nurseries in 1994. The Mexicali nursery will
be located near the California border in a Karnal Bunt (KB) free area. Few
international wheat nurseries were distributed in 1993 due to presence of KB
at the Hermosillo seed increase site.
Larry Butler provided additional background on the CIMMYT Seed Health
Unit and related KB work, including a tour of seed treatment equipment and
inspection methods. Samples of seed lots used for international shipments
are extensively screened for presence of KB spores using washing and
filtration techniques and microscopic evaluation. CIMMYT is using a sodium
hypochlorite bath for all wheat seed prior to packaging and distribution to
eliminate potential KB spores on seed surfaces. In addition to a standing
bath, nicknamed the 'killer jacuzzi', CIMMYT has recently developed a
mechanized system for seed treatment. Seed is also treated with Vitavax 300
and chlorothalonil prior to distribution. However, a guarantee of 0 spores
is unrealistic and a rational limit still needs to be established. CIMMYT
continues to work with APHIS as new seed health and KB screening procedures
are developed.
STATUS OF CIMMYT PLANT PATHOLOGY EFFORTS
Gene Saari provided an update on activities in the CIMMYT Crop
Protection Unit, which currently has seven staff members. Improving
resistance to the three rusts remain the #1 priority in pathology efforts,
although stem rust is more on a maintenance status. Other priorities
include Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum, KB, bunts and loose smut.
Second generation problems, related to cropping systems and residue
management, are receiving increased attention. These include tan spot,
Helmenthosporium sativum, and BYDV; root rots, scab and mildew also are
important, but fewer funds are available for these diseases. Paraguay had
been a focus for scab screening, but support has been reduced. Minor
element deficiencies and predisposition to disease also receive some effort.
Global monitoring and surveillance continues as a priority. Concern exists
over durability and diversity of resistances in light of sustainable
agriculture issues and practices.
CIMMYT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
Paul Fox and Bent Skovmand gave an impressive demonstration of the
CIMMYT Wheat Database. The database provides an extensive pedigree
management and information system, cross referencing variety names and
designations, varietal performance information, and agronomic descriptions.
Also underway are efforts to combine data files from long-term International
Nursery results for analyses. However, reductions in CIMMYT funding have
severely affected database development efforts. It was anticipated that
Paul Fox would not be retained unless additional outside funds could be
identified. Canada, Australia, and U.S. agencies have each been contacted
about contributing funds, and each has expressed interest. Busch moved that
the NWIC send a letter to Henry Shands expressing our support for the CIMMYT
database effort and encouraging ARS to provide support as possible. Motion
passed unanimously.
UPDATE ON GENE MAPPING AND WHEAT TRANSFORMATION EFFORTS
Olin Anderson reported on funding and genome mapping efforts of ITMI.
An ARS competitive grant and an ARS/DOE/NSF coordination grant were received
last year. There is increasing evidence of similarity in genome
organization across grass species, suggesting the possibility to use all
grasses as a genetic unit in gene isolation. Anderson also reported on
progress in ARS wheat transformation efforts. Transformation has now been
confirmed as stable through five generations of reproduction. Using a gene
gun, they have inserted a herbicide resistance gene in the variety Bobwhite.
Multiple transformation events have been obtained, at the rate of 1 per 500
embryos. Other laboratories are using similar approaches and have either
achieved transformation, or are very close.
THE 1993 SCAB EPIDEMIC
Busch gave an update on scab (Fusarium head blight) disease losses in
1993. In Minnesota, average yield was reduced by 30%, with an estimated
$400 million loss to producers. Approximately 300,000 acres were destroyed
or burned prior to harvest. In the Great Plains region, there was an
estimated $1 billion loss. In contrast, there is one position dedicated to
scab research, in Minnesota, with total investment of $90,000 per year.
Prior to 1993, it was anticipated that this position would be lost.
Vomitoxin levels over 30 ppm were found in 1993, and less than 50% of the
Minnesota crop met the 2 ppm maximum acceptable level for human consumption.
After milling, 1/2 of initial grain vomitoxin levels have been found in
straight grade flour and three times the initial levels in bran.
Busch discussed the scab screening and inoculation techniques developed
in Minnesota. There is no known genetic source of resistance to scab,
however a range in tolerance has been identified. Hundreds of Chinese
lines, reported to possess tolerance, have been screened. Two varieties,
Sumai #3 and Fan #1, were identified with less susceptibility than any other
germplasm. Sumai tolerance appears more of a qualitative than quantitative
trait. However, associated agronomic characteristics and poor baking
quality of the Chinese wheats will make their use difficult.
Kolb indicated that scab was a severe problem in the SRW wheat region
in 1990 and '91. Increasing incidence appears related to minimum till and
eco-fallow cropping trends. Gene Milas, Arkansas, has formed an ad hoc
committee for evaluation of germplasm. Greg Shaner is trying to develop a
North Central Region Committee for coordinating scab research, but the
committee has no funding.
Busch stressed the need to upgrade scab research as a national
priority. A long-term, focused effort on methodology, screening, and basic
research will be required to reduce scab incidence. Impact of the '93
epidemic provides an opportunity to rally support in the wheat industry,
collect information on disease losses, and develop a legislative initiative
for new funding. Support of the Wheat Quality Council, milling and baking
industry, and NAWG will be critical. Morris suggested exploiting food
safety issues to help garner support. However, care must be taken that the
publicity does not adversely affecting grain marketing. Goal may be to
obtain ARS monies and support similar to that obtained for the Russian Wheat
Aphid work. The scab issue was moved forward as a key item in the
legislative agenda.
NEW RESEARCH ON BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID LOSSES
Porter discussed new research evidence that non-viruliferous Bird
Cherry-Oat Aphids were just as damaging as the Russian Wheat Aphid and
Greenbug. As little as 10 aphids/plant can cause a 50% yield reduction.
The damage is chronic, with little symptom expression. Control with
chemical pesticides is currently the only option. A symposium on the aphid
will be held at the national entomology meetings in December, 1993.
Research from Hungary suggested that some level of genetic tolerance may be
available, with yield losses of 30% expressed in tolerant lines compared to
60% in susceptible. The tolerance is not genetically related to other aphid
resistances.
Busch indicated that previous threshold levels recommended for chemical
control were not adequate. In 1992, Minnesota had a severe aphid influx.
Untreated plots averaged 31.8 bu/a compared with 50 bu/a for treated. Busch
estimated that 1.7 million acres could have been economically sprayed that
year. The concern is potential for major insecticide applications over wide
acreages. New threshold levels for treatment are 1 aphid/stem on 85/100
stems. Kolb questioned the role of BYDV in yield losses as BYDV infections
may show little visual symptomology. Porter indicated that several tests
documenting yield loss have used certified non-viruliferous aphids. Leath
indicated a new seed treatment, documented and used in Europe, may provide
short-term control, but it is very expensive. Some resistance also may be
available in SRW wheats due to long-term natural selection under aphid
infestations.
SUPPORT FOR CSRS WHEAT RESEARCH
Bruns brought forward communication with Stephen Baenziger, Nebraska,
requesting the NWIC increase its efforts to promote increased CSRS/Hatch
funding for wheat and wheat pathology. Worrall also expressed concern that
the NWIC each year focuses on ARS programs and need to increase ARS funding,
while numerous CSRS wheat research problems are not addressed. However,
lack of mechanisms to increase specific CSRS funding for wheat are a primary
problem. Baenziger suggested pursuing a combined ARS/CSRS funding program,
similar to the STEEP II program in the Pacific Northwest, with competitive
funding and peer review. Targeted CSRS special grants might be pursued with
appropriate congressional support. However, CSRS special grants are
considered as 'pork barrel' and difficult to obtain in todays political
climate. They are also renewed annually and require substantial political
investment to maintain. An alternative proposed would be to develop a
permanent pool of ARS funds and use ARS as a granting agency for
collaborative/competitive ARS and CSRS projects. This has been done
effectively for the oat germplasm enhancement program. Merging of ARS and
CSRS into a single USDA agency may provide additional and more effective
mechanisms in the near future.
Committee members agreed that the NWIC needs to more actively pursue
means to enhance CSRS wheat funding. A motion was approved that established
a subcommittee comprised of Worrall and Van Sanford to study CSRS funding
options and report to the NWIC next year. The committee will also be in
communication with Stephen Baenziger regarding options and directions.
NAWG ISSUES
Zemetra indicated that a $1.1 million dollar National Research
Initiative on jointed goatgrass control has recently been obtained with NAWG
support. The program is targeted for western and plains states. Goals and
objectives are unclear and there is no proposal draft available at this
time. Contact person is Jim Zuiches, Washington State University.
Zemetra brought forward a resolution from the Idaho Wheat Commission
for input from the NWIC. The resolution has been circulated to state wheat
commissions and grower associations and is expected to be considered by
NAWG. It recommends that the American Association of Seed Certification
Agencies require milling and baking quality information, based on nine
location/year of testing, be provided and made available as a matter of
public record prior to inclusion of a new or existing wheat variety in a
certified seed program. It was noted that this was, in essence, similar to
initial proposals in the Grain Quality Incentives Act developed by Senator
Daschle. That bill currently requires that quality data be provided on
state variety trials, an requirement which is largely not met at this time.
Bruns explained the role of the AOSCA Small Grains Variety Review Board,
which requires data only when needed to substantiate claims made on a
variety. Edwards noted the resolution was interesting in light of lack of
interest of western states in joining the National Wheat Quality Council
organization, which could provide quality information and uniform testing
procedures. A straw poll was conducted to determine support for the Idaho
resolution. No support was indicated. Sears will respond to the Idaho
Wheat Commission, and NAWG as appropriate, indicating lack of support for
the resolution. Background information also will be provided, based on
testimony developed by Fred Cholick for congressional hearings on the Grain
Quality Incentives Act.
REGIONAL ITEMS AND UPDATES
Peterson reported on status of the USDA-ARS wheat virology research in
Lincoln. Two ARS scientists, Roy French and W. Langenberg, currently work
on molecular genetics of wheat streak mosaic, soilborne wheat mosaic, and
BYDV. Langenberg is expected to retire in the near future. Without
additional funds, his position will not be replaced. Local ARS and UN-L
administrators hope to refill Langenberg's position, but state and national
support will be needed to obtain additional funds. An
epidemiologist/molecular geneticist is desired with primary research
emphasis on wheat streak mosaic virus. Consideration as a possible
legislative agenda item was proposed.
Kolb indicated that there is continuing interest and need for the
International Septoria Screening Nursery, which was discontinued upon
retirement of Al Sharen. Basic need is to identify a coordinator. Leath
indicated that he was willing, if support (i.e. 1/2 technician position)
could be found. After consideration of possible actions, it was decided
that the issue would be brought up informally, as a point of information,
with C. Murphy.
Personnel changes and pending retirements from each region were
discussed. Zemetra indicated that, in addition to changes in the Montana
ARS positions, the Aberdeen ARS wheat germplasm/physiology position of S.
Ramagopal has been transferred to Beltsville, along with supporting funds.
Washington State University is anticipating the retirement of Clarence
Peterson and Cal Konzak in the next year, and Bob Allan in 2 to 3 years.
Filling of the O.A. Vogel endowed chair position at WSU is currently on
hold. Van Sanford indicated that John Roberts, Pathologist at Griffin GA,
is nearing retirement. Gordon Kimber, cytogeneticist at Columbia, MO, will
retire in May of 1994. Bruns reported that Merle Eversmeyer, ARS
Pathologist and Research Leader at Manhattan, KS could retire at anytime.
Ed Smith, Oklahoma State University wheat breeder, may retire in the next
few years. Busch indicated that two thirds of the ARS Cereal Rust
Laboratory researchers could retire within the next three years; Allan
Roelfs will retire shortly. Several retirements are anticipated in the ARS
unit at Fargo, including Norm Williams, Cytogeneticist and Research Leader;
Jim Miller, Pathologist; and Leonard Joppa, Geneticist. Retirement of S.S.
Maan, Fargo, also is eminent.
MISSION STATEMENT FOR THE NWIC
Sears and Peterson proposed a mission statement to clarify goals and
function of the NWIC. The statement is to be used in correspondence with
legislators, industry, and press, to explain the role of the NWIC as a
standing expert Committee. After discussion and consideration of
appropriate language, Worrall moved for acceptance. The revised mission
statement was unanimously approved. It is included with the 1993
resolutions and letters.
1994 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA
Sears lead discussion on plans for the NWIC legislative initiative and
Congressional visit, scheduled for late March. Membership of the
Legislative subcommittee was discussed. It was emphasized that the NWIC
legislative team should be expanded outside of NWIC members; include NAWG
representatives, growers from key states, and representatives from the
milling and baking industry. The Wheat Quality Council Board of Directors
should be approached for representation. Glenn Weaver, ConAgra, is
currently Chair of the Board.
The 1992-93 Legislative Initiative included requests of support for
five ARS positions/units: Plant Science Unit, Manhattan; Plant
Pathology/Germplasm position in Southeast; Wheat Pathology, Pullman; Cereal
Rust Lab, St. Paul; and Smut position, Bozeman. Sears recommended that the
1993-94 initiative focus on a single, high priority item, such as the
Manhattan Research Unit, then present others as informational items. Van
Sanford concurred that primary focus should be the ARS Manhattan unit; with
additional funds, their research efforts could be expanded to include work
on all wheat classes. He also recommended supporting the Oat Workers
initiative for a pathology position at Raleigh, NC. Busch reminded the
Committee that growers lost $1 billion to disease in 1993, which could be
powerful focus for this years lobbying efforts, especially for scab
research. Morris suggested that food safety and security could also be an
effective focus.
P. Murphy suggested that the Oat Workers Strategic Plan could be an
effective concept and model for the NWIC. It was agreed that a strategic
plan for pathology could provide an effective background for the legislative
initiative. Target of a long-term strategic plan would then be diseases,
rather than people or programs. Specific annual legislative initiatives
would then focus on individual disease impact and losses, and take advantage
of opportunities for Congressional support.
Sears proposed the NWIC organize a subcommittee to develop a long-term
strategic plan for wheat research needs, with focus on pathology issues.
However, due to the short time frame for planning, this years initiative
would combine current regional pathology issues into a package with a single
item as high priority focus. Bruns indicated that last years initiative
would be an effective base, with slight modifications in language and focus.
It was agreed that Sears, as NWIC Chair, would head the Legislative
Subcommittee, enlisting aid from NWIC members and others as needed. Sears
also will contact C. Murphy and W. Martinez for advice and direction on
strategies and funding targets. Regional Chairs will provide a list of
regional disease priorities to Sears by December 15. Sears will then work
with NWIC members to develop appropriate documents and a legislative
information packet during December and January. The information packet will
be provided to key congressional staff, ARS administrators, NAWG, and
industry groups such as the Wheat Quality Council. The Manhattan Plant
Science Unit will remain the primary focus for the funding initiative and
the other key pathology positions will be included as appropriate. Regional
Chairs will serve as members of a Strategic Planning Subcommittee for the
NWIC. During the next year, the Subcommittee will develop list of regional
and national wheat research priorities to be presented and considered at the
1994 NWIC meeting.
NWIC INTERACTIONS WITH PRESS
Sears reported that a news article, loosely based on a draft developed
by several NWIC members in February, was released through the AP wire
service in May. The article expressed NWIC concerns over reduced funding
for pathology research in light of increasing disease losses. The article
was published in several national newspapers. Sears received several calls
and favorable comments on the article and he believed it was beneficial in
increasing visibility of the NWIC. It was suggested that copies of the
legislative information packet be provided to key members of the
agricultural press to increase awareness of our national research concerns.
This would serve to increase recognition of the NWIC as an expert committee,
and show willingness to provide testimony regarding national wheat issues.
MISC. RESOLUTIONS AND LETTERS
Sears proposed that two resolutions be developed, acknowledging 12
years of dedicated service by Jim Quick and Ian Edwards in publication and
distribution of the Annual Wheat Newsletter. Busch moved that appropriate
resolutions be drafted, expressing the appreciation of the world wheat
community. Motion was approved and Peterson will write resolutions.
Drafting of resolution expressing appreciation to CIMMYT personnel for
serving as excellent hosts of the 1993 NWIC meeting also was approved.
NEXT MEETING
Sears proposed that the next NWIC meeting be held on November 4 and 5,
1994 at, or near, Beltsville, MD. Peterson and Sears will identify an
appropriate location and facility. The 1994 CAC meeting will then be held
on the evening of November 3, prior to the NWIC meeting. Motion was
approved. The meeting was then adjourned by Sears.
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
NOVEMBER 19-20, 1993, EL BATAN, MEXICO
SUBJECT: MISSION OF THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
The National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) is a non-profit,
independent organization representing public and private wheat researchers.
It is composed of scientists which represent each of the four major U.S.
wheat growing regions. The NWIC addresses issues that have direct, or
indirect, effect on U.S. wheat; including areas of research, production,
marketing, and end-use. The Committee provides information and counsel to
Congressional leaders and U.S. agricultural policymakers, with the long-term
goal of improving wheat production and marketing opportunities. The NWIC is
an expert committee and is willing to provide either written or verbal
testimony regarding wheat research issues in the United States. The NWIC
meets annually. Minutes of Committee meetings, resolutions, and letters are
published each year in the Annual Wheat Newsletter.
SUBJECT: GERMPLASM EXCHANGE POLICY OF THE NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM
TO: Shands; Plowman; Eberhart; Exp. station directors; CSSA Executive
Committee
WHEREAS, the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) Board of Directors has
requested that USDA-ARS change its policy of free distribution of germplasm
in National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collections to allow for
deposition and storage of germplasm with restricted distribution, and
WHEREAS, the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) has consistently
supported free exchange of germplasm as the cornerstone of wheat
improvement, and
WHEREAS, the National Plant Germplasm System is a critical source of genetic
material and an integral part of free germplasm exchange in the United
States and the world, and
WHEREAS, the NWIC strongly supports the current USDA policy of unrestricted,
free distribution of germplasm from the NPGS to continue the legacy of wheat
improvement, and
WHEREAS, the NWIC recognizes that extreme political, economic, and
environmental pressures may necessitate the acceptance by NPGS of certain
critical international collections with restrictive distribution (a
compromise to ensure the protection of genetic diversity of world stocks
that should not be allowed to affect our domestic germplasm exchange
policies),
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the National Wheat Improvement Committee
strongly opposes restriction on the distribution of germplasm deposited with
the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System; international collections accepted
under crisis situations would be the sole exception. If a policy of
restricted germplasm distribution were accepted, the USDA-ARS would, in
effect, be endorsing a policy of germplasm commercialization. This implied
endorsement would undermine a long-standing USDA-ARS commitment to the world
wheat community of free germplasm exchange and would irreparably damage
wheat improvement efforts.
SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF HOSTS
WHEREAS, CIMMYT has served as an excellent host of the 1993 National Wheat
Improvement Committee and Wheat Crop Advisory Committee, and
WHEREAS, our hosts provided superior meeting facilities and have expended
much time and effort to ensure that the meetings were successful, and
WHEREAS, our hosts provided NWIC members with an impressive tour of current
CIMMYT research efforts and facilities,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that the members of the NWIC and WCAC sincerely
thank our hosts from CIMMYT: Dr. Roger Rowe, Deputy Director General for
Research; Dr. Tony Fischer, Director of the Wheat Research Program; Dr. Bent
Skovmand, Head, Wheat Genetic Resources; and Linda Ainsworth, Head, Visitor
and Conference Services. Appreciation also goes out to Larry Butler, Paul
Fox, Gene Saari, George Varughese, and Diego Gonzalez de Leon for their
presentations and participation in the meeting.
SUBJECT: RECOGNITION OF DR. JIM QUICK'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL WHEAT
NEWSLETTER
WHEREAS, Dr. Jim Quick has provided twelve years of dedicated and able
service to the world wheat research community through his position as Editor
of the Annual Wheat Newsletter, and
WHEREAS, the Annual Wheat Newsletter has provided a unique and extremely
valuable resource for international wheat researchers, and
WHEREAS, he has expended much time and effort in editing, publication, and
distribution of the Newsletter,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that members of the NWIC express their collective
appreciation to Dr. Quick for his distinguished service and contributions to
the International and National Wheat Improvement efforts.
SUBJECT: RECOGNITION OF DR. IAN EDWARDS'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL WHEAT
NEWSLETTER
WHEREAS, Dr. Ian Edwards has provided twelve years of dedicated and able
service to the world wheat research community through his position as
Treasurer of the Annual Wheat Newsletter, and
WHEREAS, the Annual Wheat Newsletter has provided a unique and extremely
valuable resource for international wheat researchers, and
WHEREAS, he has expended much time and effort in raising funds and handling
accounts to provide for publication and distribution of the Newsletter,
THEREFORE, be it resolved that members of the NWIC express their collective
appreciation to Dr. Edwards for his distinguished service and contributions
to the International and National Wheat Improvement efforts.
-------------------------
LETTERS OF THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE,
APPROVED NOVEMBER 19-20, 1993, EL BATAN, MEXICO
February 18, 1994
Dr. Henry L. Shands
Genetic Resources
USDA-ARS, NPS,GR
Bldg 005, BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20705
Dear Dr. Shands,
I'm writing to report on the NWIC's impression of the CIMMYT germplasm and
database program being developed by Dr. Paul Fox and Dr. Bent Skovmand. The
entire committee was very favorably impressed, and we would make the
recommendation that the USDA contribute to funding the database until it can
be completed in the next year or two.
We feel as a group of wheat researchers, that the database could very easily
be utilized by other self-pollinated crops. In fact, we understand that
IRRI is presently examining the database for
utilization within their system. We also feel that this database could be
easily incorporated for use with inbred lines in either corn or sorghum.
In summary, the NWIC would encourage USDA to support the funding of the
CIMMYT database program until it can be finished. Thank you for allowing us
to comment on this critical issue involving wheat.
Sincerely, R.G. Sears, Chair
-------------------------
MEMBERS OF NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
November 1993
Dr. R.G. Sears, Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-7245
FAX: (913)-532-6094
Dr. C.J. Peterson, Secretary
USDA-ARS, Dept. of Agronomy
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583
(402) 472-5191
FAX: (402) 437-5254
Eastern Wheat Region
Dr. Fred Kolb, Chair
Dept. of Agronomy
Univ. of Illinois
Urbana, IL 61801
(217) 244-6148
FAX: (217) 333-9817
Dr. H.E.Bockelman, Secretary
USDA-ARS, 1691 So. 2700 W.
P.O. Box 307
Aberdeen, ID 83210
(208) 397-4162
FAX: (208) 397-4165
Dr. Paul Murphy
Dept. of Crop Science
North Carolina State Univ.
Raleigh, NC 27607
(919) 515-3281
FAX: (919) 515-5657
Dr. D. Van Sanford
Dept. of Agronomy
University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY 40506
(606) 257-5811
FAX: (606) 258-5842
National Assoc. of Wheat
Growers
Ellen Ferguson
Director, NAWG Foundation415
Second St. NE Suite 300
Washington, DC 20002
(202) 547-7800
FAX: (202) 546-2638
Great Plains Spring Wheat
Region
Dr. Gary Hareland, Chair
USDA-ARS, Northern Crop
Science Lab
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7728
FAX: (701) 237-7713
Dr. R.H. Busch, Secretary
USDA-ARS, 411 Borlaug Hall
University of Minnesota
St. Paul, MN 55108
(612) 625-1975
FAX: (612) 625-1268
Dr. Leonard Joppa
USDA-ARS, Northern Crop
Science Lab
1307 N 18th St
P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 239-1339
FAX: (701) 237-7713
Dr. R. Frohberg
Dept. of Crop and Weed
Science
North Dakota State University
Fargo, ND 58105
(701) 237-7971
FAX: (701) 237-7973
Great Plains Winter Wheat
Region
R. Bruns, Chair
Agripro Bioscience, Inc.
806 N. Second St., P.O. Box 30
Berthoud, CO 80513
(303) 532-3721
Dr. T.S. Cox, Secretary
USDA-ARS
Throckmorton Hall, Rm.
421Kansas State University
Manhattan, KS 66506
(913) 532-7260
FAX:(913) 532-5692
Dr. W.D. Worrall
Texas A&M, P.O. Box 1658
Vernon, TX 76384
(817) 552-9941
FAX: (817) 553-4657
Dr. David Porter
USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western St.
Stillwater, OK 74075
(405) 624-4212
FAX: (405) 372-1398
Western Wheat Region
Dr. R.S. Zemetra, Chair
Dept. of Plant, Soil & Ent. Sci.
University of Idaho
Moscow, ID 83843
(208) 885-7810
FAX: (208) 885-7760
Dr. R.F. Line, Secretary
USDA-ARS, 361 Johnson Hall
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164
(509) 335-3755
FAX: (509) 335-7674
Dr. David Hole
Dept. of Plant and Soil Sci.
Utah State Univ.
Logan, UT 84321
(801) 750-2235
FAX: (801) 750-3376
Dr. Craig Morris
USDA Western Wheat Quality lab
E-202 FSHN Fac. East
Washington State Univ.
Pullman, WA 99164-6394
(509) 335-4062
FAX: (509) 335-8573
-------------------------
WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
"This seed is being distributed in accordance with the `Wheat Workers
Code of Ethics for Distribution of Germplasm' developed by the National
Wheat Improvement Committee 10/27/76. Acceptance of this seed
constitutes Agreement."
1. The originating breeder, station or company has certain rights to
the unreleased material. These rights are not waived with the
distribution of seeds or plant material but remain with the
originator for disposal at this initiative.
2. The recipient of unreleased seeds or plant material shall make no
secondary distributions of the germplasm without the permission
of the owner/breeder.
3. The owner/breeder in distributing unreleased seeds or other
propagating material, grants permission for use (1) in tests
under the recipient's control, (2) as a parent for making crosses
from which selections will be made, and (3) for induction of
mutations. All other uses, such as testing in regional nurseries,
increase and release as a cultivar, selection from the stock, use
as parents in commercial F(1) hybrids or synthetic or multiline
cultivars, require the written approval of the owner/breeder.
4. Plant materials of this nature entered in crop cultivar trials
shall not be used for seed increase. Reasonable precautions to
insure retention or recovery of plant materials at harvest shall
be taken.
5. The distributor of wheat germplasm stocks may impose additional
restrictions on use or may waiver any of the above.
-------------------------
PROGRESS ON GRAIN GENES, THE TRITICEAE GENOME DATABASE
David E. Matthews and Olin D. Anderson
A genetic database for Triticeae, oats, and sugarcane is being
assembled as part of the United States Department of Agriculture, National
Agricultural Library's Plant Genome Program, directed by Jerome P. Miksche.
The project includes the creation of a comprehensive database at the
National Agricultural Library incorporating data from all plant species.
The data are available for public access and distribution, and cooperation
with the international research community is encouraged. Additional support
for the Triticeae database is provided by ITMI, the International Triticeae
Mapping Initiative, through a grant from the USDA/DOE/NSF Joint Program on
Collaborative Research in Plant Biology.
The Triticeae database project, "GrainGenes," is coordinated by Olin
Anderson (USDA, Albany, CA). The master database is currently running at
Cornell University (David Matthews and Mark Sorrells) and is accessible via
Internet. The main efforts in this program are to establish the hardware
and software systems to construct and maintain a database, and coordinate
the loading of all available and useful data. Kinds of information being
loaded include:
genetic and cytogenetic maps,
genomic probes, nucleotide sequences,
genes, alleles and gene products,
associated phenotypes, quantitative traits and QTLs,
genotypes and pedigrees of cultivars, genetic stocks, and other
germplasms,
pathologies and the corresponding pathogens, insects, and abiotic
stresses,
a taxonomy of the Triticeae and Avena,
addresses and research interests of colleagues,
relevant bibliographic citations.
The retrievable information includes images (photographs and drawings) as
well as text and numeric data.
DATA COORDINATORS
Needless to say, compiling and curating all this information is a very
large project. We have identified specific areas that require data assembly
and organization, and have formed a committee of coordinators. As is
inherent in such databases many areas are overlapping and will require input
from several areas of expertise. As the need becomes apparent,
'subcommittees' will form around broad topics. The following individuals
have agreed to serve as the coordination committee for the wheat portion of
the database.
Database coord., Olin Anderson, USDA, ARS, WRRC, 800 Buchanan,
probe repository Albany, CA 94710, Tel: 510-559-5773 FAX: 510-
559-5777
Email:oanderson@wheat.usda.gov
Cytogenetics, Bikram Gill, Department of Plant Pathology,
stocks, mapping Kansas State University, Throckmorton Hall,
Manhattan, KS 66506 Tel: 913-532-6176 FAX: 913-
532-5692
Email:raupp@matt.ksu.edu
Proteins, gel Bob Graybosch, USDA, ARS, Department of Agronomy,
322 Keim patterns, wheat quality Hall, University
of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
Tel: 402-472-1563 FAX: 402-437-5234,
Email:agro100@unlvm.unl.edu
Genetic stocks Perry Gustafson, USDA, ARS, Department of
Agronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
65211 Tel: 314-882-7318 FAX: 314-875-5359,
Email:agro1375@mizzou1.missouri.edu
Genetics, Gary Hart, Department of Soil & Crop Sciences,
nomenclature Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,
Tel: 409-845-8293 FAX: 409-845-0456,
Email:ghart@zeus.tamu.edu
Germplasm, Ken Kephart, 214 Waters Hall, University of
pathology (temp.), Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Tel: 314-882-2001
traits FAX: 314-884-4317
Email:kephart@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu
Data entry, David Matthews, Dept. of Plant Breeding &
coord., maint., Biometry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel:
database design 607-255-9951 FAX: 607-255-6683,
Email: matthews@greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
Taxonomy Pat McGuire, Genetic Resources Conservation
Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, Tel: 916-757-
8923 FAX: 916-757-8755,
Email:grcp@ucdavis.edu
Data entry, Mark Sorrells, Dept. of Plant Breeding &
coordination Biometry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel:
607-255-1665, FAX: 607-255-6683,
Email:mark-sorrells@qmrelay.mail.cornell.edu
Anyone with interests in participating in database design, data
contributions, data assembly in any of these or other specific areas should
contact the appropriate coordinator or Olin Anderson.
GRAINGENES RELEASE 1.3
The first demonstration of a functional prototype of the database was
in September 1992, at the ITMI Third Public Workshop in Mexico. The current
version of GrainGenes is 1.3, released 12 Jan 1994. An overview of its
contents is as follows.
Data class Number of records
------------- -----------------
Map 11 Wheat, T. tauschii, barley, diploid
oat, sugarcane
Linkage-Group 120
Locus 1500
Probe 2000
Polymorphism 80 With images of autoradiograms
Sequence 100 End sequences of probes
Gene 560
Allele 550
Germplasm 11000 Wheat, rye, triticale
Species 370 Including plants, pathogens and insects
Trait-Scores 14000 24th International Spring Wheat Yield
Nursery
QTL 4
Pathology 380 With images of symptoms
Image 150
Colleague 900
Paper 1300
Additional data are being added on a continuing basis. New data in this
release since the previous version include:
- Genes, alleles and stocks, part of the "Catalogue of Gene Symbols
for Wheat," from Gary Hart
- Wheat chromosome group 2 and 3 maps of Devos et al.
- Updated Triticum tauschii map, from Bikram Gill
- Barley maps
- IGRI x FRANKA, from Andreas Graner
- VADA x H. spontaneum, from Andreas Graner
- Proctor x Nudinka, from Mark Sorrells
- Summary of the rice/maize/wheat comparative map of Ahn et al.
- CIMMYT list of wheat cultivar abbreviations, from Bent Skovmand
- Trait evaluation data, CIMMYT's 24th International Spring Wheat
Yield Nursery, from Paul Fox
- QTL study of wheat sprouting, from Jim Anderson
- Pathologies (diseases, insects, abiotic injuries) of wheat,
barley and oats,from Ken Kephart
- Polymorphisms of BCD and CDO probes on barley, rice, oat, wheat
and sugarcane, from Mark Sorrells
- Address information for additional colleagues, from the Oat
Newsletter mailing list
By the time you read this report there will be more data added.
USER INTERFACES TO GRAINGENES AND ASSOCIATED DATASETS
The database is currently available in three formats: ACEDB, Gopher,
and World Wide Web (WWW). The ACEDB interface supports more powerful query
strategies and provides interactive graphical displays of the genetic maps.
On the other hand, for many people the Gopher and WWW formats are easier to
access, as well as easier to use.
In addition, the Gopher and WWW formats include not only all the data
described above (the core GrainGenes dataset) but also an equally large
amount of information that is in free text format or in structures other
than that of ACEDB. These additional datasets are searchable online, and
some are also available for downloading in their entirety. They include
Annual Wheat Newsletter, volumes 37 and 39 (38 and 40 to come)
Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat, 1988 and 1993
Commercial Wheat Cultivars of the US, an electronic monograph by Ken
Kephart
HMW-glutenin subunit data for 1500 wheat cultivars, from Bob Graybosch
Wheat quality evaluations, from Bob Graybosch
CIMMYT list of abbreviations for 8700 wheat cultivars, from Bent
Skovmand
The Gopher/WWW datasets are also updated more frequently than the official
releases of the ACEDB version of the database. The following data have been
added to the Gopher server in the six weeks since the current (1.3) release
of GrainGenes.
GrainGenes database
- Wheat chromosome arm map, from Mark Sorrells
Chromosome and chromosome-arm locations of homologies to 210 BCD,
CDO, and WG probes, with the sizes of the 800 mapped restriction
fragments.
- 120 species of Triticeae and Avena, and all their synonyms, from Ken
Kephart and Gordon Kimber
- Germplasm records for the 500 wheat cultivars that have been
evaluated in the 1st through 27th CIMMYT International Spring Wheat
Yield Nurseries, from Bent Skovmand
Images from the GrainGenes database
- 450 new pathology-related images, from Ken Kephart
NABGMP Steptoe X Morex dataset
- Barley quantitative trait mapping dataset, from Pat Hayes 8 traits
x
16 environments x 150 doubled haploids, with QTL analysis.
Grains files to browse
- "Barley IGRI x FRANKA mapping data", from Andreas Graner
Segregation data, including substantially more markers than are on
the 1991 published map
ACCESS METHODS
For sites that are connected to the Internet, the Gopher and WWW
formats of GrainGenes are the easiest to access, requiring only
- a direct network connection from your personal computer to the
Internet (no password needed),
or
- a modem connection to a Unix or other Internet host running Gopher
or WWW software.
The ACEDB format of GrainGenes provides its graphical, mouse-based user
interface via the "X11" network protocol. ACEDB access requires
- a Unix machine running the ACEDB software,
or
- a direct network connection (as opposed to a modem connection) to
such a machine and an account to use it, and X11 software for your
personal computer.
Gopher
For enhanced reliability, identical copies of the GrainGenes Gopher
server are maintained at two independent sites, one at Cornell University,
Ithaca, NY, and the other at the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville,
MD. If one is unavailable, due to unforeseen but over the longer term
inevitable circumstances, simply switch to the other one:
host greengenes.cit.cornell.edu, port 70
host probe.nalusda.gov, port 7002
The NAL has also established a Gopher server that allows searching a
merged database of all the USDA-supported plant genome databases:
GrainGenes, AAtDB (Arabidopsis), Mace (maize), Soybase, and TreeGenes. This
Gopher server is listed in the GrainGenes Gopher menu "Other plant genome
Gophers", or it can be accessed directly at host probe.nalusda.gov, port 70.
WWW
The World Wide Web is a kind of super-Gopher system, with all the
features of the Gopher plus many more. For those who have direct access
(TCP or SLIP) to the Internet, WWW can be accessed using the "Mosaic"
software which can be obtained by anonymous ftp from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu.
Those who have dialup access to a Unix host can use the Unix WWW client
program "Lynx".
Access to GrainGenes via the World Wide Web is available from the
Agricultural Genome World Wide Web Server, located at the NAL. The address
(URL) for this server is
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/index.html
From the wheat standpoint, the uniquely useful service offered here is
a hypertext version of the GrainGenes dataset, located at URL:
http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/acedbs/acedbs/index.html
In addition, the full GrainGenes Gopher server, including all the Gopher
datasets described above, can be accessed via WWW using URL:
gopher://greengenes.cit.cornell.edu/1
ACEDB
Copies of the ACEDB version of GrainGenes, for running on a Unix host,
can be obtained from the NAL's anonymous ftp server, probe.nalusda.gov.
Copies are currently running at eleven distributed sites:
USDA Western Regional Research Laboratory, Albany, CA (Olin Anderson)
INRA, Clermont, France (Philippe Leroy)
Australian National Genetic Information Service, Sydney (Alex Reisner)
Montana State University (Tom Blake)
Station d'amelioration des plantes, Gembloux, Belgium (Jean Jacquemin)
Weizman Institute, Israel (Jaime Prilusky)
Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston (Leland Ellis)
Texas A&M University (Gary Hart)
Academia Sinica, Beijing (Lihuang Zhu)
Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee (Scott Chasalow)
CIMMYT, Mexico (David Hoisington)
Users who have no Unix machine but do have direct network access
(TCP/IP or SLIP) and X11 software for their personal computer may request a
GrainGenes ACEDB account from the authors.
HELPLINE
The NAL has set up a helpline for assistance in accessing and using the
plant genome databases. Help is available either by electronic mail to
pgenome@nalusda.gov, or by telephone at 301-504-6613. GrainGenes-specific
questions should be directed to the authors, at the addresses mentioned
above.
LONG-TERM CONSIDERATONS
Although the USDA is supporting the initial stages of database
development, the success of this program will depend greatly on the
cooperation and participation of laboratories throughout the research
community world-wide. We are particularly interested in cooperating with
members of international community who are recognized, officially or
unofficially, as curators of data. The USDA will concentrate on hardware,
software, assembly of combined databases, database access, and will only
perform minor curatorial functions; each plant community will be called on
to organize and update the data for its own plant system.
All laboratories possessing relevant data are urged to deposit their
data with the database. Any laboratory interested in accessing the
databases or running the databases locally can contact Olin Anderson, Susan
Altenbach, or David Matthews. Users are reminded that this is a developing
database effort, therefore gaps in data should be expected. However, all
users are encouraged to make both suggestions on improvements and new
sources of data.
-------------------------
II. CONTRIBUTIONS
PRIVATE COMPANIES
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
Joe A. Smith, Blake Cooper, Barb Cook, Jerry Betz
We have an ongoing wheat development program with the United Grain
Growers, Inc. From this program, we have achieved registration of our first
CWRS cultivar in Canada. It has been named Invader and was tested as BW158
in official registration Co-ops over the past three seasons. It averaged 4%
and 7% above the commercial checks Katepwa and Columbus, respectively in the
black soil zones. Invader has late maturity similar to Columbus and
improved leaf rust resistance compared to the checks. It will be marketed
exclusively by the United Growers, Inc. in Canada.
The 1993 season was too cool and too wet for good wheat development in
our primary breeding area, the Red River Valley. A heavy fusarium infection
reduced yields far below what were anticipated. Some differences were
noticed between cultivars. Generally taller and earlier cultivars held up
better. Plots were discarded at our Casselton site due to flooding damage
and fusarium.
In our U.S. program, we will be releasing a new semidwarf durum
cultivar to be named Voss. It has been tested as D87-1534 in 1993 North
Dakota State tests and the 1992 Regional test. This cultivar has exhibited
higher yield and test weight than currently grown semidwarfs.
Dr. Blake Cooper joined the project in early summer. Blake will be in
charge of the U.S. program.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
John M. Moffatt, Steve L. Askelson, Jerry D. Brick, Scott A. Seifert,
Paul T. "Tom" Griess
The 1992/93 crop year was a banner year for foliar disease development.
Leaf rust, septoria glume blotch, tan spot and scab were found in varying
degrees in all of our core nursery sites from north central Oklahoma to
south central Nebraska. Leaf rust and septoria were also problems in our
irrigated nurseries along the Ogallala aquifer. Abnormally high rain-fall
during June delayed harvest, flooded nurseries and resulted in the loss of
most of our core locations. Although foliar diseases caused reductions in
both test weight and yield in the west, we were able to harvest seven
irrigated nurseries with trial means averaging from 66 bu/a at Goodland, KS
to 125 bu/a at Berthoud.
AgriPro Brand Varieties "Ogallala" and "Ponderosa", were released to
our associate system in 1993 and will be available to the farmer in the fall
of 1994.
Ogallala (TX81V6187/Abilene) was formerly tested as WI89-055. Ogallala
has better leaf rust resistance than either parent, has high test weight
patterns and excellent straw strength for irrigated production. Ogallala is
heterogeneous for 1A/1R and has a moderately resistant field reaction to
wheat streak mosaic virus. Ogallala is susceptible to both soil borne and
spindle streak mosaic virus and is being positioned as a western wheat.
Ponderosa (W81-133/Thunderbird) was formerly tested as W87-017-44.
Ponderosa is a daylength sensitive semidwarf similar to Tomahawk in plant-
type. Ponderosa has good protection to prevalent leaf rust races and
powdery mildew and is resistant to the soilborne and spindle streak mosaic
viruses. Ponderosa is adapted to both the core and the aquifer. Ponderosa
has excellent milling and baking properties.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
Jim Reeder, Bobby Talley
Almost 1000 hard red winter wheat hybrids were made in 1993 at
Berthoud, Colorado and Hereford, Texas. Hybridizing agent technology was
used to produce these hybrids. The 500 combinations that produced the most
hybrid seed will be yield tested throughout the Great Plains in 1994.
Performance of previously made hybrids was encouraging with a significant
number exceeding our yield goal. Yield stability of hybrids over locations
and over years continues to be high.
Approximately 650 hard red spring wheat hybrids were made at Berthoud,
Colorado and Casselton, North Dakota. Over 300 of these will be yield
tested in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota. Heterosis
observed in previously made hybrids in this region was again high.
Bobby Talley joined the hybrid development project on February 1, 1994
after spending five years on the hard red winter wheat project on a part-
time basis while going to school.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
Koy E. Miskin, Curtis Beazer, Eugene Glover, Dayna Scruggs.
In contrast to 1992, this year soft wheat research had a crop. In
1992, the entire breeding nursery at Brookston was dead. Fortunately, we
had a good year in 1993. Stem rust was very severe (very unusual)
eliminating a great deal of material from the program. We had not had good
selection pressure for stem rust for many years. Leaf rust and the septoria
diseases were also quite serious this year and it is believed we made good
progress in selection for improved disease resistance.
We conducted a seed treatment study involving Vitavax 200, Baytan,
Dividend and Gaucho (a seed treatment insecticide) and three varieties,
Twain, Pontiac and Sawyer. These were planted in single rep trials at four
locations, Brookston, IN, Carmi, IL, St. Jacobs, IL, and Delphos, OH.
Fungicides alone showed no advantage. However, when combined with Gaucho
yields increased an average of seven bu/A. This was not too surprising as
there was a high population of aphids last fall. Aphids transmit BYDV.
None of the chemicals had any effect on height or maturity.
Agripro Pontiac is the name given to experimental line 88M-3143 (ABI
88-3143 in the UESWN). Agripro Pontiac has very good Rhizoctonia resistance
and performs very well in harsh environments. It has a good disease
resistance package and acceptable milling and baking quality. Test weight
is 1.5 lbs/bu higher than Cardinal and has a very low preharvest sprouting
response. Agripro Pontiac carries the H5 Hessian fly gene. It will replace
Agripro Lincoln and will be available to farmers in the fall of 1994.
Three hundred forty-three hybrids were tested at eight locations. Late
spring freezes caused considerable sterility and hybrid performance was down
from expected. Late spring freeze seems to be one environmental condition
that hybrids do not withstand better than pureline varieties. Probably
because they begin growing more vigorously earlier than the varieties and
are therefore more vulnerable to the frost.
The Shell Oil decision to sell AgriPro resulted in considerable down
sizing of both northern and mid southern hybrid wheat research.
Unfortunately, Dr. Greg Holland, and one technician left AgriPro. Dr.
Holland is now with Asgrow Seed Co. as a corn breeder in Iowa. We certainly
wish him well.
-------------------------
AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
J. Barton Fogleman, C. Keith Taylor.
Much of the mid south wheat environment was cool and damp making the
season about two weeks later than normal. Leaf rust and stem rust were very
severe and some lines with LR9 and LR24 showed considerable susceptibility.
This may be the result of a sudden race change or a temperature sensitivity
response.
Hybrid wheat performance was again exceptional. Twenty-one percent of
our new hybrids met or exceeded our goal of eight bushel per acre above the
average of three best check varieties. The checks were the Coker 9877,
Wakefield and the new Agripro Hickory.
Our research on wheat in rotation with rice was presented at the 1993
Midsouth Association of Wheat Scientists in Memphis. The purpose of this
study was to examine the yield and agronomic responses of several commercial
SRWW cultivars when grown in rotation with rice. Paired yield trials were
grown at Fisher, AR and at Cleveland, MS. These two-replication yield
trials were planted in silty-loam soil in rotation with rice and in rotation
with soybeans at each location. Responses of SRWW cultivars in rotation
with rice showed the following average effects when compared with
corresponding SRWW cultivars in rotation with soybeans: Grain yields were
reduced 16.5 bu/ac; Heading dates were delayed 2.8 days; Plant heights were
reduced 2.5 inches, Test weights were essentially unaffected (increased 0.3
lbs/bu). Five commercial cultivars had yields that were not significantly
different from the highest yielding cultivar (Lsd. 10) in each of the rice
rotation trials: AgriPro Hickory; Freedom; AgriPro Sawyer; NK Coker 9543
and AgriPro Mallard.
ABI experimental line 88D-1903 has been named Agripro Hickory. It is
best adapted to the midsouth, coastal plains and southern Ohio Valley. It
has demonstrated very high yield, medium early maturity, and moderate levels
of resistance to nearly all major wheat diseases in these areas including
Xanthomonas. It performs very well behind rice and carries the H6 gene for
Hessian fly resistance. Agripro Hickory has excellent milling and baking
properties and its test weight is two pounds heavier than FL 302.
-------------------------
CARGILL ARGENTINA HYBRID WHEAT PROGRAM
N. Machado, P. Paulucci, H. Martinuzzi
Normal weather conditions were present at planting time. Long maturity
and intermediate cultivarewere planted in June and short maturity were
planted in July.
After planting, a long drought period affected the production level
depending on the area and the plot qualityincluding rotation and cultural
practices applied. In someareas, there were no rains for 140 days. Just
before flowering it started to rain, and diseases were favored by humidand
warm conditions. Tillering was delayed but compensated for some of the
yield potential. Different genotypes reacted differently. The final result
was a general reduction in yield with a severe
Fusarium (FHB) damage in the Northern areas that affected seriously the
farmer economy due to discounts in prices when referred to hectoliter weight
and FHB. The seed produced in areas with high infections will be a poor
quality seed and many preventions will have to be taken.
Yield trials. Some trials were affected due to irregular germination
and consequently bad stand. Other were partially flooded at heading time
with plant losses. In spite of the highf variation, the recorded data
related to yields and grain quality is very valuable considering the
Fusarium head blight infection. We have selected a group of 10 advanced
experimental hybrids with acceptable performance under the described
conditions.
Experimental hybrids. The seed set was acceptable but the plants could
not get their normal development, so the hybrid seed production was less
than expected. Nicking was not affected by environmental conditions.
Ninety experimental hybrids were obtained for testing during 1994. A new
hybrid was released for 1993 season named TRIGOMAX 206, making a total of
seven commercial hybrids. This new release is an intermediate maturity
hybrid but flexible for its planting time, competing well with short
maturity hybrids when planted in July. We think this trait must be present
in any intermediate maturity hybrid to avoid complications when the weather
conditions are not good enough in June. At the time this report is
submitted, negotiations are being under way for the sale of all the wheat
operation. Cargill Argentina has decided to interrupt the wheat business
including production and research. The germplasm developed during 25 years
produced very well adapted hybrids and valuable knowledge was obtained to be
effective for profitable commercial production. We hope to have the chance
to continue with the production of better spring CMS hybrids for our country
and other areas.
-------------------------
CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, Fort Collins, Colorado
Sid Perry, Sally Clayshulte, Jill Handwerk, Dana Shellberg
1992-93 Season. F1 hybrids, F2s and inbred lines were evaluated at 2
locations. Four locations were discarded due to the persistent wet weather
at harvest. The same conditions provided excellent selection for leaf rust,
stem rust, leaf blotch and powdery mildew.
F1 Performance. Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas was
37.9 bu/A. Twenty-four percent of the hybrids tested were economically and
agronomically acceptable. Best average performance in central Kansas was
118% of Karl.
F2 Performance. Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas was
41.7 bu/A. Fifteen percent of the F2s tested were economically and
agronomically acceptable. Best average performance in central Kansas was
125% of Karl.
Inbred Performance. Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas
was 35 bu/A. Twenty-one percent were selected for retesting. Best average
performance in central Kansas was 107% of Karl.
Acquisitions. Cargill has merged the research operations at Ft.
Collins, Colorado, with Goertzen Seed Research of Haven, Kansas. The
specialty grain and identity preserved focus of Goertzen Seed Research will
diversify the existing Cargill research program, and complement various
divisional needs within Cargill. Cargill has acquired Goertzen Seed
Research of Haven, Kansas. Under Cargill ownership, Goertzen Seed Research
will continue its research and breeding operations to develop specialty
grain. Goertzen Seed Researh will become part of Cargill's efforts to apply
its diverse skills to the changing, more demanding needs of the marketplace.
Goertzens will continue research into wheat and other cereals with end user
characteristics increasingly desired by millers and other grain users.
Kenneth and Betty Goertzen, the previous owners of the company, will remain
as consultants. Roy Lanning and Kevin Goertzen will continue as employees
with Goertzen Seed Research. The Goertzens hope to bring many of their long
term breeding projects to fruition in the next few years. Dr. Sid Perry
will be in charge of Goertzen Seed Research activities.
-------------------------
CARGILL, AUSTRALIA
Richard Daniel, David Donaldson, Lyn Hockings, Garry Lane, Michael
Materne, Michael Nowland, Chris Tyson, Jane & Peter Wilson - Tamworth,
N.S.W., Australia.
Cargill Seeds, based in Tamworth N.S.W., is currently selling two
hybrids, Meteor and Pulsar. These hybrids are recommended in the northern
half of N.S.W. and Queensland. Sowing takes place from April until the end
of July depending mainly on moisture availability.
To cope with this range in sowing times, farmers use varieties with
different maturities. This ensures that flowering does not occur too early,
with risk of frost damage to the developing inflorescence, or too late, when
moisture stress and high temperatures during grain fill reduce yield.
For some time Cargill Seeds has been aware that our current hybrids,
which both fit into an early sowing time slot, left us vulnerable to low
seed sales if rain did not fall for sowing in late April to mid-May. This
fact was reinforced in 1993 when much of Queensland received no sowing rain
and sowing rains in northern N.S.W. did not occur until late May. This
meant that the area which accounted for 60% of our seed sales in 1992 only
accounted for 40% of sales in 1993.
To combat this problem our breeders have been working to produce
hybrids whose ideal sowing time is from late May until July. Below are
Trial Results of our best quick maturing hybrids compared to the highest
yielding quick maturing inbred variety - Hartog.
Table 1: Mean yield of advanced Hybrids vs Hartog in Northern N.S.W. 1992-
93
1992 (6) 1993 (9) 1992-93 (15) Flowering
relative to
t/ha % Htg t/ha % Htg t/ha % Htg Hartog
(days)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH34 5.628 118 5.215 118 5.380 118 +2
CH30 5.349 113 5.396 122 5.377 118 -7
CH31 5.469 115 5.067 114 5.228 115 -3
HARTOG 4.749 100 4.436 100 4.561 100 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH30 and CH31 are undergoing final quality testing in May 1994 and will
hopefully be approved for release in October.
Although much emphasis has been placed on increasing the maturity range
of our hybrids we are also developing higher yielding, disease resistant
hybrids of the same maturity as Meteor and Pulsar.
Table 2, below, compares our current hybrids with our best experimental line
and Miskle, the highest yielding inbred variety of the same maturity. (1992-
93)
Table 2 : Mid-season hybrids vs Miskle in Northern N.S.W. (1992-93)
1992 (6) 1993(9) 1992-93 (15)
t/ha % Mkl t/ha % Mkl t/ha % Mkl
------------------------------------------------------------------------
CH27 5.250 108 5.007 122 5.104 116
PULSAR 4.872 100 4.817 118 4.839 110
METEOR 4.754 98 4.648 113 4.690 107
MISKLE 4.852 100 4.097 100 4.399 100
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(*) ( ) = No. sites
We are hopeful that CH27 will be approved for release in October and
that it will replace both Meteor and Pulsar. The encouraging results
obtained over the past two seasons suggest that hybrids consistently
performing 15% more than the better varieties of similar maturity can be
developed, and could form the basis of a viable hybrid wheat seed industry.
This is particularly relevant to Australian timopheevi hybrid growing areas,
where we have relatively low seeding rates (30-40 kg/ha), high yields (3-6
t/ha dryland) and high hybrid seed production yields (up to 6 t/ha
irrigated).
Unfortunately most currently available F1 hybrids produced using the
timopheevi sterility restoration system have decreased spike fertility at
higher latitudes and hence reduced yield advantages compared to the better
varieties. Different hybridisation systems, such as chemical hybridising
agents, may be an advantage for higher latitudes in Australia.
-------------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Karolyn Ely, Dennis Delaney, Bud Hardesty,
Jerry Wilson-Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar - Lafayette, IN; Hal Lewis -
Corvallis, OR; Dudley Leaphart - Billings, MT.
Hybrid Development. We have been testing HRW hybrids developed with
CHA technology in USDA regional nurseries for a couple of years. Several
new hybrids have been entered into state trials for 1994 evaluation.
Hybrid performance in the 1993 SRPN regional nursery was excellent,
with ranks of 1,3,4,6, and 9 out of 45 wheats tested. Three of the top four
wheats in the 1992 SRPN trials also were our hybrids. A soft white winter
hybrid was the top entry in the 1992 Western Uniform Regional test conducted
in the Pacific Northwest.
HRW Wheat. 1993 was not a good year for field research. Only six of 23
test sites produced excellent yield data. Another four sites were average
and the remainder were suspect in one manner or another. Heavy rains after
planting in the fall of 1992 caused crusting and poor seedling emergence in
nursery sites at Wichita and Medicine Lodge in Kansas, and at Dumas, Texas.
Hail destroyed the nursery sites at Blackwell, Oklahoma and Hugoton, Kansas
while causing a 20% loss at Alliance, Nebraska. Continuous rainfall
prevented harvest at Linn, KS; Salina, KS; Hoxie, KS; and Hastings, NE.
Combines at WaKeeney, KS at times had to be pushed by hand to get through
the mud.
We finished reroofing and siding of the greenhouses at the Wichita
farm. The new plastic has allowed our plants to grow more quickly, and to
mature on time. The old discolored plastic seemed to delay plant maturity
and tiller development. We added a badly needed plot planter and two Hege
combines to our machinery list in 1993. One of the combines went to the
Billings, MT research station while the other stayed at Wichita.
HRW Male Project. Eleven new restorer lines were planted in crossing
blocks as males at Wichita, KS in the fall of 1993. At Billings, MT three
new restorers were chosen as crossing block males. These lines have been
tested for line performance as well as for combining ability. Using the
Genesis hybridizing agent, male lines in early stages of development have
been sterilized and used as females in hybrid combination with several
testers . Since seed quantities in the early stages of male development
are limited, this has allowed us to evaluate the potential combining ability
of the lines before putting them into large crossing blocks.
The performance of Genesis in our research crossing blocks continues to
be favorable. Hybrid seed yield levels at the Mt. Hope, KS station over the
last three years have consistently exceeded 80% of their respective
pollinators.
Female yield potential and compatible nicks are two of the most
important factors in a commercial hybrid production field. We use a visual
score (1-9) to record nicks in our crossing blocks. With 1 as the most
desirable nick, each succeeding number represents about one day more (or
less) in flowering date of the females vs the males. The following table
represents more than 3000 data points from our 1993 Mt. Hope and Wichita
crossing blocks.
Nick Hybrid Seed Yield
Score (% of male)
------------------------------------
1 100
2 92
3 72
4 66
5 50
HRW Female Project. In our southern region (south of I-70), we had
breeding nurseries at Mt. Hope, KS and Hugoton, KS. Good notes were
obtained for leaf rust and powdery mildew at Mt. Hope, however the nursery
at Hugoton was lost to hail. North of I-70 Nebraska (central region), we
had breeding nurseries at both Hastings and Grant, NE. Good leaf rust and
stem rust notes were collected at Hastings in 1993, however continuous rains
during harvest were a problem. Yields at the irrigated site near Grant, NE
were quite good and differences among the lines were detected. Breeding
efforts for our northern region are headquartered in Billings, MT. Grain
yields
were very good at several of the Montana selection and testing sites in
1993. From the three testing regions, 87 new females were advanced to
crossing blocks from the southern, 98 from the central, and 120 from the
northern.
A number of our lines were screened for stem rust at the University of
Nebraska in 1993. An excellent infection of the disease occurred, and
meaningful notes were obtained. We have initiated an in-house seedling stem
rust screen to test our lines and early generation materials as well.
SRW Wheat Project. Wheat research remains focused on delivering a
commercially viable soft wheat hybrid into the U.S. marketplace within the
next several years.
After a complete loss of our nursery the previous year (1992), we
recovered nicely in 1993 with the production of 2400 experimental hybrids
using Genesis CHA technology. Average hybrid seed yield on all
combinations was 29.3 bu/A. An array of our better females had seed yields
in excess of 40 bu/A. This yield (29.3 bu/A) was very near our long-term
average hybrid seed yield of 28.1 bu/A.
Average best-parent heterosis for 148 hybrids having P(1), P(2) and the
F(1) in the 1993 trials was 108%, which slightly exceeds our long term
average of 105%. In our germplasm the standard deviation of this
distribution is around 9 to 10%.
HybriTech has released a new pureline soft red winter wheat variety
under the name of Spencer , Spencer was tested in the Uniform Eastern Soft
Red Winter Wheat Nursery as LB63 . Spencer has a robust plant phenotype
with a large stem and a blocky, awned spike. Test weight is excellent,
being superior to most commercially available cultivars. Maturity is equal
to Cardinal, and plant height is three to four inches shorter than Cardinal.
Spencer is resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew. Tolerance
to the leaf blight complex of Septoria and tan spot is good, as is tolerance
to wheat spindle-streak and wheat soil-borne mosaic virus.
Spring Wheat Project. The spring project was reestablished in 1992
with Billings, MT being our main breeding and testing location. The 1993
Billings nursery had very good infections of leaf rust and stem rust, which
helped in the selection work of the early generation lines. The late
planted nurseries were hit hard by wheat streak mosaic virus.
The hybrids that were tested showed very good tolerance to the leaf and
stem rusts. The yields of the initial hybrids were encouraging as they out-
yielded the checks and the parents of the hybrids.
Approximately 200 HRS hybrids were produced in 1993 using the Genesis
compound. Excellent sterility was obtained on all of the females.
Quality Lab. Quality testing for the 1992 crop was completed with just
under 10,000 samples tested. It appears that the number of samples from the
1993 crop will be down considerably, with only 7500-8000 samples submitted
so far. With the 93 crop, we received samples from our new Hard Red Spring
Wheat program for the first time.
A quality summary for each of our Quantum hybrids was prepared and
distributed to marketing and management. These summaries will be updated
yearly.
We have ordered electrophoresis equipment and are setting up to run
SDS-PAGE gels to assist the breeding program.
One of our staff members, Sharon Pudden, was elected Chairman of the
local Section of the AACC (American Assoc. of Cereal Chemists).
-------------------------
HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
Dennis Dunphy, Sam Wallace, Richard Evans - Lafayette, IN; Kent Baker,
Kevin Jackson - Perryton, TX; Sally Metz - St. Louis, MO
Performance of Genesis in 1993. Genesis hybridizing agent was used to
produce seed of experimental hybrids in a wide range of environments in the
U.S. in 1993. Excellent male sterility was obtained in all regions. Seed
yields of long term check lines averaged 65% of the untreated check in the
SRW region, and 83% for the SRW and HRW regions, respectively.
Commercialization. Monsanto expects to receive an Experimental Use
Permit for Genesis for the 1994 season, which will allow pre-commercial seed
production of SRW and HRW hybrids for this year. We plan to have limited
amounts of seed of several high yielding hybrids available for on-farm
testing for the fall of 1994.
-------------------------
HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
Alain Gervais
Since last year Annual Wheat Newsletter, there has been no change in
the organization of HYBRINOVA. Development of our Chemical Hybridizing
Agent program has been crowned with success. Our product has been granted a
"Provisional Authorization for Sale" and consequently we are now authorized
to use it on a large scale for the production of hybrid wheat seeds in
France. Hybrid wheat breeding program went on as scheduled. The overall
news are centered around the different parts of our project and are
described below.
-------------------------
HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
Northern Breeding Station
Stephen D. Sunderwirth (Fax: 33-44-41-95-34)
1992-1993 Season: Low rainfall during autumn favored sowing of the
nurseries and trial fields. A mild and dry winter prevented early disease
development and frost damage. Favorable weather in spring allowed for good
application of our CHA on all the wheat crossing blocs. Summer storms and
warm temperatures caused heavy lodging in the nursery and trials fields.
Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita), powdery mildew (Erysphe graminis) and
Septoria nodorum developed rapidly on susceptible cultivars, thus creating
favorable conditions for breeding in the nursery. Harvest was delayed for
one week on account of heavy rainfall at maturity. Sprouting occured in the
more susceptible and early maturing lines. Yields of 7,5 tons/ha were
significantly lower than those of the past three years for this region of
France.
Varietal Development: Two hybrid winter wheats were accepted into the
second year of registration: OSHE54.22 AND OSHE534.22. These hybrids
yielded respectively 109,9% and 110,9% of the official check Mesnil with C1
and B2 quality. Both hybrids are shorter than Sideral, have similar
standing power and have good levels of resistance to powdery mildew and leaf
rust.
A third hybrid wheat, HA280.68 went into first year of registration in
1993. This hybrid combines a good quality with interesting levels of
resistance to leaf rust, strip rust, powdery mildew, Septoria nodorum and
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides.
Development in Northern Europe: Numerous contacts have been
established with other breeding firms in England, Germany, Belgium, Holland
and Austria. Several hybrids are being tested for adaptation to each
country. The more advanced hybrids are in seventeen locations.
-------------------------
HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
Southern Breeding Station
Christian Quandalle (Fax: 33-62-28-82-11)
Three hybrid wheats went into first year of registration for Southern
France. They proved a very good hardiness in 1993 results, under leaf rust
pressure, Fusarium, and bad planting conditions and dry winter.
Other hybrids are in being bred for southern Europe. Each year we
expand our trial fields and network with new countries.
Tissue culture laboratory produced,in 1993, about 12,000 dihaploid
plants by androgenesis (10,000 wheat - 2,000 barley), directly used in our
breeding program.
-------------------------
HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
Central Station: Seed Producion and Agronomy
Laurent Batreau (Fax: 33-37-99-93-04)
Saint Germain Station's team: (Beauce region): In 1993, we have
developed two new activities with one person in charged of the parental
lines increase and another that follows the off-site hybrid pilot
productions program. The on-site team has remained the same.
Hybrid production: Last year our program, which included 20 outsite
hybrid pilot productions (from 0,2 to 1 ha), was set up to test feasibility
and field technics.
Results of our two "top" hybrids were very encouraging. Subsequently
we are planning to increase the number of sites for 1994. Our hybrids,
entering into French registration, have been used for these out-site
experiments.
On-site, we also test the productivity of many new hybrids originating
from northern and southern breeding programs.
A new step in hybrid wheat program is being reached with the first
hybrid registration scheduled for september of 1994. We are now focusing
our efforts in developing knowledge on cross fertility and field production
technics.
-------------------------
NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
June Hancock and Craig Allen
Production Season: A cool, wet spring in the Mid-South region delayed
our maturities by approximately 1.5 to 2 weeks. This delay fostered ideal
conditions for a stem rust outbreak much more severe than our typical
infestations. In early April, leaf rust was observed on Coker wheats in
Louisiana that normally are very resistant. Coker 9877 was completely
overcome by leaf rust. Coker 9024 and Coker 9766 also expressed moderate
susceptibility to this new race which moved throughout the Mid-South.
New Release: Coker 9474 (tested as L880437) was released to TGN (Two
Great Names) seed growers/dealers in the fall of 1993. Certified seed will
be available in the fall of 1994. The variety which has an excellent test
weight and disease package will be positioned for the Northern Mid-South and
the Southern Cornbelt.
Staff: Dr. Fred Collins announced his retirement effective December
31, 1992. His expertise in wheat breeding and management have been greatly
missed. He has made significant contributions to our program and we wish
him success in his future endeavors.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Ian B. Edwards
Wheat research operations remain focused on the Soft Red Winter and
Soft White Winter wheat classes in North America, while in Europe varietal
development is aimed at the following market classes:
1. Soft Red Winter: France, U.K., Germany, Belgium, Austria/Central
Europe.
2. Hard Red Winter: France, Spain, Italy, Austria/Central Europe.
3. Hard Red Spring: Spain, Portugal, Greece.
4. Hard White Spring: Spain.
5. Durum: Italy, Spain, Greece, France.
In addition, research and product development operations are underway
in the Middle East/North Africa, Southern Africa, and Australia.
Two years ago, Pioneer ceased using chemical hybridizing agents as a
delivery system for hybrid wheat development in Europe, and we have changed
to a proprietary genetic system for the following reasons:
* Higher production efficiency (higher and more consistent seed set)
* Pure seed production
* Lower production costs
* No regulatory concerns
Field testing of the new system commenced in 1993-94. Previous
research has already identified superior hybrid combinations and the primary
focus at this time is on inbred development and improved production
efficiency. Matching of parents with complementary and favorable HMW
glutenin subunit combinations has enabled us to produce hybrids with
breadmaking quality superior to that of either parent.
Varietal Releases:
1. U.S.A.: Soft Red Winter Wheat: 2552 is a U.S. corn belt variety
with with exceptional fungal leaf blight and powdery mildew
resistances. 2684 is an early-maturing variety for the south
with very high yield potential and tolerance to Hessian fly.
2. Spain: Moro is a spring wheat with excellent yield potential,
high drought tolerance, and good overall disease resistance.
3. Portugal: Milfo is a medium-early spring wheat with high yield
potential, strong straw and powdery mildew tolerance. Mercero is
a spring wheat of excellent yield potential, resistant to lodging
and leaf blight, and of medium baking quality.
Staff: Steven Bentley will join Guy Dorlencourt and the staff of
Pioneer Genetique as wheat breeder at Frouville, France, commencing in April
1994.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Gregory C. Marshall, William J. Laskar and Kyle J. Lively, Windfall,IN
The 1992-93 Season. The fall of 1992 wheat planting season was
somewhat challenging due to late corn and soybean harvest and subsequent wet
weather. Despite a late start, all our testing locations were planted
within the optimum time period. Favorable weather following planting
resulted in generally good emergence and early growth. Mild winter
temperatures, combined with the absence of drastic temperature swings, kept
winter damage to a minimum. As the wheat began to break dormancy, many
fields began showing the yellowing symptoms associated with soil borne
viruses and/or Barley Yellow Dwarf Mosaic Virus (BYDV). Warm weather brought
recovery from all but the most severe soil borne virus symptoms, but the
BYDV persisted and reached epidemic levels in many areas such as the
southern corn belt.
Growing conditions were favorable through flowering, and it appeared
the crop in many areas possessed a high yield potential. However, several
days of abnormal heat during grainfill shortened the growing season and,
more than any other factor, significantly reduced yields especially in the
central and northern portions of our testing area. Leaf rust, stem rust,
the usual mix of fungal leaf blight pathogens, and head scab were present
but usually not above an economic threshold. Timely harvest was hampered by
periodic showers, but all yield tests were eventually harvested before the
loss of grain quality.
Varietal Development. We planted twelve yield test sites throughout
the northern corn belt in the fall of 1992. One was discarded due to a
combination of herbicide carryover damage and heaving. A late spring freeze
caused significant early season lodging at our Ft. Branch, IN, location. As
a result, only selected tests were harvested from that site. This was the
second year in the past four that we have experienced a damaging spring
freeze in this area. Our yield tests at Windfall were affected by severe
Soil Borne Mosaic Virus infection. We believe we have seen an increase in
the soil borne viruses in fields that have been in a continuous
wheat/soybean rotation for a number of years. We are taking steps to rotate
into "new" fields for our Windfall nurseries.
Our two breeding nurseries remain located at Windfall and Ft. Branch,
IN. Lodging due to the spring freeze hindered selection somewhat in the F4
and F5 bulk plots at Ft. Branch. Moderate levels of leaf blight, leaf rust,
scab, and virus combined to provide severe selection pressure in the headrow
nursery. Conditions at Windfall were similar with the complex of viruses
and heat induced pre-senescence making selection particularly challenging.
In spite of the various problems, we managed to keep and advance a near
normal percentage from each generation of breeding material.
Germination Study to Detect Level of Harvest Dormancy. In 1992 we
initiated a germination test to observe the level of harvest dormancy
present among released varieties and our advanced breeding lines. Results
from the 1992 experiment were promising, but incessant rainfall at harvest
cut the experiment short. The experiment was repeated in 1992-93 and
successfully completed. Several random heads were harvested from headrows
at approximately physiologic maturity. The heads were allowed to dry at
room temperature and then stored in a freezer (to preserve the amount of
dormancy present) until they could be hand-threshed. Once threshed, two
replications of 50 random kernels for each entry were placed in petri dishes
with 5 ml of distilled water added. These were kept in the dark and at room
temperature. The percentage of germinated kernels (radicle and rootlets
visible) was recorded after four and seven days. The results of our
commercial test, presented below, illustrates that quite a range of harvest
dormancy exists among this small number of released cultivars. The data
generally agrees with the amount of preharvest sprouting we observed in the
field in 1992.
1993 Germination Test Results
(percent germinated)
Cultivar 4 Days 7 Days
----------------------------------------------------
Caldwell 30.6 71.4
Cardinal 78.9 92.4
Clark 26.3 41.8
Freedom 11.1 50.0
Howell 1.0 9.0
Madison 5.0 8.0
Wakefield 2.0 9.1
2510 11.1 48.5
2545 25.6 58.3
2548 4.0 21.0
2552 11.0 49.0
2555 28.1 63.9
2571 10.1 23.7
----------------------------------------------------
New Releases. In August of 1993, we released 2552, a soft red winter
wheat variety which will be sold commercially in the fall of 1994. 2552 is
an awned, medium-maturing variety with excellent yield potential and
outstanding test weight. It also has very good resistance to the soil borne
viruses and is resistant to powdery mildew in the corn belt. 2552's
exceptional leaf blight tolerance adds to its strong defensive package which
gives it a greater yield advantage in high disease years. In addition, 2552
seemed to thrive in the heat shortened season of 1993. In over years data
across all testing locations, 2552 holds a 3 bushel/acre yield advantage
over 2548.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
St. Matthews, South Carolina, Benjamin E. Edge and Phil Shields
The 1992-93 Season. Heavy rains in the southeastern US caused much
wheat to be planted past the optimum planting date and in less than ideal
conditions. Emergence was slow in the cool, compacted, and waterlogged
soils, and severe erosion occurred in some areas. The winter was mild, but
rainfall was excessive, so many fields showed symptoms of nitrogen stress
early. Aphids had little cold weather to inhibit their activity, and as a
result, barley yellow dwarf virus caused considerable yield reductions.
Hessian fly infestations were light for the second year in a row. Increased
use of insecticides and resistant varieties may have had an effect. Head
scab was present again in the mid South, but not as severe as in some recent
years. Also, there was more powdery mildew, leaf rust, and stem rust than
usual in the mid South.
In April, the rains stopped, and it turned hot and dry in the
Southeast. Yields were limited by the combination of severe waterlogging
early, followed by severe drought stress. The long cool spring probably
kept yields from being reduced more. Early varieties that filled out before
the moisture became limiting were favored somewhat.
Varietal Development. We planted breeding nurseries in Statesboro, GA,
and St. Matthews, SC. Excessive erosion hindered headrow selection at St.
Matthews. It also ruined some of our yield tests at Statesboro. Leaf rust
and leaf blights were present in the selection nurseries in moderate to
severe amounts, but powdery mildew infection was light. We planted twelve
yield test locations along the US East Coast. We also had four locations in
the Mid South that were maintained by our agronomists. We lost a couple of
locations due to uneven fertility or drought conditions. Yields on the
remaining locations were average to slightly above average.
New Releases. We released a new variety, 2684, in August of 1993. It
is a soft red winter variety with very early maturity, 7-9 days earlier than
Pioneer 2548. In four years of yield testing, 2684 has a 10.4 bu/ac yield
advantage over 2548 in the Southeast. The area of adaptation for 2684 is the
eastern US soft wheat growing area south of the Ohio River. Pioneer variety
2684 is awned, it has good straw strength, and it has very high test weight.
It has good levels of resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew, soil borne
mosaic virus, and spindle streak mosaic. It has excellent tolerance to most
of the leaf blight diseases that occur in the Southeast. In the field, 2684
has shown tolerance to Hessian fly. Pioneer 2684 has acceptable soft wheat
milling and baking quality.
Miscellaneous Items. We constructed a front-mounted hydraulic-powered
fertilizer spreader for our tractor, for topdressing our nurseries and yield
plots. A nice feature is that it has infinitely variable rate adjustment.
We added winches to our primary trailer for ease of loading and safety
reasons. We also developed some computer programs to aid in preparation of
our nursery books.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Frouville, France
Guy Dorlencourt, Robert Marchand and Quitterie Vanderpol
The 1992-93 Season. The main nurseries and test locations were planted
late due to continual rains at the normal planting time, with the final
planting being completed on December 15th. Fortunately, the winter was mild
and dry, followed by a cool, wet spring with good conditions for regrowth
and tillering. Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) appeared as early as March,
and a strong spring infection of Septoria tritici caused leaf firing and
reduced yields in susceptible varieties. The latter is uncommon in central
France. Leaf rust continued to develop strongly during the season and
susceptible checks such as Soissons and Thesee had their yields reduced by
as much as 50% in untreated plots. Good rains at the end of May and during
June helped ensure good average yields in France, but harvest conditions
were very poor, particularly in the north where some high-yielding varieties
were badly affected by sprouting in the heads.
Varietal Development: Four new varieties were entered into first-year
registration trials in France in 1992-93 and three of these passed into
second-year registration for 1993-94. Both 2282 and 2254 (tested in the
north) had a yield advantage of 4% over the official checks, while 2256
(tested in the south) out-yielded the official check cultivars by 19%. 2256
has entered the northern trials in 1993-94 and has also entered official
registration trials in the U.K. and Belgium. Two new varieties have entered
registration for 1993-94 - 2268 is a very early, excellent baking wheat with
good overall disease resistance, while 2246 is a medium-early, good baking
wheat with excellent overall disease resistance.
Other Items. The Frouville station is now supplying seed and
observation nurseries for a number of other countries in Europe. The
quality laboratory is also routinely handling thousands of SDS sedimentation
tests, protein, milling, and mixograph evaluations. The laboratory at
Aussonne, France, analyzes several thousand lines per year for HMW glutenin
subunit composition. Commencing in 1994, a new European laboratory located
in Buxtehude, Germany, will provide additional quality support for our
different programs. In our greenhouse operations three generations per year
of single seed descent are routinely accomplished. Extra greenhouse space
is being made available to accommodate the increased hybrid wheat effort.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Sevilla, Spain
Jose-Maria Urbano, Maximiliano Hidalgo, and Manuel Peinada
The 1992-93 Season. Relatively good rains occurred in the fall of 1992
but by early spring conditions were extremely dry in both Spain and
Portugal. The drought caused severe damage to spring wheat grown under dry
land conditions following the main planting season of November and December.
In Spain we lost 50% of the dry land trials and losses in Portugal were
100%. In general, the irrigated trials gave good results. Winter wheat
planted in the coldest regions of Spain fared better during the drought,
since the crop had lower water demands in early spring, and the rains that
occurred in April and May resulted in excellent yields.
Spring Wheat and Durum Wheat Breeding. Results of the dry land trials
were seriously confounded by drought. Early-maturing lines had their growth
cycle further shortened by drought and late spring frosts caused injury to
some lines. Results were more consistent from the irrigated trials.
Septoria spp and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) appeared too late for
satisfactory screening but good infections of powdery mildew (Erysiphe
graminis) were obtained. Stripe rust (P. striiformis), which can cause
severe attacks in certain seasons, came too late for any significant
screening. Overall, 4500 yield test plots of spring wheat and durum wheat
were grown. The second breeding cycle was planted in July at our summer
location and was harvested by the end of October. We had a very good crop,
and heavy leaf rust infection allowed us to discard the most susceptible
lines.
Winter Wheat Breeding. Winter wheat testing in northern Spain is
linked with our southern France program, and 1100 yield test plots were
grown at locations in northern Spain. Excellent yields were obtained in
1993, and good infections of leaf rust and powdery mildew occurred at Burgos
and Navarra. The third location, Jaca, has good yields but lower disease
pressure.
Varietal Development. Spring Wheat: Our new release, Estero, again
showed an overall yield advantage of 19% over Yecora Rojo (40.2 versus 33.8
quintals/hectare) while at the same time maintaining a quality level
slightly superior to Yecora Rojo (Alveograph W-value around 400).
- Mulero and Mercero performed at the same level as the checks
(Anza and Cartaya) in 1993.
- Caro was our top yielder overall, with a 20% yield advantage
over Anza and Cartaya.
- Moro confirmed its top yield potential in the Official
Registration trials, with a 14% advantage over the official
checks. (This resulted in it receiving provisional
registration).
- Torero, a full dwarf variety (height: 69cm) for the irrigation
areas again consistently out-yielded the check cultivars.
Durum Wheat: Although drought and late frosts affected the yield
data, our first Pioneer durum wheat significantly out-yielded the checks. -
Elio, Rocio, Dedalo and Mambo were submitted for first-year registration in
1993-94. Elio and Rocio have excellent gluten strength, with Alveograph
W-values of 370 and 300, respectively.
Winter Wheat: 2268 and 2282, two winter wheats from our breeding
program in France, were submitted for registration following excellent
yields in northern Spain.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Sissa (nr Parma)
Mauro Tanzi
Durum Wheat: Four experiments were grown during 1992-93, testing a
diverse germplasm base against the official check varieties. The elite
(preregistration) test was grown at three locations in northern Italy, and
at three sites in south-central Italy. Complete quality tests were
conducted on the top lines while new lines were screened for SDS
sedimentation values. The quality collaboration has been with the main
pasta manufacturers (Barilla and Agnesi) and also with the Instituto
Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura (a public institute working on cereals).
The quality traits evaluated were:
Protein content Alveograph (W, P/L)
Gluten content Semolina color
Gluten quality Semolina ash content
SDS sedimentation value Overall technological value
Gliadin and glutenin electrophoresis
Six new varieties with significant yield advantages over the
official check cultivars plus high protein contents and semolina color entered
first-year registration in 1993-94. They are: Vero, Tempo, Colorado Bracco,
Olimpo, Preco.
Bread Wheat: A large experiment was grown at three locations in
northern Italy. Six varieties have been advanced to preregistration trials
in 1993-94. The bread wheat program is being expanded and is linked with
our operations in southern France and northern Spain.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Northampton, England
Paul Wilson and Ian Edwards
The 1992-93 Growing Season. After a bad start when fall plantings
were delayed by wet weather, growing conditions improved and remained
favorable for most of the season. An unusually mild winter was followed with
little frost after March but sufficient rain in April and May to keep crops
growing. The year's main pest scare was the orange wheat blossom midge,
which reappeared after an absence of nearly 10 years. Damage was, however,
much less than expected. Harvest conditions were generally good during the
second half of August and the first week of September.
Varietal Development. 1992-93 was our third season of varietal
development work in the U.K. Screening nurseries, preliminary and
preregistration trials were grown at three locations, and the work has been
well-integrated with the main breeding station in France. Our leading elite
line, Victo, entered first-year National List trials in 1993-94 and is also
being evaluated by the British Society of Plant Breeders at 9 normal input
and 6 low input sites around the U.K. Victo is also being compared at
normal and late sowing times at a further 6 sites covering a range of soil
types. It is a quality wheat, 6 cm shorter than Beaver and 13 days earlier
at flowering.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Buxtehude, Germany
Heidemarie Schoenwalder and Ian Edwards
Varietal Development. The main selection nursery was grown at
Wulfshagen in northern Germany and the southern observation nursery was
grown at Neuenstein-Kirchensall. The elite (preregistration) trial was grown
at three locations and an additional test was included in eastern Germany.
Comparisons of high versus low management inputs (2 reps. of each) showed
significant differences among the cultivars in the response to fungicide
treatments. Seed purification is underway on the leading varieties.
-------------------------
PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
Parndorf, Austria
Guenther Reichenberger
The 1992-93 growing season: Relatively dry conditions during
planting were followed by a cool, rainy period. Germination was slow and
poor, mainly at locations in western Austria. Temperatures in December and
January were above average, but heavy snowfall occurred in mid February and
remained until mid March, even in eastern Austria. Lower stands were
encountered and five weeks of above average temperatures from mid March
until early May caused slight water stress. Heavy rains and cool
temperatures in July delayed harvest at our Pioneer test locations. Yields
were average to above average in western Austria, but average to below
average in eastern Austria. The quality of bread wheat followed the
downward trend of the past years, partly due to reduced inputs and partly
due to sprouting, which was noticeable after prolonged rain in western
Austria. Hagberg Falling Numbers of sprout susceptible varieties were as
low as 62 (Hubertus), while Apollo (248) and Ikarus (224) performed better.
General disease pressure was especially high in western Austria, with
Septoria and Fusarium being significant.
Varietal Development. The Austrian wheat growing region is
traditionally divided into the so-called milling/feed wheat region of
northwestern Austria, and the more arid quality wheat region of eastern
Austria. Testing was conducted at two locations in each region, with
replicated elite and preliminary trials at all locations, plus a screening
nursery in eastern Austria. In the eastern quality wheat region four
varieties in the elite test out-yielded the official checks, while in the
western region seven lines out-yielded the checks.
Our first variety, PVM0008 completed registration, two others (2258
and 2259) have entered second year registration in 1993-94, and a further
three (2246,2256 and 2282) have entered first-year registration. In general
these varieties are shorter than the Austrian check cultivars, with better
lodging resistance and good disease tolerance.
Wheat Quality. The question of baking quality criteria, growing
regions and bread wheat contracts are currently undergoing revision in
Austria. As the country moves closer to entry into the EEC further changes
may be expected, and it is likely that quality will come more into line with
existing EEC criteria.
-------------------------
TRIGEN SEED SERVICES
Robert W. Romig, Bloomington, MN
TriGen Seed Services was founded in 1993 as a sole proprietor
enterprise focusing initially on providing successors to the Northrup King
Co. developed dual purpose hard red winter varieties 812, 814, and 822.
Subsequently, the mission was expanded to include the opportunistic
development of hard common wheats for markets other than the Southern
Plains. To these ends, we made a series of hard red wheat crosses, of
spring x winter, winter x winter and spring x spring combinations. The
first crossing cycle was conducted in Chile during May to November at the
Catholic University agronomy farm, just south of Santiago.
The F1 seed from these crosses, certain F2 populations, and other
materials were planted in a winter nursery near Yuma, AZ. In addition, a
germ plasm collection, spring x winter F2's, and segregating materials from
spring x winter wheat crosses were planted at Victoria, TX for observation
and selection in this initial target environment.
The operational strategy is to shuttle segregating materials derived
from winter wheats between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres so as to
obtain two generations per year in the field and to optimize the selection
for winter types. In some cases, the initial stages of selected winter
wheat increases will likewise be shuttled between hemispheres to compress
the development time of seed production.
Wheats with spring growth habit from spring x winter crosses will
be sorted out in the U.S. by alternating generations between Minnesota and
Arizona. Selection for spring types from these crosses also will be
conducted in the Southern Hemisphere to supplement that made in the U.S.
Current plans call for the Southern Hemisphere nursery to be grown this year
in Argentina.
The present breeding strategy is to make combinations that could
provide useful heterosis or that should provide complementary traits with
adaptation to target hard common wheat markets. The 1994 crossing cycle will
be conducted again in Chile.
-------------------------
TRIO RESEARCH INC.
James A. Wilson-Wichita, KS
Three winter wheat cultivars were released in 1993. Two of the
cultivars, T814 and T408, are soft red wheats, while the other, T67, is a
hard red wheat. All three cultivars are being released and utilized under
contract terms with seedsmen and farmer-growers.
814 has been evaluated across the eastern soft red winter wheat
region of the U.S. It appears to be best adapted to the north central and
northeast areas of the SRW region. 11 is a short semidwarf with outstanding
straw and high yield potential. It is generally resistant to mildew and soil
borne viruses. It is susceptible to Hessian fly. rhough resistant to some
races of leaf and stem rust, it has shown susceptible reactions in recent
years.
T408 is similar to Caldwell in regard to disease and insect
resistance, but it is 1 and 1/2 to 2 days earlier than Caldwell and 5 cm
shorter. It is generally superior to Caldwell in leaf rust reaction and yield.
It will be distributed in areas where Caldwell has been grown.
Evaluation of T67 across the southern Great Plains region reveal
that it is limited in adaptation to the eastern half of Kansas. The area of
its adaptation is restricted due to genetic limitations in drought tolerance,
winter hardiness and shattering resistance. It is a tall, awned, semidwarf
with strong straw, medium early maturity and relatively high yield. It has a
broad level of resistance or tolerance to the diseases and viruses found in
Kansas. It is heterogeneous in reaction to the GP race of Hessian fly and
susceptible to greenbugs.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ARGENTINA
Institute of Biological Resources, CIRN- INTA Castelar
G.E. Tranquilli and E.Y. Suarez.
Host and Pathogen Allelic Dosage Effects on Specific Host - Pathogen
Interaction. Previously (A W N, 1992) we reported changes in host -
pathogen interaction at seedling stage, by increasing allelic dosage for a
"resistant" gene in Sinvalocho MA. Here we give a further insight of the
interaction expression when host allelic dosage are increased from 0 to 4
and in different combinations (Table 1).
Table 1. Dosage allelic effects on specific host - pathogen
interactions.
Genotype Pathogen Genotypes
Clone 20 Clone 66 New Clone
Line or cross PoPo Popo Popo
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese Spring (CS) A1 A1 1 1 1
Sinvalocho Nulli 6B - - 1 1 1
Sinval. Mono 6B Ao - 0 1 1
CS x Sinval. A1 Ao 0 1 1
CS Tetra 6B x Sinval. A1 A1 Ao 0 1 1
Sinvalocho (eupl.) Ao Ao 0 0 1
CS x Sinval.Tet. 6 A1 Ao Ao 0 0 1
CS Tet. 6B x
Sinval Tet.6B A1A1 AoAo 0 0 1
Sinval. Trisomic 6B AoAoAo 0 0 X- X+
Sinval. Tetra 6B AoAoAoAo 0 0 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
E. Y. Suarez, L. Bullrich and G. E. Tranquilli
Rye Introgression into Argentinian Wheat Cultivar: Developing of
Isogenic Lines to Evaluate Its Effects. Rye-wheat translocation 1Rs/1Bl has
been employed since '70s in wheat breeding programs provided that the rye
segment carries genes for resistance to wheat pathogens, such as mildew and
rusts. In some cases, rye introgression was also associated with better
yields.
The major disadvantage of this introgression is the detrimental
effect that it has on the bread making quality, producing a "sticky dough",
unsuitable to make bread.
In Argentina the first cultivars with the 1Rs/1Bl translocation were
released in 1986 by INTA, and they have shown resistance to a wide spectrum
of leaf rusts.
Twenty families of isogenic lines for the translocation have just
been developed in order to evaluate the influence on agronomical features of
the 1R segment in different backgrounds.
Families were derived from a triple cross: (Chinese Spring x
Sinvalocho MA) x Don Ernesto INTA. Sinvalocho MA and Don Ernesto INTA are
Argentinian cultivars; the later carries the 1Rs/1Bl translocation.
During six generations heterozygous individuals were cytologically
selects (chromosome 1R doesn't express its satellite in a wheat background)
and selfed. Homozygous lines were obtained from each family at the last
generation.
It was observed that the background could affect the 1Rs/1Bl
chromosome transmission, since the homozygous translocated genotype frequency
fluctuated between families since 7.5% up to 34.3%. It could be another
disadvantage of this kind of materials, when included in breeding programs,
because as the translocation is favorably selected, the background will
remarkably reduce its variability.
-------------------------
S. M. Lewis and E. Y. Suarez.
Meiotic Behavior of Monosomics and Monotelosomics in Wheat: The
existence of monosomics in the hexaploid wheat have facilitated the
construction of many substitution lines allowing the gene mapping and the
introgression of interesting agronomic characteristics.
The transmission of deficient female gametes (n-1) from a monosomic
(2n-1) in wheat is in average 75% (Sears, 1954).
The mitotic analysis of different substitution lines of chromosomes
6B,5D and 1D of 'Sinvalocho' in 'Chinese Spring' showed that for chromosome 6B
the female transmission of the monosomic vs. monotelosomic was not
significative different although it was observed a relative higher
frequency of 6BS transmission (Table 1.a). For 5D chromosome the
transmission of the whole chromosome in the monosomics was significatively
lower than the telocentric chromosome (5DS) in the monotelosomics (Table
1.b). These observations show that the transmission of either the complete
chromosome or one arm seems not to depend on the size of the chromosome.
However the literature suggest that short chromosomes have more tendency to
be lost even in disomic individuals.
Aneuploidy transmission was significatively different between the
chromosomes 6B and 1D (Table 1.e), and 6B and 5D (Tables 1.c and 1.d),
meanwhile there were not significative differences between chromosomes 5D
and 1D (Table 1.f).
The knowledge derived from these analyses allow to plan the
cytogenetics studies taking into account the frequencies of aneuploidy in
wheat. Also the particular behavior among chromosomes or between whole
chromosome and chromosome arm suggest the presence of genetic information
related to meiotic behavior just as the case of 5D vs. 5DS. Results suggest
the existence of specific genetic information in the 5DL which would
decrease the transmission frequency with respect to the normal one.
Table 1. Aneuploidy female gamete transmission
a) 6B CHROMOSOME b) 5D CHROMOSOME
n=20 n=21 n=20 n=21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lines Lines
Monotelosomics 54 50 Monotelosomics 109 59
Monosomics 116 69 Monosomics 47 4
chi-sq = 4.4912* chi-sq =16.2344**
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
c) 6B vs. 5D d) 6B vs. 5D
n=20 n=21 n=20 n=21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
6B monotelosomics 54 50 6B monosomics 116 69
5D monotelosomics 109 59 5D monosomics 47 4
chi-sq = 4.4912* chi-sq = 16.2344**
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
e) 6B vs. 1D f) 5D vs. 1D
n=20 n=21 n=20 n=21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
6B monotelosomics 54 50 5D monotelosomics 109 59
1D monotelosomics 60 21 1D monotelosomics 60 21
chi-sq = 9.4474** chi-sq = 2.1181 ns
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
a) 6B CHROMOSOME B) CHROMOSOME
n=20 n=21 n= n=21
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Lines Lines
Monotelosomics 54 50 Monotelosomics 109 59
Monosomics 116 69 Monosomics 47 4
chi-sq = 4.4912* chi-sq = 16.2344**
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
S. M. Lewis and E. Y. Suarez
Recombinant Substitution Lines in Wheat: We havdeveloped the
recombinant substitution lines of the 6B, 5D and 1D chromosomes of
'Sinvalocho' / 'Chinese Spring' in a 'Chinese Spring' background. These
lines are very useful to analyze the direct and pleiotropic gene effects for
agronomical characters in different environments. These chromosomes carry
important genetic information related to leaf rust , aminopeptidases,
response to vernalization, glutenins, plant height, awns, fertility, ear
emergence, etc.
The material has been developed to monosomic recombinat stage.
Molecular characterization is in progress. After disomic extraction,
agronomical characterization will be performed.
-------------------------
Cathedra of Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos
Aires.
Avenida San Martin 4453 - CP 1417, Buenos Aires
M. L. Appendino and N. Fatta.
Unexpected photoperiodic response in Argentinian wheats. Six
Argentinian wheat cultivars of actual diffusion and Sonora 64, all of them
known to be insensitive to vernalization, were subjected to short (SD) and
long (LD) day treatments, 8 and 24 hours, respectively., from sowing until
heading.
Taking into account ear - emergence time differences between short
and long day treatments for Sonora 64, an index ,
I (Son. 64) = SD - LD (CV X)
SD - LD (Son.64)
was calculated, where (CV X) means any of the Argenti-
nian cultivars. Sonora 64 was chosen as control because it has been reported
as being one of the less sensitive cultivars to day length.
Table shows the results so obtained.
Cultivar Index Group
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sonora 64 1 A
San Agustin INTA 1.04 A
Buck Manantial 3.64 B
Thomas Aconcagua 3.45 B
Cooperacion Cabildo 3.35 B
Buck Napuca 7.94 C
Chaqueno INTA 8.29 C
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Three groups were clearly differentiated. Amongst those cultivars
showing day length response, two groups (B and C) differing in about 50 days
in short day treatment, were observed. This behavior was unexpected, since
these cultivars growing at field conditions have shown similar ear -
emergence time, even after Autumn or Spring sowing (Experiments carried out
at 34 south latitude).
This unequal behavior between the groups B and C suggests different
genetic bases for this character that is expressed in extreme environmental
conditions like in this experiment. Whether these bases affect grain
production is not known.
Ortiz, JP; Reggiardo, MI; Altabe, S; Cervigni, GD; Spitteler, MA and
Vallejos, RH. Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos, CEFOBI
(CONICET - F.M. Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Rosario) Suipacha 531, 2000
Rosario - Argentina.
Transgenic wheat: Rapid and efficient method for stable
transformation. Since the first transgenic tobacco plants were obtained using
the Agrobacterium tumefaciens system many other important species have been
transformed. However, monocots, including the major cereals crops were no
amenable to Agrobacterium manipulation. Particularly, cereals have been very
recalcitrant to genetic manipulation in vitro. Only after the development of
direct methods for plant transformation, the stable transformation of rice
and maize was informed. Wheat transformation has been achieved recently in
several laboratories including our own.
In this work we describe a rapid and efficient method to obtain
fertile stable transgenic wheat plants, employing a gun powder device built in
our laboratory following the Sanford concept.
Immature embryos of spring wheat were used to obtain embryogenic
calli. Calli were bombarded with microparticles coated with one of five
plasmid constructions. We have used as selectable marker either bar or hpt
genes, which confers resistance against the herbicide glufosinate and the
antibiotic hygromycin respectively. Also we employed the reporter uidA gene
that encodes for the B-glucuronidase enzyme. Bombarded calli were cultured
in the dark on selective pressure. After a short period of selection, calli
were transferred to regeneration medium with a photoperiod of 14 h (10
W.m2). Resistant plants were rusticated in a Percival growth chamber.
Screening to detect Ro transgenic plants were made by PCR assay. Results
were confirmed by slot and southern blots of genomic DNA.
Transgenic plants were recovered in about 30 weeks. About a 37% of
them were fertile and produced seeds. In some cases, embryo rescue of
transgenic plants was carried out to accelerate the next generation while
others seeds were allowed to mature.
In 5 experiments where the bar gene was used as a selectable marker,
we have obtained 27 Ro transgenic plants with an efficiency of 0.5 - 2.6 % of
plant per calli bombarded. But when we used the hpt gene, we obtained 12 Ro
transgenic plants with an efficiency as high as 4.7%. Slots and southern
blot assays of genomic DNA confirmed the presence of the heterologous gene
in the wheat genome.
Further evidence of transgenesis was obtained applying the herbicide
glufosinate (0.005%) to the R1 generation. Control wheat plants were
affected while transgenic ones were not. Most of these experiments were
carried out using a commercial cultivar as source of explants, but a
commercial hybrid was also employed with similar results. Thus, the
transformation method is not genotype dependent. With this procedure, wheat
can be rapid and efficiently transformed. Moreover transgenic plants could
be obtained from many independent transformations events. Thus, it is
suitable for studying gene expression and regulation in monocots, as well
as to introduce in wheat genes of agronomic interest.
-------------------------
Cervigni, GD; Ortiz, JP; Altabe, S and Vallejos RH.
Early segregation analysis of the heterologous bar gene in
transgenic wheat
Transgenic fertile Ro wheat plants were allowed to selfpolinize and
their R1 progeny was obtained either by embryo rescue or by normal seed
maturity. Seed set in transgenic Ro plant was frequently low probably due to
the diminished vigor of the in vitro plants. Seeds were germinated in a
Petri dish and plantlets were grown in a Percival growth chamber under a 16
h photoperiod, a light intensity of 260 uEm2s-1 and at day/night temperature
of 22 degC and 19 degC respectively, with a constant 65% relative humidity.
The morphology, vigor and seed production of R1 plant were quite normal.
DNA was extracted from small pieces of leaf tissue to an early
detection of transgenic R1 plants. PCR amplifications of the heterologous
bar gene were performed with two or three DNA extractions to avoid eventual
inhibitors or contaminations. PCR assay showed the presence of the transgene
in the progeny. Several of these results were confirmed by southern blot of
genomic DNA. The proportions of transgenic R1 plants in four families
studied were: 9/14; 6/8; 4/4 and 7/9 respectively adding up to 26/35, which
correspond to the segregation expected and suggests a single or linked
insertion site for the bar gene.
To detect in vivo resistance, R1 plants were exposed to 0.005% of
commercial herbicide glufocinate (Basta). Serious damage was observed in
control plants while transgenic plants were not affected. These results were
later confirmed by enzymatic activity of the bar gene showing unequivocally
the heterologous gene expression.
Presently we are carrying out the molecular analysis of the R2
generation in order to evaluate the stability of the bar gene and analyze
its segregation
-------------------------
College of Agriculture, Cordoba National University, Cordoba.
D. Avalos, A. Ordonez and N. La Porta.
Population Fluctuation of the Aphids on Wheat. Preliminary results
1993. Aphids play a very significant role amongst pests afecting wheat
crops. Within the scope of the Agroecosistems Interdisciplinary Proyect a
survey was carried out in experimental plots of wheat in Cordoba
(Argentina). The following results were obtained: Rhopalosiphum padi (L.),
R. maidis (Fitch) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) were found on seedlings.
Metopolophium dirodum (Walker) was found upon tasseling plants. Sitobion sp.
was present after flowering. Singnificant levels of parasitism by
Hymenoptera of the genus of Aphidius and Diaeretiella were observed during
the whole study.
-------------------------
M. Cerana, S.Gil and A.L. Pascualides
Epidermical studies in commercial and experimental bread wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) lines. A survey was made using the epidermis of
the flag leaf-blade from four bread wheat lines (Triticum aestivum L.).
Two are commercials (Las Rosas INTA and PROINTA Oasis) and the other ones
are experimentals. The varieties were sown at two different row distances
(15 and 30 cm). Temporary slices of the abaxial and the adaxial leaf
epidermis were made to characterize them and to calculate the Stomatal
Frequency (SF) and the Stomatal Index (SI). The analysis showed the
following characteristics: the adaxial epidermis presented elongated long
cells, with slightly undulating horizontal anticlinal walls, small prickles
and bulliform cells between the stomatal files, while in the abaxial
epidermis only the elongated long cells with moderately undulating to
omega-shaped horizontal anticlinal walls were observed. They were more
constant in shape but their length is variable. There were stomata and
silico-suberose couples in both faces. The subsidiary cell shape of the
stomata were rounded with flattened tops, and the silica bodies were
crescent-shaped. On the other hand, the SF and the SI showed the following
tendencies: the adaxial face has more SF than the abaxial face, and in the
first one, the plants growing in rows separated by 30 cm had more SF. The
inverse occurred in the abaxial face. The main difference in SF is related
to row distance was observed in the experimental lines. The SI was
relatively constant for row spacings but a slight ascendent tendency at the
wider are in the adaxial face was noted. The inverse occurred in the abaxial
one. The next stage will be to correlate the obtained result with the grain
yield in the field.
-------------------------
Zaninetti, M.R. and D. Igarzabal.
Preliminary results 1993. The functions describing the response on
the crop yield according to different weed densities have been broadly
studied. Nevertheless, there is little documentation about the effect of the
crop on the weeds; this could be one of the focus point to perssue new
strategiesto integrated weed management programs in this crop. This study
analizes the response of some reproductive and morfological characters of the
Wedeliaglauca in competition with wheat. We worked with an experimental line:
T14 (long cycle) grown at 15 and 30 cm between rows and with 2 commercial
cultivars, Prointa Oasis-Oa (short cycle) and Las Rosas INTA (long cycle)
evaluated at 15 cm rows appart. The materials were grown at seeding rate of
150 seeds per square meter. Two random samplins were done. One in the milk
stage (Zadok 70) and the other before harvesting. In the first sampling we
observed: number of stems/sm and number of branching of the W. glauca stem
along the first 5 cm of the stem per square meter . For both characters it
is evident the depressing effect of the wheat crop on the weed. The results
show that the T14 produced a major decrease in the number of stems, not
significantly affecting the number of branches. The data showed that T14
line had more effect on this character than the other wheat cultivars. The
growing at different distances betweem rows for T14 did not showed a
significant influence on none of the Wedelia's characters. In the second
sampling, we measured the total number of capitula/m2 , number of closed
capitula, number of open capitula and number of ripe capitula/m2 .The wheat
crop produced a significant decrease on these four characters. For T14 line,
the distance between rows affected only the total number of capitula. The
data obtained suggest that during the competition process between wheat and
W. glauca, the later is affected on its morfological structure, its capacity
to produce inflorescence and showed a delay in the flowering stage. This
first approach is a contribution to the integrated management of the W.
glauca, hopping to develop in a near future other researchs directed to
study the competition below the soil.
-------------------------
Rollan A.A., Buteler N.A. and Bachmeier O.A.
Wheat cultivar, planting density, and soil fertility. A study was
conducted to determine the evolution of soil fertility testing two cultivars
of wheat cultivated, at two plant arrangements. The cultivars tested were
"Las Rosas INTA" and "Pro INTA Oasis", planted at interline distances of 15
and 30cm. The soil properties evaluated were organic matter, pH, mineral
nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The initial values
detected (on samples from 0-25 depth) in the Typic haplustoll used in this
experience were: organic matter = 21.4 g/Kg; pH= 6.9 ; NO3-N= 5mg/Kg;
P=35mg/Kg.; Kexch = 2.1 cmol/Kg. Neither phosphorus nor exchangeable
potassium varied along the growing season. On the other hand, NO3-N shows
only significant diminution in the Las Rosas INTA plots at the flowering
stage of soil sampling.
-------------------------
Barchuk A.; Alessandria E.; Zamar J. and Luque S.
The weeds community structure in wheat crops. The crop spatial
arrangement and the biological cycle influence affect its competition
ability and differentially affect weeds community. In the presentessay were
considered two commercial varieties, one of short and the other of long
cycle, and two experimental lines, with the same characteristics. The lines
were sown at two row spacing, 15 and 30 cm. of row separations. Contiguous
surfaces, whithout crop and with the same characteris tillage were
considered control. The weeds community was embossed on october 6th with
quadrats; the communities were ordered through multivariate analysis and was
made curves of range-abundance.
The preliminary results showed: a- A total of 20 weeds species
recorded, that included 4 Brasicaceae, 4 Aseraceae, and 3 perennial Poaceae.
b- The control (without crop) had greater specific richness (18 species). In
all cases the dominant was Descurainia argentina with relative cover between
60 and 70%. c- The weeds community cover was significantly different between
the witness (37,71%) and the crops at 30 cm. (5.85%) and at 15 cm (2.83%).
d- If we consider the absolute cover per species the weed community of the
control was discriminated clearly from treatment with crop and between this,
the crop at 15 cm was the most different. e- The configuration of relative
cover was similar for the three treatments.
-------------------------
R.M.Roldan, F. Salvagiotti, D. Opovin, G. Manera, and R. Maich.
Visual and Indirect Selection for Yield in Wheat. Selection Criteria
x Year of Testing Interactions. Our objective was to study the response to
visual and indirect selection for grain yield ( GY) using the biological
yield (BY), harvest index (HY) and earweight (PSP) as selection criteria.
During 1990 a random sample of 800 S1 plants was characterized through BY,
HY and PSP. From each selection criteria two groups (superior and inferior)
of fifteen S1 plants each one were constituted. Simultaneously, the best
fifteen were selected according to the phenotypic value. The 105 derived
line were evaluated in three (1991) and two (1992) sowing dates. For GY, not
significant difference between groups within each selection criteria were
observed; however, group x year interactions for PSP and HY selection
criteria were significants. The response to indirect selection for grain
yield, when measured under variable environmental conditions, affected the
reationship between GY and PSP or HY.
-------------------------
N.Contin, W. Londero, A.Ordonez, and R. Maich.
Indirect Selection for Grain Yield Using One or Several Characters
Simultaneously in Wheat. The grain yield potential could be increased
selecting simultaneously for several characters. The objective of this study
was to compare the efficiency of the indirect selection for grain yield
utilizing one or several traits. During 1991 a long cycle segregating
population of wheat was cultivated under three dates and three densities of
seeding, and two spatial arragements. From each experimentals unit two
plants were selected for each one of following selection criteria:
phenotypic, biological yield, earweight, harvest index and an index
contituted by the later three characters. The progenies were evaluated in
two sowing dates during 1992. For grain yield not significant differences
between means corresponding to the selections criteria used were observed.
In the other hand, for densities and spatial arrangements significant
differences were found. Indirect selection for grain yield using more than
one character simultaneously did not improved the efficiency of selection
when compared with the visual selection or one character founded on.
-------------------------
C. Ferraris, B. Pantano, C. Principi, and R. Maich.
Manipulating the Environment in Wheat Breeding. To determine the
effect of selection environment on the genetic progress under marginal
conditionsof evaluation (Center Semiarid Region of Argentina), during 1990
six segregating populations of wheat with different biological cycles were
cultivated in three locations (L) (Ferreyra, Marcos Juarez and Casilda) and
three sowing dates (SD) per site. From each experimental unit two plants
were selected, wich progenies were tested in three (1991) and two (1992)
dates of seeding in Ferreyra. For grain yield not significant differences
were found between L or SD; but, significant L x SD existed. In the
marginal environmental conditions of selection the genetic progress was
higher when the visual selection was accomplished in the later sowing date
(July),while for the optimal ones (Marcos Juarez and Casilda) the derived
lines selected in May (the earlier sowing date) performed better.
-------------------------
F. Bidinost, B. Ferro, G. Alemano, N. Guzman, and R. Maich.
The Effect of Density and Spatial Arrangement on the Efficiency of
Visual Plant Selection in Wheat. Among Factors Interactions. The objective
of this study was to determine the effect of plant density- D (25, 50 and
100 seeds/ m2) and planting arrangement- S (equidistant: 10 x 10, 15 x 15
and 20 x 20 cm; and rows: 5 x 20, 20 x 20 and 10 x 40 cm within and between
rows respectively) on response to selection in three segregating populations
of wheat with different biological cycles -C (early-, intermediate- and
long-maturing crosses) and cultivate in three locations- L (Ferreyra, Marcos
Juarez y and Casilda). Two S1 plants from each experimental units were
selected, wich S1- derived lines were tested at Ferreyra for grain yield in
three and two sowing dates during two years-Y(1991 and 1992 respectively).
Taking account that the thrird degree interactions were significant,
comparison between means were made according (CxL) x (DxS) and (LxY) x (DxS)
graphics, wich reflected the distinct efficiency of densities used during
visual plant selection on the genetic gaine according to the environmental
condition under it was measured.
-------------------------
D. Bonelli, C. Olmos, M. Bianchi and R. Maich.
Grid Selection in Wheat. The Effect of the Environmental Condition
of Evaluation on the Genetic Gaine. To determine the effect of the micro-
environmental variations on the efficiency of phenotypic selection, during
1989 a bulk of F3 seeds constituted by 40 crosses was cultivated on a area
of 900 m2 devided into 80 grids. A plant was selected from each grid. During
three years, 1990 (annual rainfall: 696 mm), 1991 (annual rainfall: 806 mm)
and 1992 (annual rainfall: 1357 mm) (historical mean: 791 mm), in two
contrasting environmental conditions per year, two groups (superior and
inferior) of 13 F3 derived lines each one were tested. The classification of
the lines were performed on the baises of the agronomical characteristic of
the grids from wich they derived. Grain yield (GY), biological yield (BY)
and harvest index (HI) were recorded for each plot. Not significant
differences among groups were found for none character measured. The
environmental variation (years) caused a significant increase in the source
of variation due to years, wich may over-ride the advantage of
characterizing the field after gridding.
-------------------------
M.Bianchi
Preliminary Studies of the Screening Effect under Laboratory
Controlated Conditions on the Field Response in Wheat Drought tolerance is
an important feature in wheat breeding. Several constraints may delay the
genetic progress, namely annual climate variations. This finding has led to
use controled or semi controled environmental conditions and to select those
seedlings with higher vigor within segregating populations. In 1991 wheat
seed from three segregating populations were sown in lab, under different
osmolites (polietilenglicol and manitol), and those seedlings wich grew
earlier were selected. They were trasplanted in the greenhouse so as to
harvest their seeds. In 1992 their progenies were sown in the field and the
biological yield, grain yield and harvest index were assessed. Data were
variance analized but no significant differences were detected between
treatments. Based on this result, it may be reported that the trait
(seedling vigor) evaluated under polietilenglicol and manitol osmolite
effects was of relatively little importance on the field response of the
derived lines when cultivated under the semiarid environmental conditions of
the Center Argentina.
-------------------------
Dubois M.E., Gaido Z.A., Manera G.A.
Response to selection for proteins in early generations selection on
yield in wheat. There is a preoccupation in the world in obtaining high
protein contents and high yield in wheat. There are bibliographical
documents that show that in a breeding programme in wheat, it is possible to
select for yield and protein content simultaneously. The objetive of this
work was to study the effect of early generation selection for total grain
protein percentage on grain yield in wheat apt for the semiarid region in
the center of Argentina (31* 12' latitude S, 64* 11' longitude W). One
hundred F2:3 lines of wheat in three enviromental conditions were sowed, and
a disruptive selection for high and low protein percentage was done, with a
selection pressure of 15%. On the F2:4 lines evaluated, four characters
associated to yield were measured. The groups selected for high and low
protein percentage differed significatively. For the two proteic classes
established, not significant influence on the gran yield characters studied
were observed, supporting the hypothesis which says that there isn't an
association between protein contents and grain yield in wheat cultivars apt
for the semiarid region.
-------------------------
Maich R. and Bianchi M.
Improvement of Cereal Crop Grain Yield in Semiarid environments.
Agricultural vs. Breeding "in loco" Impact. To promove the socioeconomical
development of the center semiarid region of Argentina is necessary to test
different agricultural and genetics strategies and to establish priorites
between them. During 1993 at Ferreyra (Cordoba) five experimental lines and
two commercial varieties were evaluated. Two sowing dates were used (May and
June). The experimental units (3.300m2) were constituted by 72 rows (15 cm
appart) and 36 rows (30 cm appart). In both cases 150 seeds/m2 were used,
nearly 50kg/ha. Grain yield (qq/ha) was determinated. The individual
testment means were analized in a three factor experiment. The interaction
involving genotypes, sowing dates and spatial arrangements were used as an
error term. Significant difference between sowing dates (June better than
May) and between spatial arrangements (15cm better than 30cm) were found,
but not among genotypes. In the socioeconomical developing context of the
unfavorable environment (semiarid region), admitting that the priority
should be given to the agricultural practices rather than to the plant
breeding "in loco", greater emphasis on genetics stress resistance are
required to make yield improvement in this sense evident.
-------------------------
Conles M. and Salvadores M.C.
Presence of Plant Diseases in the Semiarid Region of Argentina. This
study analizes and compares the presence of diseases in wheat crop
cultivated in the Center Semiarid Region of Argentina.In 1993, we studied 5
experimental lines (T5, T7, T14, T24 and T38) and 3 commercial cultivars
(Las Rosas INTA, Klein Cartucho and Prointa Oasis), sown in May and June.
Various random samples were taken: during the emergence, tillering,
flowering, grain filling period and maturity. For T14 experimental line,
were faund, not significant number of plants with symptoms of
Helmintosporium sp. In the commercial cultivar, Prointa Oasis, we observed
not significant presence of Ustilago nuda. The environmental conditions of
1993, normal for the region, did not promove the presence of diseases.
Howeverlooking for in the future to develop through our plant breeding
programme similar experimental lines to T14 type, is necessary to take
account these pleriminary results abaut Helmintosporium sesibility.
-------------------------
Barrientos, M.
Rent increase for double cropping associated with wheat. In
semi arid regions wheat crop can be an important link of the rotation chain.
Besides diversification autputs, its inclusion allows an adequate control of
pests and it may become an important contribution to the improvement of soil
structure with its subsecuent economic profits (e.g. to diminish pesticides
costs, fertilizers, etc.). Although it is necessary to do a fallow allowing
water accumulation (summer and autumn rains), from an economic point of
view, it is not advisable to assing a plot of land exclusively to this
single crup throughout the whole year. Experimental results showed that
delaying seedtime has not had negative impact on the final yield (19.4 qq
for 15/16 May sowing vs. 21.4 qq when sowing 19/20 June). This fact allows
us to conclude that from January to May we could sow another crop which,
with the sole condition of not significantly affecting water storage within
the soil (e.g. fallow by overgrazing for rainwater accumulation in subsoil),
would allow us to notably increase land rent.
-------------------------
Catedra de Cereales. Facultad de Agronomia. Universidad de
Buenos Aires, Instituto de Recursos Biologicos-CIRN and Instituto de
Biologia Molecular-CICV. INTA-Castelar.
Sergio E. Feingold, H. Esteban Hopp and Enrique Y. Suarez
Breadmaking quality in Argentinean wheats: Its relationship
with HMW glutenin subunits and other grain protein fractions. The following
abstract represents the tesis work presented by the former author at the
Escuela de Posgrado de la Facultad de Agronomia (UBA) in partial fulfillment
of his M. Sc. degree in Plant Production.
Breadmaking quality variation is related to differences in
protein content and protein type. Among storage proteins, it has been
reported that variation in the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunit
composition can explain about 50% of breadmaking quality in European and
North-american varieties.
In Argentina, breeding started early in this century, and traditional old
wheat varieties were well known for their ability to raise breadmaking
properties of poor quality flours after mixing.
Analysis of nine representative argentinean wheat varieties
(ranging from 1912 to 1984) showed no relationship between protein
concentration and breadmaking quality estimated by the SDS sedimentation
test. HMW glutenin subunit composition (and its calculated Glu-1 quality
score) was in agreement with SDS sedimentation volumes in six varieties.
However, high sedimentation volumes were found in low Glu-1 scored genotypes
and viceversa. Thus, the Glu-1 quality score cannot be used alone to predict
breadmaking quality in this type of materials. Klein 32 showed a good
quality despite having the same HMW glutenin subunits than Chinese Spring, a
poor baking quality genotype. Genetic analysis performed using the F1
monosomic reciprocal method showed that the higher SDS sedimentation values
of Klein 32 flour were associated to the presence of 1B and 1D chromosomes
and not to the homeologous group 6 chromosomes. Therefore, low molecular
weight glutenin and/or g and w gliadin composition can be responsible of the
observed variation in breadmaking quality, and are being furtherly
investigated to associate particular subunits of these protein fractions
with this trait.
-------------------------
Genetics Institute, INTA, 1712 Castelar, BS. As.
A. Acevedo
Isolation of a gibberellic acid sensitive mutant in the wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Leones INTA. A mutagenic treatment was
performed in the Argentine bread wheat cultivar Leones INTA, which carries a
gene for semidwarfism (Rht2). Seeds were soaked overnight in ethylmethane
sulphonate (EMS, 2%) solution and planted in the field. Four spikes/M1
plant were individually harvested. Next M(2) seeds were planted, and tall
and short M(2) plants corresponding to 39 independent spikes were selected,
and their M(3) progenies cytologically analyzed. Aneuploidy explained the
tall phenotypes observed in 35 out of the 39 segregating spikes.
Electrophoretic analyses performed in the 4 euploid M(3) progenies revealed
that only one progeny had the patterns of several isozymes and storage
proteins (gliadins and glutenins) identical to Leones INTA. To further
examine this progeny, hydroponic tests (1x10-(5) gibberellic acid) and
seedling height measurements were determined. A 1:2:1
(Rht2/Rht2:Rht2/rht2:rht2/rht2) segregation ratio was demonstrated, which
correlated precisely with the adult M(2) height phenotypes observed. Taken
together, these data indicate that an homocygous (rht2/rht2) gibberellic
acid sensitive mutant has been isolated in the wheat cultivar Leones INTA.
Sedimentation test: a useful tool to evaluate nutritional and
bread-making quality in wheat progenies. The Triticum aestivum L. wheat
mutant Gama 1R (high lysine content, low sedimentation value) was crossed
with its motherline Sinvalocho M. A. (low lysine content, high sedimentation
value). The material was genealogically conducted and the linear
correlation coefficient calculated in F(3) progenies between these genetic
traits was r=0.45** (N=61). Based exclusively upon sedimentation values,
disruptive selection was applied in F(3) progenies using a 18% selection
intensity. Two distinct groups composed of several selected lines each were
evaluated separately. In F(7) seeds the following nutritional and bread-
making quality tests were determined: protein and lysine content, humid and
dry gluten, flour and seed humidity, 1000 seed weight, sedimentation test,
water absorption, Chopin's alveogram, and loaf volume. Data analyses
demonstrated that associations among these genetic traits were statistically
significant, and that sedimentation value was positively correlated with
each tested trait, whereas lysine content was negatively correlated. These
results underscore the utility of the sedimentation test to indirectly
characterize wheat genotypes with good nutritional balance and bread-making
quality.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM AUSTRALIA
QUEENSLAND
QWRI Toowoomba
Paul Brennan, Phillip Banks, John Sheppard, Peter Keys, Lloyd
Mason, Martin Fiske, Peter Agius, Jamie Ross
Wheat Breeding. Wheat breeding activities for the north east wheat
growing region of Australia are, in the near future, to be the
responsibility of a closely coordinated program involving the wheat breeding
groups at the Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri (NSW) and the Queensland
Wheat Research Institute. The combined group will endeavour to produce high
yielding better quality varieties with resistance/tolerance to as many of
the following diseases as possible: stem, leaf and stripe (yellow) rust,
flag smut, yellow (tan) spot, root lesion nematode, crown rot and common
root rot. Emphasis will also be directed towards the incorporation of
Russian wheat resistance into a number of varieties although this pest is
not, as far as we are aware, in Australia.
Seasonal Conditions. The drought conditions that prevailed in northern
Australia in 1991 and 1992 continued and intensified in Queensland in 1993.
The estimated production for 1993 was 400 000 tons which is 1 million tons
less than average. This drought is thought to result from the El Nino
effect due to an abnormal pattern of surface water temperatures in the
southern Pacific Ocean. The most common period of the year for these
patterns to revert to normal is March/May.
While Queensland experienced severe drought in 1993, northern NSW
experienced an exceptionally good year with about 37 cm of growing season
rainfall in many places.
Varieties Released. Three varieties were released from the QWRI
program but seed of only two of these will be made available to growers in
1994. The third, Tasman, was found at the last moment to have lower water
absorption than required on the export market. However, there are strong
indication that some domestic flour millers may wish to source substantial
quantities of this variety.
The general features of these varieties are:
Pelsart (Potam 70/4*Cook; QT4639)
The primary reason for release is its high level of tolerance to the
root lesion nematode which was obtained from Potam 70.
Pelsart has resistance to stem, leaf and stripe rust, flag smut, crown
rot and common root rot. It has excellent milling quality and its yield is
about the average of the current commercial varieties of similar maturity .
Rowan (QT2338/4*Hartog; QT4636)
This variety was bred by removing the awns (beards) from Hartog. The
purpose in this was to improve the animal utilisation of failed crops in a
region where growers take more risk with frost than is normal in Queensland.
Other effects of the awn removal breeding are:
- higher yield
- later maturity
- low, but useful level of yellow spot resistance.
Tasman (Torres Gaboto/Siete Cerros Bluebird CIANO; QT4546)
This is a high yielding quick maturing variety with high dough
extensibility, good flour yield and colour and lower farinograph water
absorption. It also has a high level of tolerance to the root lesion
nematode though not as good as Pelsart. It was seen as a competitor to
Hartog for main season plantings. However, seed will not be released to
growers until the requirements for this variety by the domestic milling
industry are clarified.
Breeding Activities. The drought conditions prevailing in 1993
severely restricted pre-release evaluation particularly in central
Queensland where one trial only was obtained after supplementary irrigation.
Almost a full program of Preliminary Yield Evaluation Trials (F(4)/F(5)
level) and Strain Trials (F(6)\F(7)) were obtained largely through the
application of supplementary irrigation. Consequently, there will be only
minimal dislocation to our breeding program.
The particular features of the 1993 season were:
- the development of approximately 200 Janz/Cunningham backcross
derivatives with apparent weathering resistance derived from Transvaal.
- the high yields of a number of backcross derived lines with yellow
spot resistance.
- a number of promising common root rot resistant lines have reached
later generations.
Staff. Dr Phillip Banks is spending 3 months at INRA, France, where he
will be working with French scientists on the exploitation of inter-specific
translocations for barley yellow dwarf resistance he developed.
Ms Meryl Fordyce has joined the program to work on the transfer of
genes for stem rust resistance from Thinopyron sp to wheat.
Visiting Scientists. The following have or are spending time at QWRI
to work in the wheat breeding program:
- Mr Kenji Yagasaki (Japan)
- Mr Ma Wujun (China)
- Mr Jan Mulder (Netherlands)
- Ms Elka Krammer (Germany)
Research Activities
Wheat/Rye Translocations
Meryl Fordyce, Phillip Banks, Paul Brennan
Ms Fordyce identified a number of lines containing SR31 on IRS but
lacking the Sec 1 locus. The population she worked on was derived by
pollinating Oxley with pollen from an Oxley backcross derivative containing
IBL/IRS which had been irradiated with gama rays.
These lines will be assessed for surface dough stickiness. The work
constituted Ms Fordyce's undergraduate project.
Genotype x Environmental Interactions
Ian Delacy, Mark Cooper, John Sheppard, David Butler, Paul Brennan
Funding has been obtained for a project headed by Mr Ian Delacy and Dr
Mark Cooper of the University of Queensland with Dr Frank Ellison of Sydney
University and Mr David Butler (DPI Toowoomba). This project aims to
examine the ge interactions for the whole north east wheat growing region
with a view to rationalising wheat varietal evaluation in Queensland.
Molecular and Other Markers for Weathering Resistance
Wendy Lawson, Ma Wujun, Ian Godwin, Mark Cooper, Paul Brennan
The objective of this study is to locate molecular and/or other markers
for the two genes for weathering resistance. This is being accomplished
using random inbred lines derived by single seed descent to develop a low
and a high weathering resistant bulk and examining these for polymorphisms.
Ms Lawson had identified a RAPD marker closely linked to one gene at the
termination of the funding. Mr Ma Wujun has assumed responsibility for this
project.
Transfer Of An alpha-amylase Inhibitor Gene From Barley To Wheat
Ian Haak, Paul Brennan, Gay Mckinnon and Robert Henry
One of the main results of rain on harvest ready grain is the
degredation of the endosperm starch by alpha-amylase. The barley asi gene
produces a protein which is capable of inhibiting wheat alpha-amylase.
Transfer of this gene to wheat was accomplished using tissue culture.
Crosses were made between the addition line CS+2H and the cultivar Hartog.
Immature embryos were used as the explant source. Regenerated plants were
selfed and the R1 progeny were screened for the presence of several PCR
markers. The PCR markers utilised were the gene itself, several annomyous
markers and two repeat sequence markers. The screening results from several
families indicated that they had retained the asi gene but were missing some
of the other markers. One of these families has been studied in more
detail. Plants in this family carried a normal compliment of 42 chromosomes
and backcrossing to Hartog revealed that the translocation was transmitted
through pollen. The rate of transmission through pollen is currently being
determined. Further investigations will examine other families to determine
how useful these translocations will be in a practical breeding situation.
-------------------------
Markers For Wheat Quality Attributes.
S J Kammholz, P S Brennan, P M Banks, D J Martin, M W Sutherland, R
Ramage, R Marshke and D Butler
The aim of the project is to identify easily selectable markers for
genes controlling several wheat quality attributes including flour yield,
flour colour, dough extensibility and dough development time. It is
intended that inbred lines will be rapidly developed which can be evaluated
for the target attribute and then used in a bulked segregant analysis. At
present, doubled haploid lines are being developed through wheat x maize
crosses followed by colchicine-induced chromosome doubling. Wheat plants
are being emasculated just prior to anthesis and the heads covered with
glassine crossing bags. Wheat heads are pollinated 4 - 5 days after
emasculation. One day after pollination a dilute solution of 2,4-
dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid is injected into the last internode and onto
each floret. Embryos are rescued within 21 days post-pollination and grown
"in vitro". Fertilisation (embryo production) rates range from 0 - 70% with
the mean level of fertilisation being around 40% in winter and dropping off
to less than 20% in summer. Over one thousand haploid plants have been
produced at QWRI in the 9 months since this stage of the project was
initiated. Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling is currently being
undertaken and many doubled haploid lines have been produced. Colchicine
rates of 0.05 - 0.1% are used in conjunction with 2 - 4% dimethylsulfoxide
(DMSO). Chromosome doubling rates to date are low and indicate the need for
further investigations.
Raechelle Ramage from the University of Southern Queensland has been
using SDS-PAGE to separate reduced, whole-protein extracts from the seed of
cultivars selected for high or low performance with respect to the quality
attributes; flour yield, whiteness index, short dough development time and
dough extensibility. The technique has proved to be quick and reliable and
will be employed by Steven Kammholz. Our aim is to identify protein markers
tightly linked to the above mentioned quality characters. The usefulness of
these protein markers will be compared with molecular markers developed by
PCR/RFLP.
-------------------------
Crown Rot Research in Queensland
G. B. Wildermuth, R. B. McNamara and T. M. Sparks
Although the area planted to wheat in Queensland was lower than average
in 1993, crown rot (CR) still affected many crops particularly in the
southern part of the wheat area. Judges in the RAS Wheat Crop Competition
(Inglewood Society) indicated that CR was widespread in crops that they
judged, particularly in crops near the Queensland-New South Wales border.
As in previous years, reports have shown that CR is occurring in wheat crops
as early as the fourth crop after clearing.
A new cultivar, Pelsart, was released from the Queensland Wheat
Breeding Program in 1993. This cultivar has a degree of partial resistance
to crown rot. Amongst 16 cultivars recommended for growth in Queensland,
there are now three with partial resistance to this disease. Those with
this form of resistance are all quick maturing cultivars. Cultivars with
resistance to the disease particularly in mid or long season cultivars are
needed. Currently, seven cultivars/lines with partial resistance to the
disease have been identified. In collaboration with Dr P Brennan,
resistance is being incorporated into the cultivars, Vasco, Hartog,
Cunningham and Batavia.
Twenty two cultivars and advanced lines from the Queensland and
University of Sydney Wheat Breeding Programs were tested for susceptibility
to crown rot in a field test. One cultivar and one line showed levels of
partial resistance to the disease.
Durum cultivars have been found to be very susceptible to crown rot.
Losses of up to 51% have been found in naturally infected plants. A search
for sources of resistance to crown rot in durum cultivars will be initiated
in the next 12 months.
Common Root Rot. In spite of the dry winter during 1993, the level of
common root rot was high and more severe than in the previous two years.
Amongst the 16 cultivars recommended for growth in Queensland, six have
partial resistance to this disease. The backcross program to incorporate
resistance into adapted cultivars is continuing with some advanced lines
being currently tested in yield trials.
-------------------------
NEW SOUTH WALES
Agricultural Research Centre, Tamworth
R.A. Hare
Durum Wheat. The 1993 Australian durum wheat harvest realised 150,000
tonnes, a new record. Excellent growing conditions in northern New South
Wales, and an average season in South Australia gave farmers yields well
above average. Commercial dryland yields in the range of 5 to 6 tonnes per
hectare were not unusual. There was a complete turn around in the domestic
supply situation, from a shortage of millable grain in 1993 and the
importation of 10,000 tonnes, to a substantial surplus to domestic needs in
1994. This surplus will be exported onto a world market where prices are
rather high, due to poor harvests in the northern hemisphere. Despite the
increased yields, grain quality was generally good, although grain protein
levels were down by about 0.5 to 1.0%.
While most durum wheat is still produced in northern New South Wales
and South Australia, more growers are trialling durum wheat in Queensland,
Central/Southern NSW, Victoria and Western Australia.
Growers are keen to diversify from mainstream cereal production to
niche grain types.
Durum Cultivar Improvement. A new high quality cultivar "Wollaroi" was
released on 20th October 1993 at the Agricultural Research Centre, Tamworth.
Wollaroi is a bearded, free-threshing, short to medium statured durum wheat
of early maturity. It displays adequate resistance to Australian field
pathotypes of stem rust, leaf rust, stripe rust, yellow leaf spot, stinking
bunt, flag smut, septoria leaf blotch, black point and root lesion nematode
but is susceptible to crown rot. Wollaroi has consistently produced grain
with at least 0.5% more protein than the check cultivars, Kamilaroi and
Yallaroi, without significant loss of grain yield. Dough strength (strong)
is equivalent to Yallaroi, and combined with the increased protein results
in reduced loss of solids during pasta cooking. Semolina colour is
excellent with increased yellow pigment levels over the checks.
-------------------------
The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute
K. Adhikari, J. Bell, A.M.Bennet, L.W. Burgess, G.N. Brown, C.Zhao, H-S
Hwang, S.Johnston, R.A. McIntosh, D.R. Marshall, J.D. Oates, R.F. Park,
J.E. Roake, P.J. Sharp, F.Stoddard, D.The, M.Turner, C.R.Wellings,
Department of Crop Sciences, Sydney and PBI Cobbitty, NSW
National Wheat Rust Control Program
Pathogenicity Surveys: A threatened stem rust epidemic following high
levels of inoculum increase on self-sown cereals during an unusually wet
harvest and summer of 1992/93 in South Australia did not eventuate. An
active public awareness campaign and a dry period, which delayed planting of
the 1993 crop, led to an increase in the use of rust resistant cultivars and
fungicide seed dressings to reduce early infections. Continued drought
conditions in Queensland meant few leaf and stem rust samples from our
normally most rust-prone environment.
Leaf rust was widespread in western and southern regions, but was not
as severe as in 1993. Pathotype 122-1,2,3,(6),(7),11, an Lr2a-virulent
mutant of the previous dominant pathotype 104-2,3,(6),(7),11, increased in
frequency in South Australia despite the absence of Lr2a in the host
population.
Although widespread, stripe rust became damaging only in a small area
of South Australia. It continues to be absent in Western Australia. A
project investigating an apparent increase in the occurrence of stripe rust
on barley grass, (Hordeum leporinum and H. glaucum) has established that
pathogenic variation occurs on this species complex. Increased virulence on
barley grass may account for the preferential survival of pathotypes with
the lowest range of virulence on wheat. The most frequent isolates from
wheat and barley grass were pathotyped as 104 E137 A+ and 104 E137 A- on the
wheat differential set.
Host Genetics and Cytogenetics: A non-designated gene for stem rust
resistance in Norin 40 is closely linked (but not allelic) with the Sr5
locus. A gene (SrX) for stem rust resistance present in chromosome 1D from
T. tauschii, but having the same specificity as Sr21 in chromosome 2A of T.
monococcum, is located proximal to Sr33. The gene order is Lr21-Gli-Sr33-
SrX-centromere-Glu-D1. A leaf rust resistance gene in the Japanese rye
derivative, ST-1, was located in chromosome 2A. According to Kansas State
University workers, the Lr24 Sr24 genes, that we previously reported in
Amigo, are located in the chromosome 1BS satellite. A number of cultivars
and experimental recombinant individuals with Lr13 and Lr23 in coupling were
shown to carry Ne2m suggesting that Ne2m and Lr23 are on opposite sides of
Lr13 in chromosome 2BS, or that Ne2m is much closer to Lr13 than is Lr23.
A monosomic series in a selection of Australian cv Avocet is nearing
completion. This series is being developed for genetic and cytogenetic
studies of APR to stripe rust. The Avocet selection is very susceptible to
Australian isolates of P. striiformis. We hope this series will be useful
for international work and in this respect, Dr.R.P. Singh has reported that
it is very susceptible in Mexico. Single gene segregation for APR in a Joss
Cambier/Avocet cross has validated the genotype Yr11Yr11 for Joss Cambier -
the gene is not located to a chromosome. Seedling genes for stripe rust
resistance were tentatively located in chromosome 1B (derivative of durum
K733) and chromosome 2B (Ciano 79 - the Selkirk gene which occurs at
moderate frequency in CIMMYT wheat populations).
Germplasm Screening and Enhancement: Good epidemics at our two
Cobbitty sites infected with different pathotypes of the three rusts enabled
screening of more than 30,000 breeders' lines. Two further VPM1
derivatives, Sunvale (a Cook derivative) and Trident (a Spear derivative)
were selected by breeders from backcross populations developed by the
enhancement program.
Tan (yellow) Spot Program. Tan spot was widespread in central and
northern NSW due to favourable seasonal conditions in 1993. Approximately
40 isolates were collected for pathogenicity tests. Field screening
activities were enhanced by the establishment of a tan spot disease nursery
remote from rust screening areas. Breeding lines were identified with
adequate levels of tan spot resistance and these were retained for further
selection at Narrabri. Greenhouse screening continues to be based on
pathogen response and the correlated effects of toxins derived from culture
filtrates.
Biotechnology Laboratory. Progress has been made in the 1-D
electrophoretic separation of wheat "waxy" proteins. The so-called waxy
proteins or granule-bound starch synthases of wheat are associated with
amylose level in wheat starch, as in other cereals. Workers in Japan have
been able to separate one of the three homoeo-proteins from the other two by
1-D SDS/PAGE, and can separate all three of the proteins by the use of 2-D
SDS/IEF electrophoresis of starch granule proteins. They also showed that
these three proteins are encoded by genes on chromosome arms 7AS, 4AS, and
7DS.
We have developed a modified 1-D SDS/PAGE system which clearly
separates these three homoeo-proteins. The system relies on using thin gels
as well as changes to the concentration of acrylamide, and to the pH of both
the gel and running buffers, followed by silver staining of the gel. This
more rapid procedure (compared to a 2-D gel method) is enabling wheat
germplasm to be screened for null variants, as well as variants with low
expression levels of the waxy proteins. Preliminary results suggest, as the
Japanese workers found, that null alleles of the loci located on chromosomes
7A and 4A are relatively common, while nulls at the 7D locus are extremely
rare.
-------------------------
I.A.Watson Wheat Research Institute, Narrabri, NSW, F.W.Ellison,
D.J.Mares, S.G.Moore, K.Mrva, L.O'Brien, R.M.Trethowan
Wheat Improvement Program. Two new prime hard quality wheat varieties
were released for commercial production. Sunmist, a mid-season maturing
cultivar, has improved stem and stripe rust resistance compared with Miskle,
the cultivar it is intended to replace. Sunstate, a main season maturing
cultivar, represents a significant improvement over Hartog, the cultivar it
is designed to replace, due to improved milling quality and extensibility,
and shorter bakery development time. Sunstate has been protected by Plant
Variety Rights because its adaptation and quality attributes could suit
spring wheat production zones of other wheat growing countries. It is
currently being evaluated in Spain under a reciprocal agreement.
This past year has seen the joint release of a stem, leaf and stripe
rust resistant feed grade wheat with the NSW Department of Agriculture.
Warbler is a high yielding cultivar which gives growers a new option in
wheat production. A new prime hard quality rust resistant wheat with good
field tolerance to root lesion nematode was named Sunvale. Three advanced
lines, SUN224A, SUN190A and SUN234A were approved for release by the Uniform
Quality Testing Committee.
Late Maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) in Wheat: Some wheat cultivars
develop unacceptably high levels of alpha-amylase in the grains during the
later stages of ripening in the absence of rain or preharvest sprouting.
Initial work focussed on two cultivars, Spica and Lerma 52, which
consistently produce high alpha-amylase grain (falling number 180-280 sec)
in a wide range of environmental conditions. In these cultivars the enzyme
activity is highest in grains near the centre of the spike and in the 1st
and 2nd grains in each spikelet. Within grains the activity was distributed
evenly in proximal and distal portions and appeared to have originated from
the aleurone. In contrast to germinated grains, where the activation
stimulus is produced by the embryo, there was no marked gradient of
activity. This suggests that the LMA response involves a general activation
of the aleurone system or a specific activation of the alpha-amylase genes
in the aleurone tissue. Analysis of populations derived from test crosses
between these high amylase lines and Chinese Spring, a low amylase genotype,
provided clear evidence that LMA is controlled by a single gene which is
inherited in a recessive manner. Thus in segregating populations there were
25% of lines homozygous for high alpha-amylase, 25% homozygous for a low
alpha-amylase and 50% of lines which were heterozygous but had a low amylase
phenotype. Lines in the latter group were LMA carriers, but were
indistinguishable from the low amylase homozygotes on the basis of alpha-
amylase phenotype.
Other genotypes which consistently produce LMA include Reeves (WA) and
Veery #1, #5 and #7. The phenomenon appears to be relatively widespread in
breeding programs in southern Australia, Mexico and northern Japan. In
addition, a number of genotypes have now been identified which exhibit LMA
on an irregular and unpredictable basis. These include the advanced
breeding lines BD159 (Victoria) and W1113 (WA) and the Septoria resistant
stock Cleo/Inia. In these genotypes the LMA appears to be triggered by a
period of low temperature, possibly in association with high humidity,
during the early to mid-stage of grain development. The response can be
duplicated in cultivars such as BD159 and Cleo/Inia by transferring plants
from the field to a cool greenhouse (e.g. 10deg night to 20degC day)
approximately 10 days after flowering. The specific environmental
conditions required and the location of the sensitive phase in grain
development has not been established.
-------------------------
CSIRO Grain Quality Research Laboratory,(formerly Wheat Research Unit),
Division of Plant Industry, North Ryde (Sydney)
C. W. Wrigley
A fuller account of our research activities and a list of publications
is provided in our Annual Report, available on request. During 1993, two of
the staff at Sydney (Dr J. Skerritt and Ms A. Hill) transferred to the
Canberra laboratories of our CSIRO division. Dr F. MacRitchie was awarded
the F. B. Gutherie Medal of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute s Cereal
Chemistry Division.
Better testing of wheat quality. Australia has always confined
commercial production to white-grained wheats. With the limited release of
some red-grained varieties of wheat for commercial cultivation, there is the
urgent need for efficient procedures to distinguish red- from white-grained
varieties. We have developed visual and instrumental procedures for this
purpose, including a viewing box that accentuates colour differences. This
viewing system is being used by several breeders to assist in the
segregation of red from white progeny.
Grain hardness is a major distinguishing factor determining quality
type. We have been studying the biochemical basis of grain hardness,
focusing on a "grain softness protein" of Mr 15,000 as a possible means of
chemically detecting and genetically manipulating grain hardness.
In practice, Australian wheat is segregated according to quality type
on the basis of variety. Our ability to identify varietal efficiently is
thus important and it has been the focus of study using electrophoretic
methods and HPLC. The full range of methods of identification of food
grains is being described in a book which has just been edited for the
American Association of Cereal Chemists.
The level of treatment of grain with chemical protectants has become a
very important factor in grain marketing. To simplify the task of
monitoring residue levels in grain, we have developed a series of test kits,
based on the use of antibodies, to provide efficient analysis of multiple
samples in the laboratory or rapid (15 minutes) detection in the field.
These studies have involved the development of new chemical procedures for
coupling the pesticide to proteins to produce a satisfactory immunogen and
careful monitoring of the specificity of the antibodies. Most of the
initial work has centred on wheat grain and derived products, but it has
also included other grain species, including aspects specific to barley.
Many of the grain-protectant test kits developed are now being manufactured
and marketed by the Millipore Corporation. More recently, we have been
asked to extend this research to include the development of similar testing
methods suited to the requirements of the cotton and irrigation industries.
Dough quality in wheat. Dough properties are the main factor
distinguishing wheat from all other grains in its utilisation potential and
in its market value. The small-scale series of direct-drive Mixographs
developed in our division has proved valuable for analysing dough properties
for small samples of flour or wheatmeal in breeding programs and in research
applications. The two-gram version has been manufactured for sale by the
holder of the Mixograph trade mark, TMCO-National Manufacturing (Lincoln,
Nebraska, USA).This equipment has permitted direct observation of the
effects of isolated gluten polypeptides, providing evidence that is largely
confirmatory of previous and current observations based on correlative
studies Our biochemical and genetic studies have concentrated on the gluten
polypeptides (both high- and low- molecular-weight classes) in bread wheats
and durums, and the manner of their aggregation to form the gluten matrix.
Study of interaction with lipids has also been necessary to understand the
functionality of gluten proteins. The use of antibody probes has provided
information about the amino-acid sequences most likely to modify dough
strength (resistance to extension). The results of those studies are
providing the basis of a model of how the various components of dough
interact, leading in turn to an understanding of deficiencies in dough
properties for wheat genotypes containing the addition of rye chromatin.
Biochemical testing for dough properties. The emerging picture of how
the components of dough interact provides a sound basis for devising more
reliable tests for dough properties, or at least for understanding their
potential limitations. For example, a direct testing system has now been
devised to identify the presence of genes for the high-molecular-weight
subunits of glutenin, even using DNA from a sample of wheat leaf. Antibody-
based testing has been applied to the evaluation of dough strength in
breeding lines and to the identification of specific chromosome
substitutions. More conventional electrophoretic and chromatographic
methods also have a place in the research or breeding evaluation of dough
properties and a computer program (Gene Jar) has been developed to provide
access to gluten-protein-allele information.
In parallel with our analysis of the genetic determinants of dough
properties, we have obtained evidence about how genetic potential is
modified by growth environment during grain filling, particularly by heat
stress, carbon dioxide supply and sulfur deficiency.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM AUSTRIA
Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural University
Vienna
H. Grausgruber, H. Burstmayr, M. Lemmens, and P. Ruckenbauer
Investigations on head blight (Fusarium spp.) of wheat. Head blight
(scab) caused by Fusarium spp. (FHB) is a wheat disease of increasing
importance In Austria the most common pathogens causing FHB are F.
graminearum and F. culmorum. The presence of mycotoxins in diseased kernels
is of considerable concern in wheat growing areas, and their occurrence in
food and feed was found to be associated with chronic or accute
mycotoxicoses in man and livestock. Research activities on FHB carried out
at our institute focus on the following topics:
1) A reliable artificial inoculation method is a prerequisite for FHB
investigations. Experiments to optimize inoculation methods are being
carried out, their objective is the reduction of the genotype by environment
interaction.
2) Currently the introduction of resistant varieties seems to be the most
promising way to control FHB. A resistance breeding program in cooperation
with commercial breeders started in 1991. FHB resistance of current wheat
lines was investigated. Although a considerable variability in
susceptibility was detected, no highly resistant genotypes were found.
Highly resistant genotypes were collected from all over the world. Their
resistance was tested and confirmed under Austrian conditions. Crosses
between agronomically well adapted Austrian and resistant genotypes were
carried out. The progenies of these crosses are further examined and put at
the breeders disposal.
3) A winter wheat nursery of 25 genotypes has been investigated during three
years in cooperation with four European research institutes (INRA Rennes,
France; LSA Hohenheim, Germany; CRI Szeged, Hungary; CPRO-DLO Wageningen,
The Netherlands) at six different locations all over Europe. The genotypes
were artificially inoculated with several isolates of F. graminearum, F.
culmorum and F. nivalis. The results prove the horizontal non-species
specific character of resistance to FHB in wheat.
4) Studies on the genetics of FHB resistance are carried out with the
backcross reciprocal monosomic analysis. In addition existing substitution
lines (susceptible acceptor and resistant donor) which were obtained from T.
Worland (IPSR Norwich) are investigated. Another approach is the analysis of
double haploids (anther culture) resulting from crosses between susceptible
and highly resistant genotypes.
5) Currently a simple laboratory test based on Fusarium toxin containing
media is being developed to predict FHB resistance on the seedling level.
Correlation coefficients between data of this test and visual scoring data
of the field experiments range from 0.6 to 0.7.
Publications.
Lemmens, M., Burstmayr, H. and Ruckenbauer, P. (1993) Variation in Fusarium
head blight susceptibility of international and Austrian wheat breeding
material. Die Bodenkultur 44, 65-78.
Van Eeuwijk, F.A., Mesterhazy, A., Kling, C.I., Ruckenbauer, P., Saur, L.,
Burstmayr, H., Lemmens, M., Keizer, L.C.P., Maurin, N. and Snijders, C.H.A.
1994. Assessing non-specificity of resistance of wheat to head blight caused
by inoculation with European strains of Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum
and F. nivale, using a multiplicative model for interaction. Plant Breeding,
submitted.
Lemmens, M., Reisinger, A., Burstmayr, H. and Ruckenbauer, P. 1994. Breeding
for head blight (Fusarium spp.) in wheat: development of a mycotoxin-based
selection method of seedlings. In Acta Horticultura (ISHS) 355, 223-232,
Eds: Van Bockstaele, E. and Heursel, J. .
-------------------------
S. Groger, H. Bistrich, T. Lelley
Breeding for bread making quality of wheat using protein
electrophoresis. After establishing a protein electrophoresis unit in our
institute and introducing the techniques of SDS-PAGE and APAGE, we started
to investigate the Hungarian and Austrian wheat material - at present in the
official trials in both countries - for their HMW-glutenin subunit
genotypes. The investigation revealed a relative frequent occurrence of the
1BL/1RS translocation (approx. 15% in the Austrian and >50% in the Hungarian
material). The Austrian cultivar "Ferdinand" turned out to be a complete
1B/1R substitution with the HMW glutenin subunit composition of Glu-A1: 1,
Sec-3, Glu-D1: 5+10. This variety is considered as one of high bread making
quality. Some of the lines showed heterogeneity for both the HMW glutenin
subunit composition and for the presence of the translocation. These lines
were subdivided into the different components, they will be compared as pure
lines for their bread making quality and for other characteristics. After
determining SDS sedimentation values and total protein content of the
genotypes, the effect of HMW subunits and that of the 1BL/1RS translocation
on bread making quality in the Austrian and Hungarian material will be
estimated.
Crosses were made between genotypes of Austrian and Hungarian origin
with the intention to combine HMW subunits giving the highest possible score
value according to Payne et al. (1987 J.Sci.Food Agric. 40, 51-65). DH and
SSD techniques are being applied to obtain pure lines in the fastest
possible way. Conventional handling of the progeny will be made by co-
operating breeding stations in Austria and in Hungary. Some crosses were
done between sublines of cultivars heterogeneous for the 1BL/1RS
translocation to study the effect of the translocation on quantitative
traits especially on yield and adaptation.
APAGE is applied to determine the gliadin genotype of the above
described material. Moreover, we established the technique of extracting all
non glutenin proteins from the extraction sample by 70% ethanol and DMSO
(Gupta and Shepherd 1990 Theor Appl Genet 80, 65-74) to investigate the
effect of LMW glutenin subunits on bread making quality. This technique will
be used especially in cases where cultivars having identical HMW glutenin
subunit composition differ in their bread making quality.
We applied to the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) for financial
support of a co-operative project on the effect of storage proteins on bread
making quality. In this co-operation the Austrian Research Institute of the
Food Industry in Vienna is going to investigate the quantitative aspects of
the different protein fractions including differences of x and y subunits of
HMW alleles using HPLC technique as well as different physical properties of
the dough of genetically specified material. A further co-operator in this
project is the private plant breeding station "Edelhof" (Zwettel) which is
mainly responsible for the field testing of the material.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM BRAZIL
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo/EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo
C.N.A. de Sousa, E.P. Gomes, J.C.S. Moreira, J.F. Philipovsky, L. de
J.A. Del Duca, and P.L. Scheeren
Wheat breeding in Passo Fundo, Brazil
Resistance to scab. This disease is important in wheat areas in
Southern Brazil. Over the last 10 years a severe incidence of scab in the
spike was observed in the experimental field in five years. Japanese and
Chinese cultivars remain as the best sources of resistance to this disease.
However, due to the poor adaptation of this material under Brazilian
environment, the progress in incorporating the resistance using such sources
is reduced. The lines PF 859114 (CNT 10//LD*3/Nyu Bay), PF 88455
(Encruzilhada/PF 79768//PF 80284), Encruzilhada and Toropi from Brazil
besides the lines from Japan (GW 2 and GW 3) and China (Ning 8331 and Wuhan
3) have been used as the main sources for scab resistance.
Resistance to soil borne mosaic virus. In spit of a severe incidence of
the virus in the experimental area in five out of the last 10 years,
breeding for soil borne mosaic virus (SBMV) resistance is not an easy task
because of the lack of uniformity of the SBMV incidence in the experimental
area and the consequent escapes. Evaluations of the behavior of wheat
cultivars to SBMV were made. EMBRAPA 15, EMBRAPA 16, RS 8-Westphalen, and
TRIGO BR 32 are the resistant cultivars on recommendation in the state of
Rio Grande do Sul now. These cultivars and the lines PF 84316 (PF 7650/NS
18-78//CNT 8/PF 7577), PF 8545 (PF 6632/2*IAS 58), PF 85489 (LD*6/KVZ //
LD*6/AGENT /3/LD*6 /KVZ//LD*6/WTP), and PF 9052 (PF 8237//LAP 689/3*CNT 10)
were used as the main Brazilian sources of resistance to SBMV in the
crossing block in 1993.
Survey for leaf tip necrosis. The old Brazilian cultivar Frontana
presents a leaf tip necrosis associated with the gene Lr 34 for resistance
to leaf rust, according R.P. Singh (Crop Sci 32:874-878, 1992). A survey was
made to detect this necrosis in the entries of the crossing block in 1993.
This leaf tip necrosis was found in several Brazilian entries such as: BH
1146 and descendants (PF 84198, PF 88106, PF 89316, PF 92348, and TRIGO BR
25), IAC 5-Maringa and descendants (OCEPAR 10-Gara, OCEPAR 11-Juriti, PF
889300, PF 89326, PF 89327, PF 92349, and TRIGO BR 35), Jacui and
descendants (PF 92326, and RS 8-Westphalen), and TRIGO BR 23 and descendants
(PF 91605, PF 9210, PF 9219, PF 9224, PF 9234, PF 9241, and PF 9253).
Release of EMBRAPA 24. This wheat cultivar was selected from the cross
Sel Tifton 72-59/PF 79763/3/Nobeoka Bozu/3*Londrina//B 7908 made in 1982,
bulked as a line (PF 87128) in 1987 and released for cultivation in the
state of Rio Grande do Sul in 1993. It is tall but a lodging resistant
cultivar. EMBRAPA 24 is resistant to all races of Puccinia recondita and
Puccinia graminis tritici found in Brazil. This cultivar is resistant to
Stagonospora nodorum and tolerant to aluminum toxicity.
Personnel involved in the wheat breeding program in 1993. Ariano M.
Prestes (Septoria resistance and interspecific hybridization), Aroldo G.
Linhares (Seed multiplication and germplasm bank), Cantidio N.A. de Sousa
(Breeding), Edar P. Gomes (Breeding), Eliana M. Guarienti (Industrial
quality), Gabriela E.L. Tonet (Aphid resistance), Joao C.S. Moreira
(Breeding-yield trials), Joao F. Philipovsky (Breeding), Joao F. Sartori
(Stem rust resistance), Jorge L. Nedel (Seed multiplication and germplasm
bank), Leo de J.A. Del Duca (Breeding), Maria I.B. de M. Fernandes
(Cytogenetics and biotechnology), Milton C. Medeiros (Leaf rust resistance),
Pedro L. Scheeren (Breeding, leader), Sergio D. dos A. e Silva
(Breeding-biotechology), and Walesca I. Linhares (Powdery mildew
resistance).
-------------------------
W.I. Linhares
Resistance to powdery mildew and physiological specialization
Powdery mildew has occurred in most years over the last decade in
southern Brazilian wheat growing areas. The disease becomes established in
winter and develops early in spring, persisting into the grain filling
period and sometimes up to nearly the end of the season.
Forty-one isolates of the pathogen were collected in 1989 and 37 in
1990 from different climatic regions in Brazil. These isolates were
inoculated on isogenic lines, on some cultivars having single genes or
combinations of powdery mildew resistant genes (Pm1 through Pm8), on several
lines from Dr. James Mac Key's collection. Only 0.5 % of isolates had
virulence on Pm2 gene, and 4.0 % on Pm2 + Mld gene combination; no virulence
was identified on Pm6, on Pm4a + ... (Khapli), and on isogenic lines
IGV(1)-455 (CI 10904/7*Prins) and IGV(1)-461 (CI 13399/7*Prins) from Dr. Mac
Key, which have unidentified resistance genes.
Obviously the powdery mildew population, in Brazil, is complex and has
an unlimited capacity to overcome single gene sources of resistance. Many
commercial Brazilian cultivars possess a good level of resistance. The newly
released cultivars EMBRAPA 15 and EMBRAPA 16 were resistant up to 1991.
Since 1992, they changed their reactions under greenhouse conditions, when
tested for a mixture of inoculum, showing a moderately susceptible reaction.
These cultivars were considered moderately susceptible, showing a new
alteration on the powdery mildew population, in evaluations carried on CNPT
experimental fields, in 1993.
It is interesting that Pm6, Pm4a, the combination's Pm2 + Pm 6 and Pm2
+ Mld are being incorporated in CNPT breeding lines, sometimes combined with
overcome genes like Pm 8, Pm 3 (alleles), etc. These lines have been widely
and successfully tested for at least five years.
-------------------------
J.C.S. Moreira and C.N.A. de Sousa
1993 Wheat Cultivar Yield Trials in Passo Fundo, Brazil
About 480 wheat genotypes were tested in 18 yield trials in the
National Research Center for Wheat of EMBRAPA in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do
Sul, Brazil, during 1993. The process for releasing a new cultivar in Rio
Grande do Sul, the Southern State in Brazil, was described in the 1986
Annual Wheat Newsletter, 32:38-39.
The climatic conditions during the wheat cycle in Passo Fundo (June to
November) were not good for wheat. Drought occurred from tillering to stem
extension while excess rainfall occurred at ripening stage. The plant had a
poor growth and the yield was less than in 1992. The excess of rain induced
sprouting. The main diseases were leaf rust, powdery mildew, soilborne
mosaic virus, and septoria/helminthosporium complex in the leaves.
The trials were carried out in a rotation area (2 years without wheat)
and the fertilizer application was 12,5 kg/ha N, 63 kg/ha P2O5, 50 kg/ha K2O
and 45 kg/ha N as top-dressing. No fungicide was use in most trials.
The checks used in 1993 were BR 23, BR 35 and EMBRAPA 16. BR 23
continues to be the main cultivar in Rio Grande do Sul occupying about
290,000 ha ( 50 %) of the wheat growing area in this State in 1993.
No entries exceeded the yield of the three local cheks in the 29th
International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery and in the 14th Elite Selection
Wheat Yield Trial received from CIMMYT.
Cultivars having outstand yield in trials carried out in Passo Fundo
- RS are shown below.
CULTIVAR CROSS YIELD
(kg/ha)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Cultivar state trial and south Brazilian trial.
PF 886 ENC/PF 79768//PF 80284 2718
PF 88566 AMIGO/JACUI//PF 7673/CDA 2702
CEP 24-INDUSTRIAL BR 3/CEP 7887//CEP 7775/CEP 11 2502
EMBRAPA 15 CNT 10/BR 5//PF 75172/SEL TIFTON 72-59 2417
EMBRAPA 16 (check) HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3037
2. Regional yield trial
PF 86242 HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3119
CEP 90191 SPN/NAC//CEP 8386/3/CEP 19 2792
PF 904 BR 35/PF 84386//AMIGO/BR 14 2778
EMBRAPA 16 (check) HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3063
3. Multilocated preliminar trials (five locals with lines in 2nd year
of test). Data from Passo Fundo.
1st M.P.T.
PF 9192 CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/CNT
10*6//LD*3/HST 13471/4/ 3162
PF 85906
PF 9157 BR 35/PF 85946/3/PF 772003*2/PF 813// 2975
PF 83899
PF 9122 PF 82341/BR 15//BR 35/PF 839197 2893
EMBRAPA 16
(check) HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3142
2nd M.P.T.
PF 9190
PF 772003*2/
PF 813//PF 813/4/ENC/
PF 79768// 2895
PF 80284/3/PF 84482
EMBRAPA 16 HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 2928
(check)
4. Preliminary trials (1st year trial).
Wheat genotypes out of 264 lines yielded more than 3000 kg/ha.
PF 917 BR 8/BR 25//CEP 11/BR 14/4/CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/ 3810
CNT 10*6//I AS 54-21*2/CI 1 4123
PF 9160 PF 82252/BR 35//IA 7998/PF 8550 3298
PF 9162 BR 8/BR 25//CEP 11/BR 14/4/CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/ 3819
CNT 10*6//I AS 54-21*2/CI 1 4123
PF 918 PF 83743/PF 8545 3854
PF 91113 BR 8/BR 25//CEP 11/BR 14/4/CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/ 3698
CNT 10*6//I AS 54-21*2/CI 1 4123
PF 91114 COKER 762/CEP 82114//BR 14 3158
PF 91216 PF 84409/PF 84172 3317
PF 91220 PF 839102/3/BR 35*2//BR 14*2/LARGO 3055
PF 926 OASIS/BR 5//BR 5/COKER 762 3246
EMBRAPA 16 HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7 3046 to
3874
(check)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trego/EMBRADA, Passo Fundo
L.J.A. Del Duca, R.S. Fontaneli, J.F. Philipovsky
Response of wheat and other Small Grains to Plant Clipping. The need
for crop rotation and to fatten cattle necessitates integration of these
activities with agriculture, which results in better land use by the farmer.
In the southern states of Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do sul
wheat fits well in a double-crop system with soybeans and corn. To prevent
soil and nutrient losses after soybean and corn harvest and to allow
substantial quantity of forage production during a critical period of the
year, wheat must be sown in April/May. It would appear that wheat and other
small grains having a long vegetative period would produce greater
quantities of forage. To test this hypothesis a clipping trial was carried
out at Passo Fundo comprising four wheat cultivars and lines having longer
vegatative period, two wheat checks adapted to grain production, and
cultivars of two common oats and one Avena strigosa, one barley, one rye and
one triticale. The trial was sown on May 3, 1993, using a split-plot
design.
Effects of both early and late clippings, compared to the corresponding
checks without clippings considering dry matter and grain yield are shown
below.
Dry Matter (kg/ha)
Cultivars and lines One clipping(1) Two clippings(2) Unclipped
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Common oats - 1566 2066 1327
UPF 14 - UPF 15 1514 2805 973
Avena strigosa 1808 2765 127
Rye - BR 1 2297 2856 1991
Barley - MN 599 1726 2389 935
Triticale - BR 4 1519 2502 2030
Wheat 1068 2354 3073
1PF 41004 1050 2572 2359
1PF 55204 1339 2512 2473
1227 2572 2794
1441 2258 1703
1452 2477 2724
Means 1501 2511 1876
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Grain Yield
(kg/ha)
Cultivars and lines One clipping(1) Two clippings(2)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Common oats - 924 553
UPF 14 - UPF 15 2082 359
Avena strigosa 651 379
Rye - BR 1 843 562
Barley - MN 599 688 221
Triticale - BR 4 2030 173
Wheat 2230 592
1PF 41004 2276 230
1PF 55204 2194 77
2450 442
791 97
2170 92
Means 1544 315
-------------------------------------------------------------------
July 16, 1993(2) July 16 and August 13, 1993
Breeding Activities aiming at Wheat for Double Purpose Use. In an
attempt to select wheat cultivars adapted to both grazing and grain
production, collections, larger plots, and segregating populations were sown
on May 21, 1993, at Passo Fundo. The 253 collectins were grown in double
2.5 m rows and the 27 and 71 segregating populations in 7 row, 5 m plots
(lines and cultivars). all plots were evaluated under a grazing condition
of one day of grazing under a high stock rate.
The plots with uniform genotypes included preferentially winter and
facultative wheats from a number of countries or Brazilian cultivars with
intermediate or late types. General adaptation was observed and the grain
yield as a response measure to the technology used was evaluated. The best
plants in the segregating populations were selected for resistance to
prevailing diseases and for agronomic type. Cultivars, lines, and selected
plants will be further evaluated through the sedimentation test considering
actual quality requirements established by the industrial sector.
Outstanding cultivars and lines (Plots having 7 rows of 5 m) after grazing
Cultivars/lines Grain yield Cultivars/lines Grain yield
---------------------------------------------------------------------
C 80.33 1367 C 97.33 1056
PF 87451 1411 PF 89244 1069
IPF 55204 1429 C 762 1387
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Outstanding cultivars and lines (Plots having 2 rows of 2,5 m)
after grazing
Cultivars/lines Grain yield
(kg/ha)
---------------------------------------------------
ABE 2010
C 747 1380
C 762 2340
C 80.33 1980
C 97.33 1350
D. QUEEN 1350
IPF 60686 1820
OASIS 1110
PF 87451 1640
PF 87452 1480
PF 90132 1130
STACY 1120
VOGEL/5 ANDERSON 1170
GA 80599-5-1-4 1200
GA 84134-1-7-1 1150
GA 831270-10-4-2-5 1820
GA 841465-2-1-1-3 1190
GA 841465-2-1-1-4 1690
IPF 55204 1180
--------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
L.J.A. Del Duca, O. Rodrigues, G.R. Cunha
Wheat Yield Trials in Anticipated (Early) and Normal Dates of Sowing.
A list of wheat lines and cultivars having outstanding performance under
early sowing at Passo Fundo was previously detailed in Annual Wheat
Newsletter 39:102-103. Considering their good yielding performance, some of
these cultivars with longer vegetative period and some new introductions (27
genotypes) were tested in a randomized block design at Passo Fundo during
1993 in both anticipated (May 3) and normal date of sowing (June 15). Wheat
checks, BR 23, BR 35, and EMBRAPA 16, used for normal sowing trials were
included.
Outstanding lines and cultivars in two dates of sowing,compared with
the best check (EMBRAPA 16), are detailed below. Superior performance of
the 30 genotypes in the anticipated sowing is clearly shown by their yield
means as compared with normal period of sowing means.
Line/ Yield % EMB 16
Cultivar Cross (kg/ha) (check)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
IPF 37379 3544 94
IPF 41004 3944 105
IPF 55204 FL 301/C 762 3826 101
PF 86245 HLN/CNT 7/AMIGO/CNT 7 3778 100
PF 86247 HLN/CNT 7/AMIGO/CNT 7 3526 93
CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/CNT
PF 87410 10*6/LD*3/HST 3418 91
PF 87451 C 762/BR 14 3763 100
CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/CNT
PF 89422 10*6//IAS 54-21*2 Cl 14123 3970 105
CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-
BR 23 20/COP//CNT 8 2670 71
IAS 5*2/3/CNT 7*3/LD//IAC
BR 35 5/HADDEN 2744 73
HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/
EMB 16 CNT 7 3774 100
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Means of the 30 genotypes tested 3020
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Early sowing (May 3) Normal sowing (June 15)
Height Flowering Yield %EMB 16 Height Flowering
(cm) (kg/ha) (check) (cm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
70 Sept 8 1611 57 65 Oct 5
85 Sept 8 2789 98 75 Oct 5
70 Aug 30 1898 67 60 Oct 5
95 Aug 24 1708 60 80 Sept 18
95 Aug 26 1694 59 85 Sept 20
75 Aug 23 2406 84 80 Sept 19
75 Aug 30 2972 104 65 Sept 21
85 Aug 29 2676 94 85 Sept 27
90 Aug 22 1861 65 80 Sept 19
95 Aug 20 1922 67 85 Sept 14
95 Aug 24 2848 100 80 Sept 20
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean 1869
-------------------------
EMBRAPA/CPAO - Dourados
A.C.P. Goulart; F. de A. Paiva and P.J.M. Andrade
Chemical control of brown spot (Helminthosporium sativum) in wheat,
1992
The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of several fungici-
des in the control of wheat brown spot, their effect on yield, kernel
weight, test wt. and on incidence of Helminthosporium sativum on the harvest
seeds. The experiment was carried out under field conditions, during
1992, at Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Oeste (CPAO) using the cultivar
IAPAR 6-Tapejara. Wheat was sown in 11-row plots (2.2 x 7.0 m) as a
randomized complete block with ten treatments replicated four times on April
28. Fungicides were applied with CO(2) - pressurized sprayer with rate of
low adjusted to 240 1/ha. Two applications were applied, once at the growth
stage 54 and the second at sage 68 (Zadock's scale). The field was
fertilized with 300 kg/ha of 4-30-10 (N-P-K) applied at planting.
The treatments were (g a.i./ha): mancozeb (2,000); propiconazole
(125); tebuconazole (187.5); flutriafol (94 and 125); cyproconazole (20 and
30); prochloraz (450); cyproconazole + prochloraz (30 + 360) and untreated
control.
Best control of brown spot was tebuconazole and propiconazole, with
control efficiency of 95 and 90%, respectively, compared to untreated
control. Flutriafol (94 and 125 g a.i./ha) and prochloraz and
cyproconazole + prochloraz gave 80 to 85% control. Mancozeb showed 71%
effective control. The least efficient chemical was cyproconazole, each
dose giving 43% control.
Best yields were obtained with tebuconazole and propiconazole, with
increases of 43.6 and 35.4%, respectively, over the untreated control. Test
and kernel weight were increased by all chesmicals, however, best results
were obtained with tebuconazole, propiconazole, prochloraz,
cyproconazole + prochloraz and flutriafol. The incidence of H. sativum on
harvested seeds was significantly reduced with tebuconazole and
propiconazole as the best treatments.
The objective of this experiment was to select fungicides for
controllingling of stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and leaf
rust (P. recondita f. sp. tritici), their effects on yield, kernel and test
weight. The experiment was conducted under field conditions at
CPAO/EMBRAPA. Wheat, cv. IAPAR 6-Tapejara was sown May 19 in 11-row plots
(2.2 x 7.0 m) arranged in a randomized complete block with ten treatments
and four replications. Fertilization consisted of 300 kg/ha of 4-30-10
(N-P-K) applied at planting. Applications of fungicides were applied with
CO(2) pressurized sprayer (rate of flow - 240 1/ha). Sprays were applied
at Zadoks's growth stage and at stage 68. Plots were harvested on Sept.
15. Treatments included were (g a.i./ha): mancozeb 2,000; propiconazole 125;
tebuconazole 187.5; flutriafol 94 and 125; cyproconazole 20 and 30;
prochloraz 450; cyproconazole + prochloraz 30 + 360 and control.
Stem and leaf rusts were better controlled with tebuconazole, propico-
nazole and cyproconazole (30 g a.i./ha), which averaged 96.7% effective
control of both diseases. Flutriafol (in both doses), cyproconazole (20 g
a.i./ha) and cyproconazole + prochloraz, controlled these diseases from 86
to 92%. Mancozeb and prochloraz were the least efficient treatments, less
than 70% of control. All treatments resulted in yield increases over the
untreated control with best results obtained with tebuconazole (increase of
110.6%), propiconazole (110.1%) and cyproconazole (109.6). Improved test
and kernel weights were obtained with all chemical treatments.
Fungi incidence in wheat seeds produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State.
The objective was to determine the fungi associated with wheat seeds
produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State during 1992. From the 9 countries of
Ponta Pora, Dourados, Rio Brilhante, Aral Moreira, Itapora, Maracaju,
Fatima do Sul Amambai e Caarapo a total of 637 seed samples from 16
cultivars were analyzed in the Plant Patholoby Lab at EMBRAPA. Seed health
was determined using the blotter test, without pre-treatment. Two hundred
seeds/sample were placed into gerboxes containing three layers of filter
paper previously sterilized and soaked in 0.02% 2,4-D solution and incubated
for 7 days at 22-24C in cycles of 12 hours darkness and 12 hours light
(day and NUV lights). Each seed was examined under a stereoscopic microscope
and the incidence of each fungus was recorded.
Twenty-six genera of fungi were detected. The most prevalent, detected
in 100% of the analysed samples, was Helminthosporium sativum, followed by
Aspergillus sp. (96.5%), Alternaria tenuis (93.9%), Penicillium spp.
(66.4%), Fusarium spp. (56.4%), Cladosporium sp. (52.4%), Phoma sp.
(47.8%), Rhizopus stolonifer (39.6%), Curvularia lunata (36.4%), Nigrospora
oryzae (33.7%) and Epicoccum sp. (31.4%). Pyricularia oryzae was observed in
16.6% of the samples, at relatively low levels. Storage fungi
(Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.) were registered at relatively high
levels. Helminthosporium tritici-repentis, was observed in 8.8% of samples
and Helminthosporium avenae, at a frequency of 24.1%, were detected by the
first time in wheat seeds produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State. The
results showed that H. sativum was the most important pathogen associated
with wheat seeds produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State, with an average
incidence of 13.7 %. Frequency data from this experiment are shown below:
Fungi Frequency
---------------------------------------------------------------
Helminthosporium sativum 100.0
Aspergillus spp. 96.5
Alternaria tenuis 93.9
Penicillium spp. 66.4
Fusarium spp. 56.4
Cladosporium sp. 52.4
Phoma sp. 47.8
Rhizopus stolonifer 39.6
Curvularia lunata 39.4
Nigrospora oryzae 33.7
Epicoccum sp. 31.4
Helminthosporium avenae 24.1
Mucor sp. 20.2
Pyricularia oryzae 16.6
Helminthosporium tritici-repentis 8.8
Chaetomium sp. 6.6
Streptomyces sp. 4.0
Pithomyces sp. 3.3
Colletotrichum sp. 2.8
Monilia sp. 1.5
Paecilomyces sp. 0.7
Rhizoctonia solani 0.4
Ulocladium sp. 0.2
Stemphylium sp. 0.07
Pestalotia sp. 0.07
Trichoderma sp. 0.07
---------------------------------------------------------------
Wheat seed chemical treatment for controlling of Pyricularia oryzae and
Helmlnthosporium sativum, 1992. The effect of fungicides on the control of
Pyricularia oryzae and Helminthosporium sativum, associated to wheat seeds
was compared in trials carried out in the laboratory (blotter) and in the
field, using seeds of the wheat cultivar "Anahuac" with 16.5% and 24.0% of
natural contamination with H. sativum and P. oryzae, respectively. Seed
treatments were applied just prior to planting by shaking seeds and
chemicals in erlenmeyers. In laboratory experiments, ten replications of 20
seeds/treatment were placed into gerboxes (20 seeds/gerbox) and maintained
for 7 days at 22-24C in cycles of 12 hours darkness and 12 hours light (day
and NUV lights). Each seed was evaluated and the incidence of both pathogens
was recorded. In the field, plots were sowed on May 9 using a randomized
complete block design consisting of 19 treatments and four replications.
Plots were Plots were six rows x 1.5 m with a row spacing of 0.2 m and
fertilized with 240 kg/ha of 4-30-10 (N-P-K) at planting. Field emergence
percentage and disease were recorded 1 week after planting. The evaluated
fungicides and doses are in Table 1 below:
All chemical treatments reduced the incidence of both pathogens in lab
(blotter) test. H. sativum was erradicated when the seeds were treated with
iprodione + thiram, iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%, iminoctadine and te-
buconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50%. Guazatine, flutriafol 10.0 and triadime-
nol + iprodione presented good control of this pathogen, followed by
prochloraz, NF 128, NF 114 and difenoconazole. The least efficient
treatments were thiram and tebuconazole. In the field, iprodione + thiram,
iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%, guazatine, iminoctadine, tebuconazole 150
FS + iprodione 50% and triadimenol + iprodione were the best in controlling
the transmission of H. sativum. The most efficient control of P. oryzae in
the seeds was obtained with tebuconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50% and
iminoctadine, which presented the same levels of control, followed by
iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%, iprodione + thiram and prochloraz. Good
control of this pathogen was obtained with carboxin + thiram PM, NF 128,
iprodione and triadimenol + iprodione. The least efficient treatments were
flutriafol 7.5, difenoconazole, triadimenol, thiram and tebuconazole.
Transmission of P. oryzae by wheat seeds was detected in the field. Passage
of this pathogen from infected seed to seedling was best controlled by
carboxin + thiram PM, iprodione + thiram, iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%,
prochloraz, iminoctadine and tebuconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50%.
Significant differences in emergence due to fungicide treatments were
observed. In spite of increased stand, no significant yield differences were
observed among treatments.
Fungicide Dose
(g a.i./100 kg of seeds)
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Carboxin + thiram PM 94 + 94
Carbo~in + thiram SC 50 + 50
Iprodione + thiram 50 + 150
Iprodione 25 % + tebuconazole 2.5% 50 + 5
Flutriafol 7.5
Flutriafol 10.0
Guazatine 75
Prorhloraz 50
NF 128 (triflumizole + methyl thiophanate) 30 + 90
NF 114 (triflumizole) 45
Iminoctadine 62.5
Difenoconazole 30
Triadimenol 40
Thiram 210
Tebuconazole 5
Tebuconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50% 5 + 30
/Iprodione 50
Triadimenol + iprodione 30 + 30
Testemunha -
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Pyricularia grisea.
Losses in wheat yield due to infection by Pyricularia grisea regardless of
the effect of other diseases, under natural conditions and without fungicide
spraying, were determined during the 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991 growing
seasons for the cv. Anahuac. Commercial fields and experimental plots at Rio
Brilhante, Dourados and Itapora counties were used. The losses were
determined using the following formulas:
GWHS
PY = ---- x NTS PY = Potential yield
NHS GWHS = Grain weight of health spikes/m2
NHS = number of health spikes/mZ
NTS = total number of spikes/m7
AY = GWHS + GWIS AY = Actual yield
GWHS = Grain weight of health spikes/m2
GWIS = Grain weight of infected spikes/m
L = PY - AY L = losses
PY = Potential yield
AY = Actual yield
In 1988 and 1989, at Rio Brilhante, the yield losses were 10.5% of the
estimated yield. An average of 48% white spikes was observed. In 1990,
at Dourados, the losses were greater than those recorded in 1988 and 1989,
reaching 40% of the estimated yield, with 93% average incidence of white
spikes. In the same year at Itapora, losses reached 32% with 86% of
white heads. The losses in the next year (1991), at Itapora, were 53% of
the estimated yield with 86% infected spikes. In the four years, the
spike weight loss caused by early infection was greater (53%) than late
infection (30%), regardless of the locality. It was observed that grains
below the infection point in the rachis were larger than normal ones, thus
compensating in some extent the presence of empty spikelets. Because white
spikes were more visible, the disease incidence may have been overestimated.
% of
infected Loss
County Year spike Kg/ha %
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Rio Brilhante(1) 1988 51 274 11
Rio Brilhante(2) 1989 45 270 10
Dourados(3) 199O 93 892 40
Itapora(4) 1990 86 1,034 32
Itapora(4) 1991 86 1,842 53
-------------------------------------------------------------------
(1)Average of 2 replications.
(2)Average of 3 replications.
(3)Average of 6 replications.
(4)Average of 5 replications.
Grain weight/spike (g)
Early Late
County Year Healthy infection infection
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Rio Brilhante(1) 1988 0.77 0.56 0.66
Rio Brilhante(2) 1989 0.96 0.50 0.78
Dourados(3) 1990 0.77 0.31 0.55
Itapora 1990 1.30 0.53 0.81
Itapora 1991 1.26 0.33 0.60
------------------------------------------------------------------
Losses in relation to
County healthy spikes (%)
Early Late
infection infection
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Rio Brilhante(1) 27 14
Rio Brilhante(2) 47 18
Dourados(3) 59 27
Itapora 60 39
Itapora 73 52
------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) Average of 2 replications.
(2) Average of 3 replications.
(3) Average of 6 replications.
(4) Average of 5 replication.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CANADA
Statistics Canada's November estimate of 1993 wheat production on the
prairies:
Hectares Seeded Metric Tonnes Produced
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Manitoba - common 2,023,400 3,576,100
- durum 46,500 92,500
- winter 6,100 6,800
Saskatchewan - common 6,353,700 12,668,800
- durum 1,214,100 2,721,600
- winter 18,200 35,400
Alberta - common 2,751,900 7,212,100
- durum 202,300 544,300
- winter 36,400 81,600
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The Prairie Wheat Variety Survey is no longer available from the three
Prairie Wheat Pools.
-------------------------
MANITOBA
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg Research Centre.
J. Gilbert and A. Tekauz
Effects of Fusarium Head Blight (SCAB) on Seed Quality and of Seed
Treatment on Wheat Germination, Vigor, and Emergence:
Producers in the Red River Valley north and south of Winnipeg
experienced the worst epidemic of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on record in
1993. Glume blotch, caused by Septoria nodorum, was also severe. The
combination of the two diseases resulted in 7% of the Manitoba crop being
graded sample account tombstone, and 36% being graded feed. Producers are
now faced with difficult decisions and need to know what effects the disease
will have on a subsequent crop if 1993 seed from FHB-affected fields is sown
in 1994.
Methods: Cleaned and uncleaned fractions of two samples of five
varieties of wheat, Glenlea, Katepwa, Roblin, Sceptre, and AC Taber, were
evaluated. Seed treatments included dressings of Vitaflo 280 (carbathiin
and thiram) and Vitavax S (carbathiin) applied to cleaned seed for
germination and emergence tests. In addition Vitaflo 280 was applied to
uncleaned seed for germination trials. Cleaned 1992 seed free of tombstone
kernels was used as a check. Cleaned and uncleaned seed was sent to the
Canadian Grain Commission (CGC) for grading and tombstone analysis. Seed
was germinated in warm temperatures (20/15C), subjected to a cold-germ
vigor test at 5C, and tested for emergence from soil. Fusarium species
were identified from the seed.
Results and Comments: Cleaning did not improve the grades assigned
by CGC, or the percent tombstone kernels in the Sceptre and AC Taber
samples. Cleaning reduced levels of tombstone and raised grades of Glenlea
from CW Feed to #1 CW Extra Strong. Cleaning did not change grades of
Katepwa samples, but significantly improved grades of Roblin. Little
difference in germination and emergence was observed between uncleaned and
cleaned samples; disease reduced these to an average of 65% and 39%,
respectively. Vitavax S was less effective than Vitaflo 280. Vitaflo 280
improved germination at warm temperatures and enhanced emergence of
seedlings in soil, especially in Glenlea, Katepwa, and Roblin. Glenlea and
Katepwa also responded positively to Vitaflo 280 in the cold germ-vigor
test. In this test germination in untreated Roblin was higher than in the
warm test suggesting that inhibition of the Fusarium fungus at cold
temperatures permitted higher germination. However, seed treatment improved
germination in only one of the Roblin samples. Seed treatment did not
improve germination in AC Taber. The improvement in germination of Sceptre
was not relevant as the seed was of extremely poor quality.
Fusarium species: Fusarium graminearum was the principal species
isolated from the seed, followed by F. avenaceum. These were also the
predominant species isolated in the 1993 survey of 129 Manitoba wheat fields
for FHB incidence and severity.
Summary: On the basis of these tests, Manitoba producers would be
advised to treat 1993 seed to be used for field planting in 1994,
particularly if this was grown in the Red River Valley. Of the products
registered and tested, Vitaflo 280 gave the best response. Maneb DB-Green
L, and Dithane M45 may be useful, but tests have not been completed.
-------------------------
P.L. Dyck
Genetics of Resistance to Leaf Rust and Stem Rust on Wheat: The
genetics of leaf rust and stem rust resistance has been studied in a number
of wheat cultivars. The results are listed here in table form and may be
useful to plant breeders who have or are currently using some of these
cultivars in their program. Some of the cultivars have been studied by
others. No attempt is made here to review the literature.
The rust resistant accessions were crossed and backcrossed with
Thatcher, susceptible to leaf rust, and/or RL6071, susceptible to stem rust.
The backcross F(2) families were tested with selected rust races. Resistant
plants from families that segregated in a 1-gene ratio were grown to
maturity and progeny tested with a group of rust races. Their reaction was
compared to that of lines with known single genes for resistance. Genes
identified in this way are listed in the column "infection type". In other
cases, the resistant selections were crossed with known single gene lines
and F(2) populations were tested with the rust fungus. If no segregation
was observed, the lines had the same gene and the genotype is listed in the
column "genetic study". APR in the column "infection type" means that the
cultivar had a gene for adult-plant leaf rust resistance that was not
identified, while LrIT 1+ indicates the presence of an unidentified seedling
effective leaf rust resistance gene for a 1+ infection type. The cultivars
listed may have additional genes for rust resistance.
PROBABLE GENOTYPE FOR RESISTANCE TO LEAF RUST
AND STEM RUST IN A GROUP OF
WHEAT CULTIVARS OF DIVERSE ORIGIN
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Possible
Cultivars Origin
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
00914 Pin 39 China
00234 Da Bai mang China
00613 Ma zha du China
Argentine 48 Argentina
PATO Argentine Argentina
BT 2288 Tunisia
Ke-chun 17 China
Cooperation 2 China
VT 1551 France
VT 2064 France
VT 1595 France
VT 2222 France
NEAC 78-4708
NEAC 120
Bezostaja 1 USSR
Long Miai 10 China
Ke Feng No. 2 China
Ke Han No. 7 China
Ke Han No. 8 China
82 PC Hari0779
Betta Argentina
Karee South Africa
Wilge South Africa
12th IBWSN459
Jiong Hong 3.2 China
Zhong 7605R China
Zhong 7606W China
Zhong 7725 China
F60049
F60125
Renshou Wu China
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PROBABLE GENOTYPE FOR RESISTANCE TO LEAF RUST
AND STEM RUST IN A GROUP OF
WHEAT CULTIVARS OF DIVERSE ORIGIN
Rust Resistance Genotype
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivars Genetic Studies Infection Type
------------------------------------------------------------------------
00914 Pin 39 Lr33 APR
00234 Da Bai mang Lr33 APR
00613 Ma zha du Lr33 Lr34
Argentine 48 Lr11, Lr34
PATO Argentine Lr3bg, Lr34
BT 2288 Lr34
Ke-chun 17 Lr34
Cooperation 2 Lr1, Lr3bg, Lr33 Lr34
VT 1551 Lr1 Lr34
VT 2064 Lr16 APR
VT 1595 LrIt 1+, APR
VT 2222 Lr37/Sr38, Sr30
NEAC 78-4708 Sr8a, Sr30
NEAC 120 Lr33
Bezostaja 1 Lr34 Lr3, APR
Long Miai 10 Lr16 LrB(?)
Ke Feng No. 2 Lr33, Lr34 Lr16
Ke Han No. 7 Lr16 Lr34
Ke Han No. 8 Lr33, Lr34
82 PC Hari0779 Lr26/Sr31 Sr8a
Betta Lr3bg Lr11
Karee Lr3bg, Lr24/Sr24 Sr8A, lr11
Wilge Sr8a, Lr11, Lr24/Sr24
12th IBWSN459 Lr16 Sr9e, Sr11, Sr36, LrIt 1+
Jiong Hong 3.2 Lr3bg Lr34
Zhong 7605R Lr26/Sr31
Zhong 7606W Lr3, Lr16, Lr26/
Sr31
Zhong 7725 Lr26, Sr31 Sr5
F60049 Lr26, Sr31
F60125 Lr1, Lr26/Sr31 Sr6, Sr8a, Lr11
Renshou Wu Lr33 Lr34
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
J.A. Kolmer
Wheat Leaf Rust in Canada in 1993: Wheat leaf rust was first detected
in 1993 during the second week of June, in winter wheat plots at Portage MB.
However, the lack of southerly winds in June and July reduced the initial
amount of inoculum and slowed the general rate of leaf rust increase. By the
first week of July, leaf rust was present only in trace amounts at scattered
locations throughout southern Manitoba. Leaf rust levels were very low in
fields of the resistant cultivars Roblin, Columbus, Pasqua, and Grandin.
The severity of leaf rust infection on susceptible cultivars was
significantly lower in eastern Saskatchewan. Only trace levels of rust could
be found north of Regina. Losses due to leaf rust were not expected in
1993.
Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia recondita on Wheat in Canada in
1993:
Table 1. Frequency (%) of the most common virulence phenotypes as
identified on the Prt(1) differentials.
----------------------------------------------------------------
Phenotype Quebec% Ontario% Man./Sask%
----------------------------------------------------------------
FBM-B 12.9 1.5 0
KBG-14a,10 0 0 5
MBG-14a,10 19.4 15.4 3.7
MBR-14a,10 0 1.5 18.6
MFB-14a,10 0 0 7.5
MFB-14a,10 0 4.6 18.6
NBB-B,18,10 0 0 0
PBD-14,10 0 0 0
PBL-B,10 45.2 55.4 0
TBG-14a,10 0 0 11.8
TDG-14a,10 3.2 0 12.4
Total number of
isolates 31 65 161
----------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------
Phenotype Alberta% Brit. Col%
-----------------------------------------------
FBM-B 0 0
KBG-14a,10 10.7 0
MBG-14a,10 10.7 0
MBR-14a,10 0 0
MFB-14a,10 7.1 0
NBB-B,18,10 0 0
NBB-B,18,10 10.7 20
PBD-14,10 0 60
PBL-B,10 0 0
TBG-14a,10 32.1 0
TDG-14a,10 10.7 0
Total number of
isolates 28 5
-----------------------------------------------
Table 2. Frequency (%) of isolates of Puccinia recondita virulent to Thatcher
isogenic lines with leaf rust resistance genes in 1993
---------------------------------------------------------------
Gene Quebec% Ontario% Man/Sask%
---------------------------------------------------------------
Lr1 87.7 98.5 92.5
Lr2a 16.1 0 41
Lr2c 77.4 70.8 41.6
Lr3 100 100 100
Lr9 0 3.1 0.6
Lr16 0 0 0
Lr24 19.4 7.7 54.7
Lr26 6.5 4.6 34.2
Lr3ka 61.3 73.8 44.7
Lr11 25.8 23.1 60.2
Lr17 0 0 0
Lr30 16.1 13.8 41
LrB 61.3 69.2 1.9
Lr14a 54.8 32.3 99.4
Lr18 16.1 4.6 0
Lr10 96.8 96.9 99.4
--------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------
Gene Alberta% Brit Col%
-------------------------------------------------------
Lr1 85.7 100
Lr2a 64.3 0
Lr2c 78.6 80
Lr3 85.7 80
Lr9 0 0
Lr16 0 0
Lr24 32.1 0
Lr26 10.7 0
Lr3ka 0 0
Lr11 67.9 0
Lr17 0 60
Lr30 0 0
LrB 14.3 40
Lr14a 85.7 80
Lr18 10.7 40
Lr10 100 100
--------------------------------------------------------
Reference
Long, D.L. and Kolmer, J.A. 1989. A North American system of nomenclature
for Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici. Phytopathology 79:525-529.
-------------------------
J.A. Kolmer and J.Q. Liu*
*Present address, Dept. of Plant Pathology and Physiology, Clemson
Univ., Clemson SC, USA.
Association Between Virulence and Molecular Phenotypes in Puccinia
recondita f.sp. tritici in Canada:
Materials and Methods: DNA from 44 single pustule isolates of P.
recondita collected from in 1992 in Canada, was extracted and subjected to
random amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. Arbitrary
decamer primers were obtained from the University of British Columbia. Nine
primers were chosen for repeatability of polymorphism from approximately 100
primers screened. Urediniospores from each of the isolates were also tested
on Prt(1) differential sets to determine the virulence phenotypes.
Results and Discussion: RAPD markers separated the molecular
phenotypes into two distinct clusters of virulence phenotypes. The largest
cluster had 36 isolates, with 18 different virulence phenotypes. The
average molecular difference between isolates within this cluster was 2.4.
Virulence phenotypes in the largest cluster were all virulent or avirulent
to both resistance genes Lr2a and Lr2c. These virulence phenotypes are
found predominately in the prairie region (Manitoba and Saskatchewan) of
Canada. A second cluster of six isolates, with three different virulence
phenotypes was found using the RAPD markers. The average molecular
difference between isolates in the second cluster was 2.0. Virulence
phenotypes in the second cluster are all avirulent to resistance gene Lr2a
and virulent to Lr2c. These virulence phenotypes are found only in eastern
Canada (Ontario and Quebec), and are predominately collected from winter
wheat. Isolates in the two RAPD clusters differed by an average of 6.4
molecular differences. An isolate of Race 9 (Prt phenotype SBB), which was
collected in 1954, had a distinct RAPD phenotype and did not fit into either
of the two clusters. Race 9 was a common phenotype in both the east and
prairie populations in the 1930's, prior to the introduction of resistance
genes in wheats grown in the prairie region. A second isolate, virulence
phenotype PBD, also had a unique RAPD phenotype, and did not fit into either
of the two clusters. This phenotype is regularly collected from British
Columbia. These preliminary results indicate that there are currently two
distinct groups of P. recondita on hexaploid wheat in Canada. Two different
introductions of P. recondita may have occurred in North American. An
alternative hypothesis is that differential host selection between the east
and prairie populations since 1937 may have separated the isolates from one
large RAPD cluster into the two distinct clusters observed in the current
population. We are currently testing an additional 20 isolates collected in
1993 for RAPD phenotype.
Reference
Long, D.L. and Kolmer, J.A. 1989. A North American system of nomenclature
for Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici. Phytopathology 79:525-529.
-------------------------
O.M. Lukow and R.I.H. McKenzie
Quality and Yield of 1BL/1RS Wheat-rye Translocation Lines: Near-
isogenic wheat lines derived from Veery 3 and Ata 81 were developed to test
the effect of genetic background on breadmaking quality of lines, with and
without the 1BL/1RS translocation. Regardless of their HMW glutenin subunit
composition, there were significant differences between the 1BL/1RS
translocation and the control lines in dough extensibility and SDS-
sedimentation volume. All translocation lines were less extensible and had
lower SDS-sedimentation volume than the controls. Poorer dough properties
of the 1BL/1RS lines did not necessarily translate into lower loaf volumes.
Not all lines containing the 1BL/1RS translocation were characterized by
sticky doughs. Genetic background significantly affected 1BL/1RS quality.
In field evaluation trials conducted at 2 sites for three years, there
appeared to be no consistent difference in yield between lines with or
without the 1BL/1RS translocation.
-------------------------
J. Procunier, F. Townley-Smith, E. Czarnecki, S. Prashar, M. Gray, W. Kim
and P. Dyck
PCR-based DNA Markers for Leaf Rust Resistance Genes: Successful wheat
production in the rust area of Western Canada continues to depend on the use
of rust resistant cultivars. Cultivars with specific combinations of adult
and seedling leaf rust resistance genes (Puccinia recondita) have a greater
durability of resistance. PCR-based markers allow the pyramiding of these
genes into wheat cultivars. Pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs) have been
used to identify the markers. By combining the random amplified polymorphic
DNA (RAPD) technique with the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)
method of fragment separation, two putative markers for Lr 22a, 25 and 29
and single markers for Lr21 and Lr34 have been identified.F2 populations
segregating for the Lr29 gene showed that both markers are tightly linked to
the resistance gene (no recombinants/50 F2 plants). Linkage analysis is
currently being completed for the other Lr genes. For applications
requiring high throughput (breeding programs), high level of
accuracy/reliability and universal use, the RAPD/DGGE markers are being
converted to SCARS (sequence characterized amplified region). By cloning
and sequencing these markers, wheat specific designer primers are being
constructed for their use in diagnostic testing.
------------------------
Taing Aung and E.R. Kerber
Incorporation of Leaf Rust Resistance from Wild Tetraploid into
Cultivated Hexaploid Wheat: Due to the continual evolution of new virulent
leaf rust races identification of new sources of resistance and to transfer
these genes into common wheat has become a necessity for wheat breeding
programs in north America. This would significantly increase the diversity
of genetic resistance in common wheat germplasm. There is a growing
evidence that leaf rust resistance genes (Lr21, Lr22, Lr32 for example)
extracted from wild diploid species of wheat Aegilops squarrasa (= Triticum
tauschii) are now being in use in several advanced breeding lines in Canada.
A tetraploid genotype, Ae. triuncialis (= T. triunciale), 2n=28 with
its genome designated as CU is highly resistant to leaf rust tested under
field conditions. This genotype was hybridized to the common wheat cultivar
Marquis as pistillate parent. Seven F1 plants were generated through embryo
rescue procedures and were treated with colchicine to produced amphiploids.
Only one amphiploid (2n=70 chromosomes) plant was established and was
partially female fertile. Backcrossing this plant to Marquis as pollen
parent resulted 14 shrivelled seeds which later give rise to 3 plants that
were partially self fertile and produced a few selfed seeds. Resistant
plants were identified from this selfed progeny and were used as pollen
parents to backcross to Marquis. A total of nine lines, backcross three
times to the common wheat, were isolated for their resistant reaction to
leaf rust. From these lines two homozygous and one heterozygous resistant
lines were selected for their acceptable agronomic characters, fertility and
high resistance reaction (0,;,1 ) to leaf rust. One homozygous line has
2n=44 chromosomes, the second line has 2n=42 chromosomes and the
heterozygous line has 2n=43 chromosomes and it segregated 3R:1S ratio.
These results indicated that a new source of resistance has been
incorporated or transferred into cultivar Marquis genetic background. As
far as we know there is no previous report regarding the transfer of rust
resistance genes from CU genome of Ae. triuncialis into common wheat.
Additional backcrosses are being made to the cultivar Marquis. A genotype
of Marquis with this new source of resistance incorporated into its genetic
background would increase the diversity of genetic resistance in the common
wheat germplasm.
-------------------------
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Agriculture and Agri-Fooc Canada, Charlottetown Research Centre.
H.W. Johnston and H.G. Nass
Disease Resistance Levels Required for Registration of new Wheat
Cultivars in Atlantic Canada: In several of the last few years, Fusarium
head blight (FHB) has been quite destructive, not only in Atlantic Canada,
but in other areas of Canada as well. Hence, registration of new wheat
cultivars will require data showing that the level of resistance to FHB
meets certain criteria. In Atlantic Canada, multiple year data based on
percentage of spikelets and heads displaying symptoms of Fusarium infection
plus the Index [(% infected spikelets x % infected heads)/100], must show
that candidate lines have greater resistance to FHB than the worst of three
disease check cultivars for spring wheat (Algot, Belvedere and Max) and of
two check cultivars for winter wheat (Borden and Ruby).
Cultivar Registration and Recommendation Tests: It is imperative that
cereal cultivar testing be conducted more efficiently than in the past,
because of a reduced level of funding for both Recommendation and
Registration Tests. Beginning with the 1994 growing season, Recommendation
and Registration Tests will be combined into one test. Thus, all
recommended cultivars will be included in the Registration Test. In the
past, Recommendation Tests had several levels of management, but only one
level of management will be applied in the combined test. Other recent
changes to this test are that no fungicide seed treatment will be used, and
no foliar fungicides nor growth regulators will be part of the management
protocol so that negative traits of a cultivar can be assessed.
--------------------------
SASKATCHEWAN
R. M. De Pauw, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Station, Swift
Current
New cultivar. AC Eatonia (=BW642), hard red spring, has higher grain
yield potential, more resistance to the wheatstem sawfly and better
resistance to common root rot than Leader. AC Eatonia has the potential to
replace the majority of other solid stemmed cultivars. The rights for
promotion, multiplication and distribution have been awarded to Proven
Seeds, UGG.
-------------------------
M.R. Fernandez*, J.M. Clarke and R.M. DePauw
Variation in the response of leaves at different growth stages and
kernels of durum wheat genotypes to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. Fourteen
durum wheat genotypes were evaluated for reaction of leaves at different
growth stages, and kernels, to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (causal agent of
tan spot and red smudge in wheat) under controlled conditions. Percent leaf
area with tan spot symptoms at the seedling stage was not correlated with
that on the flag leaf, or with field leaf spot ratings. Field leaf spot
ratings were correlated with both percent leaf area with symptoms and lesion
length on the flag leaf of artificially-inoculated plants. Percent
incidence of red smudge in kernels of artificially-inoculated plants was not
correlated, or was negatively correlated, with tan spot reaction at the
seedling or adult stages, and field leaf spot ratings. Different resistance
mechanisms to P. tritici-repentis seem to be operating in different organs
of the plant, and resistance to tan spot observed at the adult stage was not
expressed at the seedling stage. (Manuscript to appear in Plant Disease).
-------------------------
M.R. Fernandez*, J.M. Clarke, R.M. DePauw and R.B. Irvine
Leaf spots in wheat in southern Saskatchewan in 1993. Severity and
fungal composition of leaf spots were analyzed in 6 durum and 7 common wheat
cultivars (2 CWRS, 3 CPS and 2 CWSWS) at Swift Current and Outlook, in
southern Saskatchewan. Leaf spot ratings in 1993 were similar for the durum
and common wheat cultivars but higher at Outlook than at Swift Current.
Compared to previous years, leaf spot severity in the common wheat cultivars
was higher than in 1991 or 1992 at Swift Current, and higher than in 1992 at
Outlook. For the durum wheat cultivars, the severity of leaf spots at
Outlook was higher than in 1992.
In 1993, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was isolated at a lower frequency
(about 45%) and Septoria nodorum at a higher frequency (about 48%) from leaf
spot lesions than in the two previous years (average of about 63% for P.
tritici-repentis and 26% for S. nodorum for 1991 and 1992). S. tritici was
also more frequent in 1993 than in previous years, particularly in the CWRS
wheat cultivars (<5% in 1991-1992, 26% in 1993).
Black point and red smudge in durum and common wheat cultivars in
southern Saskatchewan in 1993. Black point was observed at lower levels in
1993 than in 1992 at Swift Current, Sask. The incidence of this kernel
discoloration was higher in the durum (mean of 16%) than in the common wheat
cultivars (mean of 5%). The incidence of red smudge was in turn higher than
in 1992, and higher for the common wheat (mean of 8.4%) than for the durum
wheat cultivars (mean of 4.1%). Among the wheat classes, red smudge in the
CWRS, CPS and CWAD was similar (4.1 to 7.5%) but lower than in the CWSWS
wheat cultivars (13.6%).
Publications
Bailey, K.L., Duczek, L.J., Jones-Flory, L., Kutcher, R., Fernandez, M.R.,
Hughes, G.R., Kaminski, D., Kirkham, C., Mortensen, K., Boyetchko, S.,
Burnett, P. and D. Orr, 1994.
Saskatchewan/Central Alberta Wheat Disease Survey, 1993. Can. Plant Dis.
Surv. (in press).
Clarke, J.M. and DePauw, R.M. 1993. Residue production of semidwarf and
conventional wheat genotypes. Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:769-776.
Clarke, J.M., Howes, N.K., McLeod, J.G. and DePauw, R.M. 1993. Selection for
gluten strength in the F(2) of three durum crosses. Crop Sci. 33:956-958.
Clarke, J.M. and McCaig, T.N. 1993. Breeding for efficient root systems.
In Plant Breeding - Principles and Prospects., M.D. Hayward, N.O. Bosemark,
and I. Romagosa (eds), Chapman Hall (pub), Chapter 28, 485-499.
Clarke, J.M., T.N.McCaig and R.M. DePauw. 1993. Relationship of
glaucousness and epicuticular wax quantity in wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci.
73:961-967.
Clarke, J.M., McCaig, T.N. and DePauw, R.M. 1994. Inheritance of
glaucousness and epicuticular wax in durum wheat. Crop Sci. 34:(in press).
Clarke, P., J. B. Thomas, R.M. DePauw. 1993. Bluesky red spring wheat. Can.
J. Plant Sci. 73:(in press).
Clarke, P., R.M. DePauw, and J. B. Thomas. 1993. Wildcat red spring wheat.
Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:(in press).
DePauw, R.M., Knox, R.E., Morrison, R.J., McCaig, T.N., Clarke, J.M. and
McLeod, J.M. 1994. Registration of 'AC Taber' hard red spring wheat. Crop
Sci. 34: (in press).
Fenn, D., Lukow,O.M., Bushuk, W. and DePauw,R.M. 1994. Milling and baking
quality of 1BL/1RS translocation wheats. I. genotype and environment
effects. Cereal Chemistry 71: (in press).
Fernandez, M.R., Clarke, J.M., DePauw, R.M., Irvine, R.B., McLeod, J.G.,
1993. Evaluation of durum wheat for resistance to tan spot and pink smudge,
pp.28-32. In: Proceedings of the Second International Tan Spot Workshop.
(Francl, L.J., Krupinsky, J.M., McMullen, M.P. eds.) NDSU, Fargo, ND, 142
pp.
Fernandez, M.R., J.M. Clarke and R.M. DePauw, 1994. Response of durum wheat
kernels and leaves at different growth stages to Pyrenphora tritici-
repentis. Plant Dis. (in press).
Fernandez, M.R. J.M. Clarke, R.M. DePauw, R.B. Irvine, and R.E. Knox, 1994.
Black point and red smudge in irrigated durum wheat in southern Saskatchewan
in 1990-1992. Can. J. Plant Pathol. (in press).
Kruger, J.E., Hatcher, D.W., and DePauw, R.M. 1993. A whole seed assay for
polyphenol oxidase in Canada Prairie Spring wheats and its usefulness as a
measure of noodle darkening. Cereal Chem. (in press).
McCaig, T.N., R.M. DePauw, and P.C. Williams. 1993. Assessing seed coat
colour in a wheat breeding program with an NIR/VIS instrument. Can. J. Plant
Sci. 73:535-539.
McCaig, T.N., and Morgan, J.A. 1993. Root and shoot dry matter
partitioning in near-isogenic wheat lines differing in height. Can. J.
Plant Sci. 73: 679-689.
Morgan, J.A., LeCain, D.R., McCaig, T.N. and Quick, J.S. 1993.
Transpiration efficiency, water relations and carbon isotope discrimination
in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 33: 178-186.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CHINA
Wheat Breeding Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing
Zhao-Su Wu, Shi-Rong Yu, Xi-Zhong Wei, You-Jia Shen, Guo-Liang Jiang,
Ji-Min Wu, Yong Xu, Zhao-Xia Chen, Shi-Jia Liu
Studies on the development of scab-resistant gene pool in wheat III.
Exploration of the establishment of base populations and their recurrent
selection. Three base populations were established with different male-
sterile gene Tal, and different selection procedures and intensities were
adopted in their recurrent selection programs, respectively. For the long-
term gene pool GPO and the short-term gene pool GPIII, the same base
population was developed according to Wu et al.'s scheme, and for the male-
sterile plants, phenotypic mass spike selection was conducted with 15-20%
and about 5% selection intensities respectively. For the short-term gene
pool PI, superior male-sterile plants were selected from the F1 hybrid
populations of 10 desirable combinations and seeds of the selected plants
were bulked in a proper ratio to establish the base population. For the
short-term gene pool GPII, individual plant selection was conducted for 2-3
cycles for male-sterile plants from the F1 hybrids and progeny populations
of 28 desirable combinations and the seeds from selected plants were bulked
in a proper ratio to form the base population. With the male-sterile plants
during recurrent selection of PI and GPII, phenotypic mass plant selection
was carried out for agronomic characters such as plant height and yield
components as well as scab resistance with about 5% selection intensity.
GPO, PI, GPII and GPIII, grown in a 3-replicate randomized layout were
studied in Nanjing during two crop seasons 1989 - 1991. Of these different
recurrent selection populations, mean resistance to scab was higher in GPIII
and lower in GPII. The average or percentage of diseased seeds of superior
plants in GPIII was small, while the resistance of their progenies was
similar to those of the other three populations. The 3 short-term gene
pools were significantly better than GPO in most agronomic characters. Mean
plant height in PI, GPII and GPIII was 12.2, 11.4, and 6.7 cm shorter, and
grain weight per spike and kernel weight were 9.79 - 17.20% and 2.76 - 9.91%
heavier than those of GPO, respectively. More total and seeded spikelets
and grains per spike were observed in the short-term gene pools. For the
superior plants extracted from the short-term gene pools, the average plant
height was 7 - 10 cm shorter, grains per plant and spike were 40 - 70 and 2
- 6 more, and weight of grains per plant and spike was 1.5 - 4.5 and 0.2 -
0.55 g higher than those from the long-term gene pool respectively.
Relatively great genetic variabilities existed and were maintained during
recurrent selection with all of these populations, which meant that
effective selection could be carried on in the further development of the
gene pools.
Studies on utilization of wheat biblends in piebald saline-alkali soil.
The experiments were conducted at Tianwangtang Village (heavy saline-
alkaline soil) and Huimin Agricultural Institute (light saline-alkali soil),
Shandong Province, during 1989 - 1991. Twelve biblends were formed in
incomplete dialleles from 3 slat-enduring and 4 non-salt enduring wheat
pureline cultivars. Correlate analysis of yield and its related characters
showed that the main factor affecting wheat yield was ear number, which was
determined by established seedling number. So established seedling number
was much more important to wheat yield on heavy saline-alkali soil. The
average yield in wheat biblends increased by 351 g kg/hm(2) (9.1%) compared
with that in pure stands and the difference was significant. So the
application of biblends was an efficient way to increase wheat yield on
piebald saline-alkali soil.
Development and study on new maintenance line sources of 5 male sterile
types with easily restoring performance in common wheat. The alloplasmic
wheat varieties Chris with 10 different Aegilops cytoplasms were used as the
cytoplasm donors. A whole series of 1B/1R translocations lines, such as
77(2) and others, and both progeny plants or lines of reciprocal cross with
same sterile nucleus gene but different cytoplasms served as nucleus donors.
Under 5 sterile cytoplasm backgrounds the new maintenance lines with much
easy restoring performance were bred by crossing, repeated substitution
backcrossing and sterile coverting. The results from test cross and
fertility analysis indicated that: 1) the restoring degree in F1 between the
new sterile lines and some varieties or lines exceeded 90%. 2) the male
sterile line with Ae. kotschyi, Ae. variabilis and Ae. bicornis sterile
cytoplasms, namely their 1B/1R sterile lines, is the sterile induced by
interaction between 1Rs fragments and the 4 cytoplasms because of fertility
gene deficiency. 3) no haploid plant was found in the sterile and F1 with
Ae. uniaristata cytoplasm. Haploidy induced by 1B/1R sterile lines with Ae.
ventricosa, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. variabilis and Ae. bicornis cytoplasms is a
side effect caused by sterility induced by special interaction of 1B/1R
translocation chromosome and the 4 cytoplasms above. But their sterile
lines without haploids bred by new maintenance lines showed that the haploid
plants may disappear with different nucleus genetic background of sterile
line. In addition, the 5 sterile lines above not only possess widely easy
restorer performance, but also caused certain interaction relationships. It
supplied a favorable condition to simplify the procedure for producing
hybrid seed.
Comprehensive selection in white wheat resources for pre-harvest
sprouting under different selection intensities. A total of 399 resources
were researched about duration of growth period (A), grain number per car
(B), grain weight (C), scab (D), powdery mildew (E), seed coat color (F),
preharvest sprouting (G), and plant height (H). Genetic parameters were
estimated and the theoretical rates of the resources which accorded with the
criteria in their eight characters were estimated by using approximate
calculation of multiple normal distribution. Computer selection results
showed that one resource accorded with the experiential criterion from 218
in 1991 and five and one accorded with the experiential criterion and the +
Os criterion from 369 in 1992 respectively. The 20074//03256(4)/ Tom Thumb
strain bred by Beijing Agricultural University was good in eight characters
during two years. About 350-400 resources were needed as basic population
to be selected under the + Os criterion and 250-300 as well under the
experimental criterion.
Study on germination characters of wheat seed with different coat
color. Three wheat cultivars with different seed coat color were studies
researching germination characters. Germination percentage and index of
cultivars with red seed coat were lower than those of Siyang 936 with white
seed coat. There was no difference among cultivars in seed absorption rate
of water. Respiratory rate, electric conductivity and alpha-amylase
activity decreased as color level increased. Eight bands were found in every
cultivar and an additional band (No. 9) in Yangmai 5 in the amylase
isoenzyme chart. GA(3) resulted in increasing germination index and length
of sheath and seedlings of Ppzise and Yangmai 5.
Publications
Jiang, Guo-Liang and Zhao-Su Wu. 1993. Studies on the development of scab
resistant gene pool in wheat III. Exploration of the establishment of base
populations and their recurrent selection. Acta Agronomica Sinica,
19(5):441-452.
Jiang, G. L., Z. S. Wu and D. C. Huang. 1993. Phenotypic recurrent
selection for resistance to scab in wheat. Proc. 8th Intern. Wheat Genetics
Symp. Beijing, China. In Press.
Jiang, Guo-Liang. 1993. Review on application of recurrent selection to
improvement of self-pollinated crops. Chinese Agricultural Science
Bulletin, 9(2):6-10.
Jiang, Guo-Liang, Zhao-Su Wu and Zhao-Xia Chen. 1993. A new scab-resistant
wheat germplasm Changjiang 8809. J. of Nanjing Agricultural University,
16(4):28.
Cai, Qing-Sheng and Zhao-Su Wu. 1993. The relations of dry matter
accumulation of grain growth stages to grain weight in wheat. J. of Nanjing
Agricultural University, 16(1):27-32.
Yang, Zhu-Ping, Zhao-Su Wu and Shi-Rong Yu. 1993. Effects of phenotypic
selection for agronomic traits on population improvement by using a wheat
gene pool of scab resistance. J. of Nanjing Agricultural University.
16(2):18-22.
Wei, Xi-Zhong, Ji-Min Wu and Yong Xu. 1993. Comprehensive selection in
white wheat resources for pre-harvest sprouting under different selection
intensities. J. of Nanjing Agricultural University, 16(4):23-28.
Ma, Chuan-Xi and Zhao-Su Wu. 1993. Effect of variation of protein
fractions and HMW glutenin subunits on SDS sedimentation volume in wheat
varieties. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 19(6):562-566.
Fu, Zhao-Lin, Shi-Rong Yu and Zhao-Su Wu. 1993. Studies on utilization of
wheat biblends in piebald saline-alkali soil. J. of Nanjing Agricultural
University, 16(2):7-11.
Zhang, Gai-Sheng, Zhao-Su Wu, Shi-Yong Yu and Hai-Lu Cao. 1993.
Development and study on new maintenance line sources of 5 male sterile
types with easily restoring performance in common wheat. Acta Agriculturae
Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica 2(3):19-24.
Yu, Shi-Rong. 1993. World wheat production and scientific research in
early 90s. World Agriculture, (8):19-20.
-------------------------
Crop Breeding and Culture Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture
Sciences (CAAS), Beijing
Zhong-hu He and Zhen-hua Du
General. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture, Crop
Breeding and Culture Institute serves as coordinator of national wheat
breeding program which includes wheat improvement sections of Academy of
Agricultural Sciences at Provincial level and some agricultural institutes
at prefectural level, Agricultural University or College, and the relevant
institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences. It also coordinates the
cooperative shuttle breeding project between CIMMYT and China. At present,
breeders mostly work on winter wheat, durum wheat (spring and winter)
improvement also receives certain attention. Supported programs such as
wide cross and germplasm enhancement as well as anther culture are closely
linked with breeding program.
Major events. The Eighth International Wheat Genetics Symposium was
held in Beijing in July of 1993 and several papers were presented by our
staff. Four senior scientists of CASS also served on the local organization
committee. About 70 persons from throughout China attended the First
National Wheat Breeding and Genetics Conference for Young Scientists in
November of 1993. A review of the National Wheat Breeding Program by the
Ministry of Agriculture and the National Science Committee concluded it was
in good shape.
New Cultivar. An introduction form ICARDA performed very well in North
China Winter Wheat Region. Maya"s"/ON//II60-147/3/Bb/4/Chat"S" was
introduced and evaluated by the team led by Professor Z. H. Du. It ranked
the first and second in the National Yield Trials in 1991-1992 and 1992-93,
with averages of 6013.5 and 5592.0 kg/ha, respectively. It outyielded the
check Fengkang 8 significantly in both seasons by 3.4%in first season and
4.2% in second season. The highest yield reached 7200 t/ha. Based on data
from Dr. B. Q. Sun of Beijing Agricultural University, it showed good
resistance to powdery mildew and yellow rust in Beijing. It also performed
well in Hebei and Shanxi Province, with good lodging and stress (drought)
resistance. Compared with other Chinese winter wheat cultivars, it has more
grains per spike and higher test weight, is early-medium in maturity and has
good quality, but has lower grain wt. It could be released in Beijing and
Hebei in 1994.
-------------------------
Dry Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences
F. W. Zhao, H. M. Li, Z. Y. Liu, Y. Z. Shen, F. C. Liu, Z. Q. Li
Hybrid Wheat Breeding
CHA research. Two new HCAs Ek and Es, patent No. 92CN103773, have been
successfuly developed and utilized in wheat heterosis research. Seven years
results have shown that sterility and seed set of female plants treated with
both CHAs were over 95% and 80%, respectively.
Hybrid seed production. Hybrid seed production area was 233 ha this
year. The female yield was 4.21 t/ha and 250 tons of hybrids were produced
by CHA which will be planted next season.
Hybrid demonstration. Hybrid wheat demonstrations of 467 ha were
planted/harvested this year covering 9 states in China. Although this was a
bad season for wheat yield because of drought, hybrids gave satisfactory
results. Hybrid vigor, was measured at 15-20% over the checks. Huayou 6, a
new hybrid planted in Zhongtong village in Xinle county by senior
agronomists organized by Hebei Agricultural Bureau, yielded 8.4 t/ha on 7.6
ha which was the best yield for such a large area in Hebei province.
Photo-thermo-sensitive male sterile line research. Two experiments
were done on line 91-1, a photo-thermo-sensitive male sterile/fertile line
arising from previous research.
1. Line 91-1 is a thermal insensitive genotype.
2. Its restoring spectrum is wide, from 8 crosses all gave 85% or
more seeset from bagged main stem heads.
In seed increases line 91-1 plants were half sterile/fertile from
planting made on October 12 last year. The sterile/fertile complex of 91-1
should be further studied in order to utilize this genotype in hybrid wheat
research. About 155 crosses were made by hand this year to identify the
restoring capacity for hybrid combinations of 91-1.
-------------------------
H. M. Li, F. W. Zhao, Z. Z. Bai, C. S. Guo, L. Z. Sun, H. W. Li
Superhigh Yield Breeding
Breeding objective. To develop new genotypes with a yield potential of
7.5-9 t/ha for irrigated land in Huanghuai winter wheat valley. The indices
for this kind of genotype are: 50-60 grains/spike; 38 g kernel wt density of
5,250,000 spikes/ha; semi-winter habit with good disease resistance and
acceptable quality.
Natural resource. Huanghuai winter wheat valley is a major wheat
production region covering more than 1/3 of the wheat growing area in China.
Natural resources are most adequate for wheat production including: 120-130
kcal annual solar radiation, annual temperature summation of 4,500 - 5,000
degC and a annual daily average temperature of 12.5 degC. Breeding
progress in recent years was mostly in promoting improved wheat yield. But
to improve yield further, new approaches and new genotypes with high yield
potential must be adopted. Much effort has been expended on superhigh yield
breeding to develop high yielding cultivarws uisng various approaches.
Breeding progress. Much germplasm has been used in superhigh breeding
and progress has been slow. Particularly, large spikes are always
associated with poor and shrivelled seed and later heading date than for
middle-size spike genotypes preventing release of such types for commercial
production. To attempt a solution to this problem mutation breeding was
established using CO(60).
Characteristics of HS 888, successful mutant from this research, is
shown below.
Plant Spike Spikelet Grain Kernel
Geno- height length # /Spike #//Spike wt Winter
type (cm) (cm) (g) habit
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
HS 888 79.8 19.2 25 58 38 half winter
Jimai 78.4 7.5 17 35 36 half winter
26 (CK)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
From this it can be seen that HS 888 has agronomic characteristics that
met the breeding objective. It is very useful material for superhigh yield
breeding.
Publications
Zhao, F. W., Li, H. W., and Zuen. E. Z. 1993. The Male Sterility in Wheat
Induced by New Gametocides--EK and ES. Acta Agricultural Boreali-Sinica.
8. 16-20.
Zhao, F. W., Li, H. W. and Zuen. E. Z. 1993. Preliminary Research on a
Photo-Thermo-Sensitive Male Sterile Line, 91-1. Seeds. 5. 16-17.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM CROATIA
Tomasovic S., Javor P.
Achievements in Recent Wheat Breeding in the Institute for Breeding and
Production of Field Crops -Zagreb
In order to maintain high yield stability Zg-wheat cultivar, breeding
is conducted via several programs against main fungal diseases under
conditions of Croatis Diseases include: powdery mildew, Septoria spp.,
Fusarium spp. and stem and leaf rusts. As the result of long term breeding
work in Zagreb Institute, 49 cultivars of winter wheat are registered.
Their common characteristics are high yielding capacity, considerably above
10, and very good adaptability and yielding stability. In 1993, registered
wheat varieties are: RINA, DARKA, TINA, OLGA, SANDRA, RUGVICA and SUTLA.
Average data from Zagreb trials in 1991-1993 are given below. New varieties
distinguish themselves from the previous cultivars by their better baking
quality. We should point out that water absorption capacity in every
mentioned cultivar is more or less on the same levels as it used to be in
high quality wheats.
Relative 1000
Grain yield to kernel Plant
Yield Sana = weight height
Variety kg/ha 100% (g) (cm)
--------------------------------------------------------------
1. Rina 88,58 99,62 43,5 75
2. Darka 97,40 109,42 47,0 73
3. Tina 88,64 111,77 46,5 72
4. Olga 85,96 109,11 49,5 82
5. Sandr 105,86 47,0 84 0
83,40
6. Rugvica 97,76 106,63 46,5 79
7. Sutla 87,98 95,95 43,5 80
--------------------------------------------------------------
Vegetation Leaf Septoria Fusarium Sedi-
Lodging period (days Powdery rust spp spp mentn.
from 1, mildew (Cobb (leaf (0-5) Value
% January) (0-9) scale) (0-9) (ml.)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
0 133 0-1 OR 1 0 31
0 135 1-2 OR 2 0 29
0 135 2 Tr 2 0 34
0 137 3-4 OR 2-3 0 42
0 137 OR 3 0 0 41
0 138 4 Tr 2 0 20
0 134 4-5 OR 2-3 0 35
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Bogdan Koric, Zagreb
Achievements in Breeding Wheat for Resistance to Diseases in Croatia.
In Croatia, breeding for resistance to diseases has produced satisfactory
results. Exceptional results were achieved by breeding for resistance to
stem rust like the cultivar Zlatna dolina (Golden Valley) and Sanja. On the
other hand many cultivars with adequate resistance to powdery mildew were
developed largely due to a good choice in using sources of resistance from
TP 114 1965 A, CI 12632 and CI 14123 which have effective resistance genes
Pm2, Pm4 and Pm6. Unfortunately, with the passing time, these genes became
ineffective. Today effective resistance genes are Pm4b, Pm9 and Pm2 + M1d.
Poor results have been obtained on the problems of wheat diseases
septoria nodorum blotch and Fusarium spp. Phytopathological investigations
were conducted to determine possibilities of using the seedling stage in the
screening process in breeding for resistance to fungus Leptosphaeria nodorum
and to determine its effects on yield, kernel weight, sanitary condition of
seed and effectiveness of chemical control.
Publications
Koric, B. 1992. Scientific investigations of the most important wheat
diseases in Croatia. Sjemenarstvo, 9(4-5), 269-277.
Koric, B. 1993. Important of septoria nodorum blotch and its chemical
control in seed production of winter wheat. Poljoprivredne aktualnosti,
29(1-2), 193-202.
Koric, B. 1993. Effectiveness of Pm resistance genes to Erysiphe graminis
DC f.sp. tritici March. In Croatia in the period from 1968 to 1991.
Agronomski glasnik, 55(4-5), 305-314.
Koric, B. 1993. Effectiveness of fungicides in protection of wheat attack
with septoria nodorum blotch. Sjemenarstvo, 19(1-2), 25-32.
Koric, B. 1993. Effect of Septoria nodorum blotch on yield and size of
processed wheat seed. WIS, No. 76:32-34.
Koric, B. 1992. Wheat breeding for resistance to Lepthosphaeria nodorum
the cause of septoria nodorum blotch in Croatia. Book of abstracts of
Symposium on durability of disease resistance.
Koric, B. 1993. Investigation into correlative relation of resistance of
wheat stage to Leptosphaeria nodorum in seedling and in adult. Agronomski
glasnik, 55(1-2), 55-61.
Koric, B. 1992. Testing fungicide effectiveness for control of powdery
mildew in wheat. Sjemenarstvo, 9 (2-3) 111-114.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC
P. Martinek, Z. Nesvadba, J. Mikulcova, Cereal Research Institute,
Havlickova
Possibilities in using wheat resources with non-standard spike
morphotypes forincreasing the yield potential.
A collection of wheat gene resources with a changed spike morphotype is
maintained at the Cereal Research Institute (CRI) in Kromeriz. These are
mainly hexaploid wheat forms of Triticum aestivum L. which are enriched with
genes from other wheat species. The genes belong namely to the SFG (spike
fertility genes) group. Depending on the morphological spike structure the
donors are classified into several groups as follows: VSS (vertical sessile
spikelets), TSS (tetrastichon sessile spikelets), forms in which branching
spikes occur - TFS (transitional forms
spikelets), and IRS (indeterminare rachilla spikelets), NS (normal
spikelets), forms with screwedness of spike rachis, large glumes and others.
Considering another method of classification they are divided into
multispikelet, multigrain and heavy grain. The most perspective forms have
markedly increased spike productivity and spike rachis length above 15 cm.
The research at the CRI is aimed at: a) completing the collection with new
resources, b) genetic analyses, c) testing gene
resources for resistance to environmental stress factors, d) developing new
resources with improved grain quality and other properties. Some of the
resources are important with regard to their spike sink capacity which is
directly controlled by genes of high effects with remarkable phenotypic
expression. We suppose these resources could be utilized particularly for
increasing spike productivity, harvest index and aboveground plant biomass
weight. We are interested in expanding cooperation with foreign workplaces
particularly in the field of research and
exchange of seed samples and other enriching our collection. We would like
to join international research projects in this field.
Figure 1: Spike morphological structure of selected gene resources
Photo not included
Spike morphological structure of selected gene resources
A - NS gigas
B - VSS gigas
C - TSS
D - TFS gigas
E - larger glumes
F - spike screwedness - Scr 1 (screwed spike)
G - standard spike size (Hana cultivar)
-------------------------
Bartos P., Stuchlikova E., Hanusova R.
Genes for resistance to rusts and powdery mildew in Czech and Slovak
wheat cultivars (Novel list of registered cultivars -l993)
Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague - Ruzyne
Cultivar Regis. Sr Lr Yr Pm
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Winter wheats:
Agra 1985 31,+ 3,26 9 2,6,8,inh.
Blava 1992 + 3,+ +
Danubia 1984 31 26,+ 9 5,8
Hana 1985 29 3 2
Ilona 1989 11 5
Iris 1983 31,11,+ 26 9 5,8
Kosutka 1981 + + +
Livia 1991 31 26 9 8
Regina 1982 1,2,HeIV 5
Samanta 1993 ++ 3
Selekta 1985 31 26 9,+ 4b,8
Senta 1991 31 3,26 9 8
Sida 1993 31 26 9 4b,8
Simona 1991 Zdar 2,4b
Sofia 1990 31 3,26 9 2,4b,8
Sparta 1988 31 3,26 9 2,4b,8
Torysa 1992 29 M.Marks. 2,6
Vega 1992 3
Viginta 1984 5,+,+ 3 2,3a,4a
Vlada 1990 + + +
Zdar 1983 Zdar 3a,4a,CaV 4b,5
Durum wheats:
Gandur (SW) 1983 + +
Soldur (WW) 1989 + +
Spring Wheats
Jara 1975 Zdar M1k
Linda 1992 +
Maja 1990 + +
Sandra 1984 + + 5,M1k
Saxana 1990 +
----------------------------------------------------------------
Author appologizes for misprints caused by computer transcription in a
similar table published in the last volume of the Annual Wheat Newsletter.
-------------------------
Photoperiodic sensitivity of the wheat cultivars
Kosner J.
Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague - Ruzyne
In the years 1991 and 1992 photoperiodic sensitivity of cultivars of a
Czech and Slovak wheat assortment and relation between the photoperiodic
sensitivity and the total basic earliness were studied ( Kosner, Bromova,
1993).
As the results showed the relation between the photoperiodic
sensitivity and the total basic earliness a similar experiment was made with
the varieties of the world assortment of different geographical origin in
1993. There were tested winter and spring wheat in this experiment as well
as before. The total basic earliness was derived from the number of days
from emergence to heading under natural daylength (more than 14 hrs light
period). Photoperiodic sensitivity was derived from the number of days from
emergence to heading under the short - 10 hrs day. Dependence of the total
basic earliness on the sensitivity to the photoperiod was evaluated by means
of correlation coefficient and regression analysis.
All used materials of spring and winter character were vernalized for 8
weeks at +1 to +3 C, planted on 20th April (at the geographic latitude of
the experiment day longer than 14 hrs starts by that date) on a plot
undarkened and darkened by an automatic device. The 10-hours light period
was from 8 till 18 o'clock. The period from planting vernalized plants to
heading was surveyed.
The control varieties were SONORA 64-insensitive to photoperiod with
the dominant alleles Ppd1 and Ppd2 and ZDAR-sensitive to photoperiod in all
these experiments.
The results in 1993 showed the strong dependence as in previous years.
Correlation coefficient,showing the dependence of basic earliness on a
prolongation of the period from planting vernalized plants to heading under
the short-light day, was 0.645 among the varieties of all the assortment (
it consisted of winter and spring wheat). The influence of Vrn genes (the
reaction of vernalization) was discovered by the fact that the spring wheats
with dominant Vrn alleles were commonly earlier in the case of the same or
similar sensitivity as the winter wheats. Therefore correlation coefficients
for only the winter wheat (0.929) and only the spring wheat (0.794) were
higher. The influence of the geographical origin was exhibited mainly by the
photoperiodic insensitivity in the case of the wheat from Mexico.
Reference:
Kosner, J.-Bromova, P:Photoperiodic sensitivity of cultivars of the
Czechoslovak wheat assortment. Ann. Wheat Newsletter, Colorado St. Univ.,
39, 1993: 142-143.
Results of experiments 1993:
Number of days till heading
Cultivar long day Short day prolongation
(basic earliness) (photoper.sensit.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sonora s MEX 45,86+-1,78 55,60 +-7,25 9,74
Barant 83 s MEX 43,39+-1,23 67,00 +-3,83 23,61
Druzina s SUN 46,50+-1,41 70,50 +-4,87 24,00
Abano w ITA 48,00+-4,26 80,36 +-3,64 32,36
Miron. 28 w SUN 43,00+-1,00 84,67 +-5,62 41,67
Pitonina w YUG 47,33+-1,70 91,40 +-20,24 44,07
Hanno s DEU 53,17+-1,22 140,19 +-7,06 87,02
Zdar w CSK 67,50+-1,85 157,00 +-4,76 89,50
Ventura s FRA 50,86+-1,25 140,73 +-10,6 89,87
Dagon s SWE 51,80+-1,17 143,75 +-8,20 91,95
Veronese s ITA 49,80+-1,11 142,00 +-7,09 92,20
Salut w SWE 71,92+-1,63 166,45 +-0,98 94,53
Tombola w NLD 67,60+-2,50 163,40 +-4,36 95,80
Apollo w DEU 62,73+-3,09 164,63 +-4,42 101,90
Henika s POL 48,47+-1,55 155,87 +-2,01 107,40
------------------------------------------------------------------------
w = winter wheat, s = spring wheat
-------------------------
Structure of wheat genetic resources collection in RICP Prague and
newly released cultivars
Stehno Z., Vlasak M., Faberova, I., Research Institute of Crop
Production, Prague - Ruzyne
Gathering, evaluation and utilization of original wheat land races, old
cultivars, advanced lines, restricted and released cultivars has in Czech
Republic (in former Czechoslovakia) long - term tradition. Since the
beginning of the century till now 5 046 winter accessions and 3 972 spring
ones have been gathered, evaluated and documented.
Table. 1 Portion of wheat species in the winter and spring subcollections
Number of samples Number of samples
Species winter spring Species winter spring
----------------------------------------------------------------------
T. monococcum 10 18 T. araraticum 3
T. boeoticum 10 1 T. militinae 1
T. sinskajae 1 T. timopheevii 1 4
T. dicoccoides 7 T. spelta 28 15
T. dicoccon 6 86 T. macha 2 2
T. karamyschevii 2 T. compactum 17 27
T. turgidum 24 27 T. aestivum 4838 3008
T. carthlicum 13 T. vavilovii 2
T. ispahanicum 1 T. sphaerococcum 11
T. polonicum 16 T. petropavlovskyi 11
T. durum 101 723 T. fungicidum 4
T. aethiopicum 2 T. timonovum 1
T. turanicum 2 2 T. timococcum 1
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Portion of the most frequent varieties of T. aestivum
Variety winter spring
% %
----------------------------------------------------
lutescens 55,8 27.7
aestivum 23,3 31,8
milturum 5,9 4,2
ferrugineum 4,4 11,3
others 10,6 25,0
----------------------------------------------------
Every season newly obtained genetic resources including newly released
Czech cultivars are included into the collection.
New cultivars released in 1993
'Samanta' (Hana/Viginta) was bred out at the Breeding Station Stupice
SELGEN a.s. Praha. The cultivar of winter habit is mid-early ripening,
having semi-awned, pyramidal, lax spike. Plant height reaches 100 cm on the
average. The 1000 kernel weight is medium (43 g on the average) and baking
quality is good. "Samanta" has good resistance to leaf rust and middle level
of tolerance to powdery mildew, septoria, stem rust and stripe rust. Good
winterhardeness, lodging resistance, and sprouting tolerance.
'Sida' winter wheat bred out at the Breeding Station Stupice SELGEN
a.s. Praha as a result of crossing ST-39-76/Alcedo// ST-104-78, where
ST-39-76 = Weihenstephan 378-132b/Maris Hunstman and ST-104-78 =
Kavkaz/Diplomat. The late ripening cultivar has white, semi-awned,
cylindrical, semi-dense spike. Red caryopsis has elongated shape and 1000
kernel weight reaches average value 48 g. Baking quality is lower (5 - 6).
Resistances to powdery mildew, septoria, leaf rust, stem rust and stripe
rust are good. Winterhardeness and lodging resistances are good, but
sprouting tolerance is middle.
-------------------------
Vacke J., Sip V., Skorpik M., Research Institute of Crop Production,
Prague - Ruzyne
Results of Spring Wheat Testing for Resistance to Barley Yellow Dwarf
Virus.
The degree of resistance (susceptibility) to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
(BYDV) was examined in field trials with 5 Czech registered spring wheat
varieties, 48 advanced breeding lines from the Breeding Stations - SELGEN -
Stupice (ST) and Uhretice (UH), and 22 sources of resistance from the world
collection. Experimental plants (both infected - I and noninfected - control
plants - C.) were grown on two-row small plots 1 meter long, with three
replicates. The genotypes tested were infected with PAV isolate of BYDV at
the stage of 2 to 3 leaves by means of Rhopalosiphum padi aphids obtained
from greenhouse rearing. Visual evaluation of the symptomatic reaction of
infected plants was performed at the time of full flower of particular
experimental materials using the system developed by Schaller and Qualset
(1980). After the harvest, yield characters were determined and the
susceptibility index according to Comeau and St-Pierre (1982) calculated.
The results obtained in the testing have shown that all the Czech
registered spring wheat varieties and most advanced breeding lines were
moderately to highly susceptible to BYDV. Their susceptible response to the
virus infection is illustrated by mean percentages of the reduction in yield
components which showed the highest values in case of grain yield per ear
and per area, and somewhat lower values in case of biomass yield (Table 1).
The relatively highest genotypic difference manifested itself in grain
weight per ear (r = 0.828; MS(A)/MS(e) = 15.41) which, with respect to a
significant positive correlation with grain yield per area unit, can serve
as an indicator of resistance to the virus. The remaining characters (plant
height, 1000 - grain weight, and harvest index) showed lower mean reduction.
Table 1. Average percent reduction (100 - I/C . 100) of plant height and
yield characters in the Czech spring wheat varieties and breeding lines.
Character 1992 1993
n = 23 n = 30
------------------------------------------------------
Plant height 13.11 6.98
1000-grain weight 15.57 16.46
Grain weight/ear 49.10 43.46
Grain yield/ha 53.26 44.66
Biomass yield/ha 47.19 37.22
Harvest index 12.03 11.98
------------------------------------------------------
Among the Czech advanced breeding lines, the lines ST 36 - 91, ST 94 -
91, ST 125 - 91, UH 126, UH 7005, and UH 7035 showed moderate resistance to
BYDV (Table 2). A major part of materials from the world collection have
shown susceptible to moderately resistant reaction to BYDV infection in our
field trials. An outstanding degree of resistance to the virus was recorded
in the Brazilian variety Maringa (Frontana/Kenya 58//Ponta Grossa 1) and in
its near isogenic lines for Rht genes. These materials showed a low symptom
score a low value of the susceptibility index, and their yield components
were not reduced. However, the parental variety Frontana with the Bdv 1
resistance gene did not show, to our surprise, a higher resistance level. Of
the CIMMYT nursery VEE "S"/TRAP 1 appeared to be the most resistant material
in our 2-year trials. The Rht 1,2 and 1+2 lines of the Maringa variety were
included in hybridization programmes aimed at improving BYDV resistance of
Czech wheat varieties.
Table 2. Characters indicating resistance level to BYDV in the selected
Czech breeding lines and sources of resistence in 1993. (Czech variety Jara
represents a susceptible check).
Grain Grain Biomass Harvest Symptom Susceptibity
weight/ yield yield index score* index
ear (g) (t/ha)(t/ha)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jara 0.66 2.55 7.75 0.329 7.5 4.62
ST 36-91 94 4.08 10.41 0.392 5.3 2.51
ST 94-91 0.98 4.35 10.41 0.418 6.5 2.25
ST 125-91 1.06 4.85 11.28 0.430 5.6 1.61
UH 126 1.16 4.00 9.48 0.422 6.5 2.48
UH 7005 1.04 4.23 10.63 0.398 5.6 2.39
UH 7035 1.26 4.48 10.72 0.418 6.0 2.07
Frontana 0.80 3.21 10.42 0.308 5.0 3.92
Marin(MG) 1.22 4.45 11.83 0.376 3.5 2.10
MG Rht 1 1.31 4.82 11.67 0.413 3.5 1.47
MG Rht 2 1.14 4.89 11.73 0.417 3.5 1.38
MG Rht1+2 1.00 4.57 10.36 0.441 3.0 1.33
MG Rht 3 1.05 3.93 8.87 0.443 3.0 1.80
VEE "S"/ 1.51 5.17 11.70 0.442 4.0 1.0
TRAP1
CIMMYT
------------------------------------------------------------------------
*) Scale: 0-fully resistant, 9-fully susceptible
Publications
Comeau, A., C.A. and St-Pierre. 1992. Trials on the resistance of cereals
to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Report no. 4. Research Station,
Agriculture Canada, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada.
Schaller, C.W., and C.O. Qualset. 1980. Breeding for resistance to the
barley yellow dwarf virus. In: Proc., Third International Wheat Conference,
Madrid, Spain. University of Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station
publication MP41. Pp. 528 541.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ESTONIA
Institute of Experimental Biology of the Estonian Academy of Sciences,
Department of Plant Genetics, Tallinn/Harku.
O.Priilinn*, H.Peusha, K.Jarve, L.Timofeyeva, E.Tsimbalova, T.Enno.
Use of alien genetic variation for wheat improvement.
Major genes for resistance to the wheat powdery mildew pathogen,
Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, were analysed in 48 breeding lines
developed from wide crosses between commercial Russian cultivars andrelated
Triticeae species - Triticum timopheevii, T.militinae, T.dicoccum and
Ae.speltoides. Cultivars and advanced breeding lines were screened for their
reaction to a set of differential mildew isolates, which had specific
interaction for each host line. The near-isogenic lines of cultivar
Chancellor with known mildew resistance genes and line TP114, twice
backcrossed to cultivar Starke, possessing the resistance gene Pm6, were
kindly provided by Dr. R.A.McIntosh, Australia. The remaining differential
cultivars were obtained from the germplasm collection of Institut fur
Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzuchtung, Weihenstephan, Germany.
Among the eight Russian wheat cultivars and breeding lines tested three
(Mironovskaya 808, Novosibirskaya 67, Saratovskaya 29) showed
susceptibility-response to all 11 isolates. The cultivars Kutulukskaya and
Zolotistaya appeared to have resistance gene pm5.
The derivatives of T.timopheevii and T.militinae showed a pattern,
that was very similar to that of the phenotypes, which contained resis-tance
genes Pm6 and Pm2+Pm4+Pm6. Among these derivatives, the line CMT34 showed
resistance to all of the differential mildew isolates. From the derivatives
of T.dicoccum and Ae.speltoides, two lines exhibited the reaction pattern of
genes Pm2+Pm9 (Peusha et al., in press). This work has been supported by
Volkswagen-Stiftung, Hannover, Germany.
In order to increase the genetic variation in respect of disease
resistance in wheat wide hybridization was carried out using different
Triticea species. Genes conferring leaf rust resistance have been trans-
ferred to common wheat line 146-155 from T.timopheevii by conventional
crossing and backcrossing. It was ascertained that the rust resistant
derivative, designated as 146-155-T, was protected against leaf rust
pathogen by genes, which differed from effective Lr genes for this type of
resistance and were not identical to known effective genes for resis-tance
of the isogenic set of cultivar Thatcher (Enno, Peusha, 1992; Peusha, Enno,
1992).
Based on a C-banded chromosome analysis chromosomal substitutions and
rearrangements in the introgressive hybrid karyotypes were identi-fied. It
was determined that number of substitutions per genome in hybrid lines
varied from one to three. All five resistant lines under study possessed
6B(6G) chromosome substitution. These results allow us to conclude that
resistance to pathogen is conditioned by the presence of 6G chromosome (or
its segment) of T. timopheevii in common wheat genome (Badaeva et al.,
1993).
Biotinylated total genomic DNA of T.timopheevii was used as a probe in
DNA hybridization experiments to detect T. timopheevii chromosomes or
chromosome segments in spread chromosome preparations from root tips of
hybrid plants (146-155-T). Unlabelled genomic DNA from the other hybrid
parent (146-155) was added as a blocking. A T. timopheevii DNA trans-
location in the disease-resistant hybrid 146-155-T has been located.
A multicopy DNA marker specific to the T.timopheevii genome or, even
more, specific to the chromosome segment trasferred to the disease-resistant
hybrids from T. timopheevii could be used in dot-blotting and would ease the
laborous and time-consuming analysis of hybrid plants. Using the above-
discribed hybridization system and PFGE-separated restriction fragments of
HMW DNA from 146-155-T hybrid we intend to separate T.timopheevii genome
specific DNA fragments. The cloned fragments will be probed by in situ
hybridization to T.timopheevii and 146-155-T root tip metaphase chromosomes.
PUBLICATIONS
Enno,T., H.Peusha. 1992. Introgression of genes for rust resistance from
T.timopheevii to common wheat. Vortrage fur Pflanzenzuchtung, 24: 197-199.
Peusha,H., T.Enno. 1992. Genetical analysis of leaf rust resistance in
introgressive wheat lines. Proceed. Estonian Acad. Sci., Biology, 41, N3:
141-148.
Badaeva,E.D., N.S.Badaev, H.O.Peusha, T.M.Enno. 1993. Transfer of leaf rust
resistance from T. timopheevii to common wheat. Proceed. of the 2nd
Symposium "Trends in Plant Biotechnology", Russia, Moscow-Puschino: 426.
Peusha,H., U.Stephan, S.L.K.Hsam, F.G.Felsenstein, T.Enno, F.J.Zeller.
Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.). IY Breeding lines derived from wide crosses between Russian
cultivars T.timopheevii Zhuk., T.militinae Zhuk. et Migush., T.dicoccum
(Schrank.) Schuebl. and Aegilops speltoides Tausch. Genetika, Moscow: In
press.
-------------------------
Institute of Experimental Biology of the Estonian Academy of Sciences,
Department of Plant Genetics, Tallinn/Harku
M. Tohvar
Breeding for high-yielding and -quality wheat. Correlations between
agronomic and quality data. In wheat breeding programs major emphasis is
usually given to factors that affect grain yield. High yield potential
connected with good grain and flour quality play a significant role in
development of new cultivars. Wheat yield is a complex trait because of the
number of genetic factors that take place in its formation. A total of 24
spring and winter wheat cultivars and mutant lines were tested for agronomic
data. Special attention were given to the most important traits which play
a decisive role in formation of yield: kernel weight, number of grains per
spike, number of productive stems and kernel mass per spike and plant.
Investigations were performed during the period 1989-1992. Plant yield and
its structural elements were dependant on growing conditions. The different
growing conditions in 1989 and 1990 resulted in great variations of yield
and quality data. Therefore, while developing cultivars it is important to
pay attention not only to high yield but to good adaptability as well.
Highly significant positive correlations were observed between yield
and productive stems (r=+0.764) and yield and mass of grains per plant
(r=+0.936). Significant negative correlations were found between mass of
1000 grains and number of grains per ear (r=0.539) and number of productive
stems (r=-0.494). These experiments showed that higher yielding potential
would be achieved on the basis of number of productive stems and mass of
grains per plant. Certain genotypes of spring wheats were determined to
have more advantageous gene background for obtaining high yields. For
example, mutant line A-57 induced form cultivar `Arkas' had better yield and
adaptability than other experimental lines.
Grain quality was estimated in 78 experimental lines. The best mutant
lines of common spring wheat from our collection were compared with
cultivars `Arkas', `Satu', `Dacke', `Heta', and other Finnish and Swedish
cultivars. Protein content, gluten quantity, dry gluten, gluten index and
vitreousness of these lines were estimated in 1990-1992. Genetical factors
determine protein content and breadmaking quality, but the expression of
these factors are affected by environmental growing conditions. Thus, the
average data of protein content in 1990-1992 differed significantly. The
summer of 1992 was hot and dry causing an approximately 2% rise in protein
content compared with 1990 and 1991. ON the whole, the grain protein
content varied form 9 to 15% for spring wheat lines. A significant negative
correlation was obtained between yield and grain protein content (r=-0.61).
Quality tests showed a great variation among growing location for gluten
quantity and quality, e.g., mutant line A-57 had gluten content 33-39%
depending on location. Many lines belonged to quality class I(II)
determined by their protein content (13,0-13.5%) and quality (gluten content
more than 23%).
A significant positive correlation was found between grain protein
content and gluten quantity (r=+0.653). Negative correlations were
estimated between grain protein content and gluten index (r=-0.338) and
gluten quantity and gluten index (r=-0.549). Vitreousness was positively
and significantly correlated with grain protein content (r=+0.305), gluten
content (4=+0.368) and dry gluten (r=+0.352) and negatively with gluten
index (r=-0.147).
Publication
Tohver, M. 1994. Analysis of productivity and quality in chemically
induced wheat mutant lines. Journal of Agricultural Science (Estonia). (in
press).
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM GERMANY
Institut fur Pflanzenpathologie und Pflanzenschutz der Universitat,
Grisebachstr
J. von Kietzell and K. Rudolph
Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens on Cereals in
Germany
The incitant of basal glume rot of cereals, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
atrofaciens (Psa), has repeatedly been detected in several parts of Germany
since 1986.
After monitoring the widespread occurrence of Psa on leaves and glumes
of wheat and barley in different regions of Germany in 1992 (Annual Wheat
News Letter 39), we studied the epiphytic phase of the pathogen in 1993. For
isolation of bacteria we first tested a soaking method. Leaves and glumes
were soaked in an aqueous solution containing 0.85 % of NaCl and 0.01 % of
Tween 20 and stirred continuously at 4 degC Almost the entire population of
pseudomonads and contaminants were found in the solution after soaking at
least 8-10 h. To avoid this time consuming procedure, samples were homoge-
nized instead, and then plated onto agar plates with semiselective medium
KBC containing 0.5 % of boric acid. Psa was identified by colony morphology,
fluorescence on King s medium B, hypersensitive reaction on tobacco and a
specific pathogenicity test on wheat seedlings.
Ten samples each of symptom-free wheat and barley were collected in
three regions of Germany. Two leaves and glumes of each sample were
examined. In these experiments, the pathogen was found in 10 % of the wheat
samples from Aurich, in 30 % from Gottingen, and in 48 % from Braunschweig.
Furthermore, the pathogen was found in 35 % of the barley samples from
Aurich, in 58 % from Gottingen and in 63 % from Braunschweig. The number of
samples with Psa in a region was positively correlated with the number of
Psa in each sample from this region. The highest number of Psa per sample
was more than 10exp7 cfu/barley glume. It thus became very obvious that the
widespread epiphytic occurrence of Psa on symptom-less wheat and barley
plants can easily lead to erroneous diagnosis of the disease when necrotic
symptoms of plant disease are present.
The incidence of the pathogen was further studied by analyzing seed
samples of wheat, barley, rye, and oats from different regions in Germany.
The samples were stirred in soaking soluion for 10 h, diluted threefold,
plated on modified KBC and identified as described above. In these
experiments the pathogen was identified in 35 of 37 barley samples, in 42 of
54 wheat samples, and in 1 of 18 rye samples. Sixteen 16 oat and 7 triticale
samples were pathogen-free.
Unexpectedly, the pathogen could not be differentiated from strains of
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolated from bush bean or lilac. Both
pathogens caused typical symptoms on bean leaves and heads of wheat. They
also showed the same metabolic pattern in the BIOLOG-test.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata, the incitant of bacterial leaf blight of
sugar beet, also caused typical symptoms of basal glume rot on wheat ears.
On the other hand, Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens did not cause
typical symptoms on sugar beet.
Epidemiological experiments are planned with spontaneous mutants of Psa
resistant to Rifampicin and Streptomycin. In preliminary experiments in a
growth chamber we detected the mutants on the first leaf of wheat, barley,
rye and oats after vacuuminfiltration of the seeds. Field experiments will
follow in 1994.
Publications
Toben, H.M., A. Mavridis and K. Rudolph, 1989: Basal glume rot (Pseudomonas
syringae pv. atrofaciens) on wheat and barley in FRG and resistance sreening
of wheat. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 19, 119-125.
Toben, H.M., A. Mavridis and K. Rudolph, 1991: Zum Vorkommen der basalen
Spelzenfaule an Weizen und Gerste, hervorgerufen durch Pseudomonas syringae
pv. atrofaciens, in Deutschland. J. Plant Diseases and Protection, 98, 225-
235.
Von Kietzell, J.M. and K. Rudolph, 1991: Variation in virulence of different
isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens causing basal glume rot of
cereals. Proc. of the 4th International Working Group on Pseudomonas
syringae Pathovars, 117-123.
Von Kietzell, J.M., B. Baharuddin, H.M. Toben and K. Rudolph, 1994: Identi-
fication and characterization of plant pathogenic pseudomonads with Biolog
Microplates and Microlog: Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Plant
Pathogenic Bacteria, in press.
-------------------------
R. Schlegel, U. Vahl* and G. Muller*, Institute of Plant Genetics
and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, *Project Group Biotechnique,
Bernburg-Strenzfeld, Germany
Current list of wheats with rye introgressions of homoeologous
group. After the first reports on spontaneous wheat-rye chromosome
substitutions 5R(5A) by Katterman (1937), O'Mara (1946) and Riley and
Chapman (1958), during the past three decades particularly, 1R(1B)
substitutions and 1RS.1BL translocations were described in more than 200
cultivars of wheat from all over the world (Bluthner and Mettin
1973; Mettin et al. 1973; Zeller 1972; Zeller 1973; Zeller and
Fischbeck 1971). Their most important phenotypic deviation from common
wheat cultivars is the so-called wheat-rye resistance, i. e. the presence
of wide-range resistance to races of powdery mildew and rusts (Bartos
and Bares 1971; Zeller 1973), which is linked with decreased breadmaking
quality (Zeller et al. 1982), good ecological adaptability and yield
performance (Rajaram et al. 1983; Schlegel and Meinel 1994). The origin of
the alien chromosome was intensively discussed by genetic and historical
reasons. It turned out that basically four sources exist - two in
Germany, one in the USA and one in Japan. The variety 'Salmon' (1RS.1BL) is
a representative of the latter (Tsunewaki 1964) and the variety 'Amigo'
(1RS.1DL) is a representative of the penultimate group (Beronsky et al.
1991; the et al. 1992), while almost ll remaining cultivars can be
traced back to one or to the other German origin
(Zeller 1973; Bluthner and Mettin 1977).
There was no doubt so far that the Japanese and the American
derivatives differ from one another and from the German sources. Although
on two places of Germany - Salzmunde near Halle/S (breeder: Riebesel)
and Weihenstephan near Munich (breeder: Kattermann) - wheat-rye crosses
were already carried out since the twenties and thirties and independent
pedigrees could be fragmentally reconstructed by the few reports left
(Bluthner 1992), some authors presumed only one German source (Lein 1975;
Moonen and Zeven 1984). For breeding programmes additional
recombination within the translocated 1RS arm of rye and between the
different wheat genetic backgrounds is wished (Muller et al. 1991a; Lutz et
al. 1992). In order to prevent miscrossings and to review the wheat-rye
introgressions a list of the of various 1RS sources was compiled
including some passport data:
Table 1. A compiled list of wheats carrying homoeologous group 1 wheat-
rye translocations/substitutions
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Abele ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Abritus ? 1RS.1BL? ? 94
Advokat DEU 1RS.1BL xSt.14/48 WS(2) 103
Agra CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 24,96
Alba POL 1RS.1BL? xWeique 50
Albrecht DEU 1RS.1BL xDisponent 3,9,66
Almus DDR 1RS.1BL ? 8,44,58,94
Alondra 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xWeique Redmace 73
Amadeus AUT 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Amandus DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 78,103
Ambassador GBR 1RS.1BL xForester 9,69
Amigo USA 1RS.1AL xInsave rye 60,83,103
Amika CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 52,80,104
Anza deriv. USA 1R(1D) xtriticale 16
Apatinka YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Apollo DEU 1RS.1BL xClement 35,50,78,62
Arber DEU 1RS.1BL xKronjuwel 3,9,33
Avrora USS 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 59,57,100
Bagula MEX 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 98
Balkan YUG 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 40,72,77
Baron ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Batten NZL 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 31,33
Beaver GBR 1RS.1BL xMildress 34
Benno DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 13,27,103
Beogradjanka YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40
Besostaya 2 USS 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 13,58,79
Bobwhite 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xAvrora 46,73
Bovictus DEU 1RS.1BL xAvrora 84
Branka CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 12,37,51
Burgas 2 BGR 1R(1B) xNeuzucht 13,20,59
Cando deriv. DEU 1RS.1BL xVeery'S' 29
Capriccio ? 1RS.1BL ? 35
Carolus DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 4,53
Cebeco 180 NDL 1RS.1BL ? 94
Cebeco 97 NDL 1RS.1BL ? 8,32
Century USA 1RS.1BL xAmigo 32,49,89,96
Chakwal 86 PAK 1RS.1BL vVeery deriv. 39
Chat 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Chieftain ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Chinese Spring deriv. AUS 1R(1B) xImperial rye 32
Chinese Spring deriv. AUS 1R(1D) xImperial rye 87
Chinese Spring deriv. AUS 1RS.1BL xImperial rye 32
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Chinese Spring deriv. AUS 1RS.1DL xImperial rye 43,87,88,96
Clement NDL 1RS.1BL xSt.47/51 RS(3) 71,73,98
Cordillera PRY 1RS.1BL xVeery 3 sel. 71,73,98
Corinthian ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Csongor HUN 1RS.1BL xPredgornaya 2 9
Custom GBR 1RS.1BL xSt.465/62 WS 34
Damier FRA 1RS.1BL xClement 9
Danumbia CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 11,12,81
Dauntless GBR 1BR.1BL xMMG435/46/3 9
Delta POL 1RS.1BL ? 50
Disponent DEU 1RS.1BL xBenno 8,67,78,103
Donata NDL 1RS.1BL ? 90,103
Donjon NDL 1RS.1BL? xClement 62
Donskaya polukarlikov USS 1RS.1BL xSvereodonskaya 9
Dozent DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 78,103
Druzba 1 USS 1RS.1BL xWinnetou 9
Dukat YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40,41
Est-Mottin 72 ITA 1RS.1BL ? 9
Fatima HUN 1RS.1BL? ? 101
Feldkrone DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100,103
Feldman DEU 1RS.1BL ? 9
Florida DEU 1RS.1BL xDisponent 9,26,28
Fundulea 29 ROM 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Fundulea 4 ROM 1RS.1BL ? 50,107
Gabo deriv. AUS 1RS.1BL xImperial rye 33,43,88
Gabo deriv. AUS 1RS.1BL xImperial rye 33,43,96
Gamtoos ZAF 1RS.1BL xVeery 3 sel. 71,74,77,98
Genero F81 MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery 3 sel. 70,71,74,98
GK Bence HUN 1RS.1BL? ? 101
GK Sagvari HUN 1RS.1BL xAvrora 101
GK Sagvari HUN 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
GK Szemes HUN 1RS.1BL ? 101
GK Tiborc HUN 1RS.1BL ? 101
GK Zombor HUN 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 54,62,96
Glennson M81 MEX 1RS.1BL vVeery 1 sel. 71,72,73,98
Gorbi DEU 1RS.1BL ? 108
Gtz DEU 1RS.1BL xBenno 28,78,103
GR 876 USA 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 15
Granada DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 35,78,94
Granka YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Grebe AUS 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 2,47
Hamlet DEU 1RS.1BL xSorba 27,100103
Hammer NDL 1RS.1BL xline 2019 WB(4) 9.69
Harts ZAF 1RS.1BL ? 65
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Haven GBR 1RS.1BL xMildress 34,108
Hedgehog GBR 1RS.1BL ? 9
Heinrich DEU 1RS.1BL xArkos 3 28,78,103
Helios DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 78,103
Herzog DEU 1RS.1BL xKronjuwel 3,32,64
Holdfast deriv. AUS 1R(1B) xKing II rye 32
Hope deriv. AUS 1RS.1AL xImperial rye 32,88
Hornet GBR 1RS.1BL ? 34,96
Hyderabad 88 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Ikarus DEU 1RS.1BL St.623/65 WS 37,96,62
Iris CSK 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 11,24,51,96
Isidor DEU 1RS.1BL xPerseus 78,103
Iskra YUG 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 40
Istra CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 12,52,77
Jan. 7770-4 ? 1RS.1BL ? 9
Jedina YUG 1RS.1BL xMacvanka 2 40
Jing-Dan 106 ? 1RS.1BL ? 9
Jugoslavija YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40,77,72
Kaloian BGR 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Kauz MEX 1RS.1BL? xKavkaz 98
Kavkaz USS 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 13,57,100
Kea 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Khyber 87 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Knirps DEU 1RS.1BL ? 3,9,96
Koda POL 1RS.1BL xNaczeiha 9
Kohinoor PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Kolubara YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Kosava YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Kotovcanka USS 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Kozara YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 33,40,72
Kristall DEU 1RS.1BL xCapriccio 35,78
Kronjuwel DEU 1RS.1BL xSt.465/52 WS 28,78,103
Lanca POL 1RS.1BL xNaczeija 9,109
Lesapi ZWE 1RS.1BL xVeery 'S' sel. 71,73,74,98
Licanka YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 32,40,72
Lima 1 PRT 1RS.1BL xVeery 3 sel. 71,73,74,98
Linos DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100,103
Lira 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Livia CSK 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Loeri ZMB 1RS.1BL xVeery 5 sel. 71,73,74,98
Lovrin 10 ROM 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 13,20
Lovrin 12 ROM 1RS.1BL xNeuzucht 20
Lovrin 13 ROM 1R(1B)? xNeuzucht 13,20,23,32
Lovrin 14 ROM 1RS.1BL? ? 77,94
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Macvanka 1 YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40
Macvanka 2 YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 32,40,72
Magister NDL 1RS.1BL ? 9
Mamut POL 1RS.1BL? ? 8,77
Marabu DNK 1RS.1BL ? 107
Marina CRO 1RS.1BL? ? 101
Merkur DEU 1RS.1BL xtriticale 8,78,103
Mildress NDL 1RS.1BL xR47/51 RS 59,75,103
Millaleau Inia CHL 1RS.1BL vVeery 3 sel. 71,73,74,98
Mironovskaya 10 USS11R(1B) xwheat-rye48/49 8,58,59,80
Mironovskaya nizkoroz. USS 1RS.1BL xMironovskaya 10 9
Mv 14 HUN 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 6,50,110
Mv 15 HUN 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 50,61,101
Mv 16 HUN 1RS.1BL? xKavkaz 101
Mv 17 HUN 1RS.1BL? ? 101
Mv 20 HUN 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 7
Mv 21...86 HUN 1RS.1BL ? 101
Naczeija BGR 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Nautica NDL 1RS.1BL xMildress 75,90,104
Neuzucht DDR 1R(1B) xSt.14/44 SM5 33,48,99
Niklas DEU 1RS.1BL xGtz 35,78
Novosadska 100 YUG 1RS.1BL? ? 40,72,97
Novosadska Brkulja YUG 1RS.1BL Skorospelka 35 40
Odesskaya 66 USS 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 77,94
Odilo DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100,103
OH 416 USA 1RS.1AL xAmigo 15
Olymp DEU 1RS.1BL xGtz 9,28,96
Orlando DDR 1R(1B) xSt.26/47 SM 13,57,79
Pakistan 81 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeer 5'S' sel. 71,73,74,98
Palur DDR 1RS.1BL xAlmus 62,95,96
Partizanka nisa YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 9
Parula MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery 6 sel. 71,73,74,98
Peresvet USS 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Perseus DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100,103
Pirsabak PAK 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Pirsabak 85 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Pitoma YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40,41
PKB Krupna YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Pobeda YUG 1RS.1BL xBalkan 9
Poleskaya 71 USS 1RS.1BL? xBesostaya 2 8
Pomoravka YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Posavka 1 YUG 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 32,40,72
Posavka 2 YUG 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 32,40
Predgornaya 2 USS 1RS.1BL xErythrospermum 13,58,77
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Punjab 85 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Punjnab 88 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
R 47/51 RS DEU 1R(1B) xPetkus rye 59,90,100
Rawal 87 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
Requiem BGR 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 9
Ricardo NDL 1RS.1BL? xSt.358/48 WS 90,103
Roseana ? 1RS.1BL ? 9
Rotor DEU 1RS.1BL ? 103
Roxana CSK 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 11,12,24,81
Sabina CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 11,12,81
Saladin DDR 1R(1B) xSt.26/47 SM 32,57,77,94
Salmayo ? 1RS.1BL ? 9
Salmon JPN 1RS.1BL xtriticale 27,93,100
Salzmnder Bartweizen DEU 1R(1B) xPetkus rye 13,14,94,99
Sarhad 83 PAK 1RS.1BL xBobwhrite 'S' 38
Sel. 73/36/9-1 CHN 1RS.1BL xLovrin 10 5
Sel. 79/4045 CHN 1RS.1BL xLovrin 13 23
Sel. 84059-4-2 CHN 1RS.1BL ? 106
Selekta CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 12,51,80,81
Sensor DEU 1RS.1BL ? 35,78,103
Senta CSK 1RS.1BL xBenno 9
Seri 82 MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery5'S' sel. 70,71,73,74
Seric ZMB 1RS.1BL xVeery 4 sel. 71,74,77,98
Shtorm USS 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Sida CSK 1RS.1BL ? 9
Siouxland USA 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 30,49,63,85
Siroka YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40
Skopjanka YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40,62
Skorospelka 35 USS 1RS.1BL xErythrospermum 13,32,58
Sloboda YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40
Sofia CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 9
Solaris CSK 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 12,52,103
Sparta CSK 1RS.1BL xSt.378/57 WS 12,51
Stejpner SWE 1RS.1BL ? 9,64,69,96
Stetson GBR 1RS.1BL xBenno 9,69
Stuart ? 1RS.1BL ? 69
Sunbird 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 25,33,39
Sutjeska YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40,72,77
Sutlej 88 PAK 1RS.1BL xVeery deriv. 39
TAM 107 USA 1RS.1AL ? 32
TAM 200 USA 1RS.1AL ? 32,50
Tara GBR 1RS.1BL xClement 34
Tjelvar SWE 1RS.1BL ? 9
Toronto DEU 1RS.1BL ? 4,9,111
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cultivar Ori- Karyo- Pedigree(1) Reference
gin type
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Transilvaniya 1 ROM 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Turda 81 ROM 1RS.1BL xSkorospelka 35 50
Urban DEU 1RS.1BL xZorba 27,100
Ures T81 MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery 2 sel. 71,74,77,98
Veery 'S' MEX 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 56,73,77
Veery 10 MEX 1RS.1BL xVeery 'S' sel. 71,73,98
Viri TZA 1RS.1BL xVeery 5 sel. 71,73,77,98
Voyage FRA 1RS.1BL ? 101
Warigal deriv. AUS 1RS.1DL xImperial rye 33,43,96
Weihenst. St. 1007/53 DEU 1R(1B) xPetkus 4x rye 100
Weique 'Substitution' DEU 1R(1B) ? 10,27,59,82
Weique 'Zchter' DEU 1RS.1BL ? 27,77,100
Wembley GBR 1RS.1BL ? 32
Weneda POL 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 9
Wentzel DEU 1R(1B) xSt.?? SM 77,100
Winnetou DDR 1R(1B) xSB6 59
Winnetou DDR 1RS.1BL xSB 13,20,91,94
Xanthos DEU 1RS.1BL? ? 4,9
Zelengora YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 32,40,72
Zemunka 1 YUG 1RS.1BL xAvrora 40
Zorba DEU 1R(1B) xtriticale 13,27,100
Zvezda YUG 1RS.1BL xKavkaz 40,72
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
(1) probable donor of the rye chromosome/arm
(2) WS = Weihenstephan
(3) RS = Riebesel
(4) WB = Weibull
(5) SM = Salzmnder Bartweizen
(7) cultivar Granda syn. to Sensor
Publications
Anshu D, Mayu Q (1988) Identification of 1B/1R wheat-rye chromosome
translocation. Acta Genet Sinica 15:165-169.
Balla L, Bedo Z, Szunics L, Lang L, Szillagyi G (1986) Untitled
communication. Ann Wheat Newslett 32: 68-69.
Balla L, Bedo Z, Szunics L, Lang L, Szunics Lu, Karsai I (1991). Untitled
communication. Ann Wheat Newslett 37: 61.
Bartos P (1979) Resistenzgenetik unter Berucksichtigung von Art- und
Gattungskreuzung. Arch Zuchtungsforsch 9: 189-194. Bartos P (1993) pers.
comm.
Bartos P, Bares J (1971) Leaf and stem rust resistance of hexaploid
wheat cultivars Salzmunder Bartweizen and Weique. Euphytica 20:
435-440
Bartos P, Stuchlikova E (1986) Untitled communication. Ann Wheat Newslett
32: 65-66.
Bartos P, Stuchlikova E, Hanusova R (1989) Untitled communication.
Ann Wheat Newslett 35: 64.
Bartos P, Valkoun J, Kosner J, Slovencikova V (1973) Rust resistance of
some European wheat cultivars derived from rye. Proc 4th Int Wheat Genet
Symp, Columbia (USA): 145-146.
Bennett MD, Smith JB (1975) Confirmation of the identification of the rye
chromosome in 1B/1R wheat-rye chromosome substitution and translocation
lines. Can J Genet Cytol 17: 117-120.
Berzonsky WA, Clements RL, Lafever HN (1991) Identification of 'Amigo' and
'Kavkaz' translocations in Ohio soft red winter wheats (Triticum
aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 81: 629-634.
Bittel DC, Gustafson JP (1992) Dosage response of rye genes in a wheat
background. Theor Appl Genet 84: 1-5.
Bluthner, WD (1972) Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Einlagerung
genotypischer Variabilitat aus den Gattungen Aegilops und Secale in T.
aestivum. PhD thesis, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg: 1-179.
Bluthner WD, Mettin D (1973) Uber weitere Falle von spontaner Substitution
des Weizenchromosoms 1B durch das Roggenchromosom 1R(V). Arch
Zuchtungsforsch 3: 113-119.
Bluthner WD, Mettin D (1974) Further evidence on the spontaneous
1B/1R wheat-rye substitutions. EWAC Newslett 4: 35-37.
Bluthner WD, Mettin D (1977) Chromosomensubstitutionen
und-translokationen zwischen Weizen und Roggen und deren Bedeutung fur die
Zuchtung. Arch Zuchtungsforsch 7: 15-27.
Berzonsky WW, Clements, RL, Lafever, HN (1991) Identification of 'Amigo'
and 'Kavkaz' translocation in Ohio soft red winter wheats (Triticum
aestivum L.). Theor Appl Genet 81: 629 - 634.
Bohme T, Muller G, Vahl U (1989) Zur Einlagerung der
1A-1R-Weizen-Roggen-Resistenz in die Winterweizensorte 'Ikarus'. Vortr
Pflanzenzucht 19: 284-286.
Cai X, Liu D (1989) Identification of a 1B/1R wheat-rye translocation.
Theor Appl Genet 77: 81-83.
Cerny J, Sasek A, Kubanik J, Sykorova S (1989) Identification of wheat
varieties by simultaneous electrophoresis of gliadins and
high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenins. Genet a Slecht 25: 125-133.
Dhaliwal AS, MacRitchie F (1990) Contributions of protein fractions to
dough handling properties of wheat-rye translocation cultivars. J Cereal Sci
12: 113-122.
Foroughi B, Zeller FJ (1990) In vitro microspore reaction of different
German wheat cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 79: 77-80.
Friebe B (1976) Beobachtungen zur differentiellen Giemsa-Farbung
mitotischer Metaphasechromosomen in einigen
1B/1R-Weizen-Roggen-Substitutions-und Translokationslinien. Z Pflanzenzucht
77: 304-308.
Friebe B, Heun M, Boshuk W (1989) Cytological characterization, powdery
mildew rersistance and storage protein composition of tetraploid
and hexaploid 1B/1RS wheat-rye translocation lines. Theor Appl Genet 78:
425-432.
Friebe B, Zeller FJ, Kunzmann R (1987) Transfer of the 1BL/1RS
wheat-rye translocation from hexaploid bread wheat to tetraploid durum
wheat. Theor Appl Genet 74: 423-425.
Graybosch RA, Peterson CJ, Hansen LE, Mattern PJ (1990). Relationships
between protein solubility characteristics, 1BL/1RS, high molecular
weight glutenin composition, and end-use quality in winter wheat germplasm.
Cereal Chem 67: 342-349.
Griffin WB, Wright DSC, McEvan JM (1989) Untitled communication.
Ann Wheat Newslett 35: 102-104.
Gupta RB, Shepherd KW (1992) Identification of rye chromosome 1R
translocations and substitutions in hexaploid wheats using storage
proteins as genetic markers. Plant Breed 109: 130-140.
Gupta RB, Shepherd KW (1993) Production of multiple wheat-rye 1RS
translocation stocks. Theor Appl Genet 85: 719-728.
Heslop-Harrison JS, Leitch AR, Schwarzacher T, Aanamthawat-Jonsson K (1990)
Detection and characterization of 1B/1R translocations in hexaploid
wheat. Heredity 65: 385-392.
Heun M, Fischbeck G (1987) Identification of wheat powdery mildew
resistance genes by analyzing host-pathogen interactions. Plant Breed 98:
124-129. Heun M, Kennedy AE, Anderson JA, Lapitan NLY, Sorrells ME,
Tanksley SD (1991) Construction of a restriction fragment length
polymorphism map for barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 34: 437-447.
Hubik K, Hyza V (1989) A relationship between high-molecular-weight
subunits of glutenins and the baking quality of wheat. Rostl Vyroba 35:
1021-1028.
Husain M (1984) Untitled communication. Ann Wheat Newslett 30: 86-87.
Jahan Q, Ter-Kuile N, Hashmi N, Aslam M, Vahidy AA, Mujeeb-Kazi A (1990)
The status of the 1B/1R translocation chromosome in some released wheat
varieties and the 1989 candidate varieties of Pakistan. Pak J Bot 22: 1-10.
Javornik B, Sinkovic T, Vapa L, Koebner RMD, Rogers WJ (1991). A
comparison of methods for identifying and surveying the presence of
1BL. 1RS translocations in bread wheat. Euphytica 54:45-53.
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-------------------------
A. Borner*, J. Plaschke, I. M. Ben Amer, V. Korzun, Institute of Plant
Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben
Progress report on wheat genetics research
Pleiotropic effects of Ppd genes on grain yield. By using single
chromosome recombinant lines (kindly supplied by A. J. Worland, Cambridge
Laboratory, Norwich) the effects of the gene for day-length insensitivity
Ppd1 on yield and its components were studied over three growing seasons
under the field conditions in middle Germany. In each of the three seasons,
Ppd1 significantly accelerated days to flowering by an average of 3.5 days.
Secondary pleiotropic effects are associated with the gene shortening the
growing period. This was seen by a reduction in plant height and in the
number of spikelets developed per ear. The grain setting in each of the
remaining spikelets, however, was always significantly increased. In all
three seasons the improved spikelet fertility more than compensated for the
reduction in spikelet number producing an overall increase in grains per
ear. The grain weight was significantly increased by the presence of Ppd1
only in one season. The combination of both increased numbers of grains
setting in the spikelet and ear, and improved grain weight resulted in
increases in ear yield, that were significant in two seasons. Over three
seasons a yield advantage of around 9% was recorded. For the breeding of
high yielding winter wheats adapted to middle Europe a switch to day-length
insensitive wheats should yield positive benefits by bringing forward
flowering time and permitting the plant to develop and fill grains before
the onset of hot and dry summer conditions.
GA insensitivity in a Libyan Dwarf Wheat. The genetics of the GA
insensitivity of the hexaploid wheat line 'TRI 6964' (Catalogue number, gene
bank Gatersleben), which was collected in 1955 from an isolated area in
Libya, called 'Al-Kufra' oasis was studied. The dwarf was crossed with three
near isogenic lines of 'M. Huntsman', carrying the GA insensitive dwarfing
genes Rht1 (chromosome 4B), Rht2 (chromosome 4D) or the tall allele rht.
About 200 F(2) seedlings per combination were treated with GA(3) at the
seedling stage and scored regarding to their response to the phytohormone.
The segregation patterns gave clear evidence for a monogenic inheritance and
therefore, that the GA insensitivity of 'TRI 6964' is determined by an
allele at the Rht2 locus.
Effect of temperature on the fertility of wheat containing a GA
insensitive dwarfing gene from T. aethiopicum. Six F(4) families, classified
in F(3) as GA insensitive or GA sensitive, from a cross between 'W 6824'
(Triticum aethiopicum JACUBZ., GA insensitive, allelic to Rht1) and
'Castelporziano' (Triticum durum, GA sensitive) were grown together with
three near isogenic lines carrying the genes/alleles rht (tall), Rht1 or
Rht3 in the genetical background of the variety 'Bersee', under controlled
environmental conditions at a day/night temperature of 18/15 degC with
illumination of 18 h per day. About three weeks before ear emergence the
material was divided into two groups and grown either at a temperature of
constantly 18 degC or at a day/night temperature of 30/25 degC till harvest.
The illumination was always 18 h per day. It was found that the fertility of
all the dwarfs carrying either the alleles Rht1, Rht3 or the Rht allele from
T. aethiopicum is more sensitive to high temperatures than their tall
counterparts.
Chromosome substitutions lines for tissue culture response studies. Six
'Chinese Spring/Triticum spelta' substitution lines for chromosomes 1A, 1D
(duplicates), 3D (duplicates), 6D and one 'Chinese Spring/Marquis'
substitution line for chromosome 2B were studied together with 'Chinese
Spring' as control for tissue culture response (TCR), related to seed
weight. The results indicated that chromosomes 2B and 6D were critical for
TCR, whereas chromosome 1D affecting callus weight only. Chromosomes 1A and
3D were found not to be critical, however, these chromosomes may carry genes
with minor effects. Genes that influence seed weight of the donor plant
might be involved in TCR, depending on the influences of other factors.
Screening of a rye DNA library for RFLP mapping. By using, the
methylation sensitive restriction enzyme Pst1 a library of single and low
copy DNA sequences of rye was developed. More than 100 clones were selected.
So far 12 sequences were located on wheat and rye chromosomes by using
nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of wheat and wheat-rye addition lines. Two of
the probes were mapped with respect to known RFLP markers on chromosomes 5R
and 7R.
Dwarfing genes of wheat and rye and its expression in triticale.
Primary octoploid triticale have been produced by crossing a GA insensitive
(Rht3) wheat with a GA sensitive rye as well as a GA sensitive wheat with a
GA insensitive rye (ct2). After colchicine treatment and vegetative
multiplication of the hybrids, grains were harvested and most of the lines
were cytologically checked. Then a GA seedling test was applied. Whereas the
triticale carrying the Rht3 gene of wheat did show the expected GA
insensitivity, the triticale with the GA insensitive ct2 gene were GA
sensitive which suggests that the expression of ct2 may be affected by
intergeneric genomic interactions between wheat and rye.
Publications
Borner, A.; Meinel, A., 1993. The effects of the growth retardant
chlormequat (CCC) on plant height and yield in GA insensitive wheats. Plant
Breeding 110, 255-258.
Borner, A.; Gale, M. D.; Appleford, N. E. J.; Lenton, J. R., 1993:
Gibberellin status and responsiveness in shoots of tall and dwarf genotypes
of diploid rye (Secale cereale). Physiologia Plantarum 89, 309-314.
Borner, A.; Plaschke, J.; Schumann, E.; Knopf, E., 1993: Analyse von
Pleiotropieeffekten halmverkurzender Gene beim Weizen. Tagungsbericht 43.
Tagung der Vereinigung osterreichischer Pflanzenzuchter, Gumpenstein,
Osterreich, 1992, 181-185.
Borner A.; Worland, A. J.; Plaschke, J.; Schumann, E.; Law, C. N., 1993:
Pleiotropic effects of genes for reduced height (Rht) and day-length
insensitivity (Ppd1) on yield and its components for wheat grown in middle
Europe. Plant Breeding 111, 204-216.
Paschke, J.; Borner, A.; Xie, D. X.; Koebner, R. M. D.; Schlegel, R.; Gale,
M. D., 1993. RFLP-mapping of genes affecting plant height and growth habit
in rye. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85, 1049-1054.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM HUNGARY
Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
Martonvasar
Production. The 1992/1993 season was again unfavourable in almost
every respect. The autumn was dry and warm. The first half of the optimum
sowing period (October) proved to be favourable, but from 17th onwards it
rained continually, a total of 55 mm falling by the end of the month. The
first half of November was also wet, with a further 42 mm of rain, so wheat
sowing could not be resumed until a month after the optimum sowing date and
was not completed until December.
For these and other reasons, wheat was sown on a smaller area than usu-
al, 992,000 hectares instead of 1.2 million ha.
The winter was dry and relatively cold. The wheat was frozen out in
some northern parts of the country. The water reserves of the soil were not
sufficiently replenished. In early spring the cold dry weather continued,
then in mid-March it suddenly became very warm, but continued to be dry. A
substantial amount of rain did not fall until the end of May, but June was
again dry. The total amount of precipitation from January to August was only
90 mm.
Consequently, the national yield average dropped to 3060 kgs/ha. The
harvest had not been this poor since 1971. In recent years, with the
exception of 1992, the yield average has been between 4800 and 5430 kgs/ha.
Breeding. Four new Martonvasari varieties were state registered in
1993. Mv Koma (Mv 225-90) is an early, high-yielding variety with excellent
frost resistance, good resistance to powdery mildew, excellent stem rust
resistance and medium resistance to leaf rust. It has medium quality, being
classified in farinograph category B(1), but it has a large loaf volume. Its
pedigree is as follows: GT 13A 354/Mv 5//Bara/3/GK Protein.
Mv Optima (Mv 706-90) is a medium early, very high-yielding variety
with excellent frost resistance, good powdery mildew resistance and
excellent resistance to stem and leaf rust. It has good quality (farinograph
category A(2)-B(1)) and has a large loaf volume. Its pedigree is: 762-10-1-
2-3/4/Mv 9.
Mv Magma (Mv 116-90) is a medium early, high-yielding, short-stemmed,
frost-resistant variety with excellent resistance to powdery mildew and stem
rust and good leaf rust resistance. It has medium quality (farinograph
category A(2)-B(1)), but its gluten content fluctuates. Its pedigree is: F
29/3/Mv 3/SKC 1055//Bez. 2/K 1.
Martonvasari 25 (Mv 117-90) is a medium late, very high-yielding,
short-stemmed, frost-resistant variety with excellent resistance to powdery
mildew, stem rust and leaf rust. It is a sibling line of Mv Magma. It has
medium quality (farinograph category A(2)-B(1)) but its gluten content is
relatively low and fluctuates.
The number of varieties developed at Martonvasar has now reached 30,
and 18 of these are currently in cultivation. They are sown on some 60 % of
the growing area. Four of the varieties have also been registered in Turkey,
two in the Ukraine and three in Yugoslavia.
A modified single doubled haploid descent selection method was carried
out, involving the analysis of F(1) populations produced using gametocide,
the selection of F(2) plants following the principles of single seed descent
and the regeneration of dihaploid plants. This method combines the
advantages of early selection, the SSD technique and makes it possible to
shorten the breeding cycle. The more independent the regeneration of
dihaploids can be made from the genotype, the easier it will be to put this
concept into practice. In our experiment 346 green dihaploids were obtained
from the anther of ears isolated from 280 anther donor plants. However, the
number of dihaploids originating from one ear ranged from 0.08 to 7.37,
indicating the genotype dependence of in vitro androgenesis. The
competitiveness of the method with traditional breeding is proved by the
fact that dihaploid lines with a performance equal to that of the best
control varieties were successfully produced despite the small initial
stock.
As a participant in an USAID-PSTC research program it became possible
to establish a molecular marker laboratory in the Wheat Breeding Department.
The aim of it is the direct use of RFLP markers in breeding, partly in
quantitative trait loci analysis and partly in molecular marker assisted
selection. Our first specific objectives together with the US research group
are to precisely determine the location of genes controlling freezing
tolerance, vernalisation, and photoperiod reaction in barley and to
determine the level of orthologous gene expression in diverse accesion of
barley germplasm. Later on we are planning to use the RFLP technique for
studying other quantitative traits, such as breadmaking quality in wheat.
Resistance breeding. Due to the dry, warm, droughty nature of the sea-
son, few diseases appeared in Hungary in 1993. Thus, there was only weak
powdery mildew infection, and very weak leaf and stem rust infection was ob-
served in a few places. Among the insect pests, problems were caused by
cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus), cereal bugs (Anisoplia austriaca),
stink bugs (Eurygaster sp.) and aphids in some regions.
In greenhouse experiments carried out in 1993, 23 powdery mildew races
were identified. The prevalent races and their frequencies are as follows:
72 (25.4 %), 51 (20.9 %), 90 (20.5 %), 46 (14.3 %), 77 (4.8 %). Races 51 and
90 are multiplying very rapidly. Very few races are virulent to genotypes
containing resistance genes Pm 4a and Pm 4b.
In field experiments with artificial infection, the resistance genes Lr
9, Lr 13, Lr 19, Lr 24 and Lr 25 provide adequate protection to leaf rust
and Sr 9b, Sr 11, Sr 21, Sr 24, Sr 31, Sr 36 and Sr 37 to stem rust. The
majority of new Martonvasari wheat varieties owe their resistance to gene Sr
31. Genotypes containing the resistance genes Bt 8, Bt 9 and Bt 10 are
chiefly resistant to bunt. Among the wheat varieties registered in Hungary,
only Mv 17 has good resistance to bunt.
The latest varieties bred at Martonvasar (Mv 22, Mv 23, Mv 24, Mv 25,
Fatima 2, Mv Magma, Mv Koma and Mv Optima) have good disease resistance,
satisfying the demands raised by growers.
-------------------------
Deparment of Cell Biology
B. Barnabas, G. Kovacs, E. Szakacs, I. Takacs, M. Kovacs
In vitro manipulation of the reproductive processes in wheat Continuing
our studies concerning the application of haploid techniques for wheat and
several wild wheat species a highly reproducible cell-plant system had been
established. Regenerable, embryogenic haploid cell suspensions were
initiated from polen calli of three wheat genotypes. After repeated callus
and cell selection during the culture procedure led to stable haploid
suspensions consisting of fine cell clusters each containing 20-50 cells.
These suspensions were able to maintain their regenerative capacity during 2
years of subculture, and several fertile plants had been regenerated from
them during this period. On the basis of these haploid cell suspension
system haploid protolast culture had been established. Although the isola-
tion and culture of the haploid protolast and plant regeneration were
succesfully carried out, no fertile plants were obtained up till now.
Presently the modification of the culture system for getting fertile
regenerants are one of the main object of our study in this field. Another
point of our interest is to compare the effectiveness of somatic and haploid
protoplast-plant systems both in the aspect of regeneration of fertile
plants and the phenotypic stability of the offspring of the regenerants.
The established haploid cell suspensions are the main target of genetic
transformation via particle bombardement. Presently we have some transgenic
cell lines carrying foreign genes such as GUS, hygromycin and herbicide
resistance. The frequency of stable transgenic cell lines on the basis of
cell clusters bombarded are more than 30%. Amog them 6 subcultured cell
lines and 25 plantlets had been regenerated from selective media.
For practical aspects of view the established anther culture systems
are presently used for selection to aluminium tolerance also. Based on the
present results the aluminium toxicity can be well simulated in anther
culture, the 50 and 100 uM/l solution of aluminium applied to the nutrient
medium with low pH reduces considerably the callus induction. The higher
concentrations destroy entirely the microspore population. On regeneration
medium containing the same amount of aluminium fertile plants can be
regenerated. According to the seedling test results of grains originating
from fertile DH plants, an increase had been observed in the variability of
aluminium tolerance even if the aluminium treatment is applied only in the
induction phase. The multiplication of progenies and the testing of their
tolerance are now going on.
The earlier established method for producing gametes to get mature
seeds in in vitro cultured wheat florets had been successfully applied to
several wheat genotypes and wild wheat species. In artificial conditions the
sexual processes proved to be similar to the normal flowering, but the seed
set decreased considerably while the the in vitro fertility of the different
genotypes and species showed significant differences. Each genotype and
species produced sufficient number of funtionable pollen grains for the
successful fertilisation therefore the low seed set can at least partly
attributed to the disfunction of the female reproductive organ. The in vitro
developed seeds had normal morphology althoug they showed considerable
shrinking after drying because of their incomplete endosperm. Inspite of
that most of them germinated under laboratory conditions.
Seven wheat cultivars and one wild subspecies were compared for their
in vitro fertility and androgenic capacity by studying their anther culture
response and in vitro seed production. Both the haploid embryogenesis and
the in vitro seed set showed a very wide genotype dependent variability in
accordance with previous observations. At the same time, an analysis of the
data showed a significant negative correlation between androgenic ability
and the in vitro fertilization potential, which was especially obvious in
the case of highly embryogenic genotypes.
Utilization of the doubled haploid method of breeding usually shortens
the time to cultivar release, and method of haploid production need
evaluation in a breeding programme. Several Triticum aestivum and Triticum
durum genotypes were tested for anther culture response and some improtant
lines found to be recalcitrant. To get haploids from this non-responsive
genotypes wheat x maize crosses had been used applying stored maize pollen.
In our laboratory a successful pollen storage technique had been elaborated
and the combination of this method with the wheat x maize haploid procedure
gives us a very promising technique to introduce the recalcitrant genotypes
to doubled haploid breeding programmes. Using stored maize pollen for
pollination the average percentages of haploid embryo formation in wheat x
maize crosses were 10.7 and 21.6, respectively, while in the case of durum x
maize crosses approximately 10% of haploid embryos can be regenerated from
embryo culture. All plants regenerated from wheat x maize crosses were
haploid. We did not find any defective effect of the pollen storage
procedure comparing with the application of fresh maize pollen, while the
application seems to be more comfortable, because we do not have to care on
the synchronization of the flowering of the two different species.
A method for the isolation of viable egg cells of wheat has been
ellaborated. This technique combined with procedures already developed in
our group for the isolation of viable sperm cells of wheat permits us to use
the gametes for in vitro fertilization experiments and other genetic
manipulations e.g. as targets for foreign gene introduction.
-------------------------
J. Sutka, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, B. Koszegi, E. Farshadfar, M.
Arshadfar, O. Veisz, G. Linc
Genetic studies
Drought tolerance: Six different bread wheat cultivars were used in a
drought-stressed experiment, to estimate genetic variation and heritability
for seven morphological characters related to drought. Path-analysis was
used to partition the phenotypic correlations between some of the characters
into direct and indirect effects. The phenotypic stability of the cultivars
was estimated. Moderate genetic variation was displayed by the root system.
The heritability estimates ranged from 0.30 to 0.94. The expected genetic
advance with selection of the highest 5% was around 0.90 for the root
system. The root system had a high positive significant correlation with
total biomass, and showed the highest direct effect. Shoot heigth had a high
negative significant correlation with total biomass, but exhibited the least
direct effect. A significant difference was found between the root length
and root-shoot ratio of Plainsman compared with those of other cultivars.
All cultivars had average stability and general adaptation. However, due to
its better root system, higher yield and shorter shoot height (plant height)
Plainsman is the most suitable for drought tolerance breeding.
Osmotic and salt stress: Osmotic and salinity-induced polyamine accu-
mulation were compared in callus cultures of drought and salt tolerant wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and in disomic substitution lines.
Putrescine, spermidine and spermine occured in all cultures. Mannitol-
induced osmotic stress increased putrescine in all, and cadaverine in two
varieties, while salt stress increased spermidine titer, the accumulation
rate being higher in sensitive than in tolerant varieties. Specific
chromosome (5A and 7A) involvement in osmotic stress induced spermidine
accumulation revealed that mannitol was the most effective stress agent and
only spermidine titer of Chinese Spring was significantly changed as a
consequence of chromosome substitution. The A genome of Cappelle Desprez
(donor) substituted into Chinese Spring (recipient) appears to carry genes
involved in the control of osmotic stress induced spermidine accumulation,
and the genes controlling cadaverine biosynthesis may be localized in
chromosome 5B.
Frost resistance: During the frost testing of Chinese Spring
ditelosomics, genes responsible for frost resistance were found on the short
and long arms of chromosome 7A and on the long arms of chromosomes 5A, 3B,
5B, 7B and 5D. Since monosomic and substitution analysis indicated that
genes responsible for frost resistance were carried by chromosomes 5A, 5B
and 5D, it can be taken as proved that these genes are located on the long
arms of chromosomes.
The crossability of different wheat genotypes: The crossability of
three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Amor, Martonvasari 15,
Martonvasari 9) and one wheat line, Martonvasari 9 kr1, was assessed with
Triticum timopheevi Zhuk. and T. araraticum Jakubz.. Pollinations were car-
ried out in the field and under controlled environmental conditions
simultaneously. Higher seed set was obtained in the phytotron than in the
field. No significant difference was found in the crossability of the T.
timopheevi x T. aestivum and the T. araraticum x T. aestivum combinations.
A significant difference in seed set was found between the reciprocal
crosses, which indicates the importance of the cytoplasmic effect in these
crosses. The highest crossability was achieved for the Martonvasari 9 line
possessing the crossability gene kr1. Immature embryos were rescued on the
B5 medium. Hybrid plant production efficiency per hybrid seed was 82.02 per
cent with the help of embryo culture.
Cereal Gene Bank: Objectives are to collect, conserve, evaluate and
utilise germplasm, and continue to create wheat genetic stocks for
fundamental research and the breeding of up-to-date wheat cultivars with a
broad genetic base. Wheat genetic resources and stocks will also be used for
the establishment of a premier academic center for training graduate
students and visiting scientists from Hungarian and foreign universities and
institutes. The Cereal Gene Bank in Martonvasar contains not only 1500
common wheat varieties but also other 1300 accessions of the species
belonging to the following genera: Triticum, Aegilops, Agropyron, Secale,
Hordeum, Avena and a considerable range of cytogenetic lines (amphiploids,
monosomic sets, chromosome substitution, addition, recombination and
isogenic lines).
-------------------------
Physiological and biochemichal studies on wheat
T. Janda, G. Szalai, J. Kissimon, E. Paldi
Two types of wheat varieties ( Triticum aestivum L. ) cv. Cheyenne and
cv. Chinese Spring, with excellent and poor frost resistance, were used in
experimens to investigate how the photosynthetic apparatus contributes to
the development of frost resistance.Using a PAM fluorometer, changes in the
photochemical quenching were traced at 2 C and 20 C. Although there was
generally less photochemical quenching at low temperature than at room tem-
perature, in the case of the frost-resistant variety Cheyenne an increase in
Photochemical quenching was observed at low temperature as a function of the
length of the hardening period. This seems to indicate the existence of a
regulating mechanism which ensures that even at low temperature the plant
will be capable of an adequate level of photosynthesis.
During the vernalisation period complex changes take place in the
metabolism of nucleic acids and protein molecules. To study the effect of
changes in the RNA pool on the intensity of protein synthesis different
homologous and heterologous cell-free protein synthesising systems were
constructed with polysome fractions (S(23)) and tRNAs is isolated from
vernalised and non-vernalised wheat seedlings.The homologous cell-free
protein synthesising systems contained polysome fractions from both non-
vernalised and 1, 2, 5 and 7 week vernalised samples of wheat cultivar
Martonvasari 15, together with their own tRNA. Heterologous systems were
constructed with tRNA fractions of vernalised seedlings with S(23) fractions
of non- vernalised ones and vice versa. Cell-free protein synthesis was
carried out at 4 C and 30 C. Our results demonstrate that, independently of
the vernalisation period, the intensity of protein synthesis in homologous
vernalised systems at 4 C was as high as the intensity of homologous non-
vernalised systems at 30 C. Combinations of vernalised S(23) fractions with
vernalised tRNAs were about 30% more effective than vernalised S(23)
fractions with non-vernalised tRNAs at 4 C, while combinations of vernalised
tRNAs with non-vernalised S(23) fractions resulted in only a slight decrease
in activity at 30 C. It can thus be concluded that vernalisation leads to
changes in the protein synthesising system resulting in an optimal
synthesising capacity under the altered conditions.
Publications
Abd El-Maksoud MM., Bedo Z. 1993. Genotypes and Genotype x Medium
Interaction Effects on Androgenetic Haploid Production in Wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) Cereal Research Communications, 21. 1. 17-24.
Abd El-Maksoud MM., Karsai,I. and Bedo Z. 1993. Agronomic traits of wheat
lines developed by the doubled haploid, single seed descent and pedigree
methods after three cycles of selection. Acta Agronomica (in press),
Barnabas,B., Bedo, Z. 1993. Relationship between biology and plant breeding.
Hungarian Agricultural Research, 2. 1:30-33. p.
Bedo,Z., Balla,L., Szunics,L., Lang,L. and Kramarikne Kissimon J. 1993.
Agronomical properties of Martonvasar wheat varieties with 1B/1R transloca-
tion. Novenytermeles, 42. 5. 391-398.
Bedo,Z., Karsai,I., Balla,L. and Lang, L. 1993. Modified single doubled
haploid descent selection in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cereal Research
Communications 21:125-132.
Farshadfar E., Galiba G., Koszegi B. and Sutka J. 1993. Some aspects of the
genetic analysis of drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cereal
Res. Comm., 21, (in press).
Fischl, G., L. Szunics, J. Bakonyi.: 1993. Black point of wheat seeds.
Novenytermeles, 42. 5. 421-434.
Galiba G., Kocsy G., Kaur-Sawney R., Sutka J. and Galston A. W. 1993.
Chromosomal localization of osmotic and salt stress-induced differential
alterations in polyamine content in wheat. Plant Sci., 92: 203-211.
Galiba G., Tuberosa R., Kocsy G. and Sutka J. 1993. Involvement of
chromosomes 5A and 5D in cold-induced abscisic acid accumulation in and
frost tolerance of wheat calli. Plant Breed., 110: 237-242.
He,G.Y., Korbuly,E., Barnabas,B. 1993. High frequency callus formation and
regeneration of fertile plants from haploid cell suspensions derived from
anther culture in wheat /Triticum aestivum L./. Plant Science, 90: 81-87.
Janda,T., Kissimon,J., Szigeti,Z., Veisz,O., and Paldi E. 1993. Effect of
low temperature on photosynthesis of wheat and maize. 11th International
Biophyzics Kongress. July 25-30. Budapest, Abstracts, pp. 109.
Karsai,I., Bedo,Z., Balla,L. 1993. Effect of donor plant growth environment
on in vitro androgenesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Acta Agronomica, in
press,
Kovacs,G., Takacs,I., Barnabas,B. 1993. In vitro pollen maturation and
fertilisation in detached spikelet cultures of wheat. Novenytermeles, 42:
119-126.
Kovacs,G., Karsai,I., Bedo,Z., Barnabas,B. 1993. Effect of aluminium and low
pH on the callus induction and green plant regeneration in anther culture of
wheat. Novenytermeles, 42: 399-408.
Kovacs,G., Barnabas,B. 1993. Long term storage of rye and triticale pollen
in liquid nitrogen. Novenytermeles, 42: 301-305.
Limpert E., Lutz J., Remlein E. J., Sutka J. and Zeller F J. 1993.
Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) III. Hungarian and Croatian cultivars. J. Genet. and Breed.,
(in press).
Szunics, L., M. Sykora, M. Miklovicova, Lu. Szunics, M. Svec.: 1993. Studies
on the virulence of barley and wheat powdery mildew populations.
Novenytermeles, 42, 4, 323-329.
Szunics,L., Lu.Szunics.: 1993. Field stem rust infection of wheat
varieties. Novenytermeles, 42, 3, 221-230.
Szunics,L., Jolankai,M. and Bedo,Z. 1993. Results of wheat resistance
breeding and variety-specific agronomic research in Martonvasar. Hungarian
Agricultural Research, 2 (June), 26-32.
Szunics L. - Jolankai M. - Bedo Z. (1993): Results of wheat resistance
breeding and variety-specific agronomic research in Martonvasar. Hungarian
Agricultural Research, 2, 26-32.
Szunics L. - Sykora M. - Miklovicova M. - Szunics Lu. - Svec M. (1993):
Study of virulence of barley and wheat powdery mildew populations in Hungary
and Slovakia. Novenytermeles, 42. 4. 323-329.
Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. (1993): Stem rust resistance of wheat varieties
under field conditions. Novenytermeles, 42. 3. 221-230.
Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. (1993): Virulence of wheat powdery mildew in
Hungary during 1970-1992. Polnohospodarstvo, 39. 4. 299-303.
Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. (1993): Virulence of wheat powdery mildew in
Hungary during 1970-1992. Proceedings of cereal fungal diseases conference,
March 24-25, 1993, Bratislava. 10.
Takacs,I., Kovacs,G., Barnabas,B. 1993. Analysis of the genotypic effect on
different developmental pathways in wheat gametophyte cultures. Plant Cell
Reports /in press/.
Veisz O. (1993): The effect of winter frost on the yield components of
wheat. Novenytermeles, 42. 3. 205-212.
Veisz O. and Sutka J. 1993. Ditelosomic analysis of frost resistance in
wheat (cv, Chinese Spring) Cereal Res. Comm., 21, (in press).
-------------------------
Cereal Research Institute, Szeged
Matuz, J*., Z. Kertesz*, L. Bona*, B. Beke, A. Mesterhazy and J. Falusi
Wheat breeding program. In this year, our Cereal Research Institute
(CRI) a government research unit is 70 years old, starting its mission in
1924. The wheat breeding program was initiated in 1961 to develop high
yielding common and durum wheats suitable for the Hungarian agriculture. In
the last 25 years 20 wheat varieties were developed by CRI breeders. This
time sixteen researchers are involved in this program. Selection theory,
applied biotechnology, protein analysis, biotic and abiotic stress
resistance highlights the long-term areas of research.
The Wheat Research Unit of the CRI announces the release of 2 Triticum
aestivum and 1 T. durum wheat cultivars in the beginning of 1994. Breeder
seed of all the three cultivars released will be maintained by the Wheat
Research Unit and small quantities (5-10 g) of seed for research/breeding
purposes will be provided upon request to one of the corresponding authors.
GK Pinka is an awned, white glumed, middle tall, very early ripening
winter wheat cultivar. Indeed, this is the earliest one in the present
Hungarian wheat sortiment. GK Pinka derived from a F5 plant selection
(GKT5/GKT6744). GK Pinka has an outstanding yield performance. Average grain
yield for 43 experiments (3 years in the Hungarian National Wheat Trials)
was 6.48 t/ha for GK Pinka. The strong stem with excellent lodging
resistance and the good adaptability to a range of environments will allow a
wide spreading of this cultivar.
GK Zugoly is an awnless, yellow-glumed, short strawed, middle ripening
winter wheat cultivar. GK Zugoly was selected from the cross of GK Kincso (a
powdery mildew resistant) and GK Istvan (p.mildew sensitive) cultivars. GK
Zugoly is resistant to the p. mildew races speared in the Carpathian Basin
region of Europe. It is also resistant to leaf rust and heterogeneous for
reaction to Fusarium ssp. Average grain yield of GK Zugoly was 6.5 t/ha (+
5.1 % compared to the standards, 3 years in the Hungarian National Wheat
Trials).
GK Novodur is a yellow glumed, 85-90 cm tall, winter durum (Triticum
durum Desf.) cultivar with excellent pasta making quality. GK Novodur was
selected from back-cross population of Parus/*2GK Minaret. Among durum
wheats, it has an outstanding winter hardness and frost resistance. The
Parus parent is BYDV resistant and the released GK Novodur is also resistant
to BYDV. The other parent, GK Minaret has the highest pasta quality standard
in the region. The grain of GK Novodur has an excellent wet gluten (35%) and
beta carotene ct (7.5 mg/kg).
-------------------------
Cs. Kertesz, J. Matuz and Z. Kertesz
Comparison of three maintenance systems. Three systems of variety
maintenance i.e. pedigree in spaced planting, pedigree in dense planting and
a mass selection (Jensen method), were compared on two different cultivars
GK Sagvari and Yubileynaya 50 on the basis of superelite (breeder seed) and
elite (foundation seed) yield performance.
All the three methods proved to be suitable for the maintenance of
cultivars. Although the response of the varieties were different. For GK
Sagvari a strict pedigree selection was successful, while for Yubileynaya 50
a mass selection was just enough. The second task examined was, that which
traits should be considered when the pedigree seed were mixed for producing
the breeder seed. It was found that the 1000 kernel mass and the seedling
vigor was extremely important parameters. This traits affected the yield of
breeder seed in booth cultivars. The third question examined was, that how
many and what kind of sublines the pedigree seed should consists of. In the
case of GK Sagvari, the yield of breeder seed was higher when the high-
yielding subline components were included in the pedigree seed. The best
result was achieved when the 7 best lines were blended in the pedigree seed.
At cv. Yubileynaya 50 such tendency was not found. The sublines of this
cultivar showed extreme adaptability to the environment and the years
tested. Our conclusion is, that the number and kind of the sublines blended
depends upon the certain cultivar.
-------------------------
L. Cseuz
Simple field screening methods and water potential measurements in
wheat. Water retention ability of excised wheat leaves and chemical
desiccation tests were done in the nursery to study a wide range of the
breeding material`s cuticular resistance against water loss and
translocation ability of stored stem reserves. Using the measured water
potential and relative water content data, pressure-volume curves were drawn
and osmotic potential, and water saturation deficit at zero turgor were
calculated. Varieties performed well in the field-tests had lower water
potential (osmotic potential) values and reached the zero turgor point at a
higher water saturation deficit. Although, correlation between the rank of
entries in the different tests was low.
Water retention ability was tested by the determination of the fresh
weight of the excised twenty leaves of 78 genotypes harvested from the field
early in the morning. Keeping them in controlled environment room after 24
hours their weight was measured again and after a total desiccation the
leaves` dry weight was determined. From these data the total loss of initial
water content could be defined. Chemical desiccation tests were done to
evaluate the translocation ability of the stem reserves in 114 different
genotypes. Desiccant spraying was done 14 days after anthesis in case of
each entries. Kernel weight depression due to the post anthesis stress was
compared between the treated and control plot at every genotypes. The water
relations characteristics of 16 winter wheat genotypes of different drought
tolerance grown in the field were measured by a Scholander pressure bomb on
flag leaves. As in earlier investigations significant differences were found
among the tested genotypes in both field tests. The water loss of excised
leaves ranged between 35 and 71 % among the 78 genotypes tested. Depression
in thousand kernel mass due to the desiccant spraying was between 15 and 56
% of the untreated control plots. From the pressure-volume technique total
water potential, osmotic potential at zero and full turgor, water saturation
deficit at zero turgor and turgid weight/dry weight ratio (TW/DW) were
calculated. Among the water relations characteristics listed, water
saturation deficit and osmotic potential at 0 turgor showed the largest
difference among the varieties tested. Also, these traits had the highest
correlation with the results of both field tests and earlier field records.
No correlation was found between the TW/DW ratio data and other
characteristics. Genotypes that showed good water retention ability (NE
83/T, Tiszataj m, Mv 8) or resistance to post anthesis drought stress in
field-tests, (OK 84343, Tiszataj m, Pitic 62) had generally lower water
potential (osmotic potential) values and reached the zero turgor point at a
higher water saturation deficit. The pressure - volume technique gave less
variable results than the field screening methods, so in spite of its
relative slowness, it could be a convenient complementary screening tool in
wheat breeding.
Gene Bank Activity. By the financial support of the Hungarian Ministry
of Agriculture the Wheat Department of Cereal Research Institute could start
maintaining a gene collection of cca. 500 entries of valuable lines of bread
wheat, durum wheat and other related species. Large part of the collection
are resistant lines for fungal diseases.
-------------------------
M. Papp
Resistance of winter wheat to cereal leaf beetle. Resistance test based
on estimation of leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus
L.) was carried out on 52 winter wheat genotypes (mainly Hungarian-origin
cultivars) in 1993. Experiments were conducted in two isolated cages covered
by insect nets in the beginning of April. In the first cage chemical control
was used to provide a reliable check. In the other cage about 3000 adult
cereal leaf beetles were introduced on 26 April. Fungal diseases were
controlled in both cages by Bayleton 25 WP. The feeding damage by cereal
leaf beetle was determined on the flag leaf as a percentage of the whole
leaf-surface. The grain yield of 20 heads chosen by random sampling was
measured in each plot, and expressed as a percentage related to the not-
infested (protected) control. Thousand kernel mass was measured from these
samples.
Average leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle in 52 genotypes
studied was 20% on 24 May and 90% on 1 June. There were highly significant
differences in resistance to cereal leaf beetle between genotypes. At the
first estimation the most resistant cultivars (Downy, GK Ambitus, Mv 15, GK
Veka, GK Othalom, GK Reka) had only 6-15% feeding damages, and the most
susceptible ones (GK Kalaka, GK Lili, MM-In, GK Korany) had 29-32%. At
the second estimation the most resistant genotypes (Downy, GK Reka) had 41-
65% feeding damages, and the most susceptible ones (GK Korany, MM-In, GK
Kovasz, GK Lili, GK Kalaka, Mv 8) had 98-100%. Grain yield response to
attack of cereal leaf beetle was more sensitive than that of thousand kernel
mass. Yield was reduced by 31%, while thousand kernel mass decreased only by
22% on average. Yield of the most tolerant cultivars (Downy, Brjk-LixLov34,
MM-Kincso, Kincso-Krp) decreased by 6-16%, while that of the most sensitive
ones (GK Lili, GK Szoke, GK Csuros, Mv 15, Mv 17, GK Ambitus) was reduced by
45-56%. Leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle (second estimation)
exhibited a medium correlation with yield reduction and yield of infested
plots (r = 0.3378, P < 0.05; r = -0.4612, P < 0.001 respectively).
Pubescence of the flag leaf was significantly correlated to feeding damage
by cereal leaf beetle (r = -0.8015, P < 0.001).
-------------------------
M. Papp and A. Mesterhazy
Resistance of wheat to viruses in field tests. In 1993, 120 wheat
cultivars and breeding lines (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) were tested in
three replications at early sowing (late September) and wide spaced
surrounded by grassland. The dominating virus was BYDV beside sporadical
occurrence of BMV and WSMV. Due to the autumn infection only 17% of the
total 25704 plants were killed by the end of April. The most resistant
genotypes were GK Ablanc, T89-92, Jbj 50-SdvS, T101-92, GK 804-Mv 8 and GK
Csornoc (96-99% survival by April), and the most susceptible ones were GK
Minaret, BD 4312xBa-Mi, Brjk-LixLov34 and 5A 24 (40-60% survival). In June
the most susceptible lines (GK Minaret, VIC-Pa3, BD 4312xBa-Mi, 5A 39, 5A
24) had 67-87% virus infection, while the most resistant ones (Zo-F113D, GK
Ablanc, GK Csaba, GK Ambitus, GK Kincso, Mv 17, GK Gobe, GK Csornoc, GK Olt,
Jubilejnaja 50) had only 3-17%. The evaluation carried out in June was
significantly correlated to the percentage of killed plants recorded in the
end of April (r = 0.7338, P < 0.001).
-------------------------
L. Purnhauser
Copper enhanced plant regeneration from somatic and androgenic tissue
cultures of wheat. In our experiments, Cu-ions at concentrations 10 to 1000
times higher than in the original Murashige & Skoog medium (0.1 uM CuSO(4))
strikingly enhanced shoot and root regeneration in somatic callus cultures
of wheat and triticale. In wheat embryoids induced in anther culture,
CuSO(4) was also important for regeneration. With hormone-free 1/2 MS medium
at high (2 M) CuSO(4) content the shoot and root formation of anther
derived embryoids was significantly higher than that in hormone (0.5 mg l-l
naphtaleneacetic acid + 0.5 mg l-l kinetin)-containing 1/2 strength MS
medium (with 0.1 M CuSO(4)), which is commonly applied for regeneration.
CuSO(4) pretreatment significantly promoted plant survival when regenerated
wheat plants were transferred directly to potting soil.
A method for crossing non-synchronously flowering parents in wheat,
using cold storage of the female parent. A simple method is developed for
making efficient hand crosses in wheat (Triticum aestivum) parents with
large differences in flowering dates. It involves the cold storage of
emasculated plants at 5 degC between emasculation and pollination. The seed
set of cold-stored females was high when spikes were pollinated 30 days
after emasculation (DAE). Female plants kept only in a greenhouse (30
degC/20 degC day/night temperature) without cold storage showed a poor seed
set when pollinated 10 DAE, and the stigmas had completely lost their
receptivity 15 DAE. Experiments with other species (T. durum x T. aestivum,
wheat x rye and triticale x wheat crosses) likevise revealed the highly
reproducible effect of cold storage of the females on extending the duration
of stigma receptivity.
Personnel. J. Falusi, Wheat breeder has been appointed to Research
Leader of the CRI Research Station , Taplanszentkereszt, West Hungary. He is
countinouing the small grain breeding activity at the Station. L. Cseuz,
Wheat breeder participated at the two month International Postgrad Course on
Biological and Physical Aspects of Crop Production in Arid Zones of the Ben
Gurion University, Israel.
Publications
Barabas, Z., J. Matuz and T. Monostori. 1993. Tomato hybrid seed production
using auxotroph (thiamin dependent) mutants. Annual Meetings ASA, CSSA,
SSSA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 7-12., 1993. Agronomy Abstr. p. 81.
Bona, L., R.J. Wright, V.C. Baligar and J. Matuz. 1993. Screening wheat and
other small grains for acid soil tolerance. Landscape and Urban Planning.
27:175-178.
Bona, L., V.C. Baligar and R.J. Wright. 1993. Soil acidity effects on
agribotanical traits of Triticum durum Desf. and Triticum aestivum L.
genotypes. Third Plant-Soil Interaction at Low pH Int. Symp. Brisbane,
Australia, Sep. 12-16. 1993. Abstr. p. 117.
Bona, L., V.C. Baligar, R.J. Wright and L. Leder. 1993. Acid soil tolerance
of juvenile stage proso millet genotypes. Cereal Res. Commun. 21:83-86.
Carver, B.F., W.E. Whitemore, E.L. Smith and L. Bona. 1993. Registration of
four aluminum tolerant winter wheat germplasm and two susceptible near-
isolines. Crop Sci. 33:1113-1114.
Csosz, M, A. Mesterhazy and M. Papp. 1993. Prospects and retrospects in
resistance breeding of wheat. Hung. Agriculture, 2: 41-46.
Kertesz, Z., J. Pauk and J. Matuz. 1993. Comparison of the traditional
selection with haploid breeding in winter wheat. Proc. 8th International
Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing 20 - 25 July. Abst. p. 154.
Matuz, J., T. Bartok and L. Purnhauser. 1993. The inheritance and aminoacid
content in the F1 hybrids of winter wheat cultivars. Proceedings of the 17th
International Congress of Genetics, Birmingham, 15-21 August. Abst. p.118.
Matuz, J., Z. Kertesz and E. Acs. 1993. Inheritance of bread making quality
in crosses of Hungarian and North-American winter wheats (Triticum
aestivum). Proc. 8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing 20-25
July. Abst. p. 140.
Matuz, J., Z. Kertesz and E. Acs. 1993. Inheritance of bread making quality
in crosses of Hungarian and North-American winter wheats (Triticum
aestivum). Cereal Res. Commun. 21:39-43.
Mesterhazy, A. 1993. Resistance level and toxin contamination: possibilities
for breeding resistance to head blight in wheat. Vienna Workshop on Current
Status of Fusarium Head Blight Research in Europe. Abst. p.7.
Papp, M. 1993. Winter wheat resistance to cereal leaf beetle and bird
cherry-oat aphid. In J. Angyan, J. Kiss and L. Podmaniczky (eds.) Sci. Conf.
New Strategies for Sustainable rural Development, March 22-25. Godollo,
Hungary. Abst. p. 108.
Papp, M., A. Mesterhazy: 1993. Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid
(Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties. Euphytica 67:49-57.
Papp, M. 1993. Resistance mechanism of wheat to aphids (In Hungarian with
English summary). Novenytermeles 42:191-198.
Pauk, J. and L. Purnhauser. 1993. Advances in tissue culture of wheat whit
special regard to plant regeneration and applications in breeding. Hungarian
Agricult. 2:22-25.
Pauk, J., B. Jenes, L. Purnhauser and Z. Kertesz. 1993. Protoplast - plant
system in hexaploid wheat. 6th European Congress on Biotechnology, Firenze,
13-17 June. Abst. p. 369.
Purnhauser, L. 1993. A method for crossing non-synchronously flowering
parents in wheat, using cold storage of the female parent. Cereal Res.
Commun. 21:175-179.
Purnhauser, L. and G. Gyulai. 1993. Effect of copper on shoot and root
regeneration in wheat, triticale, rape and tobacco tissue cultures. Plant
Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 35:131-139.
Purnhauser, L., J. Schulcz, T. Monostory and J. Matuz. 1993. Crossability of
wheat with rye and use of the tissue culture method for wide hybridization.
Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Genetics, Birmingham, 15-
21 August. Abst. p. 118.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM INDIA
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Division of Genetics, New Delhi
Wheat Breeding
R. N. Sawhney, S.S. Singh, H.B. Chowdary, Harsh Mehta, J .B. Sharma and
D. N. Sharma
The use of (i) genetically well defined sources for resistance,
(ii) simultaneous testing of breeding materials under timely sown, both
water stress and adequate irrigation conditions as well as late sown,
irrigated conditions and (iii) through shuttle breeding has led to the
development of a new set of high yielding, widely adapted wheats with
well-defined and diverse resistance. Some of the wheats which have emerged
from the program are endowed with an inherent mechanism of genetic
homoeostasis enabling them to achieve stability of production at higher
levels of productivity both under optimum and sub-optimurn environments over
diverse agroclimatic conditions of the country. These wheats are also likely
to be durable for resistance to rusts.
'Kanchan' (DL 803-3) - an outstanding dwarf wheat. 'Kanchan' (DL
803-3), an aestivum wheat identified by the All India Wheat Research
Workers' Workshop in 1993 for the timely sown, irrigated and high fertility
conditions, is the latest in the series including 'Kundan' (DL 153-2) and
'Vaishali' (DL 784-2) released for the commercial cultivation in the last
decade. This cultivar was derived from the cross HUW 202//K 7537/, a black
point free mutant of HD 2160.
1. Yield potential. The yield figures in Table 1 project that DL 803-3
outclassed the most popular wheat of the zone WH 147 with convincing margins
registering first rank in the three consecutive years. An average yield of 5
t/ha with yield potential of 7 t/ha under good management on large plots in
on-farm tests in Punjab was achieved.
Table 1. Comparative performance of DL 803-3 with WH 147 in the Central
Zone,
AICWIP data
DL 803-3 WH 147
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Year Yield Rank Yield Rank
(q/ha) (q/ha)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
1990-91 46.4 1 41.5 17
1991-92 50.3 1 48.7 4
1992-93 47.2 1 42.5 7
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mean 48.0 44.2
2. Durable rust resistance. The wheat-rye (lB/1R) translocation that
carries Lr26/Sr31/Yr9 for resistance to leaf, stem and yellow rusts
respectively has been exploited extensively for the development of high
yielding cultivars in different parts of the world. DL 803-3 and DL 802-3
evoIved from two differnt local cross combinations possessing lB/1R
translocation. DL 803-3 is postulated to carry Lr23, Lr26/Sr31 /Yr9 and
Lr34/Yr18. Lr26 alone has become ineffective due to the evolution of new
races of 77 group. However, Lr34, an adult plant partially effective gene,
which is implicated for durability in combination with Lr23 and Lr26
provided higher level of resistance and is likely to be durable for
resistance to leaf rust. Sr31 is still highly effective gene the world over
and suggested to have durable resistance to stem rust. Yr18, a partially ef
fective adult plant stripe rust resistance gene, has been shown to be
closely associated with Lr34 and is likely to provide durable and high level
of resistance to stripe rust in combination with Yr9 which again is a gene
that is still highly effective to stripe rust in the sub-continent.
3. Stability and sustainability. Wheats that are capable of yielding
at higher levels of productivity both under optimum and sub-optimum
environments are Iikely to produce higher average yields because of several
inherent natural and socio-economic constraints encountered by the peasantry
in different parts of the country in the availability of adequate inputs for
higher production. In this context DL 803-3 displays a good degree of
genetic homoeostasis when tested over diverse agronomic situations (Table
2). It outyields WH 147 both in the Varietal Trials (Table 1) and the
Agronomic Trials (Table 2) under normal sown as well as when shown early or
late in Agronomic Trials (table 2). Thus, the cultivar imparts a sufficient
degree of latitude in planting time to the farmer.
The genotype holds sufficient prornise in sustainable agriculture
when planted under a wide range of sub-optimum input conditions of
fertilizer and number of irrigations. The cultivar maintained its edge over
WH 147 even when the fertilizer levels were reduced to 2/3 and 1/3 of the
recommended levels. Similarly, DL 803-3 retained its superiority over WH 147
in water deticit situations. Thus, the genotype fairly meets the
requirements of a subsistence farmer who can ill-afford the use of costly
chemical fertilizer and depends on weather gods to meet the irrigation
requirements. WH 147 again is a wheat known for its better performance under
moderate inputs of fertilizer and water.
Table 2 : Comparative performance of D L 803-3 and WH 147 over varied
agronomic situations in Central Zone, AICWIP data (1992-93)
Yield (q/ha)
Dl 803-3 Wh 147
---------------------------------------------------------
Sowing date Normal 48.3 - 44.8
Early 46.3 - 41.4
Late 39.1 - 33.0
FertiIizer doses N 120 P60 K40 43.6 38.5
N80 P40 K27 40.7 36.4
N40 P20 K14 32.0 2a8
No. of irrigations Adequat 51.0 43.3
Two 34.6 32.8
One 29.6 28.1
---------------------------------------------------------
4. Wide Adaptability. Wheats performing consistently superior across
different agroclimatic regions are likely to be more adapted and stable in
performance. Widespread adaptability of DL 803-3 is implicit in Table 3. The
cultivar performed consistently superior in different zones having a wide
range of environments when compared with the most popular wheat of the
respective zone.
Table 3. Widespread adaptability of DL 803 (Kanchan) under diverse
agroclimatic conditions, AICWIP
Cultivation 1992-93 1991-92 1990-91
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Zone condition Variety V R Y R Y R
Central TS, IRR DL 803 47.2 1 50.3 1 46.4 1
WH 147 42.5 7 48.7 4 41.5 17
NorWest LS, IRR DL 803 41.2 3 43.0 1 38.4 5
Plain HD 2285 36.0 16 39.3 12 37.9 9
NorEast TS, IRR DL 803 46.3 2 - - -
HUW 206 42.9 21 - - -
TS, RF DL 803 20.1 1 - - -
C 306 17.2 17 - - -
Penin- TS, IRR DL 803 47.1 3 48.3 1 - -
sular NI 5439 38.2 14 48.3 1 - -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Y: Yield (q/ha) R: Rank IRR: Irrigated
TS: Timely sown LS: Late sown RF: Rainfed
Quality features. It has amber (white), hard, well filled and roundish
grains with grain weight of 45 mg. It had the highest protein percentage
(14.0) in comparison to the check wheats.
Publications
Sawhney, R.N. 1993. Kundan - a superior wheat cultivar among the dwarf
wheats. Ind. Fm 9. 43(8): 35-37.
Sawhney, R.N. 1993. Kundan - the ideal chapati and bread wheat. The Indian
Bakers 24(3): 27-31.
Sawhney, R. N. 1993. Genetic strategies for sustaining green revolution in
wheat. Abstr. National Symposium on Plant Breeding Strategies for India 2000
A.D. and Beyond at Aurangabad, December 25-27, 1993 organised by Marathawada
Agricultural University, Parbhani and Indian Society of Genetics and Plant
Breeding, New Delhi. pp 4-6.
Sawhney, R.N. 1994. Breeding for durable resistance to the wheat rusts.
Monograph, IARI, New Delhi 110 012. Publication and Information Directorate
of the CSIR, New Delhi ( i n p ress) .
-------------------------
Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New
Delhi
S. M. S. Tomar* and M. Kochumadhavan
Improvement of Wheat Cultivars: A number of alien genes and genes from
related species have been identified as effective source of resistance
against the Indian stem rust and leaf rust race flora. These genes are
available but in poor backgrounds with regard to Indian conditions. Many of
them such as Sr26, Lr24, Lr28 and Lr9 have been transferred to Indian wheat
cultivars through backcross breeding to improve rust resistance. The yield
potential of the improved cultivars (constituted after 6 or 7 backcrosses)
along with their recurrent parents was assessed in RBD with 6 replications
in a plot size of 5 m X 0.92 m. The crop was inoculated twice (tillering and
boot leaf stages) with a mixture of races of stem and leaf rusts to create
epiphytotic conditions. The leaf rust infection recorded on check varieties
(recurrent parents) ranged from 60S to 90S. Although differences in yield
between recurrent parents and the improved lines were observed (Table l),
the data indicated significant differences in yield only in two cases. It is
also observed that rust appearing at boot stage can cause damage up to 10%
but depends on the time of rust appearance and tolerance of the genotype
against the pathogen. The infection of stem rust was of low magnitude
ranging from TS to 5S at the time of maturity.
Table 1. Relative performance of improved cultivars in comparison to their
recurrent parents
Cultivar/Improved line Gene(s) Average yield in Kgs..per
(Imp.) present plot (5 m X 0.92 m)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Sonalika 2.09
HW 2001A (Imp. Sonalika) Lr24 2.17
Kalyansona 2.16
HW 2002A (Imp. Kalyansona) Lr24 2.32
HW 2021 (Imp. Kalyansona) Lr24 Sr26 2.18
WH 147 2.20
HW 2022 (Imp. WH 147) Lr24 Sr26 2.26
HW 2005 (Imp. WH 147) Lr24 2.28
Lok 1 2.26
HW 2006 (Imp. Lok 1) Lr24 2.34
HD 2329 2.19
HW 2007 (Imp. HD 2329) Lr24 2.46
HD 2285 2.18
HW 2008 (Imp. HD 2285) Lr24 2.24
WL 711 2.12
HW 2014 (Imp. WL 711) Lr24 2.48
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
C.D. = 0.25 Sig. at 5% level of significance
-------------------------
IARI Regional Station, Wellington, The Nilgiris
M. Kochumadhavan and S. M. S. Tomar*
Introgression of stem rust resistance gene Sr27 and leaf rust
resistance gene Lr28 in Indian wheat cultivar(s). In continuation of
previous work on improvement of wheat cultivars by incorporating different
genes conferring resistance to stem and leaf rusts, a popular wheat cultivar
Kalyansona was chosen for introgression of the gene Lr28 derived from
Aegilops speltoides . The line CS 2A/2M 4/2 was used as a donor parent for
leaf rust resistance (Lr28). Selection constituted after seven backcrosses
from Kalyansona*7/CS 2A/2M 4/2 were tested under field conditions against a
mixture of leaf rust races. The improved Kalyansona carrying Lr28 showed
resistance under field conditions and also in seedling stage to those races
to which the recurrent parent is susceptible.
The gene Sr27 (WRT: Wheat Rye Translocation) available in Chinese
Spring background, translocated from Imperial rye to CS by Acosta (1963)J
has been found effective against Indian stem rust race flora in seedling as
well as in adult plant stages. This gene had earliar been transferred to
Kalyansona by Prabhakar Rao (1985). Our efforts were to combine Sr27 and
Lr28 and Sr27 and Lr24 in Kalyansona background. The Kalyansona carrying
Sr27 was crossed to Kalyansona carrying Lr28. A number of single plants
looking phenotypically close to Kalyansona and carrying resistance to leaf
rust and stem rust in F(2) generation were carried over to F(3)
generation. Uniform F(3) families resistant to stem rust and leaf rust were
bulked separately. The uniformity and the resistance of the individual bulks
was tested in next generation. Similarly, Kalyansona carrying Sr27 was
crossed to HW 2002 carrying Lr24 (an improved line of Kalyansona) and the
procedure adopted in combining Sr27 and Lr28 was followed. The above method
of combining two specific genes in a single background seems to have merit
for constituting the genotypes with multigenic resistance.
-------------------------
Dalmir Singh
INDUCED TRANSLOCATIONS BETWEEN WHEAT AND RYE
CHROMOSOMES FOR RUST RESISTANCE
The Mexican hexploid wheat variety Kalyansona was crossed with a amber
seeded and self compatible rye mutant. Crossed seeds were irradiated with
35 Kr. of gamma rays (1989-90) with the objective to induce translocation
between chromosomes of wheat and rye. During the 1991-93 season plant
progenies were in M3 and M4 generations. The M3 material was screened under
Delhi conditions while M4 generation was evaluated at Wellington (hot spot
for all the diseases of wheat). The M3 material screened at Delhi segre-
gated for rust resistance except for one plant progeny which produced only
resistant plants (the plant was resistant in M2 generation at Wellington.
The material was then evaluated as M4 at Wellington (Table 1). Plants
possessing rust resistance were also selected for improved fertility. Plant
progenies possessing rust resistance in M3 generation were found to be
resistant in Mr generation also. These plant progenies flowered about 10
days later than the parent variety (Kalyansona). Differences were also
observed in the spike morphology, some spikes were of speloid types. The
mature plants were about 10 to 15 cm taller than the parent. Since the
spike fertility was good, these lines will be evaluated for their yielding
ability. Rust resistant plants have been selected from other segregating
material to improve spike fertility.
Table 1 Rust reactions in variety Kalyansona, Secale cereale and
translocation line (at Wellington).
Rust reaction
Parents Black rust Brown rust Yellow rust
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kalyan sona 60-80 S 60 S 40 S
Secale cereale F F F
Kalyan sona x Secale
cereal translocation F F F
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spontaneously induced early plants in T. timopheevi (Zhula) Zhuk. IN
an attempte to transfer desirable traits, two strains of T. timopheevi are
being used. Both strains are of winter habit (late flowering). At
flowering stage it was observed that one of the strains produced some
exceptionally early plants which flowered about 30 days earlier than the
rest. As a curiosity, one of the early plants was analysed cytologically at
first meiotic metaphase and it was observed that instead of forming regular
14 bivalents, it showed a prevalence of univalents, trivalents and
quadrivalents in most of the cells scored.. Since it happened to be an
unusual phenomenon, the remainder of early plants and some normal plants
were also analyzed cytologically. The data were recorded on the number of
univalents bivalents (ring or rod), trivalents, quadrivalents and chiasmata
per cell. Mean values were calculated and compared with the normal T.
timopheevi observations (Table 1).
Data analysis revealed that the increase in the mean values of the
univalents, trivalents and quadrivalents per cell were significantly higher
in all the plants which flowered early than the mean values of normal
plants.
The mean values of rod bivalents did not differ much but the mean values of
ring bivalents were significantly lower in all the early plants than the
values observed in the late plants. The mean values of trivalents and
quadrivalents on the other hand were significantly higher in all the early
plants except plant number 6, where quadrivalents failed to occur (Table 1).
In general the chiasma frequencies in all the early plants were
significantly lower than the late plants. It certainly could be due to the
failure of chromosome pairing. The partial reduction in the number of
bivalents on the one hand and the increase in the number of univalents on
the other side may be the effect of desynapsis. In the present observations
the increase in the number was not only restricted to univalents but it was
also observed in the number of trivalents and quadrivalents (which could be
due to the supression of Ph gene like system).
In the early flowering (abnormal) plants, there appeared to be three
different events which are common. 1. Decreased ring bivalents and increased
univalents (desynaptic effect). 2. Increased chromosome associations like
trivalents and quadrivalents (mutated Ph gene effect). 3. Early flowering
(vernalization).
Although it is difficult to pinpoint which event took place first and
later on triggered the rest of them but it is likely that the change might
have occurred in the pairing of chromosome (Ph gene system) and then due to
homoeologous chromosome pairing, the other functions got reshuffled. A few
seeds were obtained by crossing hundreds of florets with hexaploid wheat.
Resulting progenies are to be studied.
Table 1. Meiotic chromosome pairing in T. timopheevi (flowered late) and
its abnormal (flowered early) Plants (mean per cell).
No. of
Parents cells
scored Univalents
---------------------------------------------------
T. timopheevi 50 0.42 +/- .01
Abnormal Plant-1 50 8.58 +/- .33
(23.31)
Abnormal Plant-2 25 5.68 +/- .48
(14.61)
Abnormal Plant-3 30 4.40 +/- .40
(15.47)
Abnormal Plant-4 25 4.68 +/- .38
(14.20)
Abnormal Plant-5 30 5.17 +/- .40
(13.97)
Abnormal Plant-6 25 5.40 +/- .48
(13.53)
--------------------------------------------------
Table 1. Meiotic chromosome pairing in T. timopheevi (flowered late) and
(cont'd) its abnormal (flowered early) Plants (mean per cell).
Bivalents
----------------------------
Ring Types Rod Types Trivalents Quadrivalents Chiasmata
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
10.50 +/- .23 3.16 +/- .23 0.06 +/- .22 0.02 +/- .01 25.64+/-.29
3.78 +/- .15 4.70 +/- .21 0.74 +/- .09 0.08 +/- .02 14.34+/-.40
(24.34) (5.03) (7.64) (7.50) (22.60)
5.20 +/- .32 6.68 +/- .19 0.88 +/- .12 0.04 +/- .04 19.08+/-.53
(13.58) (4.47) (9.11) (4.00) (11.92)
5.03 +/- .27 3.83 +/- .22 1.60 +/- .15 0.28 +/- .08 20.37+/-.39
(14.32 (3.10) (12.41) (3.71) (10.75)
4.80 +/- .21 4.04 +/- .26 1.20 +/- .17 0.32 +/- .09 20.00+/-.33
(16.05) (2.31) (10.63) (4.28) (12.00)
4.50 +/- .23 4.50 +/- .19 1.37 +/- .11 0.20 +/- .07 19.57+/-.44
(17.14) (4.20) (14.55) (3.00) (11.90)
5.16 +/- .26 4.20 +/- .25 1.32 +/- .16 -- 19.84+/-.27
(14.43) (2.88) (10.50) (12.60)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Figures in parenthesis are "t" values.
Table 2. Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
derivatives (PTD) lines
-------------------------------------------------------------- Culm Ear
Derivatives/ length Tiller length Spikelet
Checks (cm) Number (cm) number
--------------------------------------------------------------
PID 1 83.72 12.60 11.72 20.12
PID 2 104.84 11.65 9.09 17.90
PID 8 94.13 15.05 9.06 18.05
PID 11 98.29 10.25 10.16 17.65
PID 12 86.24 12.85 10.12 22.12
PID 16 81.53 12.35 9.74 22.05
PID 18 81.52 13.60 10.69 20.80
PID 28 81.31 9.95 9.17 22.62
PID 30 87.42 8.35 10.71 21.71
PID 32 108.56 10.20 11.12 18.81
PID 34 82.37 8.10 10.57 23.15
PID 40 102.56 10.55 10.22 20.66
PID 44 86.44 9.65 10.63 21.81
PID 47 76.30 12.80 9.99 19.75
PID 48 88.83 12.20 8.93 20.71
PID 49 78.90 12.75 10.00 20.30
PID 50 84.77 13.40 9.75 19.62
--------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
(cont'd) derivatives (PTD)lines
--------------------------------------------------------------
No days Ear Ear Grain Yield
to Biomass yield grain weight plant
flower (g) (g) No (mg) (g)
--------------------------------------------------------------
98.50 49.75 2.03 60.16 31.72 12.32
125.50 47.75 1.28 40.75 31.42 6.35
115.75 51.30 1.72 39.39 43.17 13.07
107.25 42.25 1.63 46.40 35.17 10.22
108.75 62.35 2.31 58.41 38.80 17.12
111.25 59.50 2.04 53.08 36.35 17.84
108.00 43.00 1.77 57.33 28.00 11.47
109.00 51.75 2.44 54.90 34.20 14.37
109.75 54.50 2.51 68.08 35.02 15.17
103.50 55.75 2.06 46.48 46.70 11.12
106.50 43.50 2.38 62.39 38.90 13.30
119.25 55.75 1.44 38.33 40.85 12.00
111.25 48.25 2.10 52.58 37.32 10.55
110.00 40.75 1.48 62.74 23.40 6.85
112.00 49.25 1.54 53.24 29.77 11.02
111.00 54.75 1.67 67.74 22.82 11.70
113.00 49.50 1.54 72.74 21.75 11.11
--------------------------------------------------------------
Table 2. Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
(cont'd) derivatives (PTD) lines
-------------------------------------------------------------- Culm Ear
Derivatives/ length Tiller length Spikelet
Checks (cm) Number (cm) number
--------------------------------------------------------------
PID 61 85.66 13.30 9.86 18.64
PID 64 88.09 14.97 10.71 22.47
PID 65 84.39 10.85 9.97 20.81
PID 76 79.72 12.00 11.03 21.47
PID 83 79.95 12.50 9.72 20.16
Kalyansona 75.27 8.60 10.22 19.95
CM 108-31 93.30 12.30 9.57 19.65
-------------------------------------------------------------
C.V. (%) 6.22 19.42 13.38 7.96
C.D. at 5% 7.6573 1.6066 1.9097 2.296
C.D. at 1% 10.20 8.5253 2.546 3.061
Table 2. Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
(cont'd) derivatives (PTD) lines
------------------------------------------------------------
No days Ear Ear Grain Yield
to Biomass yield grain weight plant
flower (g) (g) No (mg) (g)
------------------------------------------------------------
112.00 55.00 1.98 46.66 40.07 15.22
111.00 48.75 1.54 59.49 26.30 10.10
109.75 38.70 1.50 58.49 22.00 8.06
109.25 44.50 1.99 59.33 31.97 9.65
110.50 41.00 1.41 68.24 21.80 9.30
115.50 51.22 2.63 59.33 31.97 14.87
110.75 68.10 2.41 56.24 41.72 18.17
------------------------------------------------------------
3.96 20.01 17.14 17.95 8.76 22.32
6.1866 14.3885 0.4572 14.146 4.0688 3.1875
8.2489 19.1849 0.6096 18.8617 5.4250 5.0901
Table 1. Field reaction of timopheevi derivatives against rust disease
Deriv/
Checks Pedigree Pusa Brown Rust
88 89 91 92
------------------------------------------------------------------
1 (CM108-3 z x timo.)x Ks(2) R TR R 10S
8 (CM5B X TIMO.) X CM108-31 0 0 0 TR
12 0 0 0 10S
18 TS 10S R 10MS
28 (CM108-31 X TIMO.) X CM108-31(2) 0 10S TR TS
30 0 TS TS 5MR
32 MS 0 TR 10S
34 TMR MR TR 10S
------------------------------------------------------------------
Wellington Brown Rust Wellington Black Rust Lahoul Yellow Rust
88 89 92 88 89 92 88 89 92
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- 0 20MR - 0 10MR - 0 20MS
TR 0 TMS 0 0 0 0 R R
5S 0 10MR 10S 0 5R MR R R
0 20S 40MS 0 0 TR 0 0 R
TS 5R 10S 5MS 0 0 - 50S 80S
TS TMS 10S 0 0 0 0 0 5MS
MR TS 10S - 0 0 MS 4S R
10MS TR 10S TS 0 0 0 50S 20S
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Table 1. Field reaction of timopheevi derivatives against rust disease
(cont'd)
Deriv/ Pusa Brown Rust
Checks Pedigree
-----------------------------------------------------------
40 TR 20S TS 20S
44 (CM 108-31 X TIMO.) X Ks(3) 0 TS R TS
47 TS TS - 10S
48 TR 10S 10S 20S
49 TR TR - 10S
50 MR 10S TR 10S
61 0 MR 20S 20S
64 0 0 R 10S
65 0 TR R TS
83 Ks x (TIMO> X Ks)(3) MR TS TR 20S
KS Kalyansona 80S 80S 100S 60S
CM-31 CM108-31 60S 60S 60S 60S
-----------------------------------------------------------
Wellington Brown Rust Wellington Black Rust Lahoul Yellow Rust
88 89 92 88 89 92 88 89 92
------------------------------------------------------------------------
TS 0 10S 5S 0 0 TS R R
TR 0 20MR 0 0 TMS 0 R R
TMR 0 10S 0 0 0 TS 20S 40S
TR TR - 0 0 0 0 TS 5S
TR 0 5S 0 0 0 - 0 10S
TR 0 10S 0 0 0 TS 5S R
10R 0 10MR TS TS TR 0 0 R
TS TR 1-MS 0 0 0 S 50S 80S
5S 5R - 0 0 0 0 0 30S
- TS MS 40S 40S MS 20S 20S 40S
60S 60S 100S 40S 40S 40S 80S 80S 100S
40S 20S 40S 40S 40S 40S 30S 30S 30S
------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------
Resistance against Multiple Rust Disease and Agronomic Behavior of
Timopheevi Derivatives
Bhowal, J.G., G. Huha, R.M. Brahma and R. Singh.
McIntosh, in 1988 stated that it was not difficult to find or to
produce rust resistant materials but it was difficult to combine high levels
of resistance to multiple diseases with other desirable characters.
Timopheevi derivatives used in the study show a high level of multiple
disease resistance including adult plant resistance to black, brown and
yellow rusts and have desirable agronomic characters. The derivatives were
produced by crossing T. timopheevi as a male or female with aestivum
cultivars and stocks (CM 108-31, CM mono 5B and Kalyansona) and back
crossing the F(1)s one to three times to aestivum cultivars and stocks
followed by repeated selfing and selection. The derivatives are referred to
as Pusa timopheevi derivatives (PTD).
Other desirable characters of PTD are predominantly aestivum like in
habit and other morphological characters. All are earlier than timopheevi
and without small ovate and pressed ear and winter habit. Most are similar
to aestivum parents in culm and ear length, tillering, spikelet and grain
number and flowering time. A few PTD lines have more or less the same ear
grain yield, grain weight, yield per plant and biomass as aestivum parents.
Several lines showed ear grain yield and yield per plant similar to
aestivum parents. Some lines even transgressed the superior parents in
characters like tiller number, flowering time and grain weight. All sources
of germplasm to broaden the genetic base of resistance to rust diseases.
-------------------------
P. Bahadur, K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh, and R. Aggarwal, Mycology
and Plant Pathology
Studies on Wheat Diseases in India
Wheat rusts. A prolonged cold wave for 5 weeks from the last week of
December 91 to four week fo January 92 in Northern India delayed leaf rust
appearance in Indogangetic plains on susceptible cultivars, Sonallika, HD
2285 and HD 2329. Heavy rains in Northern India also reduced the
establishment of stripe rust in Haryana and Punjab. Cultivation of many
CIMMYT and Indian improved varieties in Nepal might have also contributed in
reducing the inoculum spreading to India.
Postulation of genes for stem rust resistance. Evaluation of 79
entries of wheat with 12 pathotypes of Puccinia graminis tritici revealed
the following SR genes were carried by cultivars listed:
Sr9b : HPW 74
SR9e : PDW 232, PDW 233, WH 896
Sr2 + Se31 : K 9000, HUW 391
Sr31 : DL 803-2, DL 803-3, DL 802-3, DWR 187,
DWR 195, HD 2610, HD 2615, HDR 151,
HP 1704, HP 1705, HW 395, VL 719,
WH 585
Adult plant resistandce (APR). Evaluation of cultivars showed APR in
PDW 232, PDW 233, PBW 34, HD 2285, K 9006, K 8962, GW 173, and HI 977 to
pathotype 40A (62G29) of Puccinia graminis tritici and in GW 173, HPW 42,
HUW 391, HUW 395, K 8804, PDW 232, PDW 332, VL 616, VL 719, WH 581, and WH
585 to pathotypes 77-1 (109R63), 77-2 (109R31-1) adn 104 B(29R23) of P.
recondita tritici.
Powdery mildew. Powdery mildew developed in moderate severity in sub-
mountaneous areas of northwest India in rabi 93 and some districts of
Haryana. Virulence analysis of samples revealed the existence of 11
pathotypes from northwest India, 7 from Mahabaleshwar (central India) and 5
from Nilgiris. The pathotypes from Mahabaleshwar are different than those
identified from other places.
Efficacy of fungicide revealed than 1 ppm of folicur, 10 ppm of Tilt
and SAN 619 F, and 100 ppm Bayleton did not permit mildew to develop on the
seedlings in the greenhouse.
Loose smut. Analysis over a period of 3 years, identified 14 entries:
DL(89)-22, DL (89)-28, DL(89)-33, DL(89)-42), DL(89)-62, DL(89)-67, DL(89)-
73, DL(89)-89, DL(89)-91, DL(89)-99, DL(89)-102, DL(89)-112, HW 2004, HW
2004A. Standardization of five different seed coating techniques revealed
that conidial spore suspension of Trichoderma viride prepared in Aloes glue
provided maximum spore attachment, 9.7x10exp8 spores/grain. Minimum spores
were recovered from seed treated with spores mixed with methly cellulose.
Publications
Bahadur, P., D. V. Singh, K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal and S. Nagarajan.
1993. Seeding and adult plant resistance in wheat to Puccinia recondita
tritici. Indian Phytopath 46: 76-77.
Bahadur, P., K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh adn R. Aggarwal. 1992.
Identification of seedling and adult plant resistance in wheat to race 40 A
(62-G29) of Puccinia graminis tritici. Int. J. Tropical Plant Diseases
10:185-188.
Bahadur, P., K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh and J. B. Sharma. 1993.
Postulation of genes for stem rust resistance in Indian Wheat. 21:3-9.
Bahadur, P. and C. P. Khare. 1993. Virulence patttern of powdery mildew of
wheat (Erysiphe graminis tritici) in India. Indian Phytopath. 46:274.
Aggarwal, R., K. D. Srivastava and D. V. Singh. 1993. Note on the efficacy
of Carboxin 40Sc against loose smut of wheat. Seed Res. 20:58-59.
Aggarwal, R., K. D. Srivastava and D. V. Singh. 1993. Raxil a potent
fungicide to control loose smut of wheat. Indian Phytopath. 46: 172-173.
-------------------------
D. V. Singh, K. D. Srivastava and R. Aggarwal
Karnal Bunt of Wheat in India
In post harvest surveys conducted during 1991-93 a total of 1858 wheat
seed samples were collected. Analysis revealed approximately 6.3%
inffection of Karnal bunt [Neovossia indica (Mitra) Mundkur] (KB) in the
wheat growing regions. Percentage of samles with KB in the various states
were Jammu and Kashmir (18.0%) Hiamchal Pradesh (20.9%) Delhi (3.3%),
Rajashthan (1.5%) and Madhya Pradesh (2.6%). The amount of infection in
seed samples was not more than 5%. In addition to highly susceptible
cultivars like Arjun and WL711, some commercial cultivars like Lok1, HD
2285, HD 2329, HD 2204, PBW 175, IPW 72 etc., had KB infection under natural
conditions.
Aerobiological studies conducted, using the Burkard Spore Trap and
flagging methods showed that Allantoid secondary sporidia of N. indica
release was greater during last week of February and 1st week of March. The
maximum number of sporidia were trapped during morning hours from 2.0-6.0 h,
indicating a natural diurnal periodicity in release of secondary sporidia.
Maximum sporidia counts were recorded on lower leaves (30cm) but the counts
reduced with increasing height and at 90 cm only 4-8 sprodoa were found.
This may be due to spatial spread of sporidia in the field. Sporidia
release coincided with the anthesis, the most vulnerable stage for
infection. More sporidia were trapped when relative humidity was above 80%
and leaf wetness was high and while temperatures were 18-20deg with low
solar radiation and wind speed.
Chemical control. The efficacy of three chemicals viz., Folicur 25 EC,
Baycor25 WOP and Tilt 25 EC against KB was evaluated. Post inoculation
sprays of these chemicals at two different dosages were given after 48
hours. Tilt 25 EC @ 500 ml/ha proved highly effective in reducing KB
infection.
Biological control. N. indica being a soil borne pathogen, could be
possibly managed by the application of bio-control agents. Experiments on
biocontrol were conucted under glass house conditions and in vitro on potato
dextrose agar (PDA) medium and the organisms Trichodeima viride Pers Fr:,
T., harzianum Rifai, T. koeningii oudem Gar., Glicladium virens Miller, G.,
roseum Bainier, G., catenulatum Glman & Abboll, G., deliquescens Sopp,
G.penicilloides Corda and Bacillus subtilis Cohn showed that Trichoderma
viride, T. harzianum and Gliocladium deliquescens reduced the teliospore
germination significantly. In paired cultuver on PDA, hyphae of T. viride
and G. deliquescens parasitized the colonies of N. indica without forming a
zone of inhibition and started sporulating over the pathogen colony.
Detailed studies on the mechanism of antagonism are under progress.
Publications
Singh, D. V., R. Aggarwal, K. D. Srivastava and S. Tandon. 1993. Cultural
Variability in Neovossia indica. Indian Phytopath. 46:74-76.
Singh, D. V., K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal, P. Bahadur and S. Tandon.
1993. Sources of resistance to Karnal bunt of wheat. Indian J. Agric. Sci.
63:454-455.
Singh, D. V., K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal. 1993. Frequency and
distribution of Karnal bunt of wheat. Indian Phytopath. 46:274.
-------------------------
Department of Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Neelam Vir, Mandip Kaur and R.G. Saini*
Growth rate of wheat triticum aestivum and lts relationship with leaf
rust resistance. Expression of resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita
Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici) of wheat is reported to be influenced by many
factors like temperature, light, growth stage and genetic background
(Drijpondt and Pretorius, 1991; Pretorius et al., 1988; Rajaram, 1971). Leaf
rust resistance in a majority of wheats tested at the Punjab Agricultural
University is due to as yet undescribed genes many of which express at
adult plant stage (Shiwani and Saini, 1993). These genes confer varying
levels of resistance to leaf rust race 77 and its variants which constitute
the most important race flora of the Indian subcontinent. Since wheats
carrying these new genes vary in growth rate, the relationship of growth
rate with variation for leaf rust resistance in 34 selected wheats was
studied.
Ten to fifteen seeds of each of 34 wheats were sown in two 30 cm x 30
cm earthen pots filled with a l:l mlxture of farm yard manure and sandy
loam. Seedling numbers were thinned to four per pot and were kept in a
glass house maintained at optimum growth conditions.
Each of the 34 wheats was also planted as single 2m long rows in
open experimental area and separately inoculated with a mixture of variants
77-1 and 77-2 of race 77 which knocks down all the known Lr genes which are
expected in the 34 wheats. Two plants of each cultivar from each pot were
uprooted at 40 days and at 100 days. Above ground parts were dried at 45C
for four days and weight per plant recorded. Relative growth rate over a
period of 60 days was calculated using standard procedures. The terminal
disease severity values were subjected to angular transformation and used
for calculating correlation coefficient of disease severity with relative
growth rate and days to flowering.
Disease severity, days to flowering and relative growth rate for 34
wheats is given in Table 1. The correlation coefficient(r) between disease
severlty and relative growth rate was 0.3035 and that between disease
severity and days to flowering was -0.2580. These observations suggest that
wheats which have higher above ground biomass and flower early are less
resistant.
The relative growth rate and days to flowering are two unrelated
parameters of growth of wheat crop. If the leaf rust resistance of wheats
used for present experiment is conferred only by adult plant resistance
genes, a negative association of days to flowering with disease severity is
unlikely. The resistance to leaf rust in these wheats appear to be a
function of accumulation of some unknown gene product over time. The
concentration of this product per unit weight may be less in genotypes
having higher above ground biomass as well as in genotypes which flower
early. Detailed studies on biochemical characterization of such resistance
may help in elucidating the biochemical basis of resistance to wheat rusts.
Table 1. Disease severity, days to flowering and relative growth rate of
some wheats.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Disease Days to
S.No. Cultivar Severity flowering
---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. WG138 Free 87
2. Moncho Free 69
3. CSP44 TR 70
4. CPAN 1796 TR 65
5. VL4 04 TR 62
6. Chris TR 76
7. FKN TR 66
8. Frontana TS 66
9. Flinders TS 57
l0. Nuri 70 TS 68
11. Nainari 60 TS 73
12. Egret TS 85
13. HP1209 TS 61
14. Oxley TS 71
15. CPAN 1676 5S 68
16. Raj 2535 5S 64
17. Mentana 5S 68
18. Raj. 2184 5S 62
19. Girija 5S 68
20. Potam 70 5S 66
21. Pavon 76 55 72
22. Huw 206 10S 66
23. HD2009 10S 65
24. NP 846 10S 73
25. Norteno 67 10S 58
26. IWP72 10S 77
27. HD2278 20S 61
28. Yecora 70 20S 67
29. Leema Rojo 64 20S 63
30. Sandal 73 20S 61
31. CPAN 1922 30MR 66
32. Vicam`S' 71 30S 72
33. HD2329 30S 62
34. HUW234 40S 61
-------------------------------------------------------------------
According to modified Cobb's scale
Acknowledgements. The senior author expresses her gratefulness to the
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India,
New Delhi, for providing financial support for this work.
Publications
Drijpondt, S. C. and Z.A. Pretorlus. l991. Expression of two wheat leaf
rust resistance gene combinations involving Lr34. Plant Disease 75 :526-528.
Pretorius, Z.A., F.H.J. Rijkenberg and K.D. Wilcoxon. 1988. Effect of growth
stage, leaf position and temperature on adult plant resistance of wheat
inoculated by Puccinia recondita tritici. Pl. Pathol., 37: 36-45.
Rajaram, S. 1971. Adult plant leaf rust resistance in bread wheat. Indian J.
Genet. 31: 507-509.
Shiwani and R.G. Saini. 1993. Diversity for resistance to leaf rust in
Triticum aestivum. Plant Disease 77:359-363.
-------------------------
Biotechnology Centre, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
Harjit Singh, H.S. Dhaliwal and Khem Singh Gill
NOTE: This is a reprinting of the Vol. 39 version which contained
several errors (editor).
A new leaf rust resistance gene other than Lr 9 in Kharchia mutant KLM
4-3B. A leaf rust resistant mutant line KLM 4-3B of tall Indian spring
wheat cultivar Kharchia local (Sawhney et al., 1979), resistant to all the
prevelant races of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. triticii) in India,
has been implicated to possess the leaf rust resistance gene Lr 9 (Sawhney,
pers. commu.). However, tests for seedling reactions of the isogenic line
Lr 9 (in Thatcher background), KLM 4-3B and various generations of the
crosses of these two leaf rust resistant lines with an Indian spring wheat
cultivar WL 711, showed that the leaf rust resistance gene Lr 9 behaved as a
dominant gene in the background of WL 711 whereas the resistance gene in KLM
4-3B segregated as a recessive gene.
Parents, F(1) and F(s) generations of the cross WL 711 x Lr 9 were
tested for seedling reactions to leaf rust pathotype 108 avirulent on Lr 9
as well as KLM 4-3B. The F(1) of this cross was resistant to pathotype 108
and F(2) generation segregated resistant (57) and susceptible (25) plants in
3:1 ratio (chi-sq = 1.31; P=0.25-0.50). This indicated the dominance of the
gene Lr 9. F(3) progenies of resistant F(2) plants were tested with another
leaf rust pathotype 77A-1 avirulent on both Lr 9 (0;) and KLM 4-3B (0;) and
virulent on WL 711 (4-4 reaction on 0 to 4 scale). These progenies were
either uniformly resistant or segregated resistant and susceptible plants in
3:1 ratio, thereby supporting the dominance of the gene Lr 9. The number of
resistant (14) and susceptible (16) plants in BC(1) generation of the cross
WL 711 x Lr 9 with WL711, tested with pathotype 77A-1, did not differ
significantly from 1:1 ratio (chi-sq = 0.13; P = 0.50-0.75). This further
supported the dominance of the gene Lr 9 in the background of WL 711.
However, F(2) of the c4oss WL 711 x KLM 4-3B, tested with pathotype 77A-1,
segregated into 1 resistant (18 plants): 3 susceptible (50 plants) ratio
(chi-sq = 0.08; P=0.75-0.90) suggesting that this mutant line possesses a
recessive gene for resistance. The presence of the recessive gene in this
line was supported by 1:1 proportion of uniformally susceptible and
segregating BC(1) F(2) progenies of this cross tested with pathotype 77A-1
(chi-sq = 0.33; P=0.50-0.75).
The observations presented here showed that the leaf rust resistance
gene in KLM 4-3B was recessive and it was difrerent from the dominant gene
Lr 9. Since, no Indian race of leaf rust virulent on KLM 4-3B or Lr 9 has
been reported so far, the present observation is important with respect to
their use as differential lines. Also, these two lines should be treated as
two different sources of resistance in planning breeding strategies for
control of leaf rust in the Indian sub-continent.
References
Sawhney, R.N, Nayar, S.K., Singh, S.D. and Goel, L.B. 1979. A new source of
resistance to leaf rust of wheat. PI. Eis. Reptr. 63:1048-1049.
-------------------------
Cytogenetics Lab, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University
R. Asir, V. R. K. Reddy* and Pl. Viswanathan
Introduction of Aegilops ventricosa derived gene
complex SR(38) Lr(37) Yr(17) into popular Indian bread wheat cultivars
Aegilops ventricosa derived wheat line RL 6081 is carrying a useful
linked gene complex Sr(37) Lr(37) Yr(17) This stock has been tested for
rust reaction at IARI - Regional station, Wellington (Nilgris). The place
is a `Hot spot' where all the three rusts perpetuate all around the year.
The resistant stock RL 6081 gave immune reaction to brown rust and
moderately trace reaction to black and yellow rusts.
The popular high yielding Indian wheat varieties Sonalika, Kalyansona,
HD 2285 and HW 741 have become highly susceptible for all the three rusts.
In a backcross breeding programme the effective linked gene complex Sr(38)
Lr(37) Yr(17) conferring resistance to the three rusts has been successfully
introgressed into the above four Indian bread wheat cultivars through
backcrossing. Resistant genotypes with desirable agronomic characters were
constituted at BC(2)S(4) generation. The rust reactions of the constituted
lines are given in Table 1.
Table 1. The rust reaction of parents and newly constituted genotypes at
BC(2)S(4) generation
-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Rust Reactions
Parents/Genotypes -------------------------------------------------------- Stem rust Leaf rust Stripe rust
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
RI 8061(Sr(38) r(37) r(17) 5MS F TMR
Sonalika 40MS 80S 60S
Sonalika/SR(38) r(37) r(17) 5MS F TMR
Kalyansona 60S 80S 60S
Kalyansona/Sr(38) r(37) r(17) 5MS F TMR
HD 2285 40S 60S 60S
HD 2285/Sr(38) r(37) r(17) TMS F TMR
HW 741 40S 60S 60S
HW 741/Sr(38) r(37) r(17) TMS F TMR
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
S - Susceptible F - Free
T - Trace infection MS - Moderately Susceptible
MR - Moderately resistant
Publications
Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Transfer of yellow rust resistance
genes into Indian Wheat cultivars. Annual Wheat Newsletter 39:p. 184.
Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Transfer of yellow rust resistant
genes into popular Indian wheat cultivars. Abst.of Proc., National Seminar
on Bio-diversity, strategies for conservation and future challenges held at
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore between 16th and 17th October 1993.
Abstract. p. 16.
Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Incorporation of yellow rust resistant
specific genes into Unnath Kalyansona carrying different gene complexes.
Wheat Information Service, Kihara Memorial Yokohama Foundation for the
Advancement of Life Science, Yokohama 232, Japan. (accepted)
Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Introduction of specific genes for
stripe rust resistant in Indian Wheat Cultivars. Abstr. of Proc. of
National Symposium on Plant Breeding Strategies for India in 2000 AD and
Beyond held at Marathwada Agricultural University, Prabhani on December 25-
27, 1993.
Brahma, R. N., Asir, R. and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Transfer of yellow rust
resistance from C306 into Indian Wheat cultivars through a bridging
technique. Acta Botanica 21:156-157.
Reddy, V. R. K., Asir, R. and Brahma, R. N. 1993. Development of rust
resistance in two Indian wheat cultivars. Crop Research (6):335-36.
Reddy, V. R. K., Brahma, R. N. and Asir, R. 1993. Transfer of Secale
cereale derived SR(27) into Indian wheat cultivar unnath Kalyansona. Crop
Science 8(2)-1994.
Reddy, V. R. K., Brahma, R. N., and Asir, R. 1993. Transfer of yellow rust
resistance to Unnath Kalyansona, Wheat Information Service, Kihara Memorial
Yokahama Foundation for the Advancement of Life Sciences, Yokohama 232,
Japan. 76:20-22.
-------------------------
Aloka Saikia and V. R. K. Reddy
New resistant wheat lines. Four Indian wheat cultivars namely HD 2329,
NI 54439, WH 147 and WL 711 were crossed with each of the 13 exotic stocks
carrying different rust resistance gene/genes. The stocks used were TR 380
14* 7/3 AG 14 (SR(24) Lr24), Agent (Sr24+Lr24), Darf Kite (Sr26+Lr24),
Eagle (Sr26), W 3353 (Sr27), Veery's (Sr31+Lr26+Yr9), combination III (SR
36), Abe (Lr9), Agatha (Lr19), Transec (Lr25), CS 2D/2M/ 3/8 (Lr28), CS
7D/Ag #11 (Lr29) and Compair (Yr8). In addition to these, rye addition
lines 1R(Sr3+Sr26+Yr9), 2R (Lr25), 3R (Sr27) and Agropyron addition lines
Argus/7*Thatcher (Lr19+Sr25), PW 327/8*Thatcher (Sr26) were also used as
donor parents. Genes from exotic stocks were transferred by simple
backcross, while genes from addition lines were transferred via manipulating
5B system (using ph mutant). Lines were constituted at BC(2)S(4) and
BC(5)s(4). Plants showing high degree of resistance to respective rusts and
having good agronomic characteristics including good seed quality were
selected.
Based on the good agronomic characteristics 13 promising backcross
derivatives were obtained. These derivatives were one each from the hybrids
HD 2329/TR 380 14* 7/3 Ag 14; HD 2329/Darf Kite; HD 2329/Eagle; HD
2329/Veery's' WH 147/TR 380 14* 7/3/ AG 14; WH 147/Darf Kite; WH 147/Eagle;
NI 5439/TR 380 14* 7/3 Ag 14; NI 5439/DARF Kite; NI 5439/W 3353; WL 711/TR
380 14* 7/3 Ag 14; WL 711/Darf Kite and WL 711/Combination III.
Publications
Reddy, V. R. K. and Aloka Saikia. 1993. Transfer of rust resistance genes
into Indian wheat cultivars. Proc. Natl. Sem. "Biodiversity: Strategies for
Conservation and Future Challenges", Coimbatore, p. 17.
Reddy, V. R. K., and Aloka Saikia. 1993. Wide hybridization in wheat
improvement. Proc. Natl. Symp. "Plant Breeding Strategies for India 2000 AD
and Beyond. Parbhani.
Aloka, Saikia and Reddy, V. R. K. 1993. Transfer of stem, leaf and yellow
rust resistance genes to four Indian wheats. Ann. Wheat Newsletter. 39:185-
186.
Reddy, V. R. K., Suganthy, C. P., and Aloka Saikia. 1993. Cytological
effects of different mutagens in Triticale, wheat and barley. J. Rec. Adv.
Appl. Sci. 7:(in press).
-------------------------
Germplasm Enhancement Programme in Jammu Province
J.S. Bijral, K.S. Kanwal and T.R. Sharma. SKJAST
Wild germplasm provides an important reservoir of unexploited genetic
variablility. While diploid and tetraploid primitive forms including
Triticum boeoticum, Triticum araraticum, Triticum dicoccoides provide
valuable genes for disease resistance, high protein content and other
agronomic traits, the utilization of Triticum urartu and Aeqilops ovata
offers promise for the production of high P max, and salt tolerant wheat
germplasm, respectively. Utilization of these and other alien species has,
however, lagged behind collecting, evaluating and conservation activities
primarily due to almost complete lack of pre-breeding programs. With a view
to provide a short list of germplasm stocks, we are currently concentrating
on crossing the local high yielding wheat cultivars, such as WL 711 and C-
306 to selected wild germplasm viz., Triticum boeoticum (acc. 4667),
Triticum arareticum (acc. 4697), Triticum dicoccoides (acc. 4632), Triticum
urartu (acc. 5357) and Aeqilops ovata (acc. 3548), kindly supplied by Dr.
H.S. Dhaliwal, Director, Biotechnology Centre, PAU, Ludhiana, (India).
A good number of wide hybrids developed during 1993 stand planted in
the field and await evaluation. Some of the F(4) derived lines from the
cross, Triticosecale cv. DT 35/Triticum aestivum cv. HD2428, apart from
possessing bold amber grains also shows immune reaction against yellow and
brown rusts of wheat, and are in preliminary stages of testing.
-------------------------
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Wellington
R.N. Brahma
New Wheat Lines - Two new lines HW3006 and HW 3007 were constituted at
BC(2)F(3) using the variety Unnath Kalyansona carrying Agropyron elongatum
derived linked genes Sr 24 and Lr 24 as recipient parent and the line Verry
`S' carrying Sr 31, Lr 26 and Yr 9 as donor parent for stripe rust
resistance. The leaf rust resistance gene Lr 26 is not effective against
the race 77-1 prevalent in the Nilgiri hill. The new lines are resistant to
all the treee wheat rusts (stem, leaf and stripe) under natural condition at
Wellington in the Nilgiri hill. The line HW 3006 is brown glumed, while HW
3007 is white glumed. In both the lines, grains are medium bold and amger
coloured.
Leaf Rust Race - Leaf rust race 16 could be isolated only from the
samba wheat (Triticum dicoccum) cultivated in the Nilgiri hill. The race
appears to be very weak against hexaploid wheats, even the universal
susceptible wheat like Agra Local is highly resistant to the race.
-------------------------
ITEM FROM ISRAEL
Sem Y. Atsmon, Udi Meidan*, Research Department, Hazera
The breeding program. In June 1993, Hazera reinitiated its wheat
breeding program, inactive since the end of 1991, with the same nomination
of Udi Meidan as successor to Atsmon. The present crop year is dedicated to
re-evaluation of all our breeding materials - bread as well as durum wheat,
cold stored since December 1991 - enabling us to redefine at least the
program's short and medium range aims and methods. This re-evaluation and
re-definition is very much needed in view of privatization of the local
wheat market since 2 years, which brings about major changes in the rules of
the game as well as the changing political and hence the economic situation
in the region. We have to adapt ourselves to more severe quality
requirements - first of all protein content - and to take important
decisions about our eventual future role in durum breeding and production.
Cultivars. All the cultivars mentioned in our previous publication as
being released before 1984, (AWN 37, 1991) except SHAFIR, are practically
out of business. We estimate that the 1993-94 reason DARIEL occupies 45% of
total acreage - much of this for early cutting as silage - ATIR 22%, BETH
HASHITA 15% and the new Weizmann Institute cultivar NIRITH 11%.
Official Regional Trials during the past 3 years showed average yields
of ATIR and NIRITH to be more or less equal to BETH HASHITA. DARIEL as well
as the recently launched HAZERA-cultivar YANIV and Exp. Line 555 of Weizmann
Institute outyielded all 3 of them by 6-8%.
Growing conditions in the last 2 years - much precipitation - lowered
protein contents in all cultivars. Under these conditions YANIV seems to be
more marginal for acceptance by millers and bakers than all other cultivars.
Improvement of protein content by means of N headdressings is uncertain,
being heavily dependent on weather - and soil conditions, which leaves an
important task to the breeders.
The present season is very dry. National production will be
considerably lower than in the 2 previous, much more favorable, years.
-------------------------
ITEMS FROM ITALY
Experimental Institute for Cereal Research, Via Cassia
M. Pasquini, L. Sereni, F. Casini, F. Casullil
Wheat fungal diseases in Italy: population biology and
host resistance. Leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici,
stem rust caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici and powdery mildew caused by
Erysiphe graminis tritici, are important wheat diseases in Italy. The
behaviour of many durum and bread wheat cultivars and of "near" isogenic
lines carrying known resistance genes, is tested yearly in Italian growing
areas and in controlled conditions.
During the last two years the unfavorable environmental conditions
limited the development of regional epidemics. Nevertheless field surveys
were made through the areas where wheat is important and leaves or stems
bearing the diseases were collected.
At the seedling stage the genes for resistance to leaf rust Lr9, Lrl9,
Lr24, Lr25 and Lr29 confirmed their efficacy; a good behaviour in the field
was exhibited by Lr2b, Lrl3, Lrl5, Lrl9, Lr22a, Lr24, Lr2S and Lr29.
Isolates with apparently high levels of pathogenicity were found to be
widespread in Central and Northern Italy.
Only traces of stem rust were found in wheat cultivars during the last
two years. Anyway the most effective resistance genes at the seedling stage
were Sr9e, Srll, Srl3, Sr26, Sr31 and Sr37. As regards powdery mildew no or
low virulence was found in the field to wheat "near" isogenic lines with
genes Pm3a and Pm3b, and to the cultivar Einkorn (T. monococcum) and Vernal
and Khapli (T. dicoccum). In greenhouse low frequencies of isolates with
virulence to Pm3b, Pm4a and Pm8 were found.
Virulence to Pml and Pm3a appeared to decrease in the last years. The
Italian durum wheats Adamello, Belfuggito, Grazia, Ofanto, Valforte, Valnova
and the bread wheats Asiago, Elia, Felino, Maestra and Manital, confirmed a
good behaviour with respect to powdery mildew. Leaf rust severity was low
on the Italian durum wheat cultivars Arcangelo, Belfuggito, Creso, Diaspro,
Messapia, Piceno, Plinio, Ulisse, Vento and on the bread wheats Orione,
Pegaso and Pandas.
25 accessions were screened for resistance to powdery mildew biotype
V4, virulent on Pm4a gene, and biotype A4, avirulent on the same gene, and
for resistance to one biotype of leaf rust virulent on the genes Lr3ka,
Lrl4b, Lrl5, Lrl7, Lr30 and avirulent on Lrl, Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr9, Lrl9, Lr24.
All the accessions resulted resistant to leaf rust. As regards to mildew 18
accessions showed resistance or moderate resistance to both biotypes V4 and
A4, 6 were segregating from high resistance to moderate susceptibility and
only one was completely susceptible.
-------------------------
M. Pasquini, N.E. Pogna, R. Redaellil, S. Pagliaricci, P. Cacciatori,
R. Castagnal.
Transfer of disease resistance genes in durum wheat. Accessions of
T.dicoccoides have been used as a source of powdery mildew resistance genes
as well as of genes controlling quality factors. Lines derived from the
cross between the Italian durum wheat cultivar Valnova and T.dicoccoides
accession GalO753 were selected for earliness, powdery mildew resistance,
white-glume colour and morphological similarity to durum wheat plant.
Selection for white-glumed spikes was applied because of the close linkage
between the Glu-B3 locus coding for low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin
subunits, and the Rgl locus controlling the glume colour character. The
so-called LMW-2 glutenin subunits are primarily responsible for pasta-making
quality and are associated with the white-glume phenotype in cv. Valnova.
Protein fractionation of whole-meal samples from the progeny lines of this
cross suggested that protein content higher than 18% combined with a
glu