-------------------------
                            ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
 
 
 
                                   Volume 40
 
 
 Edited by J. S. Quick, Department of Agronomy, Colorado State University, Fort
 Collins, CO, USA: Financial arrangements made by Ian B. Edwards, Treasurer,
 Pioneer Overseas Corporation, Johnston, IA, USA.  Carolyn Schultz, Senior
 Secretary, CSU Department of Agronomy, typed and collated the information for
 the printing of this volume.  Facilities and assistance during manuscript
 editing were kindly provided by Colorado State University.
 
 
      Additional regional editing and manuscript solicitation were done by:
 
      J. S. Noll, Canada Dept. of Agriculture, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
      R. A. Fischer, CIMMYT, Mexico, D. F., Mexico
      R. H. Maich, Universidad Nacional de Cordoba, Argentina
      T. E. Miller, Plant Sci. Res., Cambridge Laboratory, Norwich, England
      H. A. van Niekerk, Small Grain Center, Bethlehem, South Africa
      B. C. Curtis, Former CIMMYT Wheat Director, Retired
 
 
 This volume was financed by voluntary contributions - list included.  The
 information in this Newsletter is considered as personal contributions. 
 Before citing any information herein, obtain the consent of the specific
 author(s).  The Newsletter is sponsored by the National Wheat Improvement
 Committee, USA.
 
                               
                                  1 June 1994
 
 
                      90 copies and 350 diskettes printed
 
 
               Publications Services, Colorado State University
 
 
 
 
 -------------------------
 TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                            
 
 H. HARRISON
 
 R. E. HEINER
 
 C. F. KONZAK
 
 I.   SPECIAL REPORTS
      
           Minutes - Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
 
           Minutes - National Wheat Improvement Committee
 
           Members - National Wheat Improvement Committee
 
           Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
 
           Grain Genes and Triticea Database
 
 
 II.  CONTRIBUTIONS
 
      PRIVATE COMPANIES
 
      AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES
 
           Joe Smith, Blake Cooper, Barb Cook, Jerry Betz, John Moffatt, Steve
           Askelson, Jerry Brick, Scott Seifert, Paul Griess, Jim Reeder, Bobby
           Talley, Berthoud, CO
 
           Barton Fogleman, C. Taylor - Jonesboro, AR
           Koy Miskin, Curtis Beazer, E. Glover, D. Scruggs - Brookston, IN
 
      CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, INC.
 
           Nestor Machado, Pedro Paulucci, Hector Mertinuzzi - Argentina
 
           S. W. Perry, Sallly R. Clayshulte, Jill Handwert, 
           D. P. Shellberg - Fort Collins, CO
 
           R. Daniel, D. Donaldson, Lyn Hockings, Garry Lane, Michael
           Materne, Michael Nowland, Chris Tyson, Jane & Peter Wilson, 
           Tamworth, N.S.W.
 
      HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
 
           John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Karolyn Ely, Dennis Delaney,
           Bud Hardesty, Jerry Wilson - Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar -
           Lafayette, IN;
           Hal Lewis - Corvallis, OR; Dudley Leaphart - Billings, MT
 
      HYBRINOVA
 
           A. Gervais - Les Ulis Cedex, France
           Stephen D. Sunderwirth, Christian Quandalle, Laurent Batreau
 
      NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
 
           June Hancock, Craig Allen - Bay, AR
 
      PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
           Johnston, IA - I. B. Edwards
           Windfall, IN - G. C. Marshall, W. J. Laskar, K. J. Lively
           St. Mathews, SC - B. E. Edge, P. L. Shields
           Frouville, France - G. Dorlencourt, R. Marchand, O. Vanderpol
           Sevilla, Spain - J. M. Urbano, M. Hidalgo, M. Peinado
           Sissa (Parma), Italy - M. Tanzi
           Northampton, England - Paul Wilson and Ian Edwards
           Buxtehude Germany - H. Schoenwallder, Ian Edwards
           Pandorf, Austria - G. Reichenberger
 
      TRIGEN SEED SERVICES
 
           Robert Romig, Bloomington, MN
 
      TRIO RESEARCH, INC.
 
           J. Wilson - Wichita, KS
 
 ARGENTINA
 
      G. E. Tranquilli, E. Y. Suarez, S. M. Lewis, M. L. Appendino,         
      N. Fatta, J. P. Ortiz, M. I. Reggiardo, S. Altabe, G. D. Cervigni,
      M. A. Spitteler, R. H. Vellejos, S. E. Feingold, H. E. Hopp,
      A. Acevedo - Castellar
 
      D. Avalos, A. Ordonez, N. La Porta, M. Cerana, S. Gil, A. L.
      Pascualides, M. R. Zaninetti, D. Igarzabal, A. A. Rollan, N. A. 
      Buteler, O. A. Bachmeiet, A. Barchuk, E. Allessandria, J. Zamar, 
      S. Lugue, R. M. Roldan, F. Salvagiotti, D. Opovin, G. Manera, R. 
      Maich, N. Contin, W. Londero, D. Bonelli, C. Ferraris, B. Pantanoi, 
      C. Principi, F. Bidinost, B. Ferro, G. Alemano, N. Guzman, C. Olmos, 
      M. Bianchi, M. E. Dubois, Z. A. Gaido, G. A. Manera, M. Conles, M. C.
      Salvadores, M. Barrientos - Cordoba
 
 
 AUSTRALIA
 
      Queensland
 
          Paul Brennan, Phillip Banks, John Sheppard, Peter Keys, Lloyd Mason
          Martin Fiske, Peter Agius, Jamie Ross
 
          Meryl Fordyce, Paul Brennan, Ian Delacy, Mark Cooper, David
          Butler, Ian Haak, Gay McKinnon, Robert Henryk, Wendy Lawson, 
          Ma Wujin, Ian Godwin, S. J. Kammholtz, P. M. Banks, D. J. Martin,
          M. W. Sutherland, R. Ramage, R. Marshke
 
          G. B. Wildermuth, R. B. McNamara and T. M. Sparks
 
      New South Wales
 
          R. A. Hare, Tamworth
 
          K. Adhikari, J. Bell, A. M. Bennet, L. W. Burgess, G. N. Brown,
          C. Zhao, H-S Hwang, S. Johnson, R. A. McIntosh, D. R. Marshall, 
          J. D. Oates, R. F. Park, J. E. Roarke, P. J. Sharp, F. Stoddard, 
          D. The, M. Turner, C. R. Wellings, Dept. of Crop Science, 
          University of Sydney and PBI, Cobbitty
 
          I. A. Watson, F. W. Ellison, D. J. Mares, S. G. Moore, K. Mrva,
          L. O'Brien, R. M. Trethowan
 
          C. W. Wrigley, Sydney
 
 AUSTRIA
 
          H. Brausgruber, H. Burstmayr, M. Lemmens, P. Ruckenbauer, Vienna
 
          S. Groger, H. Bistrich, T. Lelley
 
 BRAZIL
 
          J. C. S. Moreira, C. N. A. de Sousa, E. P. Gomes, L. J. A.
          Del Duca, J. F. Philipovsky, P. L. Scheeren
 
          W. I. Linhares
 
          L. J. A. Del Duca, R. S. Fontaneli, J. F. Philipovsky,
 
          O. Rodriguez, G. R. Cunha - Passo Fundo
 
          A. C. P. Goulart, F. de A. Paiva, P. J. M. Andrade - Dourados
 CANADA
 
      MANITOBA 
 
          J. Gilbert and A. Tekauz - Winnipeg
 
          P. L. Dyck
 
          J. A. Kolmer
 
          J. A. Kolmer and J. Q. Liu, O. M. Lukow, R. I. H. McKenzie,
          Taing Aung, E. R. Kerber
 
      PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
 
          H. W. Johnston, H. G. Nass
 
      SASKATCHEWAN
 
          R. M. De Pauw, J. M. Clarke, M. R. Fernandez, R. B. Irvine
 
 CHINA, PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF
 
      Zhaosu Wu, Shirong Yu, Xizhong Wei, Quimei Xia, Youjia Shen, 
      Jiming Wu, Yong Xu, Xhaoxia Chen, Guoliang Jiang - Nanjing
      Shi-Jia Liu
 
      Zhong-hu He and Zhen-hua Du
 
      F. W. Zhao, H. M. Ki, Z. Y. Liu, Y. Z. Shen, F. C. Liu,
      Z. Q. Li, Z. Z. Bai, C. S. Guo, L. Z. Sun
 
 CROATIA
 
      Slobodan Tamasovic, P. Javor, B. Koric - Zagreb
 
 CZECH REPUBLIC
 
      P. Martinek, Z. Nesvadba, J. Mikulcova - Havlickova
 
      P. Bartos, E. Stuchlikova, R. Hanusova
 
      J. Kosner
 
      Z. Stehno, M. Vlasak, I. Faberova - Prague
      K. Vacke, V. Sip, M. Skorpik
 
 ESTONIA
 
      O. Priilinn, T. Enno, H. Peusha, K. Jarve, L. Timofeyeva, 
      T. Tsimbalova - Tallinn
 
      M. Tohvar
 
 GERMANY
 
      J. von Kietzell and K. Rudolph - Grisebachstr
 
      R. Schlegel, U. Vahl, G. Muller - Gatersleben
 
      A. Borner, J. Plaschke, I.M.B. Amer, V. Korzun - Gatersleben
 
 HUNGARY
 
      B. Barnabas, G. Kovacs, E. Szakacs, I. Takacs, M. Kovacs
 
      J. Sutka, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, B. Koszegi, E. Farshadfar,
      M. Arshadfar, O. Veisz, G. Linc
 
      T. Janda, G. Szalai, J. Kissimon, E. Paldi
 
      J. Matuz, Z. Kertesz, L. Bona, B. Beke, A. Mesterhazy
      J. Falusi, Cs. Kertesz, J. Matuz, L. Cseuz,
      M. Papp, A. Mesterhazy, L. Purnhauser - Szeged
 
 INDIA
 
      R. N. Sawhney, et al. - New Delhi
      S.M.S. Tomar, et al. - Wellington
      J. G. Bhowal and G. Guha - Wellington
      D. Singh - New Delhi
      J. G. Bhowal, G. Huha, R. Brahma and R. Singh
      P. Bahadur, K. Srivastava, D. Singh, R. Aggarwal
      Neelam Vir, Mandip Kaur, R. G. Saini - Ludhiana
      Harjit Singh, H. S. Dhaliwal, Khem Singh Gill, Ludhiana
 
      R. Asir, V. R. K. Reddy, P. Viswanathan
 
      Aloka Saikia and V. R. K. Reddy
 
      J. S. Bijral, et al. - R. S. Pura
 
      R. N. Brahma
 
 ISRAEL
 
      Sem Atsmon, Udi Meidan - Hazera
 
 ITALY
 
      M. Pasquini, L. Sereni, F. Casini, F. Casullil - Via Cassia
      N. E. Pogna, R. Redaellil, S. Pagliaricci, P. Cacciatori,
      R. Castagnal et al.
 
      V. Vassilev, P. Lavermicocca, N. S. Lacobellis
 
      C. Rubies-Autonell
 
      V. Vallega
 
      M. G. D'Egidio, B. M. Mariani, S. Nardi, P. Novaro
 
      M. Cattaneo
 
      G. M. Borrelli, S. Travella, N. Di Fonzo, E. Lupotto
      et al.
 
 JAPAN
 
      Ichiko Nishimura and N. Watanabe - Gifu University
 
      H. Nakamura - Kannondai
 
 MEXICO
 
      R. A. Fischer, G. Varughese - CIMMYT
      R. L. Villareal, G. Hernandez, S. Rajaram
 
      K. D. Sayre, M. Van Ginkel, S. Rajaram, I. Ortiz-Monasterio
 
      A. I. Morqunov, M. Albarran, S. Rajarm
 
 MOROCCO
 
      M. Mergoum et al. - Settat
 
 PAKISTAN
 
      Munawar Husain - Islamabad
 
 ROMANIA
 
      N. N. Saulescu, Gh. Ittu, Mariana Ittu, Mustatea - Fundalea
 
      M. Moldovan, et al. - Turda
 
 RUSSIA
 
      N. S. Vassiltchouk, V. I. Kassatov, S. N. Gaponov - Saratov
 
      S. V. Tuchin, Yu V. Italianskaya, T. I. Dyatchouk
 
      S. P. Martynov, T. V. Dobrotvorskaya
 
      Alexandr Fedorov - People's Friendship University
 
      Book Review
 
      S. N. Sibikeev, S. A. Voronina, Y. E. Sibikeeva, V. A. Krupnow
 
 SOUTH AFRICA
 
      G. F. Marais, R. Prins, A. Antonov, H. S. Roux, M. Horn,
      A. S. Marais - Stellenbosch
 
      Z. A. Pretorius, F. J. Kloppers, A. L. Vorster - Bloemfontein
 
      H. A. van Niekerk, M. C. B. Coetzee, H. A. Knobel, D. J. 
      Exley, W. Miles, Riana Pretorius, et al. - Bethlehem
 
      J. Purchase, A. Barnard, C. Burbridge, J. deWet, T. Walsh, et al.
 
      H. Smit, D. Scott, E. Lubbe, J. Smith, S. Smith, D. van Neikerk,
      K. Wilken, L. Visser, C. de Villiers
 
      H. Smit, G. Prinsloo, V. Tolmay, J. Hatting, J. du Toit,
      H. Knobel, C. Pool,, R. Lindeque
 
      Lombard, Du Toit, Malan, Engelbrecht, Boonzaaier, et al. - Sensako
 
      R. de V. Pienaar, D. Lesch - Stellenbosch
 
      F. du Toit, S. S. Walters, A. Brummer, P. Thorpe - Pannar, Ltd.
 
 SYRIA
 
      S. K. Yau, J. Ryan, M. Nachit, G. Ortiz-Ferrara, J. Hamblin - Aleppo
 
 TURKEY
 
      Hans-Joachim Braun, Thomas Payne - Ankara
 
 UKRAINE
 
      L. A. Zhivotkov, et al. - Mironovka
 
 UNITED KINGDOM
 
      NORWICH, John Innes Centre, Colney
       T. E. Miller, S. M. Reader, K. A. Purdie, R. P. Dunford
       A. J. Worland
 
       G. Galiba, S. A. Quarrie, J. Sutka, J. Snape, et al.
 
       R. Koebner, P. Martin, J. Flintham, J. Hewslop-Harrison et al.
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
 
      ARKANSAS
 
            R. K. Bacon, E. A. Milus, et al.
 
      CALIFORNIA
 
            C. A. Curtis, Bahman Ehdaie, K. Knio, A. Lukaszewski,
            R. Tayyar, J. Waines, Xitang Xu - Riverside
 
      COLORADO
 
            J. S. Quick, G. H. Ellis, R. Normann, A. Saidi,
            J. S. Stromberger, H. Doug, Q. Khan
 
      GEORGIA
 
            J. W. Johnson, B. N. Cunfer, J. J. Roberts
            G. D. Buntin, D. E. McMillin, J. P. Wilson
 
      IDAHO
 
            R. S. Zemetra, E. Souza, S. Guy, et al. - Moscow & Aberdeen
 
 
      ILLINOIS
 
            F. L. Kolb, E. D. Nafziger, W. L. Pedersen, et al.
 
      INDIANA
 
            H. Ohm, H. Sharma, I. Dweikat, S. Mackenzie, D. McFatridge,
            F. Patterson, G. Buechley, D. Huber, R. Lister, G. Shaner,
            F. Maas, R. Ratcliffe, R. Shukle, G. Safranski, S. Cambron
 
      KANSAS
 
            O. Chung, G. Lookhart, V. Smail, J. Steele, W. McGaughey,
            I. Zayas, D. Bechtel, A. Dowdy et al.
 
            B. S. Gill, T. S. Cox, R. G. Sears, W. J. Raupp et al - 
            Kansas State University
 
            T. J. Martin, T. L. Harvey, T. S. Cox et al. - Wheat Genetics
            Resource Center - Kansas State University
 
            Jingxian Zhang and M. B. Kirkham - Evapotranspiration Lab
 
            Xu Gu, George Liang - Dept. of Agronomy - Kansas State Univ.
 
            T. J. Byram - Topeka
 
      KENTUCKY
 
            D. A. Van Sanford, et al.
 
      LOUISIANA
 
            S. A. Harrison, C. Clark, P. Colyer, S. H. Moore, C. Hallier et al.
 
      MINNESOTA
 
            A. P. Roelfs, D. L. Long, M. E. Hughes, D. H. Casper, J. J. Roberts
  
            Cereal Rust Lab - St. Paul
 
            R. Busch, D. McVey
 
            R. Busch and Jochum Wiersma
 
      MISSOURI
 
            A. L. McKendry, J. P. Gustafson, K. D. Kephart et al.
 
      MONTANA
 
            
            C. F. McGuire, S. P. Lanning, R. l. Burrows, et al.
            H. B. Chen, J. M. Martin, L. E. Talbert
 
      NEBRASKA
 
            P. S. Baenziger, C. J. Peterson, D. R. Shellton, R. A.
               Graybosch,
            D. D. Baltensperger, L. A. Nelson, D. J. Lyons, G. L. Hein, et
               al.
 
      NEW YORK
 
            M. E. Sorrells, A. Neiss
 
            G. C. Bergstrom, J. E. Carroll et al.
 
      NORTH DAKOTA
 
            J. A. Anderson, C. R. Riede
 
            G. A. Hareland
            Cereal Science Department
 
      OKLAHOMA
 
            R. M. Hunger, J. L. Sherwood - Oklahoma State University
            C. A. Baker, J. D. Burd, N. C. Elliott et al. - ARS
               Stillwater
 
      OREGON
 
            W. E. Kronstad, R. S. Karow, D. K. Kelly, R. W. Knight,
            W. D. Moore, S. E. Rowe, S. Rezgui
 
      SOUTH DAKOTA
 
            J. C. Rudd, G. Buchenau, et al.
            S. D. Haley, R. A. Schut
            M. A. Langham, D. J. Gallenberg
            H. Woodard, A. Bly
 
      TEXAS
 
            Mark Lazar, J. Hu, G. L. Peterson, et al. - Texas A&M
 
      UTAH
 
            R. S. Albrechtsen
            David Hole
 
      VIRGINIA
 
            C. A. Griffey, D. E. Brann, E. Stromberg, E. C. Jones
            J. M. Johnson - Virginia Polytechnic & State University
 
      WASHINGTON
 
            R. E. Allen, S. S. Jones, R. F. Line, et al. - USDA-ARS
 
            S. S. Jones, M. M. Cadle, L. M. Rayfuse, A. Yildirim
 
            M. K. Walker-Simmons, E. Cudaback, A. Galvez, et al.
            C. F. Morris, H. C. Jeffers, A. D. Bettge, D. Engle, et al.
            Roland F. Line, Xianming Chen, Stephen Jones
 
            T. D. Murray, . C. Pritchett, C. A. Blank, et al.
 
      SERBIA (formerly YUGOSLOVIA)
 
            Desimir Knezevic, Miroslav Kuburovic, et al.
 
            Miroslav Kuburovic, Desimir Knezevic et al.
 
 III. CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASM
 
      H. E. Bockelman, D. M. Wesenberg, S. Nieto, A. Urie, B. J. Goats
      - Evaluation of National Small Grains Collection Germplasm
 
      J. S. Quick - CSSA Cultivar and Germplasm Registration
 
 IV.  CATALOGUE OF GENE SYMBOLS, 1994 SUPPLEMENT
 
      R. A. McIntosh, G. E. Hart, M. D. Gale
 
 V.   ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER FUND
 
 VI.  VOLUME 41 MANUSCRIPT
 
 VII. MAILING LIST
 
 VIII. FAX/TELEPHONE
 
 
 ------------------------- 
                                HOWARD HARRISON
 
 Howard Harrison, retired since July of 1989 from his position as senior and
 oat breeder, Northrup King Seed Co (formerly Coker's Pedigreed Seed Company of
 Hartsville, South Carolina) since 1989, died on May 25, 1993.  He was a small
 grain breeder with Coker's for more than 30 years, and released over 30
 improved wheat and oat varieties that substantially contributed to smalll
 grain and livestock production throughout the southern U.S.  He was also very
 active in his church and community.
 
 Howard Harrison was born January 4, 1924, in Crafordville, Georgia, where he
 was raised on a farm.  After serving in World War II, he entered the
 University of Georgia, where he received a B.S. and M.S. in 1952 and 1954,
 respectively.  He began his long and successful career as a plant breeder in
 1954, at the headquarters of Coker's Pedigreed Seed Company in Hartsville.  He
 and his predecessor/co-worker released 'Suregrain' oats in 1957 and
 'Moregrain' in 1958.
 
 In 1958, Howard was employed as an peanut Agronomist at the University of
 Georgia's Coastal Plains Station in Tifton, Georgia.  He returned to Coker's
 Pedigreed Seed Company in 1961 and assumed sole leadership of the small grains
 breeding program.  Howard had an extremely successful career as a wheat
 breeder, releasing 19 improved varieties of soft red winter wheat.  These
 varieties did much to revitalize wheat production in the southeastern United
 States.  Varieties he developed accounted for 57, 35, 79, 80, 66, 38, and 27%
 of the total wheat acreage in Georgia, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North
 Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, respectively, in 1984.  His
 varieties and lines have been widely utilized as parental material regionally
 and globally.  He also released 11 oat varieties, including 'Coker 227' and
 'Coker 234', the first U.S. varieties with crown rust resistance from Avena
 sterilis.
 
 He was recognized as "Man of the Year in Southern Agriculture" by Progressive
 Farmer Magazine in 1982, in recognition of his contributions toward improved
 agricultural production.  He was also named "Distinguished Agronomist of the
 Year" by the Agronomy Society of South Carolina in 1982 and received the Gamma
 Sigma Delta Award of Merit for Distinguished Service to Agriculture from the
 University of Georgia in 1983.  He also received recognition from the
 Carolina-Virginia chapter and national groups of the national Agricultural
 Marketing Association in 1985.  In 1989 he was given a "Certificate of
 Appreciation" by the North Carolina Crop Improvement Association, and was also
 awarded the "Drug and Science Foundation of South Carolina Award for
 Contributions to Science" in 1989.  Howard was recognized with an "Award for
 Distinguished Service to Oat Improvement" in the 1989 Annual Oat Newsletter.
 
 He is survived by his wife Louise, of Hartsville; two sons: Stephen, small
 grain breeder with Louisiana State University, Howard Jr., weed scientist -
 physiologist with the USDA-ARS Vegetable Research Station in Charleston, SC;
 two daughters: Beth, a journalist in Charleston, SC; and Celia, a teacher in
 Charlotte, NC; and five grandchildren.
 
 
 
                               ROBERT E. HEINER
 
 Dr. Robert (Bob) E. Heiner recently retired from his position as Vice
 President of Plant Research and Development for AgriPro Biosciences Inc.  His
 extensive contributions to the science and art of wheat breeding make Bob one
 of the all-time elite contributors to applied wheat improvement.
 
 Bob started his long and distinguished wheat career as ARS-USDA Regional
 Coordinator of the North Central HRS Region from 1968-77.  During this time,
 he also coordinated the Winter Increase Nurseries in Obregon Mexico for the
 spring wheat breeders of the US and Canada.  He established strong ties with
 CIMMYT breeders during those years and fostered free germplasm exchange which
 eventually resulted in many of the improved U.S. wheats we enjoy today.  Many
 of the "Green Revolution" wheats released by CIMMYT had parents developed by
 Bob during this period of time.
 
 During his twelve years at Minnesota, seven improved wheat varieties were
 released.  The most important of these varieties was Era.  It was the first
 semidwarf hard red spring wheat released in the US, and was 25% higher
 yielding than any variety grown in that region at that time.  Needless to say,
 the impact was extraordinary.  This landmark variety was a primary contributor
 for a four-fold increase in the wheat acreage in Minnesota from 1970 to 1976. 
 It was the dominant variety in the Red River Valley for 11 years, generating
 an estimated $30 million of genetically derived extra income annually for the
 producers of that region.
 
 The impact of Bob's dedication continued at NAPB/AgriPro Biosciences Inc. top
 science position in 1985.  As Vice President of Plant Research and
 Development, Bob was responsible for corporate performance, policy, and
 strategic planning as well as directing the activities of 85 researchers. 
 Scientific ethic was always the foundation that Bob relied on as he fulfilled
 these important functions for the corporation.
 
 Bob's no-nonsense dedication to germplasm development and the resulting
 improved varieties has resulted in significantly improved agricultural
 production world wide.  Bob earned his recognition through his skilled plant
 breeding and consummate interpersonal and managerial skills.
 
 Bob is looking forward to continuing his contributions to wheat improvement as
 a wheat specialist consultant for AgriPro Biosciences Inc.  He and his wife
 Marilyn have recently relocated to Sandy Utah.
 
 
 
                               CALVIN F. KONZAK         
                               
 Dr. Calvin Konzak retired from Crop and Soil Sciences Department of Washington
 State University (WSU) in December 1993 after an exemplary career of 37 years
 as professor, agronomist and spring wheat breeder.  A native of North Dakota,
 he obtained his B.S. in Agriculture from North Dakota State University (1948)
 and his Ph.D. in Plant Breeding and Genetics from Cornell University (1952). 
 Prior to coming to WSU he was an Associate Geneticist at the Brookhaven
 National Laboratory from 1951 to 1957.
 
 The scope and impact of his scientific discoveries, plant breeding
 accomplishments, teaching, and advising graduate students have been
 extraordinary.  He developed 24 cultivars including spring oats, durum wheats,
 soft white spring wheats and hard red spring wheats.  His variety Penawawa is
 currently the most widely grown spring wheat in the Pacific Northwest.  He
 advised 14 PhD. and 14 M.S. students in their graduate studies in genetics and
 agronomy.  He taught several genetics and agronomy courses and had numerous
 post doctorates and visiting scientists that collaborated with him on
 research.  Many of his former students have gone on to become nationally and
 internationally recognized scientists, educators and CEO's.
 
 Throughout his career C.F. Konzak has directed his genius and energy toward
 facilitating plant breeding.  To that end, his efforts include: contributing
 over 300 scholarly papers on cereal genetics research; conceiving innovative
 germplasm evaluation procedures; designing standardized ways for data
 collection, processing, and analysis; outlining methods to enhance genetic
 variability and reduce genetic vulnerability; and writing in depth reviews of
 important topics in cereal breeding and genetics.  Dr. Konzak and his
 coworkers have contributed valuable landmark publications on the genetic
 diversity for semidwarfism, wheat quality and mutation breeding strategy. 
 More recently he and his students have focused on double haploids in wheat,
 and on wheat transformation.
 
 Among the most notable accomplishments for which he was instrumental include
 developing a standard-computer friendly pedigree system; a one-person plot
 combine/data acquisition system; the first procedure for embryo rescue via
 tissue culture (1951); a decimal code for cereal growth stages; a staining
 procedure to detect A1. toxicity; and developing dual-purpose pastry and bread
 wheat varieties.  He pioneered modern mutation breeding and conducted
 exhaustive studies to improve the efficiency of mutagenesis and to identify
 effective mutagens.  His strategies for exploiting mutation breeding to
 augment conventional breeding have been adopted worldwide.  Because of his
 broad expertise he served as consultant to numerous organizations including
 FAO, the National Research Council, International Atomic Energy Agency and
 several private companies.  He has received many honors including U.S. Public
 Health Senior Scientist Fellow, the O.A. Vogel Plant Breeding Award and Fellow
 in AAAS, ASA and CSSA.
 
 Cal remains actively involved in research.  He began a private mutation and
 plant breeding program in 1982, focusing mainly on oats and durum wheats. 
 This program has produced a wide range of semidwarf and other mutants in oats
 and several valuable semidwarf durums.  He and his wife, Margaret will
 continue to make their home in Pullman.
 
 
 -------------------------
 I.   SPECIAL REPORTS
 
                Minutes of the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee
 
                           November 18, 1993
                           El Batan, Mexico
 
 Committee members in attendance were T.S. Cox (Chairman), R.F. Line (Vice-
 Chairman), G. Waines, J.S. Quick, D.V. McVey, R.H. Busch, B. Skovman, I.B.
 Edwards, O. Anderson, S. Jones, S. Leath, and H.E. Bockleman (ex-officio).  
 
 Stephen S. Jones and Steven Leath were introduced as new members.  The by-
 laws permit 16 committee members.  There are now 14 members.  No new members
 were proposed.
 
 In addition to the WCAC members, many of the members of the National Wheat
 Improvement Committee also attended the meeting.
 
 Minutes of the 1992 meeting, as published in the 1993 Annual Wheat
 Newsletter, were approved by voice vote.
 
 Germplasm Collections.  G. Waines reported on the proposal to collect
 germplasm in S.E. Turkey before a large irrigation project is installed and
 reported that C. Sterling did not think that it is necessary.  Other areas
 that were considered for future collection were Albania, N. Iraq, Syria,
 Kurdistan, Ethiopia, Niger, China, and Tibet.  Waines will be in contact
 with ICARDA regarding future collection in the Middle East.  Dave Marshall
 and L.R. Nelson, Texas A&M, collected wild cereals from Turkey on a proposal
 "Exploration for Fungal Endophytes in Wild Cereals".  That collection is
 being evaluated for a number of traits.  It will be increased and deposited
 in the National Small Grains Collection.  There was concern that some
 germplasm from active breeding programs may be lost when current wheat
 breeders retire.  H. Bockleman will maintain contact with those people
 regarding their material.  Limited funds are available to help prevent the
 loss of valuable germplasms.
 
 Germplasm Protection.  The Wheat Advisory Committee was greatly concerned
 about recent developments regarding the distribution of germplasm.  They
 voted unanimously to support the current USDA-ARS policy regarding seed held
 by the National Plant Germplasm System; recommended that a letter be sent to
 Dr. Shands expressing our concern, and recommended that the topic be
 discussed at the National Wheat Improvement Committee Meeting.  The letter
 to Dr. Shands is included at the end of the minutes.
 
 Germplasm Evaluation.  H. Bockleman provided a detailed report on evaluation
 of wheat accessions in the National Small Grains Collection.  Evaluation of
 the accessions is showing great progress and considerable new data are being
 added to the GRIN system.  A letter from Dr. Eberhart regarding "Core
 Subsets" was distributed to the committee.  Considerable discussions of the
 definition of a core, how it should be constructed, and the need for a core
 subset followed.  The general conclusion of the group was that a random
 sample would not be useful.  An elite set for a specific purpose may be
 useful.  A subcommittee to study the details of the subject will be
 appointed.
 
 Wheat Nomenclature.  G. Waines reported on the results of a workshop on
 Triticum systematics.  The last taxonomic revision was in the 1960's.  They
 concluded that the present state of taxonomy and nomenclature in Triticum is
 confusing for people who collect germplasm and maintain germplasm and for
 breeders and geneticists.  They proposed that a monographic revision is
 necessary.
 
 Wheat Databases.  B. Skovman reported on the Genetic Resources Information
 Package (GRIP) and a planning meeting that occurred on July 22, 1993 at
 Beijing, China.  The data will be available on CD-ROM.  O. Anderson
 discussed progress in developing the Wheat Genome Database that is part of
 the USDA Plant Genome Project.  Wheat is one of four species used as models
 for a database that will be in the National Agricultural Library.  Major
 emphasis is in gathering wheat data from numerous sources.  Some of the the
 data included in the database are mapping data, information on genetic
 stocks, data on disease and insect resistance, and historical data on
 cultivars and lines.  It is accessible by phone using various methods.  They
 are looking for more data and other types of data to add to the database.
 
 Quarantine Update.  There were no major changes in the quarantine situation
 for seed coming from Mexico to the United States.  CIMMYT has developed a
 system of producing and treating their seed to prevent the distribution of
 karnal bunt.
 
 
 ------------------------- 
 Dr. Henry Shands
 Associate Deputy Administrator
 Genetic Resources, USDA-ARS
 Bldg. 005
 BARC-West
 Beltsville, MD 20705
 
 Dear Dr. Shands:
 
     I am writing on behalf of the Wheat Crop Advisory Committee (CAC), which
 voted unanimously on Nov. 18, 1993 in support of the current USDA-ARS policy
 regarding seed held by the National Plant Germplasm System. Specifically, we
 support the USDA's unrestricted distribution of germplasm.  (Cultivars
 registered under Plant Variety Protection Act, while not distributed by the
 NPGS, are by law available as parental germplasm.)  By maintaining its
 current policy, USDA-ARS is demonstrating to the world's agricultural
 community a strong commitment to the free exchange of plant germplasm; this
 free exchange is, as you know, the foundation upon which plant breeding
 progress worldwide has been and continues to be built.
 
     As a committee, we are well aware of the changes occurring in the seed
 distribution policies of other countries.  To ensure that the NPGS can
 continue to play a key role in protection of genetic diversity of the
 world's crop plants in the face of political, economic, and environmental
 disruptions, it may become necessary to hold collections from abroad at the
 National Seed Storage Laboratory (NSSL) with restrictions on their
 distribution.  However, this necessity - one that the United States
 government at times may have no choice but to accept - should not lead our
 nation to abandon its own commitment to the free exchange of germplasm.
 
      There are more accessions of wheat than of any other crop held by the
 NPGS. Our CAC recommends the following actions, intended simultaneously to
 provide maximum protection of crop diversity and to foster germplasm
 exchange to the greatest extent possible:
 
 (1)  When it is necessary, in the interest of national and world
 agricultural security, for USDA to enter into agreements with foreign
 governments to store plant germplasm at NSSL with restrictions on
 distribution, we support such action.
 
 (2)  However, we strongly oppose restrictions on distribution of germplasm
 deposited at NSSL by private firms or by public institutions within the
 United States.  By holding such germplasm, USDA would be lending its
 considerable prestige to, and in effect endorsing, the commercialization of
 germplasm exchange within our own system.  The function of NSSL is to ensure
 the long-term viability of germplasm; this is often a concern regard to seed
 collections representing the genetic diversity of a region, but not ones
 that are of current commercial value as parents.  We support the storage of
 the latter class of germplasm within NPGS only after restrictions on
 distribution have expired and long-term preservation becomes an issue.
 
      We hope the above comments will be a helpful contribution to the
 continuing discussion of national germplasm policy. 
 
 
 Sincerely,  T.S. Cox, chair             
 
 CC:       Dr. Dean Plowman
           Dr. Steve Eberhart
 
 --------------------------
    Minutes of the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) Meeting
                            November 19-20, 1993
                         CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico
 
 ATTENDANCE
 
 Committee Members:  R.G. Sears, Chair; C.J. Peterson, Secretary; H.F.
 Bockelman; R. Bruns; R.H. Busch; T.S. Cox; G. Hareland; D. Hole; L. Joppa;
 F.L. Kolb; R.F. Line; C. Morris; P. Murphy; D. Porter; D. Van Sanford; W.D.
 Worrall; R. Zemetra.  Absent: R. Frohberg; Ellen Ferguson, NAWG. 
 
 Non-Committee Members: O. Anderson, ARS, WRRC Albany, CA; I. Edwards,
 Pioneer, Johnston, IA; S. Jones, ARS, Pullman, WA; S. Leath, ARS Raleigh,
 NC; D. McVey, ARS, Cereal Rust, St. Paul, MN; J. Quick, Colorado State
 Univ., Fort Collins, CO; B. Skovmand, CIMMYT, Mexico; G. Waines, Univ. of
 California, CA. 
 
 PRELIMINARIES
 
      Chairman Sears called the meeting to order and members and guests were
 introduced.  WELCOMES were presented by Dr. Roger Rowe, Deputy Director
 General for Research, CIMMYT; and Dr. Tony Fischer, Director of the CIMMYT
 Wheat Research Program.
 
      Dr. Rowe discussed current status of CIMMYT programs in light of recent
 funding problems.  Since 1989, CIMMYT has faced a 25% reduction in funding,
 the number of senior staff has dropped from 93 to 63, and the wheat program
 has lost 12 people.  Efforts have been made to sustain core programs, such
 as breeding and related support activities.  However, CIMMYT is under
 pressure to develop a new research agenda as improving crop productivity is
 viewed as a lesser concern at the present time.  New focus areas include:
 biodiversity, exploiting diversity in plant species; sustainable
 agriculture; and natural resource management, including cropping systems
 research.
 
      Dr. Fischer indicated that, with passage of the North American Free
 Trade Agreement, competition will develop between US and Mexican produced
 wheat and quality will be an important consideration.  Providing wheats to
 the developing world with improved end-use quality is an important goal of
 the CIMMYT wheat program.  He also indicated that, although improving
 productivity is of less concern at present, growth in production is unlikely
 to keep up with estimated demand, which is increasing at 3% per year. 
 Providing free exchange of germplasm and information to developing countries
 will continue to be an important function of CIMMYT.  
 
      Dr. George Varughese, Assistant Director for the Wheat Project,
 indicated that changes were expected in funding of the international
 centers.  The World Bank will provide a fixed percentage (7%) of funds for
 each center, but will no longer reduce support when centers receive special
 project funds.  Four of the centers will receive fewer funds (including
 ICARDA) and four centers more funds from the World Bank than in the past. 
 CIMMYT will essentially remain even, relative to current World Bank funding.
 
 
 MINUTES OF THE 1992 MEETING
 
      Peterson asked for a motion to waive reading Minutes, which were
 published in the Annual Wheat Newsletter, Vol. 39.  Busch made the motion,
 motion carried.
 
 RESPONSES TO 1992 LETTERS
 
      Several letters were sent by the NWIC in 1992.  Dr. Plowman,
 Administrator, ARS, responded by expressing his appreciation for the NWIC
 letter supporting the wheat genome database project.  A letter to Secretary
 Mike Espy, regarding support of FGIS applied research activities, was
 received and acknowledged by his office.  Dave Galliert, Administrator,
 FGIS, responded regarding formation of a working group on wheat test weight
 issues.  He indicated that FGIS, as a federal agency, was unable to take the
 lead in forming the working group and suggested that NWIC or NAWG take the
 leadership role.  FGIS would, however, be a willing participant in the
 working group.  
 
      In February, Sears sent a letter to Mr. Glen Lee, Deputy Administrator,
 USDA-APHIS, regarding potential impact of relaxing barberry quarantine laws,
 allowing for stem rust susceptible barberry plants to be grown commercially. 
 Mr. Lee responded that budget constraints have caused APHIS to adopt
 regulatory procedures to conform to fiscal limitations, implying that black
 stem rust (BSR) quarantine enforcement is now up to state plant protection
 offices.  APHIS is under pressure from nurserymen to make regulations less
 restrictive, as their industry bears the regulatory and financial burden for
 the BSR program.  Sears stressed that the NWIC must be very proactive on
 this issue, initiating contacts with state quarantine representatives and
 providing information regarding potential impact of stem rust.  The need to
 communicate with nursery associations also was stressed.  Sears will provide
 background information on BSR quarantine to NWIC members, to be forwarded to
 nursery associations and plant protection offices in each state.  A letter
 to NAWG and state wheat grower associations will be prepared to develop
 additional support.
 
 WHEAT WORKERS WORKSHOP
 
      Sears reported on plans for the North American Wheat Workers Workshop,
 sponsored by the NWIC.  The workshop is scheduled for March 7-9, 1994 in
 Kansas City.  Programs and registration forms were distributed in October
 and the speakers list is nearly complete.  
 
 CROP ADVISORY COMMITTEE REPORT
 
      Cox suggested that a report from the Wheat CAC was unnecessary, as all
 the NWIC members also attended the CAC meeting.  The CAC minutes are
 presented in their entirety in the Annual Wheat Newsletter, following those
 from the NWIC. 
 
 WHEAT NEWSLETTER
 
      The following reports are included by J.S. Quick, Editor, and I.
 Edwards, Treasurer, of the Annual Wheat Newsletter. Cost of preparation and
 publication continue to be a problem relative to supporting revenue.   
 
                         ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER
 
  1993 Annual Report to NWIC, J.S. Quick, Editor
      The editing and publishing of Volume 39 of the Annual Wheat Newsletter
 (AWN) followed the format of previous newsletters and was the third volume
 directly printed in reduced font size entirely from computer files.  There
 were 460 copies printed and each copy had 434 pages.  Ten copies of Volume
 39 and about 15 of Volume 35 are still available.  A summary of information
 about each volume printed since 1954 (Volume 1) was published in the AWN,
 Volume 32 (1986).  The number of pages has increased by 240 since 1980, the
 number of contributions has increased considerably, and the cost of
 publication increased significantly in 1992 and 1993.  Due to rising costs,
 an effort was made to reduce the number of copies printed by encouraging
 multiple use.  Cost of production was reduced from about $4500 in 1987 to
 about $3900 in 1988, increased to $5416 in 1989, decreased to $4690 in 1991
 due to limited distribution, and increased to $7317 in 1993 due to increased
 pages per volume (including 44 pages of history of USDA research on wheat
 and rye, 1863 to 1972).  Cost per copy is about $16.00.
 
      In addition to the total cost of production, Colorado State University
 Agronomy Department has contributed part of my time, computer facilities,
 and some occasional letter typing.  An Agronomy Department secretary,
 Carolyn Schultz, has done an excellent job of manuscript preparation since
 1983.
 
      All AWN address lists are computerized for mailing and sorting.  We are
 requesting all workers provide their manuscripts on computer disks if
 possible.  All text will be entered into computer files and laser printed
 with reduced font size to save space.  Manuscripts can also be provided
 through the BITNET system.  About 300 requests for manuscripts and financial
 assistance are sent to U.S., Australian, and Canadian wheat workers each
 January.  The requests for manuscripts and financial contributions from
 other foreign scientists are included as an insert in the Newsletter mailing
 in June.  Additionally, regional manuscript and financial solicitation and
 coordination are done by scientists in other countries.  Since 1983, 34
 scientists have been recognized for their contributions to wheat
 improvement.
 
      The cost of producing Volume 40 will probably be similar to that for
 Volume 39.  I believe it is now feasible and financially necessary to
 consider AWN distribution by diskette to all locations.  One copy would go
 to each location, and it would be included in a folder with photo pages and
 a table of contents.  Volumes 37, 38 and 39 have been included in the USDA-
 ARS Wheat Database.  Suggestions from the NWIC would be appreciated.  Ian
 Edwards, AWN treasurer, has done an excellent job of securing cooperative
 and institutional financial contributions allowing us to maintain a sound
 financial position.
 
               ANNUAL WHEAT NEWSLETTER TREASURER'S REPORT
 
                       1992 Annual Report to NWIC
                         I.B. Edwards, Treasurer
 
      ITEM                        DEBIT          CREDIT            BALANCE
   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
  1.  Balance reported
      June 1, 1992 AWN                                            $5258.25
 
  2.  Mailing request letter      43.84                            5214.41
 
  3.  Envelopes                   11.00                            5203.41
 
  4.  Photocopy charges           12.00                            5191.41
 
  5.  Mailing, Vol. 38, 
      July 1992                 1025.70                            4165.71
 
  6.  Printing and binding      5474.62                           <1308.91>
 
  7.  Typing and editing,        750.00                           <2058.91>
      Vol. 38 (Carolyn Schultz)
 
  8.  Misc. bank charges           5.00                           <2063.91>
 
  9.  New contributions 
      (since June 1)                              790.00          <1273.91>
  
 10. Interest on checking         44.18                           <1229.73>
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Comments:
 
      1.  The total cost of Volume 39 was $7,317.16.  This costs divided by
 460 copies printed is about $15.91/copy.  Volume 39 is 92 pages longer than
 Volume 38 (435 vs 343).  The total printed pages of Volume 39 was 27 percent
 greater than that of Volume 38, and the total cost was 15% higher.  Volume
 38 was printed entirely from computer files.
 
      2.  Current funding balance, at the present time, is $<1,229.73>
 compared with $<506.75> a year ago.  It must be noted that there is still an
 outstanding balance owing for production costs in the amount of $1267.16. 
 In the past four years, contributions have not matched the rising costs, and
 this is an area of concern.
 
      3.  Although corporate contributions have increased in recent years,
 this past year showed a decline.  A number of institutions and companies
 require an invoice in order to make payments.  We are encouraging them to
 notify your Treasurer as to the amount they wish to donate, and we will
 gladly furnish an invoice.  Private contributions remain our major source of
 revenue.  We will need very strong appeal in 1994 to keep the Annual Wheat
 Newsletter solvent.
 
      Quick proposed to begin AWN distribution on disk, with accompanying
 folder, table of contents, and hard copies of photos and figures. 
 Distribution of 1 disk copy and folder per location was suggested, with one
 individual per site responsible for local copying and distribution.  Cost of
 producing the newsletter would then be expected to drop to about $2,000 from
 the current $7,000 for hardcopies.  Distribution by disk appears the only
 means to regain financial solvency for the AWN.
 
      Two motions were put forward by Zemetra: 1) Use computer diskette for
 primary distribution of the AWN.  Motion unanimously approved.  2) Send
 diskette and folder to one person per location, then site copy and print. 
 Motion was defeated; 10 against, 4 in favor.  Concern was expressed over
 ability to generate funds unless each individual received some type of copy
 in hand.  Others expressed desire for hard copy, if it could be made
 available.  Bruns moved that AWN diskette and folder be sent to everyone on
 mailing list; and an option to purchase a hard copy be made available, at a
 fixed cost per copy, and with a specific deadline for ordering hard copies. 
 The motion passed unanimously.
 
      Quick indicated that, after 12 years of service to the AWN, Volume 40
 would be his last as AWN editor.  Edwards also indicated his intent to
 relinquish his position as Treasurer after Volume 40.  Sears will notify
 people of opportunity to take over AWN positions, then NWIC will consider
 options in 1994.  A resolution of thanks to Quick and Edwards for their
 dedicated service will be developed.  
 
 LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE REPORT
 
      Sears reported on the 1993 NWIC legislative visits.  The legislative
 teams visited eight Senate offices and 12 House offices.  Although the NWIC
 Plant Pathology Initiative was not successful, the visits were considered to
 have a cumulative positive effect, both in Congress and with ARS
 administrators.  The visits enhanced recognition of the NWIC and had impact
 in terms of presence, resulting in subsequent calls and questions from
 legislative aids.  Sears indicated the need for more homework prior to
 visit, more follow-up, and support from NAWG.  He noted the addition of
 Bruce Lans, Nebraska Wheat Board Chair, to the team was a significant
 benefit.  Future visits need grower support and representation from target
 states.  Van Sanford suggested that the NWIC needs to rethink strategies and
 develop corporate partners, such as millers and bakers, in legislative
 efforts.  We may also need to collaborate with oat or barley workers in
 legislative agendas.
 
 USDA-ARS RESEARCH UPDATE
 
      Busch reported that the USDA is currently undergoing an in-depth
 reorganization, called for by Vice President Gore and Secretary Espy.  The
 proposal includes combining ARS, CSRS, Extension Service, and the National
 Ag Library into a single agency: Agricultural Research and Education Service
 (ARES).  The goal is reducing administrative costs and enhancing efficiency
 in the USDA.  ARS administrators appear positive about the reorganization as
 it allows an opportunity for change.  The FY94 ARS budget has been
 tentatively approved by Congress, with additional funds over what was
 requested by ARS inserted by the House and Senate.  The Office of Management
 and Budget cut $26 million from the ARS budget ($18 million in positions and
 funds, 8 million in buildings and maintenance) in November, but this was
 later restored in its entirety by the House.  Final disposition is unclear
 at this time.
      
      Funding levels for the ARS Plant Science Unit at Manhattan remain
 critical.  The unit, comprised of Stan Cox, Jim Hatchett, and Merle
 Eversmeyer, began the fiscal year $15,000 over budget.  Approximately
 $500,000 new federal money has been targeted for the Grain Marketing
 Research Lab at Manhattan.  The funds were among those removed from the ARS
 budget by OMB, but were subsequently restored.  If approved, some of these
 funds may be directed to support the Manhattan Plant Science Unit and the
 ARS wheat projects in Nebraska.
 
      Kolb provided an update on the three new ARS wheat positions at Purdue
 (Dr. Chuck Murphy provided additional clarification in December).  Joe
 Anderson, ARS, Bozeman, MT, has transferred to Lafayette and is now in the
 Barley Yellow Dwarf, Molecular Biology position.  Anderson was formerly
 working on molecular genetics and biochemistry of barley seed development. 
 The remaining positions, Molecular Plant Pathologist with focus on fungal
 diseases and Molecular Geneticist working on Hessian Fly, have been
 advertised and closed and should be filled early in 1994. 
 
       Van Sanford discussed the continuing need for Pathology support
 position in the southeast.  The position was part of the 1992 NWIC
 legislative agenda.  It was targeted for Arkansas as a good site for
 screening and with potential for  political support from Senator Bumpers. 
 The Oat Workers have proposed a position at Raliegh, NC to work half time on
 Crown Rust, which is currently written in language of the ARS budget, but
 with no supporting dollars.  Van Sanford proposed that the NWIC work with
 the Oat Workers to establish a Small Grains Pathology position at Raliegh
 that can allocate some time to wheat efforts.  This was identified as a high
 priority need during the 1992 ARS Grain Crops review.
 
      Zemetra reported that efforts to develop a dwarf bunt (TCK) position in
 Montana have failed.  Some funds were initially allocated for dwarf bunt
 work, but were insufficient to fill a position.  He also indicated that a
 special CSRS grant on TCK has been redirected to support the Portland Grain
 Marketing Center.  Concerns were expressed over lack of information
 available on US and Canadian TCK research projects and lack of a focused
 project.  
 
      Chuck Murphy provided additional comments on the Montana ARS positions
 after the meeting.   The Cereal Crop Improvement Research Unit at Bozeman
 had 3 SY's prior to retirement of Al Sharen and transfer of Joe Anderson.  
 Victor Rayboy, Cereal Molecular Geneticist, was left as the sole SY in the
 Unit.  Rayboy's position has now become secured by tranferring the position
 into the Bozeman Range Science Unit for administrative purposes, while
 providing technical supervision through the Aberdeen Small Grains Research
 Unit.
 
      Morris reported on status of the ARS unit at Pullman, WA which is
 composed of four subunits; physiology, quality, pathology, and genetics. 
 Morris has the only fully funded project in the research unit.  Bob Allan is
 nearing retirement and is stepping down as Research Leader (RL).  Kay
 Walker-Simmons will assume the RL position.  There is concern over possible
 loss of club wheat research in the Northwest and desire to refill Allan's
 position with a club wheat/quantitative genetics position.  However, chances
 of refilling the position are not promising at this time.  Rollie Line also
 indicated that he could retire at any time and that current funding levels
 were likely insufficient to refill his position. 
 
      Busch and McVey expressed concerns over status of ARS positions at the
 Cereal Rust Laboratory in St. Paul.  Alan Roelfs will retire in the near
 future.  Roelfs' CRIS project has already been eliminated and position will
 likely be lost.  The position may be included as a priority in the Oat
 Workers legislative initiatives.  Support from CIMMYT and Canadian
 researchers could also be generated.
 
 STATUS OF ARS WHEAT QUALITY RESEARCH
 
      Peterson reported that ARS held a meeting in Fargo, ND in August to
 discuss and develop national research priorities for wheat quality research
 efforts.  Input from the meeting, provided by federal and state scientists
 and representatives from the milling and baking industry, will be used to
 develop a National Research Initiative for wheat quality research.  The long
 term goal is to develop more collaborative research efforts among
 researchers and emphasize research objectives with potential market impact.
 
      Morris discussed need to deal with hard white wheat quality issues and
 develop specific, common, quality goals for U.S. breeding projects.  A
 upcoming meeting of the CSRS WRCC81 regional committee on 'Improving end-use
 quality in small grains' will provide a forum to discuss regional hard white
 development issues. The meeting is scheduled for January 6 and 7, 1994 in
 Portland, Oregon.  Morris also indicated that the western region was not
 interested, at this time, in joining the national Wheat Quality Council
 organization.  
 
 UPDATE ON WHEAT HARDNESS AND CLASSIFICATION
 
      Sears reported that the Wheat Classification Working Group is expected
 to hold a meeting this winter.  They will review hardness data from the 1992
 and '93 crop years obtained with the Single Kernel Hardness (SKH) tester. 
 Implementation of the new SKH tester for grain classification is still
 targeted for 1995 or 1996.
 
 WHEAT TEST WEIGHT ISSUES
 
      Van Sanford questioned whether NWIC could lead a working group on test
 weight, now that FGIS indicated it was unable to take leadership in such an
 effort.  Applications of the SKH tester would be the initial focus for the
 group.  Edwards was concerned that test weight might not be a viable issue
 at this time, without either implementation of the SKH tester or NAWG
 support for this as a marketing issue.  However, potential may still exist
 to form a task force.  There is strong support in ARS quality labs to
 develop methodology and data to supplant test weight as an indicator of
 milling yield.  Bruns suggested an opportunity to tie the issue into the
 next FGIS wheat grain grading review process, which takes place every five
 years.  However, the next review, scheduled in four years, will likely be
 consumed with implementation of the SKH tester.  It was suggested that the
 eastern section of the Wheat Quality Council might also provide a leadership
 role.    
 
      Kolb moved that Van Sanford be named as the official NWIC
 representative on wheat test weight issues, and that he make appropriate
 contacts and pursue development of a working group.  Bruns provided second
 and motion was unanimously approved.
 
 PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION (PVP)
 
      Sears discussed the status of legislation to amend PVP laws to meet the
 UPOV '91 treaty.  Legislation has been introduced in the Senate (S.1406) by
 Kerrey (NE) and House (H.R.2927) by de la Garza (TX).  Senate cosponsors
 currently include Daschle (SD), Kassebaum (KS), Exon (NE), and Pressler
 (SD).  A bill was introduced to committee on August 6 and subcommittee
 hearings were held on September 20.  The NWIC provided written testimony
 supporting the legislation to Sen. Kerrey, and the 1992 NWIC resolution on
 PVP was recorded as written testimony in Congress.  Marsha Stanton, ASA
 Congressional Fellow located in Senator Kerrey's office, has been working on
 the bill, which is expected to receive markup in December and action
 sometime after January 1.  At this time, there has been little overall
 Congressional concern over changes proposed for PVP.  
 
      Concern was expressed by Bruns and others regarding a recent decision
 by ARS that seed of PVP'd varieties not be distributed from the ARS National
 Germplasm Collections.  The decision was related to language in the PVP
 research exemption that fails to specifically state what agencies can
 distribute such seed.  Clarification regarding the status of PVP germplasm
 appears needed.  This may also need to be considered in developing the new
 PVP legislation.
 
      Edwards indicated that the version of UPOV that member nations will be
 asked to ratify in 1994 includes a clause prohibiting any off farm seed
 sales.  Even with changes proposed in current PVP legislation, it is
 doubtful that the U.S. will be in full compliance with the treaty.
 
 REPORT FROM ASTA SUBCOMMITTEE ON ESSENTIALLY DERIVED CONCEPTS
 
      Edwards gave an update on ASTA efforts to develop definitions and
 concepts for essentially derived materials.  The key issue is the 'doctrine
 of dependency', which applies to PVP'd materials only.  If a line is
 considered 'essentially derived' from a PVP variety, then there is a legal
 issue of dependency in the marketplace.  Questions remain as to what is
 considered 'essentially derived'; based on breeding methods, thresholds for
 genetic distance, and scientific methods of measurement.  There is general
 agreement that if two lines have less than 75% of segregating traits in
 common then they are not essentially derived; if greater than 95% in common
 they are essentially derived.  Question is in the middle ground.  To date,
 at least 1 backcross and 75% or more of identifiable traits in common, or 2
 backcrosses regardless of number of common identifiable traits, would be
 considered essentially derived.  Again, there is a question as to minimum
 number of traits to be measured, and which technologies would be accepted. 
 Application of essentially derived concepts to PVP laws would likely require
 some type of grandfather clause.  Ultimately, these concepts will be
 described by case law history and definitions will need to be updated on a
 regular basis.
 
 DNA FINGERPRINTS AS PVP DESCRIPTORS
 
      P. Murphy and Kolb brought up potential use of DNA technologies as PVP
 descriptors, to get away from more tedious and less useful measures of
 varietal differences.  It was recognized that some morphological markers
 will be needed to facilitate the seed certification process.  Edwards
 indicated that the PVP office is currently unable to handle this type of
 data and information.  However, there is increasing interest, especially in
 private companies, in use of DNA technologies for varietal protection.   
 
 INTERNATIONAL GERMPLASM EXCHANGE SUBCOMMITTEE REPORT
 
      Peterson presented results of a national survey conducted by the
 International Germplasm Exchange Subcommittee.  The survey was intended to
 identify countries/programs which should be priorities for international
 exchange efforts and determine current level of exchange activities and
 factors that limit access to international germplasm.  A total of 50 U.S.
 wheat breeders and geneticists responded.  Survey results indicated that a
 large number of germplasm lines were imported each year by U.S. breeders. 
 However, when considered on a per program basis, most programs obtained
 relatively few new lines each year, generally from 1 or 2 sources.  Personal
 contacts were the primary means of accessing international germplasm,
 followed by international nurseries.  Countries or programs which were
 identified as high priority for exchange efforts included: 1) Former Soviet
 Union; 2) CIMMYT/Mexico; 3) China; and 4) Eastern European countries.  The
 majority of respondents indicated a willingness to provide imported
 germplasm to either the National Small Grains Collection or directly to
 other breeding programs on request; assuming that permission of the
 originating program could be obtained prior to secondary distribution.  All
 indicated willingness to participate if some type of reciprocal
 international germplasm exchange program could be established.  There were
 five recurring themes in suggestions to improve international exchange: 1)
 need for national coordination and support; 2) need for central location for
 increase and distribution; 3) need for either a nationally funded or
 contractual quarantine growout system; 4) need for support of international
 nurseries; and 5) need to reduce and simplify APHIS quarantine restrictions. 
 
 
      It was recognized that, realistically, there are no funds currently
 available for a national coordinating position, for a centralized quarantine
 growout system, or for supporting international nurseries.  Also, there is
 little expected change, near term, in APHIS regulations.  Chances of
 obtaining new funds for international germplasm exchange efforts were
 considered nonexistent.  However, the general willingness of breeders to
 exchange germplasm they have imported (once approval of originating program
 is obtained), may provide an opportunity to increase overall germplasm
 availability.  
 
      The Subcommittee proposed that USDA-ARS develop a program for breeders
 to submit international germplasm as a temporary introductions to the
 National Small Grains Collection, and then NSGC provide for small scale
 distribution of seed.  Individual breeders would be responsible for
 importation of seed and quarantine increase.  It would also be their
 responsibility to obtain written permission from the originating programs to
 allow NSGC to distribute the germplasm.  Once increased, seed of each line
 (approximately 500 grams) would be provided to the NSGC, with copy of
 permission to distribute.  The NSGC would assign a temporary introduction
 number (i.e. TI# series to differentiate from PI) to each line and
 distribute 10 gram samples, on request, for up to 3 years or until the seed
 supply is exhausted.  After 3 years, remaining seed would be discarded and
 the introduction would be unavailable.  The NSGC would need to provide an
 annual newsletter, or list of available entries, for distribution to U.S.
 breeding programs (Regional Secretaries could help with distribution).  NSCG
 would also need to provide formal guidelines and appropriate information
 that could be used to obtain written permission from originating
 institutions.  The NWIC Germplasm Subcommittee and CAC could help to
 organize breeders to obtain germplasm from key target countries/programs. 
 The Subcommittee recognized that some funds may be needed for seed increase
 of specific international nurseries, or small collections, to facilitate
 entry into the program. 
 
      Based on general approval and concensus of the Committee, NWIC will
 send letter to Shands endorsing the proposal, with draft prepared by the
 Subcommittee.
 
 UPDATING THE WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
 
      Kolb expressed concern that the current Wheat Workers Code of Ethics
 fails to address impact of new technologies.  Language should be included to
 prohibit production of somoclones, transgenic plants by recombinant DNA
 techniques, and induction of mutations without permission of the originator. 
 A committee of Kolb, Cox, and Edwards was assigned to develop specific
 language for consideration.  The revision was later tabled for future
 consideration.  It was generally agreed upon that language and concepts in
 the Code of Ethics should match those used for definitions of essentially
 derived materials in PVP, which have not yet been agreed upon.  The NWIC
 will reconsider revision in 1994.
 
 GERMPLASM DISTRIBUTION BY NPGS
 
      Cox brought forward a letter from the Crop Advisory Committee to Henry
 Shands, regarding germplasm distribution policies of the National Plant
 Germplasm System.  The Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) Board of
 Directors has requested that USDA-ARS change its policy of free distribution
 of germplasm in NPGS collections to allow for deposition and storage of
 germplasm with restricted distribution.  The CAC letter opposes any
 restriction on distribution of germplasm deposited in the NPGS that may be
 established by private firms or public institutions wishing to deposit
 materials.  Cox proposed developing a joint letter to Shands from the NWIC
 and CAC.  Bruns indicated a need to broaden awareness regarding the NWIC
 position on NPGS distribution policies and suggested sending an appropriate
 resolution to experiment station directors, ASA executive committee, and ARS
 administrators.  A motion was approved to develop a resolution supporting
 free exchange of germplasm in the NPGS, similar to the letter developed by
 the CAC.  Cox and Bruns later presented the resolution to the NWIC, which
 was unanimously approved as written.  
 
 STATUS OF CIMMYT GERMPLASM EXCHANGE AND SEED HEALTH EFFORTS
 
      CIMMYT will use Mexicali as a primary site for seed increase prior to
 distribution of international nurseries in 1994.  The Mexicali nursery will
 be located near the California border in a Karnal Bunt (KB) free area.  Few
 international wheat nurseries were distributed in 1993 due to presence of KB
 at the Hermosillo seed increase site.  
 
      Larry Butler provided additional background on the CIMMYT Seed Health
 Unit and related KB work, including a tour of seed treatment equipment and
 inspection methods.  Samples of seed lots used for international shipments
 are extensively screened for presence of KB spores using washing and
 filtration techniques and microscopic evaluation.  CIMMYT is using a sodium
 hypochlorite bath for all wheat seed prior to packaging and distribution to
 eliminate potential KB spores on seed surfaces.  In addition to a standing
 bath, nicknamed the 'killer jacuzzi', CIMMYT has recently developed a
 mechanized system for seed treatment.  Seed is also treated with Vitavax 300
 and chlorothalonil prior to distribution.  However, a guarantee of 0 spores
 is unrealistic and a rational limit still needs to be established.  CIMMYT
 continues to work with APHIS as new seed health and KB screening procedures
 are developed. 
 
 STATUS OF CIMMYT PLANT PATHOLOGY EFFORTS
 
      Gene Saari provided an update on activities in the CIMMYT Crop
 Protection Unit, which currently has seven staff members.  Improving
 resistance to the three rusts remain the #1 priority in pathology efforts,
 although stem rust is more on a maintenance status.  Other priorities
 include Septoria tritici, Septoria nodorum, KB, bunts and loose smut. 
 Second generation problems, related to cropping systems and residue
 management, are receiving increased attention.  These include tan spot,
 Helmenthosporium sativum, and BYDV; root rots, scab and mildew also are
 important, but fewer funds are available for these diseases.  Paraguay had
 been a focus for scab screening, but support has been reduced.  Minor
 element deficiencies and predisposition to disease also receive some effort. 
 Global monitoring and surveillance continues as a priority.  Concern exists
 over durability and diversity of resistances in light of sustainable
 agriculture issues and practices.  
 
 CIMMYT DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
 
      Paul Fox and Bent Skovmand gave an impressive demonstration of the
 CIMMYT Wheat Database.  The database provides an extensive pedigree
 management and information system, cross referencing variety names and
 designations, varietal performance information, and agronomic descriptions. 
 Also underway are efforts to combine data files from long-term International
 Nursery results for analyses.  However, reductions in CIMMYT funding have
 severely affected database development efforts.  It was anticipated that
 Paul Fox would not be retained unless additional outside funds could be
 identified.  Canada, Australia, and U.S. agencies have each been contacted
 about contributing funds, and each has expressed interest.  Busch moved that
 the NWIC send a letter to Henry Shands expressing our support for the CIMMYT
 database effort and encouraging ARS to provide support as possible.  Motion
 passed unanimously.
 
 UPDATE ON GENE MAPPING AND WHEAT TRANSFORMATION EFFORTS
 
      Olin Anderson reported on funding and genome mapping efforts of ITMI. 
 An ARS competitive grant and an ARS/DOE/NSF coordination grant were received
 last year.  There is increasing evidence of similarity in genome
 organization across grass species, suggesting the possibility to use all
 grasses as a genetic unit in gene isolation.  Anderson also reported on
 progress in ARS wheat transformation efforts.  Transformation has now been
 confirmed as stable through five generations of reproduction.  Using a gene
 gun, they have inserted a herbicide resistance gene in the variety Bobwhite. 
 Multiple transformation events have been obtained, at the rate of 1 per 500
 embryos.  Other laboratories are using similar approaches and have either
 achieved transformation, or are very close.  
 
 THE 1993 SCAB EPIDEMIC
 
      Busch gave an update on scab (Fusarium head blight) disease losses in
 1993.  In Minnesota, average yield was reduced by 30%, with an estimated
 $400 million loss to producers.  Approximately 300,000 acres were destroyed
 or burned prior to harvest.  In the Great Plains region, there was an
 estimated $1 billion loss.  In contrast, there is one position dedicated to
 scab research, in Minnesota, with total investment of $90,000 per year. 
 Prior to 1993, it was anticipated that this position would be lost. 
 Vomitoxin levels over 30 ppm were found in 1993, and less than 50% of the
 Minnesota crop met the 2 ppm maximum acceptable level for human consumption. 
 After milling, 1/2 of initial grain vomitoxin levels have been found in
 straight grade flour and three times the initial levels in bran. 
 
      Busch discussed the scab screening and inoculation techniques developed
 in Minnesota.  There is no known genetic source of resistance to scab,
 however a range in tolerance has been identified.  Hundreds of Chinese
 lines, reported to possess tolerance, have been screened.  Two varieties,
 Sumai #3 and Fan #1, were identified with less susceptibility than any other
 germplasm.  Sumai tolerance appears more of a qualitative than quantitative
 trait.  However, associated agronomic characteristics and poor baking
 quality of the Chinese wheats will make their use difficult.
 
      Kolb indicated that scab was a severe problem in the SRW wheat region
 in 1990 and '91.  Increasing incidence appears related to minimum till and
 eco-fallow cropping trends.  Gene Milas, Arkansas, has formed an ad hoc
 committee for evaluation of germplasm.  Greg Shaner is trying to develop a
 North Central Region Committee for coordinating scab research, but the
 committee has no funding.     
 
      Busch stressed the need to upgrade scab research as a national
 priority.  A long-term, focused effort on methodology, screening, and basic
 research will be required to reduce scab incidence.  Impact of the '93
 epidemic provides an opportunity to rally support in the wheat industry,
 collect information on disease losses, and develop a legislative initiative
 for new funding.  Support of the Wheat Quality Council, milling and baking
 industry, and NAWG will be critical.  Morris suggested exploiting food
 safety issues to help garner support.  However, care must be taken that the
 publicity does not adversely affecting grain marketing.  Goal may be to
 obtain ARS monies and support similar to that obtained for the Russian Wheat
 Aphid work.  The scab issue was moved forward as a key item in the
 legislative agenda.
 
 NEW RESEARCH ON BIRD CHERRY-OAT APHID LOSSES
 
      Porter discussed new research evidence that non-viruliferous Bird
 Cherry-Oat Aphids were just as damaging as the Russian Wheat Aphid and
 Greenbug.  As little as 10 aphids/plant can cause a 50% yield reduction. 
 The damage is chronic, with little symptom expression.  Control with
 chemical pesticides is currently the only option.  A symposium on the aphid
 will be held at the national entomology meetings in December, 1993. 
 Research from Hungary suggested that some level of genetic tolerance may be
 available, with yield losses of 30% expressed in tolerant lines compared to
 60% in susceptible.  The tolerance is not genetically related to other aphid
 resistances. 
 
      Busch indicated that previous threshold levels recommended for chemical
 control were not adequate.  In 1992, Minnesota had a severe aphid influx. 
 Untreated plots averaged 31.8 bu/a compared with 50 bu/a for treated.  Busch
 estimated that 1.7 million acres could have been economically sprayed that
 year.  The concern is potential for major insecticide applications over wide
 acreages.  New threshold levels for treatment are 1 aphid/stem on 85/100
 stems.   Kolb questioned the role of BYDV in yield losses as BYDV infections
 may show little visual symptomology.  Porter indicated that several tests
 documenting yield loss have used certified non-viruliferous aphids.  Leath
 indicated a new seed treatment, documented and used in Europe, may provide
 short-term control, but it is very expensive.  Some resistance also may be
 available in SRW wheats due to long-term natural selection under aphid
 infestations.
 
 SUPPORT FOR CSRS WHEAT RESEARCH 
 
      Bruns brought forward communication with Stephen Baenziger, Nebraska,
 requesting the NWIC increase its efforts to promote increased CSRS/Hatch
 funding for wheat and wheat pathology.  Worrall also expressed concern that
 the NWIC each year focuses on ARS programs and need to increase ARS funding,
 while numerous CSRS wheat research problems are not addressed.  However,
 lack of mechanisms to increase specific CSRS funding for wheat are a primary
 problem.  Baenziger suggested pursuing a combined ARS/CSRS funding program,
 similar to the STEEP II program in the Pacific Northwest, with competitive
 funding and peer review.  Targeted CSRS special grants might be pursued with
 appropriate congressional support.  However, CSRS special grants are
 considered as 'pork barrel' and difficult to obtain in todays political
 climate.  They are also renewed annually and require substantial political
 investment to maintain.  An alternative proposed would be to develop a
 permanent pool of ARS funds and use ARS as a granting agency for
 collaborative/competitive ARS and CSRS projects.  This has been done
 effectively for the oat germplasm enhancement program.  Merging of ARS and
 CSRS into a single USDA agency may provide additional and more effective
 mechanisms in the near future.  
 
      Committee members agreed that the NWIC needs to more actively pursue
 means to enhance CSRS wheat funding.  A motion was approved that established
 a subcommittee comprised of Worrall and Van Sanford to study CSRS funding
 options and report to the NWIC next year.  The committee will also be in
 communication with Stephen Baenziger regarding options and directions. 
 
 NAWG ISSUES
 
      Zemetra indicated that a $1.1 million dollar National Research
 Initiative on jointed goatgrass control has recently been obtained with NAWG
 support.  The program is targeted for western and plains states.  Goals and
 objectives are unclear and there is no proposal draft available at this
 time.  Contact person is Jim Zuiches, Washington State University.
 
      Zemetra brought forward a resolution from the Idaho Wheat Commission
 for input from the NWIC.  The resolution has been circulated to state wheat
 commissions and grower associations and is expected to be considered by
 NAWG.  It recommends that the American Association of Seed Certification
 Agencies require milling and baking quality information, based on nine
 location/year of testing, be provided and made available as a matter of
 public record prior to inclusion of a new or existing wheat variety in a
 certified seed program.  It was noted that this was, in essence, similar to
 initial proposals in the Grain Quality Incentives Act developed by Senator
 Daschle.  That bill currently requires that quality data be provided on
 state variety trials, an requirement which is largely not met at this time. 
 Bruns explained the role of the AOSCA Small Grains Variety Review Board,
 which requires data only when needed to substantiate claims made on a
 variety.  Edwards noted the resolution was interesting in light of lack of
 interest of western states in joining the National Wheat Quality Council
 organization, which could provide quality information and uniform testing
 procedures.  A straw poll was conducted to determine support for the Idaho
 resolution.  No support was indicated.  Sears will respond to the Idaho
 Wheat Commission, and NAWG as appropriate, indicating lack of support for
 the resolution.  Background information also will be provided, based on
 testimony developed by Fred Cholick for congressional hearings on the Grain
 Quality Incentives Act.
 
 REGIONAL ITEMS AND UPDATES
 
      Peterson reported on status of the USDA-ARS wheat virology research in
 Lincoln.  Two ARS scientists, Roy French and W. Langenberg, currently work
 on molecular genetics of wheat streak mosaic, soilborne wheat mosaic, and
 BYDV.  Langenberg is expected to retire in the near future.  Without
 additional funds, his position will not be replaced.  Local ARS and UN-L
 administrators hope to refill Langenberg's position, but state and national
 support will be needed to obtain additional funds.  An
 epidemiologist/molecular geneticist is desired with primary research
 emphasis on wheat streak mosaic virus.  Consideration as a possible
 legislative agenda item was proposed.
 
      Kolb indicated that there is continuing interest and need for the
 International Septoria Screening Nursery, which was discontinued upon
 retirement of Al Sharen.  Basic need is to identify a coordinator.  Leath
 indicated that he was willing, if support (i.e. 1/2 technician position)
 could be found.  After consideration of possible actions, it was decided
 that the issue would be brought up informally, as a point of information,
 with C. Murphy.  
 
      Personnel changes and pending retirements from each region were
 discussed.  Zemetra indicated that, in addition to changes in the Montana
 ARS positions, the Aberdeen ARS wheat germplasm/physiology position of S.
 Ramagopal has been transferred to Beltsville, along with supporting funds. 
 Washington State University is anticipating the retirement of Clarence
 Peterson and Cal Konzak in the next year, and Bob Allan in 2 to 3 years. 
 Filling of the O.A. Vogel endowed chair position at WSU is currently on
 hold.  Van Sanford indicated that John Roberts, Pathologist at Griffin GA,
 is nearing retirement.  Gordon Kimber, cytogeneticist at Columbia, MO, will
 retire in May of 1994.  Bruns reported that Merle Eversmeyer, ARS
 Pathologist and Research Leader at Manhattan, KS could retire at anytime. 
 Ed Smith, Oklahoma State University wheat breeder, may retire in the next
 few years.  Busch indicated that two thirds of the ARS Cereal Rust
 Laboratory researchers could retire within the next three years; Allan
 Roelfs will retire shortly.  Several retirements are anticipated in the ARS
 unit at Fargo, including Norm Williams, Cytogeneticist and Research Leader;
 Jim Miller, Pathologist; and Leonard Joppa, Geneticist.  Retirement of S.S.
 Maan, Fargo, also is eminent.
 
 MISSION STATEMENT FOR THE NWIC
 
      Sears and Peterson proposed a mission statement to clarify goals and
 function of the NWIC.  The statement is to be used in correspondence with
 legislators, industry, and press, to explain the role of the NWIC as a
 standing expert Committee.  After discussion and consideration of
 appropriate language, Worrall moved for acceptance.  The revised mission
 statement was unanimously approved.  It is included with the 1993
 resolutions and letters.
 
 1994 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA
 
      Sears lead discussion on plans for the NWIC legislative initiative and
 Congressional visit, scheduled for late March.  Membership of the
 Legislative subcommittee was discussed.  It was emphasized that the NWIC
 legislative team should be expanded outside of NWIC members; include NAWG
 representatives, growers from key states, and representatives from the
 milling and baking industry.  The Wheat Quality Council Board of Directors
 should be approached for representation.  Glenn Weaver, ConAgra, is
 currently Chair of the Board.  
 
      The 1992-93 Legislative Initiative included requests of support for
 five ARS positions/units: Plant Science Unit, Manhattan; Plant
 Pathology/Germplasm position in Southeast; Wheat Pathology, Pullman; Cereal
 Rust Lab, St. Paul; and Smut position, Bozeman.  Sears recommended that the
 1993-94 initiative focus on a single, high priority item, such as the
 Manhattan Research Unit, then present others as informational items.  Van
 Sanford concurred that primary focus should be the ARS Manhattan unit; with
 additional funds, their research efforts could be expanded to include work
 on all wheat classes.  He also recommended supporting the Oat Workers
 initiative for a pathology position at Raleigh, NC.  Busch reminded the
 Committee that growers lost $1 billion to disease in 1993, which could be
 powerful focus for this years lobbying efforts, especially for scab
 research.  Morris suggested that food safety and security could also be an
 effective focus.  
 
      P. Murphy suggested that the Oat Workers Strategic Plan could be an
 effective concept and model for the NWIC.  It was agreed that a strategic
 plan for pathology could provide an effective background for the legislative
 initiative.  Target of a long-term strategic plan would then be diseases,
 rather than people or programs.  Specific annual legislative initiatives
 would then focus on individual disease impact and losses, and take advantage
 of opportunities for Congressional support.
 
      Sears proposed the NWIC organize a subcommittee to develop a long-term
 strategic plan for wheat research needs, with focus on pathology issues. 
 However, due to the short time frame for planning, this years initiative
 would combine current regional pathology issues into a package with a single
 item as high priority focus.  Bruns indicated that last years initiative
 would be an effective base, with slight modifications in language and focus. 
 
 
      It was agreed that Sears, as NWIC Chair, would head the Legislative
 Subcommittee, enlisting aid from NWIC members and others as needed.  Sears
 also will contact C. Murphy and W. Martinez for advice and direction on
 strategies and funding targets.  Regional Chairs will provide a list of
 regional disease priorities to Sears by December 15.  Sears will then work
 with NWIC members to develop appropriate documents and a legislative
 information packet during December and January.  The information packet will
 be provided to key congressional staff, ARS administrators, NAWG, and
 industry groups such as the Wheat Quality Council.  The Manhattan Plant
 Science Unit will remain the primary focus for the funding initiative and
 the other key pathology positions will be included as appropriate.  Regional
 Chairs will serve as members of a Strategic Planning Subcommittee for the
 NWIC.  During the next year, the Subcommittee will develop list of regional
 and national wheat research priorities to be presented and considered at the
 1994 NWIC meeting. 
 
 NWIC INTERACTIONS WITH PRESS
 
      Sears reported that a news article, loosely based on a draft developed
 by several NWIC members in February, was released through the AP wire
 service in May.  The article expressed NWIC concerns over reduced funding
 for pathology research in light of increasing disease losses.  The article
 was published in several national newspapers.  Sears received several calls
 and favorable comments on the article and he believed it was beneficial in
 increasing visibility of the NWIC.  It was suggested that copies of the
 legislative information packet be provided to key members of the
 agricultural press to increase awareness of our national research concerns. 
 This would serve to increase recognition of the NWIC as an expert committee,
 and show willingness to provide testimony regarding national wheat issues.  
 
 MISC. RESOLUTIONS AND LETTERS
 
      Sears proposed that two resolutions be developed, acknowledging 12
 years of dedicated service by Jim Quick and Ian Edwards in publication and
 distribution of the Annual Wheat Newsletter.  Busch moved that appropriate
 resolutions be drafted, expressing the appreciation of the world wheat
 community.  Motion was approved and Peterson will write resolutions. 
 Drafting of resolution expressing appreciation to CIMMYT personnel for
 serving as excellent hosts of the 1993 NWIC meeting also was approved.
 
 NEXT MEETING
 
      Sears proposed that the next NWIC meeting be held on November 4 and 5,
 1994 at, or near, Beltsville, MD.  Peterson and Sears will identify an
 appropriate location and facility.  The 1994 CAC meeting will then be held
 on the evening of November 3, prior to the NWIC meeting.  Motion was
 approved.  The meeting was then adjourned by Sears.  
 
 RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
 NOVEMBER 19-20, 1993, EL BATAN, MEXICO
 
 SUBJECT: MISSION OF THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
 
      The National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) is a non-profit,
 independent organization representing public and private wheat researchers. 
 It is composed of scientists which represent each of the four major U.S.
 wheat growing regions.  The NWIC addresses issues that have direct, or
 indirect, effect on U.S. wheat; including areas of research, production,
 marketing, and end-use.  The Committee provides information and counsel to
 Congressional leaders and U.S. agricultural policymakers, with the long-term
 goal of improving wheat production and marketing opportunities.  The NWIC is
 an expert committee and is willing to provide either written or verbal
 testimony regarding wheat research issues in the United States.  The NWIC
 meets annually.  Minutes of Committee meetings, resolutions, and letters are
 published each year in the Annual Wheat Newsletter.
 
 
 SUBJECT: GERMPLASM EXCHANGE POLICY OF THE NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM
 TO: Shands; Plowman; Eberhart; Exp. station directors; CSSA Executive
 Committee
 
 WHEREAS, the Crop Science Society of America (CSSA) Board of Directors has
 requested that USDA-ARS change its policy of free distribution of germplasm
 in National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collections to allow for
 deposition and storage of germplasm with restricted distribution, and
 
 WHEREAS, the National Wheat Improvement Committee (NWIC) has consistently
 supported free exchange of germplasm as the cornerstone of wheat
 improvement, and
 
 WHEREAS, the National Plant Germplasm System is a critical source of genetic
 material and an integral part of free germplasm exchange in the United
 States and the world, and
 
 WHEREAS, the NWIC strongly supports the current USDA policy of unrestricted,
 free distribution of germplasm from the NPGS to continue the legacy of wheat
 improvement, and
 
 WHEREAS, the NWIC recognizes that extreme political, economic, and
 environmental pressures may necessitate the acceptance by NPGS of certain
 critical international collections with restrictive distribution (a
 compromise to ensure the protection of genetic diversity of world stocks
 that should not be allowed to affect our domestic germplasm exchange
 policies), 
 
 THEREFORE, be it resolved that the National Wheat Improvement Committee
 strongly opposes restriction on the distribution of germplasm deposited with
 the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System; international collections accepted
 under crisis situations would be the sole exception.  If a policy of
 restricted germplasm distribution were accepted, the USDA-ARS would, in
 effect, be endorsing a policy of germplasm commercialization.  This implied
 endorsement would undermine a long-standing USDA-ARS commitment to the world
 wheat community of free germplasm exchange and would irreparably damage
 wheat improvement efforts. 
 
 SUBJECT: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF HOSTS
 
 WHEREAS, CIMMYT has served as an excellent host of the 1993 National Wheat
 Improvement Committee and Wheat Crop Advisory Committee, and
 
 WHEREAS, our hosts provided superior meeting facilities and have expended
 much time and effort to ensure that the meetings were successful, and
 
 WHEREAS, our hosts provided NWIC members with an impressive tour of current
 CIMMYT research efforts and facilities,  
 
 THEREFORE, be it resolved that the members of the NWIC and WCAC sincerely
 thank our hosts from CIMMYT: Dr. Roger Rowe, Deputy Director General for
 Research; Dr. Tony Fischer, Director of the Wheat Research Program; Dr. Bent
 Skovmand, Head, Wheat Genetic Resources; and Linda Ainsworth, Head, Visitor
 and Conference Services.  Appreciation also goes out to Larry Butler, Paul
 Fox, Gene Saari, George Varughese, and Diego Gonzalez de Leon for their
 presentations and participation in the meeting.
 
 
 
 SUBJECT: RECOGNITION OF DR. JIM QUICK'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL WHEAT
 NEWSLETTER
 
 WHEREAS, Dr. Jim Quick has provided twelve years of dedicated and able
 service to the world wheat research community through his position as Editor
 of the Annual Wheat Newsletter, and
 
 WHEREAS, the Annual Wheat Newsletter has provided a unique and extremely
 valuable resource for international wheat researchers, and
 
 WHEREAS, he has expended much time and effort in editing, publication, and
 distribution of the Newsletter, 
 
 THEREFORE, be it resolved that members of the NWIC express their collective
 appreciation to Dr. Quick for his distinguished service and contributions to
 the International and National Wheat Improvement efforts.
 
 SUBJECT: RECOGNITION OF DR. IAN EDWARDS'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ANNUAL WHEAT
 NEWSLETTER
 
 WHEREAS, Dr. Ian Edwards has provided twelve years of dedicated and able
 service to the world wheat research community through his position as
 Treasurer of the Annual Wheat Newsletter, and
 
 WHEREAS, the Annual Wheat Newsletter has provided a unique and extremely
 valuable resource for international wheat researchers, and
 
 WHEREAS, he has expended much time and effort in raising funds and handling
 accounts to provide for publication and distribution of the Newsletter,
 
 THEREFORE, be it resolved that members of the NWIC express their collective
 appreciation to Dr. Edwards for his distinguished service and contributions
 to the International and National Wheat Improvement efforts.
 
 
 -------------------------
             LETTERS OF THE NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE, 
              APPROVED NOVEMBER 19-20, 1993, EL BATAN, MEXICO
 
 February 18, 1994
 
 Dr. Henry L. Shands
 Genetic Resources
 USDA-ARS, NPS,GR
 Bldg 005, BARC-West
 Beltsville, MD  20705
 
 Dear Dr. Shands,
 
 I'm writing to report on the NWIC's impression of the CIMMYT germplasm and
 database program being developed by Dr. Paul Fox and Dr. Bent Skovmand.  The
 entire committee was very favorably impressed, and we would make the
 recommendation that the USDA contribute to funding the database until it can
 be completed in the next year or two.
 
 
 We feel as a group of wheat researchers, that the database could very easily
 be utilized by other self-pollinated crops.  In fact, we understand that
 IRRI is presently examining the database for 
 
 utilization within their system.  We also feel that this database could be
 easily incorporated for use with inbred lines in either corn or sorghum.
 
 In summary, the NWIC would encourage USDA to support the funding of the
 CIMMYT database program until it can be finished.  Thank you for allowing us
 to comment on this critical issue involving wheat.
 
 Sincerely,  R.G. Sears, Chair
 
 
 -------------------------
                MEMBERS OF NATIONAL WHEAT IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE
                                 November 1993
 
 Dr. R.G. Sears, Chair
 Dept. of Agronomy
 Kansas State University 
 Manhattan, KS 66506
 (913) 532-7245
 FAX: (913)-532-6094
 
 Dr. C.J. Peterson, Secretary
 USDA-ARS, Dept. of Agronomy
 University of Nebraska
 Lincoln, NE  68583
 (402) 472-5191
 FAX: (402) 437-5254
 
 Eastern Wheat Region
 
 Dr. Fred Kolb, Chair
 Dept. of Agronomy
 Univ. of Illinois
 Urbana, IL  61801
 (217) 244-6148
 FAX: (217) 333-9817
 
 Dr. H.E.Bockelman, Secretary
 USDA-ARS, 1691 So. 2700 W.
 P.O. Box 307
 Aberdeen, ID  83210
 (208) 397-4162
 FAX: (208) 397-4165
 
 Dr. Paul Murphy
 Dept. of Crop Science
 North Carolina State Univ.
 Raleigh, NC  27607
 (919) 515-3281
 FAX: (919) 515-5657
 
 Dr. D. Van Sanford
 Dept. of Agronomy
 University of Kentucky
 Lexington, KY  40506
 (606) 257-5811
 FAX: (606) 258-5842
 
 National Assoc. of Wheat
 Growers
 
 Ellen Ferguson
 Director, NAWG Foundation415
 Second St. NE Suite 300
 Washington, DC  20002
 (202) 547-7800
 FAX: (202) 546-2638
 
 Great Plains Spring Wheat
 Region
 
 Dr. Gary Hareland, Chair
 USDA-ARS, Northern Crop
 Science Lab
 P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
 Fargo, ND  58105
 (701) 237-7728
 FAX: (701) 237-7713
 
 Dr. R.H. Busch, Secretary
 USDA-ARS, 411 Borlaug Hall
 University of Minnesota
 St. Paul, MN  55108
 (612) 625-1975
 FAX: (612) 625-1268
 
 Dr. Leonard Joppa
 USDA-ARS, Northern Crop
 Science Lab
 1307 N 18th St
 P.O. Box 5677--Univ. Sta.
 Fargo, ND  58105
 (701) 239-1339
 FAX: (701) 237-7713
 
 Dr. R. Frohberg
 Dept. of Crop and Weed
 Science
 North Dakota State University
 Fargo, ND  58105
 (701) 237-7971
 FAX: (701) 237-7973
 
 Great Plains Winter Wheat
 Region
 
 R. Bruns, Chair
 Agripro Bioscience, Inc.
 806 N. Second St., P.O. Box 30
 Berthoud, CO  80513
 (303) 532-3721
 
 Dr. T.S. Cox, Secretary
 USDA-ARS
 Throckmorton Hall, Rm.
  421Kansas State University
 Manhattan, KS  66506
 (913) 532-7260
 FAX:(913) 532-5692
 
 Dr. W.D. Worrall
 Texas A&M, P.O. Box 1658
 Vernon, TX  76384
 (817) 552-9941
 FAX: (817) 553-4657
 
 Dr. David Porter
 USDA-ARS, 1301 N. Western St.
 Stillwater, OK  74075
 (405) 624-4212
 FAX: (405) 372-1398
 
 Western Wheat Region
 
 Dr. R.S. Zemetra, Chair
 Dept. of Plant, Soil & Ent. Sci.
 University of Idaho
 Moscow, ID  83843
 (208) 885-7810
 FAX: (208) 885-7760
 
 Dr. R.F. Line, Secretary
 USDA-ARS, 361 Johnson Hall
 Washington State University
 Pullman, WA  99164
 (509) 335-3755
 FAX: (509) 335-7674
 
 Dr. David Hole
 Dept. of Plant and Soil Sci.
 Utah State Univ.
 Logan, UT  84321
 (801) 750-2235
 FAX: (801) 750-3376
 
 Dr. Craig Morris
 USDA Western Wheat Quality lab
 E-202 FSHN Fac. East
 Washington State Univ.
 Pullman, WA  99164-6394
 (509) 335-4062
 FAX: (509) 335-8573
 
 
 -------------------------
 WHEAT WORKERS CODE OF ETHICS
 
      "This seed is being distributed in accordance with the `Wheat Workers
      Code of Ethics for Distribution of Germplasm' developed by the National
      Wheat Improvement Committee 10/27/76.  Acceptance of this seed
      constitutes Agreement."
 
      1.   The originating breeder, station or company has certain rights to
           the unreleased material.  These rights are not waived with the
           distribution of seeds or plant material but remain with the
           originator for disposal at this initiative.
 
      2.   The recipient of unreleased seeds or plant material shall make no
           secondary distributions of the germplasm without the permission
           of the owner/breeder.
 
      3.   The owner/breeder in distributing unreleased seeds or other
           propagating material, grants permission for use (1) in tests
           under the recipient's control, (2) as a parent for making crosses
           from which selections will be made, and (3) for induction of
           mutations. All other uses, such as testing in regional nurseries,
           increase and release as a cultivar, selection from the stock, use
           as parents in commercial F(1) hybrids or synthetic or multiline
           cultivars, require the written approval of the owner/breeder.
 
      4.   Plant materials of this nature entered in crop cultivar trials
           shall not be used for seed increase.  Reasonable precautions to
           insure retention or recovery of plant materials at harvest shall
           be taken.
 
      5.   The distributor of wheat germplasm stocks may impose additional
           restrictions on use or may waiver any of the above.
                                
 -------------------------
      PROGRESS ON GRAIN GENES, THE TRITICEAE GENOME DATABASE
 
      David E. Matthews and Olin D. Anderson
 
      A genetic database for Triticeae, oats, and sugarcane is being
 assembled as part of the United States Department of Agriculture, National
 Agricultural Library's Plant Genome Program, directed by Jerome P. Miksche. 
 The project includes the creation of a comprehensive database at the
 National Agricultural Library incorporating data from all plant species. 
 The data are available for public access and distribution, and cooperation
 with the international research community is encouraged.  Additional support
 for the Triticeae database is provided by ITMI, the International Triticeae
 Mapping Initiative, through a grant from the USDA/DOE/NSF Joint Program on
 Collaborative Research in Plant Biology.
 
      The Triticeae database project, "GrainGenes," is coordinated by Olin
 Anderson (USDA, Albany, CA).  The master database is currently running at
 Cornell University (David Matthews and Mark Sorrells) and is accessible via
 Internet.  The main efforts in this program are to establish the hardware
 and software systems to construct and maintain a database, and coordinate
 the loading of all available and useful data.  Kinds of information being
 loaded include:
 
      genetic and cytogenetic maps,
      genomic probes, nucleotide sequences,
      genes, alleles and gene products,
      associated phenotypes, quantitative traits and QTLs,
      genotypes and pedigrees of cultivars, genetic stocks, and other
           germplasms,
      pathologies and the corresponding pathogens, insects, and abiotic
           stresses,
      a taxonomy of the Triticeae and Avena,
      addresses and research interests of colleagues,
      relevant bibliographic citations.
 
 The retrievable information includes images (photographs and drawings) as
 well as text and numeric data.
 
 DATA COORDINATORS
 
      Needless to say, compiling and curating all this information is a very
 large project.  We have identified specific areas that require data assembly
 and organization, and have formed a committee of coordinators.  As is
 inherent in such databases many areas are overlapping and will require input
 from several areas of expertise.  As the need becomes apparent,
 'subcommittees' will form around broad topics.  The following individuals
 have agreed to serve as the coordination committee for the wheat portion of
 the database.
 
 Database coord.,         Olin Anderson, USDA, ARS, WRRC, 800 Buchanan, 
 probe repository         Albany, CA 94710, Tel: 510-559-5773  FAX: 510-
                          559-5777
                          Email:oanderson@wheat.usda.gov
 
 Cytogenetics,            Bikram Gill, Department of Plant Pathology,
 stocks, mapping          Kansas State University, Throckmorton Hall,
                          Manhattan, KS 66506 Tel: 913-532-6176 FAX: 913-
                          532-5692
                          Email:raupp@matt.ksu.edu
 
 Proteins, gel            Bob Graybosch, USDA, ARS, Department of Agronomy,
                          322 Keim patterns, wheat quality Hall, University
                          of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE
                          Tel: 402-472-1563 FAX: 402-437-5234,
                          Email:agro100@unlvm.unl.edu
 
 Genetic stocks           Perry Gustafson, USDA, ARS, Department of
                          Agronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
                          65211 Tel: 314-882-7318   FAX: 314-875-5359,
                          Email:agro1375@mizzou1.missouri.edu
 
 Genetics,                Gary Hart, Department of Soil & Crop Sciences,
 nomenclature             Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843,
                          Tel: 409-845-8293 FAX: 409-845-0456,
                          Email:ghart@zeus.tamu.edu
 
 Germplasm,               Ken Kephart, 214 Waters Hall, University of
 pathology (temp.),       Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Tel: 314-882-2001  
 traits                   FAX: 314-884-4317
                          Email:kephart@teosinte.agron.missouri.edu
 
 Data entry,              David Matthews, Dept. of Plant Breeding & 
 coord., maint.,          Biometry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel:
 database design          607-255-9951 FAX: 607-255-6683, 
                          Email: matthews@greengenes.cit.cornell.edu
 
 Taxonomy                 Pat McGuire, Genetic Resources Conservation
                          Program, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, Tel: 916-757-
                          8923 FAX: 916-757-8755, 
                          Email:grcp@ucdavis.edu
 
 Data entry,              Mark Sorrells, Dept. of Plant Breeding &
 coordination             Biometry, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY 14853, Tel:
                          607-255-1665, FAX: 607-255-6683,
                          Email:mark-sorrells@qmrelay.mail.cornell.edu
 
       Anyone with interests in participating in database design, data
 contributions, data assembly in any of these or other specific areas should
 contact the appropriate coordinator or Olin Anderson.
 
 GRAINGENES RELEASE 1.3
 
      The first demonstration of a functional prototype of the database was
 in September 1992, at the ITMI Third Public Workshop in Mexico.  The current
 version of GrainGenes is 1.3, released 12 Jan 1994.  An overview of its
 contents is as follows.
 
           Data class          Number of records
           -------------       -----------------
           Map                    11  Wheat, T. tauschii, barley, diploid
                                      oat, sugarcane
           Linkage-Group         120
           Locus                1500
           Probe                2000
           Polymorphism           80  With images of autoradiograms
           Sequence              100  End sequences of probes  
           Gene                  560
           Allele                550
           Germplasm           11000  Wheat, rye, triticale
           Species               370  Including plants, pathogens and insects
           Trait-Scores        14000  24th International Spring Wheat Yield
                                      Nursery
           QTL                     4
           Pathology             380  With images of symptoms
           Image                 150
           Colleague             900
           Paper                1300
 
 Additional data are being added on a continuing basis.  New data in this
 release since the previous version include:
 
      -    Genes, alleles and stocks, part of the "Catalogue of Gene Symbols
           for Wheat," from Gary Hart
      -    Wheat chromosome group 2 and 3 maps of Devos et al.
      -    Updated Triticum tauschii map, from Bikram Gill
      -    Barley maps
           -    IGRI x FRANKA, from Andreas Graner
           -    VADA x H. spontaneum, from Andreas Graner
           -    Proctor x Nudinka, from Mark Sorrells
      -    Summary of the rice/maize/wheat comparative map of Ahn et al.
      -    CIMMYT list of wheat cultivar abbreviations, from Bent Skovmand
      -    Trait evaluation data, CIMMYT's 24th International Spring Wheat
           Yield Nursery, from Paul Fox
      -    QTL study of wheat sprouting, from Jim Anderson
      -    Pathologies (diseases, insects, abiotic injuries) of wheat,
           barley and oats,from Ken Kephart
      -    Polymorphisms of BCD and CDO probes on barley, rice, oat, wheat
           and sugarcane, from Mark Sorrells
      -    Address information for additional colleagues, from the Oat
           Newsletter mailing list
 
 By the time you read this report there will be more data added.
 
 
 USER INTERFACES TO GRAINGENES AND ASSOCIATED DATASETS
 
      The database is currently available in three formats: ACEDB, Gopher,
 and World Wide Web (WWW).  The ACEDB interface supports more powerful query
 strategies and provides interactive graphical displays of the genetic maps. 
 On the other hand, for many people the Gopher and WWW formats are easier to
 access, as well as easier to use.
 
      In addition, the Gopher and WWW formats include not only all the data
 described above (the core GrainGenes dataset) but also an equally large
 amount of information that is in free text format or in structures other
 than that of ACEDB.  These additional datasets are searchable online, and
 some are also available for downloading in their entirety.  They include
 
      Annual Wheat Newsletter, volumes 37 and 39 (38 and 40 to come)
      Catalogue of Gene Symbols for Wheat, 1988 and 1993
      Commercial Wheat Cultivars of the US, an electronic monograph by Ken
           Kephart
      HMW-glutenin subunit data for 1500 wheat cultivars, from Bob Graybosch
      Wheat quality evaluations, from Bob Graybosch
      CIMMYT list of abbreviations for 8700 wheat cultivars, from Bent
           Skovmand
 
 The Gopher/WWW datasets are also updated more frequently than the official
 releases of the ACEDB version of the database.  The following data have been
 added to the Gopher server in the six weeks since the current (1.3) release
 of GrainGenes.
 
      GrainGenes database
      -    Wheat chromosome arm map, from Mark Sorrells
           Chromosome and chromosome-arm locations of homologies to 210 BCD,
           CDO, and WG probes, with the sizes of the 800 mapped restriction
           fragments.
      - 120 species of Triticeae and Avena, and all their synonyms, from Ken
           Kephart and Gordon Kimber 
      - Germplasm records for the 500 wheat cultivars that have been
           evaluated in the 1st through 27th CIMMYT International Spring Wheat
           Yield Nurseries, from Bent Skovmand
      
      Images from the GrainGenes database
      - 450 new pathology-related images, from Ken Kephart
 
      NABGMP Steptoe X Morex dataset
       - Barley quantitative trait mapping dataset, from Pat Hayes 8 traits     
           x
           16 environments x 150 doubled haploids, with QTL analysis.
           Grains files to browse
      - "Barley IGRI x FRANKA mapping data", from Andreas Graner
           Segregation data, including substantially more markers than are on
           the 1991 published map
 
 ACCESS METHODS
 
      For sites that are connected to the Internet, the Gopher and WWW
 formats of GrainGenes are the easiest to access, requiring only
 
      -    a direct network connection from your personal computer to the
           Internet  (no password needed),
                     or
      -    a modem connection to a Unix or other Internet host running Gopher
           or WWW software.
 
      The ACEDB format of GrainGenes provides its graphical, mouse-based user
 interface via the "X11" network protocol.  ACEDB access requires
 
      -    a Unix machine running the ACEDB software,
                     or
      -    a direct network connection (as opposed to a modem connection) to
           such a machine and an account to use it, and X11 software for your
           personal computer.
 
 Gopher
 
      For enhanced reliability, identical copies of the GrainGenes Gopher
 server are maintained at two independent sites, one at Cornell University,
 Ithaca, NY, and the other at the National Agricultural Library, Beltsville,
 MD.  If one is unavailable, due to unforeseen but over the longer term
 inevitable circumstances, simply switch to the other one:
 
      host greengenes.cit.cornell.edu, port 70
      host probe.nalusda.gov, port 7002
 
      The NAL has also established a Gopher server that allows searching a
 merged database of all the USDA-supported plant genome databases:
 GrainGenes, AAtDB (Arabidopsis), Mace (maize), Soybase, and TreeGenes.  This
 Gopher server is listed in the GrainGenes Gopher menu "Other plant genome
 Gophers", or it can be accessed directly at host probe.nalusda.gov, port 70.
 
 WWW
 
      The World Wide Web is a kind of super-Gopher system, with all the
 features of the Gopher plus many more.  For those who have direct access
 (TCP or SLIP) to the Internet, WWW can be accessed  using the "Mosaic"
 software which can be obtained by anonymous ftp from ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu. 
 Those who have dialup access to a Unix host can use the Unix WWW client
 program "Lynx".
 
      Access to GrainGenes via the World Wide Web is available from the
 Agricultural Genome World Wide Web Server, located at the NAL.  The address
 (URL) for this server is
 
       http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/index.html
 
      From the wheat standpoint, the uniquely useful service offered here is
 a hypertext version of the GrainGenes dataset, located at URL:
 
      http://probe.nalusda.gov:8000/acedbs/acedbs/index.html
 
 In addition, the full GrainGenes Gopher server, including all the Gopher
 datasets described above, can be accessed via WWW using URL:
 
      gopher://greengenes.cit.cornell.edu/1
 
 ACEDB
      Copies of the ACEDB version of GrainGenes, for running on a Unix host,
 can be obtained from the NAL's anonymous ftp server, probe.nalusda.gov. 
 Copies are currently running at eleven distributed sites:
 
      USDA Western Regional Research Laboratory, Albany, CA (Olin Anderson)
      INRA, Clermont, France (Philippe Leroy)
      Australian National Genetic Information Service, Sydney (Alex Reisner)
      Montana State University (Tom Blake)
      Station d'amelioration des plantes, Gembloux, Belgium (Jean Jacquemin)
      Weizman Institute, Israel (Jaime Prilusky)
      Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston (Leland Ellis)
      Texas A&M University (Gary Hart)
      Academia Sinica, Beijing (Lihuang Zhu)
      Scottish Crop Research Institute, Dundee (Scott Chasalow)
      CIMMYT, Mexico (David Hoisington)
 
      Users who have no Unix machine but do have direct network access
 (TCP/IP or SLIP) and X11 software for their personal computer may request a
 GrainGenes ACEDB account from the authors.
 
 HELPLINE
 
      The NAL has set up a helpline for assistance in accessing and using the
 plant genome databases.  Help is available either by electronic mail to
 pgenome@nalusda.gov, or by telephone at 301-504-6613.  GrainGenes-specific
 questions should be directed to the authors, at the addresses mentioned
 above.
 
 LONG-TERM CONSIDERATONS
 
      Although the USDA is supporting the initial stages of database
 development, the success of this program will depend greatly on the
 cooperation and participation of laboratories  throughout the research
 community world-wide.  We are particularly interested in cooperating with
 members of international community who are recognized, officially or
 unofficially, as curators of data.  The USDA will concentrate on hardware,
 software, assembly of combined databases, database access, and will only
 perform minor curatorial functions; each plant community will be called on
 to organize and update the data for its own plant system.
 
      All laboratories possessing relevant data are urged to deposit their
 data with the database.  Any laboratory interested in accessing the
 databases or running the databases locally can contact Olin Anderson, Susan
 Altenbach, or David Matthews.  Users are reminded that this is a developing
 database effort, therefore gaps in data should be expected.  However, all
 users are encouraged to make both suggestions on improvements and new
 sources of data.
 
 -------------------------
  II. CONTRIBUTIONS
      PRIVATE COMPANIES
 
 
      AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
 
      Joe A. Smith,  Blake Cooper, Barb Cook, Jerry Betz
 
      We have an ongoing wheat development program with the United Grain
 Growers, Inc.  From this program, we have achieved registration of our first
 CWRS cultivar in Canada.  It has been named Invader and was tested as BW158
 in official registration Co-ops over the past three seasons.  It averaged 4%
 and 7% above the commercial checks Katepwa and Columbus, respectively in the
 black soil zones.  Invader has late maturity similar to Columbus and
 improved leaf rust resistance compared to the checks.  It will be marketed
 exclusively by the United Growers, Inc. in Canada.
 
      The 1993 season was too cool and too wet for good wheat development in
 our primary breeding area, the Red River Valley.  A heavy fusarium infection
 reduced yields far below what were anticipated.  Some differences were
 noticed between cultivars.  Generally taller and earlier cultivars held up
 better.  Plots were discarded at our Casselton site due to flooding damage
 and fusarium.
 
      In our U.S. program, we will be releasing a new semidwarf durum
 cultivar to be named Voss.  It has been tested as D87-1534 in 1993 North
 Dakota State tests and the 1992 Regional test.  This cultivar has exhibited
 higher yield and test weight than currently grown semidwarfs.
 
      Dr. Blake Cooper joined the project in early summer.  Blake will be in
 charge of the U.S. program.
 
 -------------------------
      AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
 
      John M. Moffatt, Steve L. Askelson, Jerry D. Brick,  Scott A. Seifert,
 Paul T. "Tom" Griess
 
      The 1992/93 crop year was a banner year for foliar disease development. 
 Leaf rust, septoria glume blotch, tan spot and scab were found in varying
 degrees in all of our core nursery sites from north central Oklahoma to
 south central Nebraska.  Leaf rust and septoria were also problems in our
 irrigated nurseries along the Ogallala aquifer.  Abnormally high rain-fall
 during June delayed harvest, flooded nurseries and resulted in the loss of
 most of our core locations.  Although foliar diseases caused reductions in
 both test weight and yield in the west, we were able to harvest seven
 irrigated nurseries with trial means averaging from 66 bu/a at Goodland, KS
 to 125 bu/a at Berthoud.
 
       AgriPro Brand Varieties "Ogallala" and "Ponderosa", were released to
 our associate system in 1993 and will be available to the farmer in the fall
 of 1994.
 
      Ogallala (TX81V6187/Abilene) was formerly tested as WI89-055.  Ogallala
 has better leaf rust resistance than either parent, has high test weight
 patterns and excellent straw strength for irrigated production.  Ogallala is
 heterogeneous for 1A/1R and has a moderately resistant field reaction to
 wheat streak mosaic virus.  Ogallala is susceptible to both soil borne and
 spindle streak mosaic virus and is being positioned as a western wheat.
 
      Ponderosa (W81-133/Thunderbird) was formerly tested as W87-017-44. 
 Ponderosa is a daylength sensitive semidwarf similar to Tomahawk in plant-
 type.  Ponderosa has good protection to prevalent leaf rust races and
 powdery mildew and is resistant to the soilborne and spindle streak mosaic
 viruses.  Ponderosa is adapted to both the core and the aquifer.  Ponderosa
 has excellent milling and baking properties.
 
 -------------------------
      AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
      Jim Reeder, Bobby Talley
 
      Almost 1000 hard red winter wheat hybrids were made in 1993 at
 Berthoud, Colorado and Hereford, Texas.  Hybridizing agent technology was
 used to produce these hybrids.  The 500 combinations that produced the most
 hybrid seed will be yield tested throughout the Great Plains in 1994. 
 Performance of previously made hybrids was encouraging with a significant
 number exceeding our yield goal.  Yield stability of hybrids over locations
 and over years continues to be high.
 
      Approximately 650 hard red spring wheat hybrids were made at Berthoud,
 Colorado and Casselton, North Dakota.  Over 300 of these will be yield
 tested in the Red River Valley of North Dakota and Minnesota.  Heterosis
 observed in previously made hybrids in this region was again high.
 
      Bobby Talley joined the hybrid development project on February 1, 1994
 after spending five years on the hard red winter wheat project on a part-
 time basis while going to school.
 
 -------------------------
      AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
      Koy E. Miskin, Curtis Beazer, Eugene Glover, Dayna Scruggs. 
 
      In contrast to 1992, this year soft wheat research had a crop.  In
 1992, the entire breeding nursery at Brookston was dead.  Fortunately, we
 had a good year in 1993.  Stem rust was very severe (very unusual)
 eliminating a great deal of material from the program.  We had not had good
 selection pressure for stem rust for many years.  Leaf rust and the septoria
 diseases were also quite serious this year and it is believed we made good 
 progress in selection for improved disease resistance.
 
      We conducted a seed treatment study involving Vitavax 200, Baytan,
 Dividend and Gaucho (a seed treatment insecticide) and three varieties,
 Twain,  Pontiac and Sawyer.  These were planted in single rep trials at four
 locations, Brookston, IN, Carmi, IL, St. Jacobs, IL, and Delphos, OH. 
 Fungicides alone showed no advantage.  However, when combined with Gaucho
 yields increased an average of seven bu/A.  This was not too surprising as
 there was a high population of aphids last fall.  Aphids transmit BYDV. 
 None of the chemicals had any effect on height or maturity.
 
      Agripro Pontiac is the name given to experimental line 88M-3143 (ABI
 88-3143 in the UESWN).  Agripro Pontiac has very good Rhizoctonia resistance
 and performs very well in harsh environments.  It has a good disease
 resistance package and acceptable milling and baking quality.  Test weight
 is 1.5 lbs/bu higher than Cardinal and has a very low preharvest sprouting
 response.  Agripro Pontiac carries the H5 Hessian fly gene.  It will replace
 Agripro Lincoln and will be available to farmers in the fall of 1994. 
 
      Three hundred forty-three hybrids were tested at eight locations.  Late
 spring freezes caused considerable sterility and hybrid performance was down
 from expected.  Late spring freeze seems to be one environmental condition
 that hybrids do not withstand better than pureline varieties.  Probably
 because they begin growing more vigorously earlier than the varieties and
 are therefore more vulnerable to the frost.
 
      The Shell Oil decision to sell AgriPro resulted in considerable down
 sizing of both northern and mid southern hybrid wheat research. 
 Unfortunately, Dr. Greg Holland, and one technician left AgriPro.  Dr.
 Holland is now with Asgrow Seed Co. as a corn breeder in Iowa.  We certainly
 wish him well.
 
 -------------------------
         AGRIPRO BIOSCIENCES INC.
         J. Barton Fogleman, C. Keith Taylor.
 
      Much of the mid south wheat environment was cool and damp making the
 season about two weeks later than normal.  Leaf rust and stem rust were very
 severe and some lines with LR9 and LR24 showed considerable susceptibility. 
 This may be the result of a sudden race change or a temperature sensitivity
 response.
 
      Hybrid wheat performance was again exceptional.  Twenty-one percent of
 our new hybrids met or exceeded our goal of eight bushel per acre above the
 average of three best check varieties.  The checks were the Coker 9877,
 Wakefield and the new Agripro Hickory.
 
      Our research on wheat in rotation with rice was presented at the 1993
 Midsouth Association of Wheat Scientists in Memphis.  The purpose of this
 study was to examine the yield and agronomic responses of several commercial
 SRWW cultivars when grown in rotation with rice.  Paired yield trials were
 grown at Fisher, AR and at Cleveland, MS.  These two-replication yield
 trials were planted in silty-loam soil in rotation with rice and in rotation
 with soybeans at each location.  Responses of SRWW cultivars in rotation
 with rice showed the following average effects when compared with
 corresponding SRWW cultivars in rotation with soybeans: Grain yields were
 reduced 16.5 bu/ac; Heading dates were delayed 2.8 days; Plant heights were
 reduced 2.5 inches, Test weights were essentially unaffected (increased 0.3
 lbs/bu).  Five commercial cultivars had yields that were not significantly
 different from the highest yielding cultivar (Lsd. 10) in each of the rice
 rotation trials:  AgriPro Hickory; Freedom; AgriPro Sawyer; NK Coker 9543
 and AgriPro Mallard.
 
      ABI experimental line 88D-1903 has been named Agripro Hickory.  It is
 best adapted to the midsouth, coastal plains and southern Ohio Valley.  It
 has demonstrated very high yield, medium early maturity, and moderate levels
 of resistance to nearly all major wheat diseases in these areas including
 Xanthomonas.  It performs very well behind rice and carries the H6 gene for
 Hessian fly resistance. Agripro Hickory has excellent milling and baking
 properties and its test weight is two pounds heavier than FL 302.
 
 -------------------------
 CARGILL ARGENTINA HYBRID WHEAT PROGRAM
 
      N. Machado, P. Paulucci, H. Martinuzzi
 
      Normal weather conditions were present at planting time.  Long maturity
 and intermediate cultivarewere planted in June and short maturity were
 planted in July.
 
      After planting, a long drought period affected the production level
 depending on the area and the plot qualityincluding rotation and cultural
 practices applied.  In someareas, there were no rains for 140 days. Just
 before flowering it started to rain, and diseases were favored by humidand
 warm conditions.  Tillering was delayed but compensated for some of the
 yield potential. Different genotypes reacted differently.  The final result
 was a general reduction in yield with a severe
 Fusarium (FHB) damage in the Northern areas that affected seriously the
 farmer economy due to discounts in prices when referred to hectoliter weight
 and FHB.  The seed produced in areas with high infections will be a poor
 quality seed and many preventions will have to be taken.
 
      Yield trials.  Some trials were affected due to irregular germination
 and consequently bad stand.  Other were partially flooded at heading time
 with plant losses.  In spite of the highf variation, the recorded data
 related to yields and grain quality is very valuable considering the
 Fusarium head blight infection.  We have selected a group of 10 advanced
 experimental hybrids with acceptable performance under the described
 conditions.
 
      Experimental hybrids.  The seed set was acceptable but the plants could
 not get their normal development, so the hybrid seed production was less
 than expected.  Nicking was not affected by environmental conditions.  
 Ninety experimental hybrids were obtained for testing during 1994.  A new
 hybrid was released for 1993 season named TRIGOMAX 206, making a total of
 seven commercial hybrids.  This new release is an intermediate maturity
 hybrid but flexible for its planting time, competing well with short
 maturity hybrids when planted in July.  We think this trait must be present
 in any intermediate maturity hybrid to avoid complications when the weather
 conditions are not good enough in June. At the time this report is
 submitted, negotiations are being under way for the sale of all the wheat
 operation. Cargill Argentina has decided to interrupt the wheat business
 including production and research.  The germplasm developed during 25 years
 produced very well adapted hybrids and valuable knowledge was obtained to be
 effective for profitable commercial production.  We hope to have the chance
 to continue with the production of better spring CMS hybrids for our country
 and other areas.
  
 -------------------------
 CARGILL HYBRID SEEDS, Fort Collins, Colorado 
 
      Sid Perry, Sally Clayshulte, Jill Handwerk, Dana Shellberg
 
      1992-93 Season. F1 hybrids, F2s and inbred lines were evaluated at 2
 locations.  Four locations were discarded due to the persistent wet weather
 at harvest. The same conditions provided excellent selection for leaf rust,
 stem rust, leaf blotch and powdery mildew.
 
      F1 Performance.  Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas was
 37.9 bu/A.  Twenty-four percent of the hybrids tested were economically and
 agronomically acceptable. Best average performance in central Kansas was
 118% of Karl.
 
      F2 Performance.  Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas was
 41.7 bu/A.  Fifteen percent of the F2s tested were economically and
 agronomically acceptable.  Best average performance in central Kansas was
 125% of Karl.
 
      Inbred Performance.  Mean yield over all locations in central Kansas
 was 35 bu/A.  Twenty-one percent were selected for retesting.   Best average
 performance in central Kansas was 107% of Karl. 
 
      Acquisitions. Cargill has merged the research operations at Ft.
 Collins, Colorado, with Goertzen Seed Research of Haven, Kansas.  The
 specialty grain and identity preserved focus of Goertzen Seed Research will
 diversify the existing Cargill research program, and complement various
 divisional needs within Cargill.  Cargill has acquired Goertzen Seed
 Research of Haven, Kansas.  Under Cargill ownership, Goertzen Seed Research
 will continue its research and breeding operations to develop specialty
 grain.  Goertzen Seed Researh will become part of Cargill's efforts to apply
 its diverse skills to the changing, more demanding needs of the marketplace.
 Goertzens will continue research into wheat and other cereals with end user
 characteristics increasingly desired by millers and other grain users. 
 Kenneth and Betty Goertzen, the previous owners of the  company, will remain
 as consultants.  Roy Lanning and Kevin Goertzen will continue as employees
 with Goertzen Seed Research.  The Goertzens hope to bring many of their long
 term breeding projects to fruition in the next few years.  Dr. Sid Perry
 will be in charge of Goertzen Seed Research activities.
 
 -------------------------
 CARGILL, AUSTRALIA
 
      Richard Daniel, David Donaldson, Lyn Hockings, Garry Lane, Michael
 Materne, Michael Nowland, Chris Tyson, Jane & Peter Wilson - Tamworth,
 N.S.W., Australia.
 
      Cargill Seeds, based in Tamworth N.S.W., is currently selling two
 hybrids, Meteor and Pulsar.  These hybrids are recommended in the northern
 half of N.S.W. and Queensland.  Sowing takes place  from April until the end
 of July depending mainly on moisture availability.
 
      To cope with this range in sowing times, farmers use varieties with
 different maturities.  This ensures that flowering does not occur too early,
 with risk of frost damage to the developing inflorescence, or too late, when
 moisture stress and high temperatures during grain fill reduce yield.
 
      For some time Cargill Seeds has been aware that our current hybrids,
 which both fit into an early sowing time slot, left us vulnerable to low
 seed sales if rain did not fall for sowing in late April to mid-May.  This
 fact was reinforced in 1993 when much of Queensland received no sowing rain
 and sowing rains in northern N.S.W. did not occur until late May.  This
 meant that the area which accounted for 60% of our seed sales in 1992 only
 accounted for 40% of sales in 1993.
 
      To combat this problem our breeders have been working to produce
 hybrids whose ideal sowing time is from late May until July.  Below are
 Trial Results of our best quick maturing hybrids compared to the highest
 yielding quick maturing inbred variety - Hartog.
 
 Table 1:  Mean yield of advanced Hybrids vs Hartog in Northern N.S.W.  1992-
 93
 
 
        1992 (6)           1993 (9)        1992-93 (15)     Flowering 
                                                            relative to 
        t/ha   % Htg       t/ha    % Htg   t/ha   % Htg     Hartog
                                                              (days)
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CH34   5.628  118          5.215    118    5.380   118       +2
 CH30   5.349  113          5.396    122    5.377   118       -7
 CH31   5.469  115          5.067    114    5.228   115       -3
 HARTOG 4.749  100          4.436    100    4.561   100        0
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
      CH30 and CH31 are undergoing final quality testing in May 1994 and will
 hopefully be approved for release in October.
 
      Although much emphasis has been placed on increasing the maturity range
 of our hybrids we are also developing higher yielding, disease resistant
 hybrids of the same maturity as Meteor and Pulsar.
 
 Table 2, below, compares our current hybrids with our best experimental line
 and Miskle, the highest yielding inbred variety of the same maturity. (1992-
 93)
 
 
 Table 2 : Mid-season hybrids vs Miskle in Northern N.S.W. (1992-93)   
 
           1992 (6)           1993(9)             1992-93 (15)
        
           t/ha    % Mkl      t/ha      % Mkl     t/ha      % Mkl
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 CH27      5.250     108       5.007     122       5.104     116
 PULSAR    4.872     100       4.817     118       4.839     110
 METEOR    4.754      98       4.648     113       4.690     107
 MISKLE    4.852     100       4.097     100       4.399     100
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
           (*) (  ) = No. sites
 
      We are hopeful that CH27 will be approved for release in October and
 that it will replace both Meteor and Pulsar.  The encouraging results
 obtained over the past two seasons suggest that hybrids consistently
 performing 15% more than the better varieties of similar maturity can be
 developed, and could form the basis of a viable hybrid wheat seed industry. 
 This is particularly relevant to Australian timopheevi hybrid growing areas,
 where we have relatively low seeding rates (30-40 kg/ha), high yields (3-6
 t/ha dryland) and high hybrid seed production yields (up to 6 t/ha
 irrigated).
 
      Unfortunately most currently available F1 hybrids produced using the
 timopheevi sterility restoration system have decreased spike fertility at
 higher latitudes and hence reduced yield advantages compared to the better
 varieties.  Different hybridisation systems, such as chemical hybridising
 agents, may be an advantage for higher latitudes in Australia.
 
 -------------------------
 HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
 
      John Erickson, Steve Kuhr, Karolyn Ely, Dennis Delaney, Bud Hardesty,
      Jerry Wilson-Wichita, KS; Gordon Cisar - Lafayette, IN; Hal Lewis -
      Corvallis, OR; Dudley Leaphart - Billings, MT.
 
      Hybrid Development.  We have been testing HRW hybrids developed with
 CHA technology in USDA regional nurseries for a couple of years.  Several
 new hybrids have been entered into state trials for 1994 evaluation.  
 
      Hybrid performance in the 1993 SRPN regional nursery was excellent,
 with ranks of 1,3,4,6, and 9 out of 45 wheats tested.  Three of the top four
 wheats in the 1992 SRPN trials also were our hybrids.  A soft white winter
 hybrid was the top entry in the 1992 Western Uniform Regional test conducted
 in the Pacific Northwest.
 
      HRW Wheat.  1993 was not a good year for field research. Only six of 23
 test sites produced excellent yield data.  Another four sites were average
 and the remainder were suspect in one manner or another.  Heavy rains after
 planting in the fall of 1992 caused crusting and poor seedling emergence in
 nursery sites at Wichita and Medicine Lodge in Kansas, and at Dumas, Texas. 
 Hail destroyed the nursery sites at Blackwell, Oklahoma and Hugoton, Kansas
 while causing a 20% loss at Alliance, Nebraska.  Continuous rainfall
 prevented harvest at Linn, KS; Salina, KS; Hoxie, KS; and Hastings, NE. 
 Combines at WaKeeney, KS at times had to be pushed by hand to get through
 the mud.
 
 
      We finished reroofing and siding of the greenhouses at the Wichita
 farm.  The new plastic has allowed our plants to grow more quickly, and to
 mature on time.  The old discolored plastic seemed to delay plant maturity
 and tiller development.  We added a badly needed plot planter and two Hege
 combines to our machinery list in 1993.  One of the combines went to the
 Billings, MT research station while the other stayed at Wichita.
 
      HRW Male Project.  Eleven new restorer lines were planted in crossing
 blocks as males at Wichita, KS in the fall of 1993.  At Billings, MT three
 new restorers were chosen as crossing block males.  These lines have been
 tested for line performance as well as for combining ability.  Using the
 Genesis hybridizing agent, male lines in early stages of development have
 been sterilized and used as females in hybrid combination with several
  testers .  Since seed quantities in the early stages of male development
 are limited, this has allowed us to evaluate the potential combining ability
 of the lines before putting them into large crossing blocks.
 
      The performance of Genesis in our research crossing blocks continues to
 be favorable.  Hybrid seed yield levels at the Mt. Hope, KS station over the
 last three years have consistently exceeded 80% of their respective
 pollinators.
 
      Female yield potential and compatible nicks are two of the most
 important factors in a commercial hybrid production field.  We use a visual
 score (1-9) to record nicks in our crossing blocks.  With 1 as the most
 desirable nick, each succeeding number represents about one day more (or
 less) in flowering date of the females vs the males.  The following table
 represents more than 3000 data points from our 1993 Mt. Hope and Wichita
 crossing blocks.
 
                   Nick             Hybrid Seed Yield
                   Score              (% of male)
               ------------------------------------
                    1                     100
                    2                      92
                    3                      72
                    4                      66
                    5                      50
 
      HRW Female Project.  In our southern region (south of I-70), we had
 breeding nurseries at Mt. Hope, KS and Hugoton, KS.  Good notes were
 obtained for leaf rust and powdery mildew at Mt. Hope, however the nursery
 at Hugoton was lost to hail.  North of I-70 Nebraska (central region), we
 had breeding nurseries at both Hastings and Grant, NE.  Good leaf rust and
 stem rust notes were collected at Hastings in 1993, however continuous rains
 during harvest were a problem.  Yields at the irrigated site near Grant, NE
 were quite good and differences among the lines were detected. Breeding
 efforts for our northern region are headquartered in Billings, MT.  Grain
 yields 
 were very good at several of the Montana selection and testing sites in
 1993.  From the three testing regions, 87 new females were advanced to
 crossing blocks from the southern, 98 from the central, and 120 from the
 northern.
 
      A number of our lines were screened for stem rust at the University of
 Nebraska in 1993.  An excellent infection of the disease occurred, and
 meaningful notes were obtained.  We have initiated an in-house seedling stem
 rust screen to test our lines and early generation materials as well.
 
      SRW Wheat Project.  Wheat research remains focused on delivering a
 commercially viable soft wheat hybrid into the U.S. marketplace within the
 next several years.
 
      After a complete loss of our nursery the previous year (1992), we
 recovered nicely in 1993 with the production of 2400 experimental hybrids
 using  Genesis  CHA technology.  Average hybrid seed yield on all
 combinations was 29.3 bu/A.  An array of our better females had seed yields
 in excess of 40 bu/A.  This yield (29.3 bu/A) was very near our long-term
 average hybrid seed yield of 28.1 bu/A.
 
      Average best-parent heterosis for 148 hybrids having P(1), P(2) and the
 F(1) in the 1993 trials was 108%, which slightly exceeds our long term
 average of 105%.  In our germplasm the standard deviation of this
 distribution is around 9 to 10%.
 
      HybriTech has released a new pureline soft red winter wheat variety
 under the name of  Spencer ,  Spencer was tested in the Uniform Eastern Soft
 Red Winter Wheat Nursery as  LB63 .  Spencer has a robust plant phenotype
 with a large stem and a blocky, awned spike.  Test weight is excellent,
 being superior to most commercially available cultivars.  Maturity is equal
 to Cardinal, and plant height is three to four inches shorter than Cardinal. 
 Spencer is resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and powdery mildew.  Tolerance
 to the leaf blight complex of Septoria and tan spot is good, as is tolerance
 to wheat spindle-streak and wheat soil-borne mosaic virus.
 
      Spring Wheat Project.  The spring project was reestablished in 1992
 with Billings, MT being our main breeding and testing location.  The 1993
 Billings nursery had very good infections of leaf rust and stem rust, which
 helped in the selection work of the early generation lines.  The late
 planted nurseries were hit hard by wheat streak mosaic virus.
 
      The hybrids that were tested showed very good tolerance to the leaf and
 stem rusts.  The yields of the initial hybrids were encouraging as they out-
 yielded the checks and the parents of the hybrids.
 
      Approximately 200 HRS hybrids were produced in 1993 using the Genesis
 compound.  Excellent sterility was obtained on all of the females.
 
      Quality Lab.  Quality testing for the 1992 crop was completed with just
 under 10,000 samples tested.  It appears that the number of samples from the
 1993 crop will be down considerably, with only 7500-8000 samples submitted
 so far.  With the  93 crop, we received samples from our new Hard Red Spring
 Wheat program for the first time.
 
      A quality summary for each of our Quantum hybrids was prepared and
 distributed to marketing and management.  These summaries will be updated
 yearly.
 
      We have ordered electrophoresis equipment and are setting up to run
 SDS-PAGE gels to assist the breeding program.
 
      One of our staff members, Sharon Pudden, was elected Chairman of the
 local Section of the AACC (American Assoc. of Cereal Chemists).
 
 -------------------------
 HYBRITECH SEED INTERNATIONAL, INC.
 
      Dennis Dunphy, Sam Wallace, Richard Evans - Lafayette, IN; Kent Baker,
      Kevin Jackson - Perryton, TX; Sally Metz - St. Louis, MO
 
      Performance of Genesis in 1993.  Genesis hybridizing agent was used to
 produce seed of experimental hybrids in a wide range of environments in the
 U.S. in 1993.  Excellent male sterility was obtained in all regions.  Seed
 yields of long term check lines averaged 65% of the untreated check in the
 SRW region, and 83% for the SRW and HRW regions, respectively.
 
      Commercialization.  Monsanto expects to receive an Experimental Use
 Permit for Genesis for the 1994 season, which will allow pre-commercial seed
 production of SRW and HRW hybrids for this year.  We plan to have limited
 amounts of seed of several high yielding hybrids available for on-farm
 testing for the fall of 1994.
 
 -------------------------
 HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
 
      Alain Gervais 
 
      Since last year Annual Wheat Newsletter, there has been no change in
 the organization of HYBRINOVA.  Development of our Chemical Hybridizing
 Agent program has been crowned with success.  Our product has been granted a
 "Provisional Authorization for Sale" and consequently we are now authorized
 to use it on a large scale  for the production of hybrid wheat seeds in
 France.  Hybrid wheat breeding program went on as scheduled.  The overall
 news are centered around the different parts of our project and are
 described below.
 
 -------------------------
 HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
 
      Northern Breeding Station
 
      Stephen D. Sunderwirth (Fax: 33-44-41-95-34)
 
      1992-1993 Season:  Low rainfall during autumn favored sowing of the
 nurseries and trial fields.  A mild and dry winter prevented early disease
 development and frost damage.  Favorable weather in spring allowed for good
 application of our CHA on all the wheat crossing blocs.  Summer storms and
 warm temperatures caused heavy lodging in the nursery and trials fields. 
 Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita), powdery mildew (Erysphe graminis) and
 Septoria nodorum  developed rapidly on susceptible cultivars, thus creating
 favorable conditions for breeding in the nursery.  Harvest was delayed for
 one week on account of heavy rainfall at maturity.  Sprouting occured in the
 more susceptible and early maturing lines.  Yields of 7,5 tons/ha were
 significantly lower than those of the past three years for this region of
 France.
 
      Varietal Development:  Two hybrid winter wheats were accepted into the
 second year of registration: OSHE54.22 AND OSHE534.22.  These hybrids
 yielded respectively 109,9% and 110,9% of the official check Mesnil with C1
 and B2 quality.  Both hybrids are shorter than Sideral, have similar
 standing power and have good levels of resistance to powdery mildew and leaf
 rust.
 
      A third hybrid wheat, HA280.68 went into first year of registration in
 1993.  This hybrid combines a good quality with interesting levels of
 resistance to leaf rust, strip rust, powdery mildew, Septoria nodorum and
 Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides.
 
      Development in Northern Europe:  Numerous contacts have been
 established with other breeding firms in England, Germany, Belgium, Holland
 and Austria.  Several hybrids are being tested for adaptation to each
 country.  The more advanced hybrids are in seventeen locations.
 
 -------------------------
 HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
 
      Southern Breeding Station
 
      Christian Quandalle (Fax: 33-62-28-82-11)
 
      Three hybrid wheats went into first year of registration for Southern
 France.  They proved a very good hardiness in 1993 results, under leaf rust
 pressure, Fusarium, and bad planting conditions and dry winter.
 
      Other hybrids are in being bred for southern Europe.  Each year we
 expand our trial fields and  network with new countries.
 
      Tissue culture laboratory produced,in 1993, about 12,000 dihaploid
 plants by androgenesis (10,000 wheat - 2,000 barley), directly used in our
 breeding program.
 
 -------------------------
 HYBRINOVA, Hybrid Wheat Research
 
      Central Station: Seed Producion and Agronomy
 
      Laurent Batreau (Fax: 33-37-99-93-04)
 
      Saint Germain Station's team: (Beauce region):  In 1993, we  have
 developed two new activities with one person in charged of the parental
 lines increase and another that follows the off-site hybrid pilot
 productions program.  The on-site team has remained the same.
 
      Hybrid production:  Last year our program, which included 20 outsite
 hybrid pilot productions  (from 0,2 to 1 ha), was set up to test feasibility
 and field technics.
 
      Results of our two "top" hybrids were very encouraging.  Subsequently
 we are planning to increase the number of sites for 1994.  Our hybrids,
 entering into French registration, have been used for these out-site
 experiments.
 
      On-site, we also test the productivity of many new hybrids originating
 from northern and southern breeding programs.
 
      A new step in hybrid wheat program is being reached with the first
 hybrid registration scheduled for september of 1994.  We are now focusing
 our efforts in developing knowledge on cross fertility and field production
 technics.
 
 -------------------------
 NORTHRUP KING COMPANY
 
      June Hancock and Craig Allen 
 
      Production Season:  A cool, wet spring in the Mid-South region delayed
 our maturities by approximately 1.5 to 2 weeks.  This delay fostered ideal
 conditions for a stem rust outbreak much more severe than our typical
 infestations.  In early April, leaf rust was observed on Coker wheats in
 Louisiana that normally are very resistant.  Coker 9877 was completely
 overcome by leaf rust.  Coker 9024 and Coker 9766 also expressed moderate
 susceptibility to this new race which moved throughout the Mid-South.
 
      New Release:  Coker 9474 (tested as L880437) was released to TGN (Two
 Great Names) seed growers/dealers in the fall of 1993.  Certified seed will
 be available in the fall of 1994.  The variety which has an excellent test
 weight and disease package will be positioned for the Northern Mid-South and
 the Southern Cornbelt.
 
      Staff:  Dr. Fred Collins announced his retirement effective December
 31, 1992.  His expertise in wheat breeding and management have been greatly
 missed.  He has made significant contributions to our program and we wish
 him success in his future endeavors.
 
 -------------------------
 PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
 
      Ian B. Edwards
 
      Wheat research operations remain focused on the Soft Red Winter and
 Soft White Winter wheat classes in North America, while in Europe varietal
 development is aimed at the following market classes:
 
      1.   Soft Red Winter: France, U.K., Germany, Belgium, Austria/Central 
           Europe.
      2.   Hard Red Winter: France, Spain, Italy, Austria/Central Europe.
      3.   Hard Red Spring: Spain, Portugal, Greece.
      4.   Hard White Spring: Spain.     
      5.   Durum: Italy, Spain, Greece, France.
 
      In addition, research and product development operations are underway
 in the Middle East/North Africa, Southern Africa, and Australia.
 
      Two years ago, Pioneer ceased using chemical hybridizing agents as a
 delivery system for hybrid wheat development in Europe, and we have changed
 to a proprietary genetic system for the following reasons:
 
        * Higher production efficiency (higher and more consistent seed set)
        * Pure seed production
        * Lower production costs
        * No regulatory concerns
 
      Field testing of the new system commenced in 1993-94.  Previous
 research has already identified superior hybrid combinations and the primary
 focus at this time is on inbred development and improved production
 efficiency.  Matching of parents with complementary and favorable HMW
 glutenin subunit combinations has enabled us to produce hybrids with
 breadmaking quality superior to that of either parent.
 
      Varietal Releases:
 
      1.    U.S.A.:  Soft Red Winter Wheat: 2552 is a U.S. corn belt variety
           with with exceptional fungal leaf blight and powdery mildew
           resistances.  2684 is an early-maturing variety for the south
           with very high yield potential and tolerance to Hessian fly.
 
      2.   Spain:  Moro is a spring wheat with excellent yield potential,
           high drought tolerance, and good overall disease resistance. 
 
      3.   Portugal:  Milfo is a medium-early spring wheat with high yield
           potential, strong straw and powdery mildew tolerance.  Mercero is
           a spring wheat of excellent yield potential, resistant to lodging
           and  leaf blight, and of medium baking quality.
 
      Staff: Steven Bentley will join Guy Dorlencourt and the staff of
 Pioneer Genetique as wheat breeder at Frouville, France, commencing in April
 1994.
 
 -------------------------
 PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
 
      Gregory C. Marshall, William J. Laskar and  Kyle J. Lively, Windfall,IN
 
      The 1992-93 Season.  The fall of 1992 wheat planting season was
 somewhat challenging due to late corn and soybean harvest and subsequent wet
 weather.  Despite a late start, all our testing locations were planted
 within the optimum time period.  Favorable weather following planting
 resulted in generally good emergence and early growth.  Mild winter
 temperatures, combined with the absence of drastic temperature swings, kept
 winter damage to a minimum.  As the wheat began to break dormancy, many
 fields began showing the yellowing symptoms associated with soil borne
 viruses and/or Barley Yellow Dwarf Mosaic Virus (BYDV). Warm weather brought
 recovery from all but the most severe soil borne virus symptoms, but the
 BYDV persisted and reached epidemic levels in many areas such as the
 southern corn belt.
 
      Growing conditions were favorable through flowering, and it appeared
 the crop in many areas possessed a high yield potential.  However, several
 days of abnormal heat during grainfill shortened the growing season and,
 more than any other factor, significantly reduced yields especially in the
 central and northern portions of our testing area.  Leaf rust, stem rust,
 the usual mix of fungal leaf blight pathogens, and head scab were present
 but usually not above an economic threshold.  Timely harvest was hampered by
 periodic showers, but all yield tests were eventually harvested before the
 loss of grain quality.
 
      Varietal Development.  We planted twelve yield test sites throughout
 the northern corn belt in the fall of 1992.  One was discarded due to a
 combination of herbicide carryover damage and heaving.  A late spring freeze
 caused significant early season lodging at our Ft. Branch, IN, location.  As
 a result, only selected tests were harvested from that site.  This was the
 second year in the past four that we have experienced a damaging spring
 freeze in this area.  Our yield tests at Windfall were affected by severe
 Soil Borne Mosaic Virus infection.  We believe we have seen an increase in
 the soil borne viruses in fields that have been in a continuous
 wheat/soybean rotation for a number of years.  We are taking steps to rotate
 into "new" fields for our Windfall nurseries.
 
      Our two breeding nurseries remain located at Windfall and Ft. Branch,
 IN.  Lodging due to the spring freeze hindered selection somewhat in the F4
 and F5 bulk plots at Ft. Branch.  Moderate levels of leaf blight, leaf rust,
 scab, and virus combined to provide severe selection pressure in the headrow
 nursery.  Conditions at Windfall were similar with the complex of viruses
 and heat induced pre-senescence making selection particularly challenging. 
 In spite of the various problems, we managed to keep and advance a near
 normal percentage from each generation of breeding material.
 
      Germination Study to Detect Level of Harvest Dormancy.  In 1992 we
 initiated a germination test to observe the level of harvest dormancy
 present among released varieties and our advanced breeding lines.  Results
 from the 1992 experiment were promising, but incessant rainfall at harvest
 cut the experiment short.  The experiment was repeated in 1992-93 and
 successfully completed.  Several random heads were harvested from headrows
 at approximately physiologic maturity.  The heads were allowed to dry at
 room temperature and then stored in a freezer (to preserve the amount of
 dormancy present) until they could be hand-threshed.  Once threshed, two
 replications of 50 random kernels for each entry were placed in petri dishes
 with 5 ml of distilled water added.  These were kept in the dark and at room
 temperature.  The percentage of germinated kernels (radicle and rootlets
 visible) was recorded after four and seven days.  The results of our
 commercial test, presented below, illustrates that quite a range of harvest
 dormancy exists among this small number of released cultivars.  The data
 generally agrees with the amount of preharvest sprouting we observed in the
 field in 1992.
 
 
                  1993 Germination Test Results
                     (percent germinated)
      
      Cultivar          4 Days          7 Days
   ----------------------------------------------------
      Caldwell          30.6             71.4
      Cardinal          78.9             92.4
      Clark             26.3             41.8
      Freedom           11.1             50.0
      Howell             1.0              9.0
      Madison            5.0              8.0
      Wakefield          2.0              9.1
      2510              11.1             48.5
      2545              25.6             58.3
      2548               4.0             21.0
      2552              11.0             49.0
      2555              28.1             63.9
      2571              10.1             23.7
   ----------------------------------------------------
 
      New Releases.  In August of 1993, we released 2552, a soft red winter
 wheat variety which will be sold commercially in the fall of 1994.  2552 is
 an awned, medium-maturing variety with excellent yield potential and
 outstanding test weight.  It also has very good resistance to the soil borne
 viruses and is resistant to powdery mildew in the corn belt.  2552's
 exceptional leaf blight tolerance adds to its strong defensive package which
 gives it a greater yield advantage in high disease years.  In addition, 2552
 seemed to thrive in the heat shortened season of 1993.  In over years data
 across all testing locations, 2552 holds a 3 bushel/acre yield advantage
 over 2548.
 
 -------------------------
 PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
 
      St. Matthews, South Carolina,  Benjamin E. Edge and Phil Shields
 
      The 1992-93 Season.  Heavy rains in the southeastern US caused much
 wheat to be planted past the optimum planting date and in less than ideal
 conditions.  Emergence was slow in the cool, compacted, and waterlogged
 soils, and severe erosion occurred in some areas.  The winter was mild, but
 rainfall was excessive, so many fields showed symptoms of nitrogen stress
 early.  Aphids had little cold weather to inhibit their activity, and as a
 result, barley yellow dwarf virus caused considerable yield reductions. 
 Hessian fly infestations were light for the second year in a row.  Increased
 use of insecticides and resistant varieties may have had an effect.   Head
 scab was present again in the mid South, but not as severe as in some recent
 years.  Also, there was more powdery mildew, leaf rust, and stem rust than
 usual in the mid South.
 
      In April, the rains stopped, and it turned hot and dry in the
 Southeast.  Yields were limited by the combination of severe waterlogging
 early, followed by severe drought stress.  The long cool spring probably
 kept yields from being reduced more.  Early varieties that filled out before
 the moisture became limiting were favored somewhat.
 
      Varietal Development.  We planted breeding nurseries in Statesboro, GA,
 and St. Matthews, SC.  Excessive erosion hindered headrow selection at St.
 Matthews. It also ruined some of our yield tests at Statesboro.  Leaf rust
 and leaf blights were present in the selection nurseries in moderate to
 severe amounts, but powdery mildew infection was light.  We planted twelve
 yield test locations along the US East Coast.  We also had four locations in
 the Mid South that were maintained by our agronomists.  We lost a couple of
 locations due to uneven fertility or drought conditions.  Yields on the
 remaining locations were average to slightly above average.
 
      New Releases.  We released a new variety, 2684, in August of 1993.  It
 is a soft red winter variety with very early maturity, 7-9 days earlier than
 Pioneer 2548. In four years of yield testing, 2684 has a 10.4 bu/ac yield
 advantage over 2548 in the Southeast. The area of adaptation for 2684 is the
 eastern US soft wheat growing area south of the Ohio River.  Pioneer variety
 2684 is awned, it has good straw strength, and it has very high test weight. 
 It has good levels of resistance to leaf rust, powdery mildew, soil borne
 mosaic virus, and spindle streak mosaic. It has excellent tolerance to most
 of the leaf blight diseases that occur in the Southeast.  In the field, 2684
 has shown tolerance to Hessian fly.  Pioneer 2684 has acceptable soft wheat
 milling and baking quality.
 
      Miscellaneous Items.  We constructed a front-mounted hydraulic-powered
 fertilizer spreader for our tractor, for topdressing our nurseries and yield
 plots.  A nice feature is that it has infinitely variable rate adjustment. 
 We added winches to our primary trailer for ease of loading and safety
 reasons.  We also developed some computer programs to aid in preparation of
 our nursery books.
 
 -------------------------
 PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
 
      Frouville, France
 
      Guy Dorlencourt, Robert Marchand and Quitterie Vanderpol
 
      The 1992-93 Season.  The main nurseries and test locations were planted
 late due to continual rains at the normal planting time, with the final
 planting being completed on December 15th.  Fortunately, the winter was mild
 and dry, followed by a cool, wet spring with good conditions for regrowth
 and tillering.  Leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) appeared as early as March,
 and a strong spring infection of Septoria tritici caused leaf firing and
 reduced yields in susceptible varieties. The latter is uncommon in central
 France. Leaf rust continued to develop strongly during the season and
 susceptible checks such as Soissons and Thesee had their yields reduced by
 as much as 50% in untreated plots. Good rains at the end of May and during
 June helped ensure good average yields in France, but harvest conditions
 were very poor, particularly in the north where some high-yielding varieties
 were badly affected by sprouting in the heads.
 
      Varietal Development:  Four new varieties were entered into first-year
 registration trials in France in 1992-93 and three of these passed into
 second-year registration for 1993-94.  Both 2282 and 2254 (tested in the
 north) had a yield advantage of 4% over the official checks, while 2256
 (tested in the south) out-yielded the official check cultivars by 19%. 2256
 has entered the northern trials in 1993-94 and has also entered official
 registration trials in the U.K. and Belgium.  Two new varieties have entered
 registration for 1993-94 - 2268 is a very early, excellent baking wheat with
 good overall disease resistance, while 2246 is a medium-early, good baking
 wheat with excellent overall disease resistance.
 
      Other Items.  The Frouville station is now supplying seed and
 observation nurseries for a number of other countries in Europe.  The
 quality laboratory is also routinely handling thousands of SDS sedimentation
 tests, protein, milling, and mixograph evaluations.  The laboratory at
 Aussonne, France, analyzes several thousand lines per year for HMW glutenin
 subunit composition.  Commencing in 1994, a new European laboratory located
 in Buxtehude, Germany, will provide additional quality support for our
 different programs.  In our greenhouse operations three generations per year
 of single seed descent are routinely accomplished.  Extra greenhouse space
 is being made available to accommodate the increased hybrid wheat effort.
 
 -------------------------
 PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
 
           Sevilla, Spain
 
      Jose-Maria Urbano, Maximiliano Hidalgo, and Manuel Peinada
 
      The 1992-93 Season.  Relatively good rains occurred in the fall of 1992
 but by early spring conditions were extremely dry in both Spain and
 Portugal.  The drought caused severe damage to spring wheat grown under dry
 land conditions following the main planting season of November and December. 
 In Spain we lost 50% of the dry land trials and losses in Portugal were
 100%.  In general, the irrigated trials gave good results.  Winter wheat
 planted in the coldest regions of Spain fared better during the drought,
 since the crop had lower water demands in early spring, and the rains that
 occurred in April and May resulted in excellent yields.
 
      Spring Wheat and Durum Wheat Breeding.  Results of the dry land trials
 were seriously confounded by drought. Early-maturing lines had their growth
 cycle further shortened by drought and late spring frosts caused injury to
 some lines.  Results were more consistent from the irrigated trials. 
 Septoria spp and leaf rust (Puccinia recondita) appeared too late for
 satisfactory screening but good infections of powdery mildew (Erysiphe
 graminis) were obtained.  Stripe rust (P. striiformis), which can cause
 severe attacks in certain seasons, came too late for any significant
 screening.  Overall, 4500 yield test plots of spring wheat and durum wheat
 were grown.  The second breeding cycle was planted in July at our summer
 location and was harvested by the end of October.  We had a very good crop,
 and heavy leaf rust infection allowed us to discard the most susceptible
 lines.
 
      Winter Wheat Breeding.  Winter wheat testing in northern Spain is
 linked with our southern France program, and 1100 yield test plots were
 grown at locations in northern Spain.  Excellent yields were obtained in
 1993, and good infections of leaf rust and powdery mildew occurred at Burgos
 and Navarra.  The third location, Jaca, has good yields but lower disease
 pressure.
 
      Varietal Development.  Spring Wheat:  Our new release, Estero, again
 showed an overall yield advantage of 19% over Yecora Rojo (40.2 versus 33.8
 quintals/hectare) while at the same time maintaining a quality level
 slightly superior to Yecora Rojo (Alveograph W-value around 400).
      
           -    Mulero and Mercero performed at the same level as the checks
                (Anza  and Cartaya) in 1993.
           -    Caro was our top yielder overall, with a 20% yield advantage     
                over Anza and Cartaya.
           -    Moro confirmed its top yield potential in the Official
                Registration  trials, with a 14% advantage over the official
                checks. (This resulted in it receiving provisional 
                registration).
           -    Torero, a full dwarf variety (height: 69cm) for the irrigation 
                areas again consistently out-yielded the check cultivars.
 
           Durum Wheat:  Although drought and late frosts affected the yield
 data, our first Pioneer durum wheat significantly out-yielded the checks.   -
 Elio, Rocio, Dedalo and Mambo were submitted for first-year  registration in
 1993-94. Elio and Rocio have excellent gluten strength, with Alveograph
 W-values of 370 and 300, respectively.
 
           Winter Wheat:  2268 and 2282, two winter wheats from our breeding
 program in France, were submitted for registration following excellent
 yields in northern Spain.
 
 -------------------------
 PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
 
           Sissa (nr Parma)
 
           Mauro Tanzi
 
           Durum Wheat:  Four experiments were grown during 1992-93, testing a
 diverse germplasm base against the official check varieties.  The elite
 (preregistration) test was grown at three locations in northern Italy, and
 at three sites in south-central Italy.  Complete quality tests were
 conducted on the top lines while new lines were screened for SDS
 sedimentation values.  The quality collaboration has been with the main
 pasta manufacturers (Barilla and Agnesi) and also with the Instituto
 Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura (a public institute working on cereals). 
 The quality traits evaluated were:
 
           Protein content                         Alveograph (W, P/L)
           Gluten content                          Semolina color
           Gluten quality                          Semolina ash content
           SDS sedimentation value                 Overall technological value
           Gliadin and glutenin electrophoresis
 
           Six new varieties with significant yield advantages over the
 official check cultivars plus high protein contents and semolina color entered
 first-year registration in 1993-94. They are: Vero, Tempo, Colorado Bracco,
 Olimpo, Preco.
 
           Bread Wheat:  A large experiment was grown at three locations in
 northern Italy. Six varieties have been advanced to preregistration trials
 in 1993-94.  The bread wheat program is being expanded and is linked with
 our operations in southern France and northern Spain.
 
 -------------------------
 PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
 
           Northampton, England
 
           Paul Wilson and Ian Edwards
 
           The 1992-93 Growing Season.  After a bad start when fall plantings
 were delayed by wet weather, growing conditions improved and remained
 favorable for most of the season.  An unusually mild winter was followed with
 little frost after March but sufficient rain in April and May to keep crops
 growing.  The year's main pest scare was the orange wheat blossom midge,
 which reappeared after an absence of nearly 10 years.  Damage was, however,
 much less than expected.  Harvest conditions were generally good during the
 second half of August and the first week of September.
 
           Varietal Development.  1992-93 was our third season of varietal
 development work in the U.K. Screening nurseries, preliminary and
 preregistration trials were grown at three locations, and the work has been
 well-integrated with the main breeding station in France. Our leading elite
 line, Victo, entered first-year National List trials in 1993-94 and is also
 being evaluated by the British Society of Plant Breeders at 9 normal input
 and 6 low input sites around the U.K.  Victo is also being compared at
 normal and late sowing times at a further 6 sites covering a range of soil
 types. It is a quality wheat, 6 cm shorter than Beaver and 13 days earlier
 at flowering.
 
 -------------------------
 PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
 
           Buxtehude, Germany
 
           Heidemarie Schoenwalder and Ian Edwards
 
           Varietal Development.  The main selection nursery was grown at
 Wulfshagen in northern Germany and the southern observation nursery was
 grown at Neuenstein-Kirchensall. The elite (preregistration) trial was grown
 at three locations and an additional test was included in eastern Germany.
 Comparisons of high versus low management inputs (2 reps. of each) showed
 significant differences among the cultivars in the response to fungicide
 treatments. Seed purification is underway on the leading varieties.
 
 -------------------------
 PIONEER HI-BRED INTERNATIONAL, INC
 
           Parndorf, Austria
 
           Guenther Reichenberger
 
           The 1992-93 growing season:  Relatively dry conditions during
 planting were followed by a cool, rainy period.  Germination was slow and
 poor, mainly at locations in western Austria.  Temperatures in December and
 January were above average, but heavy snowfall occurred in mid February and
 remained until mid March, even in eastern Austria.  Lower stands were
 encountered and five weeks of above average temperatures from mid March
 until early May caused slight water stress.  Heavy rains and cool
 temperatures in July delayed harvest at our Pioneer test locations.  Yields
 were average to above average in western Austria, but average to below
 average in eastern Austria.  The quality of bread wheat followed the
 downward trend of the past years, partly due to reduced inputs and partly
 due to sprouting, which was noticeable after prolonged rain in western
 Austria.  Hagberg Falling Numbers of sprout susceptible varieties were as
 low as 62 (Hubertus), while Apollo (248) and Ikarus (224) performed better. 
 General disease pressure was especially high in western Austria, with
 Septoria and Fusarium being significant.
 
           Varietal Development.  The Austrian wheat growing region is
 traditionally divided into the so-called milling/feed wheat region of
 northwestern Austria, and the more arid quality wheat region of eastern
 Austria.  Testing was conducted at two locations in each region, with
 replicated elite and preliminary trials at all locations, plus a screening
 nursery in eastern Austria.  In the eastern quality wheat region four
 varieties in the elite test out-yielded the official checks, while in the
 western region seven lines out-yielded the checks.
 
           Our first variety, PVM0008 completed registration, two others (2258
 and 2259) have entered second year registration in 1993-94, and a further
 three (2246,2256 and 2282) have entered first-year registration.  In general
 these varieties are shorter than the Austrian check cultivars, with better
 lodging resistance and good disease tolerance.
 
           Wheat Quality.  The question of baking quality criteria, growing
 regions and bread wheat contracts are currently undergoing revision in
 Austria. As the country moves closer to entry into the EEC further changes
 may be expected, and it is likely that quality will come more into line with
 existing EEC criteria.
 
 -------------------------
 TRIGEN SEED SERVICES
 
           Robert W. Romig, Bloomington, MN
 
           TriGen Seed Services was founded in 1993 as a sole proprietor
 enterprise focusing initially on providing successors to the Northrup King
 Co. developed dual purpose hard red winter varieties 812, 814, and 822. 
 Subsequently, the mission was expanded to include the opportunistic
 development of hard common wheats for markets other than the Southern
 Plains.  To these ends, we made a series of hard red wheat crosses, of
 spring x winter, winter x winter and spring x spring combinations.  The
 first crossing cycle was conducted in Chile during May to November at the
 Catholic University agronomy farm, just south of Santiago. 
 
           The F1 seed from these crosses, certain F2 populations, and other
 materials were planted in a winter nursery near Yuma, AZ.  In addition, a
 germ plasm collection, spring x winter F2's, and segregating materials from
 spring x winter wheat crosses were planted at Victoria, TX for observation
 and selection in this initial target environment.
 
           The operational strategy is to shuttle segregating materials derived
 from winter wheats between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres so as to
 obtain two generations per year in the field and to optimize the selection
 for winter types.  In some cases, the initial stages of selected winter
 wheat increases will likewise be shuttled between hemispheres to compress
 the development time of seed production.  
 
           Wheats with spring growth habit from spring x winter crosses   will
 be sorted out in the U.S. by alternating generations between Minnesota and
 Arizona.  Selection for spring types from these crosses also will be
 conducted in the Southern Hemisphere to supplement that made in the U.S. 
 Current plans call for the Southern Hemisphere nursery to be grown this year
 in Argentina.  
 
 
           The present breeding strategy is to make combinations that could
 provide useful heterosis or that should provide complementary traits with
 adaptation to target hard common wheat markets. The 1994 crossing cycle will
 be conducted again in Chile. 
 
 -------------------------
 TRIO RESEARCH INC.
 
           James A. Wilson-Wichita, KS
 
           Three winter wheat cultivars were released in 1993. Two of the
 cultivars, T814 and T408, are soft red wheats, while the other, T67, is a
 hard red wheat. All three cultivars are being released and utilized under
 contract terms with seedsmen and farmer-growers.
 
           814 has been evaluated across the eastern soft red winter wheat
 region of the U.S. It appears to be best adapted to the north central and
 northeast areas of the SRW region. 11 is a short semidwarf with outstanding
 straw and high yield potential. It is generally resistant to mildew and soil
 borne viruses. It is susceptible to Hessian fly. rhough resistant to some
 races of leaf and stem rust, it has shown susceptible reactions in recent
 years.
 
           T408 is similar to Caldwell in regard to disease and insect
 resistance, but it is 1 and 1/2 to 2 days earlier than Caldwell and 5 cm
 shorter. It is generally superior to Caldwell in leaf rust reaction and yield.
 It will be distributed in areas where Caldwell has been grown.
 
           Evaluation of T67 across the southern Great Plains region reveal
 that it is limited in adaptation to the eastern half of Kansas. The area of
 its adaptation is restricted due to genetic limitations in drought tolerance,
 winter hardiness and shattering resistance. It is a tall, awned, semidwarf
 with strong straw, medium early maturity and relatively high yield. It has a
 broad level of resistance or tolerance to the diseases and viruses found in
 Kansas. It is heterogeneous in reaction to the GP race of Hessian fly and
 susceptible to greenbugs.
 
 -------------------------
 ITEMS FROM ARGENTINA
 
           Institute of Biological Resources, CIRN- INTA Castelar
 
           G.E. Tranquilli and E.Y. Suarez.
 
           Host and Pathogen Allelic Dosage Effects on Specific Host - Pathogen
 Interaction.  Previously (A W N, 1992) we reported changes in host -
 pathogen interaction at seedling stage, by increasing allelic dosage for a
 "resistant" gene in Sinvalocho MA. Here we give a further insight of the
 interaction expression when host allelic dosage are increased from 0 to 4
 and in different combinations (Table 1).
 
 Table 1. Dosage allelic effects on specific host - pathogen
 interactions.
 
                       Genotype       Pathogen          Genotypes
                                      Clone 20       Clone 66  New Clone
 Line or cross                        PoPo           Popo      Popo
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Chinese Spring (CS)   A1 A1          1                1       1
 
 Sinvalocho Nulli 6B    -   -         1                1       1
 
 Sinval. Mono 6B       Ao -           0                1       1
 
 CS  x  Sinval.        A1 Ao          0                1       1
 
 CS Tetra 6B x Sinval. A1 A1 Ao       0                1       1
 
 Sinvalocho (eupl.)    Ao Ao          0                0       1
 
 CS x Sinval.Tet. 6    A1 Ao Ao       0                0       1
 
 CS Tet. 6B x 
 Sinval Tet.6B         A1A1 AoAo      0                0       1
 
 Sinval. Trisomic 6B   AoAoAo         0                0       X- X+
 
 Sinval. Tetra 6B      AoAoAoAo       0                0       0
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 
 -------------------------
 E. Y. Suarez, L. Bullrich and G. E. Tranquilli
 
 
           Rye Introgression into Argentinian Wheat Cultivar: Developing of
 Isogenic Lines to Evaluate Its Effects. Rye-wheat translocation 1Rs/1Bl has
 been employed since  '70s in wheat breeding programs provided that the rye
 segment carries genes for resistance to wheat pathogens, such as mildew and
 rusts. In some cases, rye introgression was also associated with better
 yields.
 
           The major disadvantage of this introgression is the detrimental
 effect that it has on the bread making quality, producing a "sticky dough",
 unsuitable to make bread.
 
           In Argentina the first cultivars with the 1Rs/1Bl translocation were
 released in 1986 by INTA, and they have shown resistance to a wide spectrum
 of leaf rusts.
 
           Twenty families of isogenic lines for the translocation have just
 been developed in order to evaluate the influence on agronomical features of
 the 1R segment in different backgrounds.
 
           Families were derived from a triple cross: (Chinese Spring x
 Sinvalocho MA) x Don Ernesto INTA. Sinvalocho MA and Don Ernesto INTA are
 Argentinian cultivars; the later carries the 1Rs/1Bl translocation.
 
           During six generations heterozygous individuals were cytologically
 selects (chromosome 1R doesn't express its satellite in a wheat background)
 and selfed. Homozygous lines were obtained from each family at the last
 generation.
 
           It was observed that the background could affect the 1Rs/1Bl
 chromosome transmission, since the homozygous translocated genotype frequency
 fluctuated between families since 7.5% up to 34.3%. It could be another
 disadvantage of this kind of materials, when included in breeding programs,
 because as the translocation is favorably selected, the background will
 remarkably reduce its variability.
 
 
 -------------------------
 S. M. Lewis and E. Y. Suarez.
 
           Meiotic Behavior of Monosomics and Monotelosomics in Wheat: The
 existence of monosomics in the hexaploid wheat have facilitated the
 construction of many substitution lines allowing the gene mapping and the
 introgression of interesting agronomic characteristics.
 
           The transmission of deficient female gametes (n-1) from a monosomic
 (2n-1) in wheat is in average 75% (Sears, 1954).
 
           The mitotic analysis of different substitution lines of chromosomes
 6B,5D and 1D of 'Sinvalocho' in 'Chinese Spring' showed that for chromosome 6B
 the female transmission of the monosomic vs. monotelosomic was not
 significative different although it was observed a relative  higher
 frequency of 6BS transmission (Table 1.a). For 5D chromosome the
 transmission of the whole chromosome in the monosomics was significatively
 lower than the telocentric chromosome (5DS) in the monotelosomics (Table
 1.b). These observations show that the transmission of either the complete
 chromosome or one arm seems not to depend on the size of the chromosome.
 However the literature suggest that short chromosomes have more tendency to
 be lost even in disomic individuals. 
 
           Aneuploidy transmission was significatively different between the
 chromosomes 6B and 1D (Table 1.e), and 6B and 5D (Tables 1.c and 1.d),
 meanwhile there were not significative differences between chromosomes 5D
 and 1D (Table 1.f).
 
           The knowledge derived from these analyses allow to plan the
 cytogenetics studies taking into account the frequencies of aneuploidy in
 wheat. Also the particular behavior among chromosomes or between whole
 chromosome and chromosome arm suggest the presence of genetic information
 related to meiotic behavior just as the case of 5D vs. 5DS. Results suggest
 the existence of specific genetic information in the 5DL which would
 decrease the transmission frequency with respect to the normal one.
 
              Table 1.  Aneuploidy female gamete transmission
 
  a) 6B CHROMOSOME                          b) 5D CHROMOSOME
                      n=20     n=21                           n=20   n=21
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------          
           Lines                                  Lines
 
     Monotelosomics     54      50            Monotelosomics   109    59
 
        Monosomics     116      69              Monosomics      47     4
 
  chi-sq = 4.4912*                                chi-sq =16.2344**
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 
 
  c) 6B vs. 5D                               d) 6B vs. 5D
                       n=20     n=21                        n=20    n=21
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------          
   6B monotelosomics     54      50          6B monosomics   116      69
 
   5D monotelosomics    109      59          5D monosomics    47       4
 
  chi-sq = 4.4912*                                chi-sq = 16.2344**
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 
 
   e) 6B vs. 1D                                 f) 5D vs. 1D
                       n=20     n=21                          n=20   n=21
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------   
 
   6B monotelosomics     54      50          5D monotelosomics 109    59
 
   1D monotelosomics     60      21          1D monotelosomics  60    21
 
  chi-sq = 9.4474**                               chi-sq = 2.1181 ns
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 
 
  a) 6B CHROMOSOME                               B) CHROMOSOME
                       n=20     n=21                           n=    n=21
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------   
         Lines                                      Lines
 
    Monotelosomics       54       50          Monotelosomics   109     59
       
        Monosomics      116       69              Monosomics    47      4
 
  chi-sq = 4.4912*                                 chi-sq = 16.2344**
 
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 
 
 -------------------------
           S. M. Lewis and E. Y. Suarez
 
           Recombinant Substitution Lines in Wheat:  We havdeveloped the
 recombinant substitution lines of the 6B, 5D and 1D chromosomes of
 'Sinvalocho' / 'Chinese Spring' in a 'Chinese Spring' background. These
 lines are very useful to analyze the direct and pleiotropic gene effects for
 agronomical characters in different environments. These chromosomes carry
 important genetic information related to leaf rust , aminopeptidases,
 response to vernalization, glutenins, plant height, awns, fertility, ear
 emergence, etc.
 
           The material has been developed to monosomic recombinat stage.
 Molecular characterization is in progress. After disomic extraction,
 agronomical characterization will be performed.
 
 -------------------------
           Cathedra of Genetics, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Buenos
           Aires. 
           Avenida San Martin 4453 - CP 1417, Buenos Aires
 
           M. L. Appendino and N. Fatta.
 
           Unexpected photoperiodic response in Argentinian wheats.  Six
 Argentinian wheat cultivars of actual diffusion and Sonora 64, all of them
 known to be insensitive to vernalization, were subjected to short (SD) and
 long (LD) day treatments, 8 and 24 hours, respectively., from sowing until
 heading.
 
           Taking into account ear - emergence time differences between short
 and long day treatments for Sonora 64, an index ,  
           
           I (Son. 64) = SD -  LD (CV  X)     
                         SD - LD (Son.64)
 
 was calculated, where (CV  X) means any of the  Argenti-
 nian cultivars. Sonora 64 was chosen as control because it has been reported
 as being one of the less sensitive cultivars to day length.
 
           Table shows the results so obtained.
 
             Cultivar               Index                  Group
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Sonora 64                1                      A
           San Agustin INTA         1.04                   A
           Buck Manantial           3.64                   B
           Thomas Aconcagua         3.45                   B
           Cooperacion Cabildo      3.35                   B
           Buck Napuca              7.94                   C
           Chaqueno INTA            8.29                   C
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
           Three groups were clearly differentiated. Amongst  those cultivars
 showing day length response, two groups (B and C) differing in about 50 days
 in short day treatment, were observed. This behavior was unexpected, since
 these cultivars growing at field conditions have shown similar ear -
 emergence time, even after Autumn or Spring sowing (Experiments carried out
 at 34  south latitude).
 
           This unequal behavior between the groups B and C suggests different
 genetic bases for this character that is expressed in extreme environmental
 conditions like in this experiment. Whether these bases affect grain
 production is not known.
 
           Ortiz, JP; Reggiardo, MI; Altabe, S; Cervigni, GD; Spitteler, MA and
 Vallejos,  RH. Centro de Estudios Fotosinteticos y Bioquimicos, CEFOBI
 (CONICET - F.M. Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Rosario) Suipacha 531, 2000
 Rosario - Argentina. 
 
           Transgenic wheat: Rapid and efficient method for stable
 transformation.  Since the first transgenic tobacco plants were obtained using 
 the Agrobacterium tumefaciens system many other important species have been
 transformed. However, monocots, including the major cereals crops were no
 amenable to Agrobacterium manipulation. Particularly, cereals have been very
 recalcitrant to genetic manipulation in vitro. Only after the development of
 direct methods for plant transformation, the stable transformation of rice
 and maize was informed. Wheat transformation has been achieved recently in
 several laboratories including our own. 
 
 
           In this work we describe a rapid and efficient method to obtain
 fertile stable transgenic wheat plants, employing a gun powder device built in 
 our laboratory following the Sanford concept.
 
           Immature embryos of spring wheat were used to obtain embryogenic
 calli.  Calli were bombarded with microparticles coated with one of five 
 plasmid constructions. We have used as selectable marker either bar or hpt 
 genes, which confers resistance against the herbicide glufosinate and the
 antibiotic hygromycin respectively. Also we employed the reporter uidA gene
 that encodes for the B-glucuronidase enzyme. Bombarded calli were cultured
 in the dark on selective pressure. After a short period of selection, calli
 were transferred to regeneration medium with a photoperiod of 14 h (10
 W.m2). Resistant plants were rusticated in a Percival growth chamber.
 Screening to detect Ro transgenic plants were made by PCR assay. Results
 were confirmed by slot and southern blots of genomic DNA.
 
           Transgenic plants were recovered in about 30 weeks. About a 37% of
 them were fertile and produced seeds. In some cases, embryo rescue of 
 transgenic plants was carried out to accelerate the next generation while
 others seeds were allowed to mature.
 
           In 5 experiments where the bar gene was used as a selectable marker,
 we have obtained 27 Ro transgenic plants with an efficiency of 0.5 - 2.6 % of
 plant per calli bombarded. But when we used the hpt gene, we obtained 12 Ro
 transgenic plants with an efficiency as high as 4.7%. Slots and southern
 blot assays of genomic DNA confirmed the presence of the heterologous gene
 in the wheat genome.
 
           Further evidence of transgenesis was obtained applying the herbicide
 glufosinate (0.005%) to the R1 generation. Control wheat plants were
 affected while transgenic ones were not. Most of these experiments were
 carried out using a commercial cultivar as source of explants, but a
 commercial hybrid was also employed with similar results. Thus, the
 transformation method is not genotype dependent. With this procedure, wheat
 can be rapid and efficiently transformed. Moreover transgenic plants could
 be obtained from many independent transformations events. Thus, it is
 suitable for studying  gene expression and regulation in monocots, as well
 as to introduce in wheat genes of agronomic interest. 
 
 -------------------------
           Cervigni, GD; Ortiz, JP; Altabe, S and Vallejos RH.
 
           Early segregation analysis of the heterologous  bar gene in
 transgenic wheat
 
           Transgenic fertile Ro wheat plants were allowed to selfpolinize and
 their R1 progeny was obtained either by embryo rescue or by normal seed
 maturity. Seed set in transgenic Ro plant was frequently low probably due to
 the diminished vigor of the in vitro plants. Seeds were germinated in a
 Petri dish and plantlets were grown in a Percival growth chamber under a 16
 h photoperiod, a light intensity of 260 uEm2s-1 and at day/night temperature
 of 22 degC and 19 degC respectively, with a constant 65% relative humidity.
 The morphology, vigor and seed production of R1 plant were quite normal.
 
           DNA was extracted from small pieces of leaf tissue to an early
 detection of transgenic R1 plants. PCR amplifications of the heterologous
 bar gene were performed with two or three DNA extractions to avoid eventual
 inhibitors or contaminations. PCR assay showed the presence of the transgene
 in the progeny. Several of these results were confirmed by southern blot of
 genomic DNA. The proportions of transgenic R1 plants in four families
 studied were: 9/14; 6/8; 4/4 and 7/9 respectively adding up to 26/35, which
 correspond to the segregation expected and suggests a single or linked
 insertion site for the bar gene. 
 
           To detect in vivo resistance, R1 plants were exposed to 0.005% of
 commercial herbicide glufocinate (Basta). Serious damage was observed in
 control plants while transgenic plants were not affected. These results were
 later confirmed by enzymatic activity of the bar gene showing unequivocally
 the heterologous gene expression.
 
           Presently we are carrying out the molecular analysis of the R2 
 generation in order to evaluate the stability of the bar gene  and analyze
 its segregation 
 
 -------------------------
           College of Agriculture, Cordoba National University, Cordoba.
 
           D. Avalos, A. Ordonez and N. La Porta.
 
           Population Fluctuation of the Aphids on Wheat. Preliminary results
 1993.  Aphids play a very significant role amongst pests afecting wheat
 crops. Within the scope of the Agroecosistems Interdisciplinary Proyect a
 survey was carried out in experimental plots of wheat in Cordoba
 (Argentina). The following results were obtained: Rhopalosiphum padi (L.),
 R. maidis (Fitch) and Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) were found on seedlings.
 Metopolophium dirodum (Walker) was found upon tasseling plants. Sitobion sp.
 was present after flowering.  Singnificant levels of parasitism by
 Hymenoptera of the genus of Aphidius and Diaeretiella were observed during
 the whole study.
 
 -------------------------
           M. Cerana, S.Gil  and A.L. Pascualides
 
           Epidermical studies in commercial and experimental bread wheat
 (Triticum aestivum L.) lines.      A survey was made using the epidermis of
 the flag leaf-blade from  four bread  wheat lines (Triticum aestivum L.).
 Two are commercials (Las Rosas INTA and PROINTA Oasis) and the other ones
 are experimentals. The varieties were sown at two different row distances
 (15 and 30 cm). Temporary slices of the abaxial and the adaxial leaf
 epidermis were made to characterize them and to calculate the Stomatal
 Frequency (SF) and the Stomatal Index (SI). The analysis showed the
 following characteristics: the adaxial epidermis presented elongated long
 cells, with slightly undulating horizontal anticlinal walls, small prickles
 and bulliform cells between the stomatal files, while in the abaxial
 epidermis only  the elongated long cells with moderately undulating to
 omega-shaped horizontal anticlinal  walls were observed.  They were more
 constant in shape but their length is variable. There were stomata and
 silico-suberose couples in both faces. The subsidiary cell shape of the
 stomata were rounded with flattened tops, and the silica bodies were
 crescent-shaped. On the other hand, the SF and the SI showed the following
 tendencies: the adaxial face has more SF than the abaxial face, and in the
 first one, the plants growing in rows separated by 30 cm had more SF. The
 inverse occurred in the abaxial face. The main difference in SF is related
 to row distance was observed in the experimental lines. The SI was
 relatively constant for row spacings but a slight ascendent tendency at the
 wider are in the adaxial face was noted. The inverse occurred in the abaxial
 one. The next stage will be to correlate the obtained result with the grain
 yield in the field.
 
 -------------------------
           Zaninetti, M.R. and D. Igarzabal.
  
           Preliminary results 1993. The functions describing the response on
 the crop yield according to different weed densities have been broadly 
 studied. Nevertheless, there is little documentation about the effect of the 
 crop on the weeds;  this could be one of the focus point to perssue new 
 strategiesto integrated weed management programs in this crop.  This study 
 analizes the response of some reproductive and morfological characters of the 
 Wedeliaglauca in competition with wheat. We worked with an experimental line: 
 T14 (long cycle) grown at 15 and 30 cm between rows and  with 2 commercial
 cultivars, Prointa Oasis-Oa (short cycle) and Las Rosas INTA (long cycle) 
 evaluated at 15 cm rows appart. The materials were grown at seeding rate of
 150 seeds per square meter.  Two random samplins were done.  One in the milk
 stage (Zadok 70) and the other before  harvesting. In the first sampling we
 observed: number of stems/sm and number of branching of the W. glauca  stem
 along the first 5 cm of the stem per square meter . For both characters it
 is evident the depressing effect of the wheat crop on the weed. The results
 show that the T14 produced a major decrease in the number of stems, not
 significantly affecting the number of branches. The data showed that T14
 line had more effect on this character than the other wheat cultivars. The
 growing at different distances betweem rows for T14 did not showed a
 significant influence on none of the Wedelia's characters. In the second
 sampling, we measured the total number of capitula/m2 , number of closed
 capitula, number of open capitula and number of ripe capitula/m2 .The wheat
 crop produced a significant decrease on these four characters. For T14 line,
 the distance between rows affected only the total number of capitula. The
 data obtained suggest that during the competition process between wheat and
 W. glauca, the later is affected on its morfological structure, its capacity
 to produce inflorescence and showed a delay in the flowering stage.  This
 first approach is a contribution to the integrated management of the W.
 glauca, hopping to develop in a near future other researchs directed to
 study the competition below  the soil.
 
 -------------------------
           Rollan A.A., Buteler N.A. and Bachmeier O.A.
 
           Wheat cultivar, planting density, and soil fertility. A study was
 conducted to determine the evolution of soil fertility testing two cultivars
 of wheat cultivated, at two plant arrangements. The cultivars tested were
 "Las Rosas INTA" and "Pro INTA Oasis", planted at interline distances of 15
 and 30cm. The soil properties evaluated were organic matter, pH, mineral
 nitrogen (NO3-N), phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. The initial values
 detected (on samples from 0-25 depth) in the Typic haplustoll used in  this
 experience were: organic matter = 21.4 g/Kg; pH= 6.9 ; NO3-N= 5mg/Kg;
 P=35mg/Kg.; Kexch = 2.1 cmol/Kg. Neither phosphorus nor exchangeable
 potassium varied along the growing season. On the other hand, NO3-N shows
 only significant diminution in the Las Rosas INTA plots at the flowering
 stage of soil sampling.
 
 -------------------------
           Barchuk A.; Alessandria E.; Zamar J. and Luque S.
 
           The weeds community structure in wheat crops. The crop spatial
 arrangement and the biological cycle influence affect its competition
 ability and differentially affect weeds community. In the presentessay were
 considered two commercial varieties, one of short and the other of long
 cycle, and two experimental lines, with the same characteristics. The lines
 were sown  at two row spacing, 15 and 30 cm. of row separations. Contiguous
 surfaces, whithout crop and with the same characteris tillage were
 considered control. The weeds community was embossed on october 6th with
 quadrats; the communities were ordered through multivariate analysis and was
 made curves of range-abundance.
 
           The preliminary results showed: a- A total of 20 weeds species
 recorded, that included 4 Brasicaceae, 4 Aseraceae, and 3 perennial Poaceae. 
 b- The control (without crop) had greater specific richness (18 species). In
 all cases the dominant was Descurainia argentina with relative cover between
 60 and 70%. c- The weeds community cover was significantly different between
 the witness (37,71%) and the crops at 30 cm. (5.85%) and at 15 cm (2.83%).
 d- If we consider the absolute cover per species the weed community of the
 control was discriminated clearly from treatment with crop and between this,
 the crop at 15 cm was the most different.  e- The configuration of relative
 cover was similar for the three treatments.       
 
 -------------------------
           R.M.Roldan, F. Salvagiotti, D. Opovin, G. Manera, and R. Maich.
 
           Visual and Indirect Selection for Yield in Wheat. Selection Criteria
 x Year of Testing Interactions. Our  objective was to study the response to
 visual and indirect  selection for grain yield ( GY) using the biological
 yield (BY), harvest index (HY) and earweight (PSP) as selection criteria.
 During 1990 a random sample of 800 S1 plants was characterized through BY,
 HY and PSP. From each selection criteria two groups (superior and inferior)
 of fifteen S1 plants each one were constituted. Simultaneously, the best
 fifteen were selected according to the phenotypic  value. The 105 derived
 line were evaluated in three (1991) and two (1992) sowing dates. For GY, not
 significant difference between groups within each selection criteria were
 observed; however, group x year interactions for PSP and HY selection
 criteria were significants. The response to indirect selection for grain
 yield, when measured under variable environmental conditions, affected the
 reationship between GY and PSP or HY.
 
 -------------------------
           N.Contin, W. Londero, A.Ordonez, and R. Maich.
 
           Indirect Selection for Grain Yield Using One or Several Characters
 Simultaneously in Wheat. The grain yield potential could be increased
 selecting simultaneously for several characters. The objective of this study
 was to compare the efficiency of the indirect selection for grain yield
 utilizing one or several traits. During 1991 a long cycle segregating
 population of wheat was cultivated under three  dates and three densities of
 seeding, and two spatial arragements. From each experimentals unit two
 plants were selected for each one of following selection criteria:
 phenotypic, biological yield, earweight, harvest index and an index
 contituted by the later three characters. The progenies were evaluated in
 two sowing dates during 1992. For grain yield not significant differences
 between means corresponding to the selections criteria used were observed.
 In the other hand, for densities and spatial arrangements significant
 differences were found. Indirect selection for grain yield using more than
 one character simultaneously did not improved the efficiency of selection
 when compared with the visual selection or one character founded on.
 
 -------------------------
           C. Ferraris, B. Pantano, C. Principi, and R. Maich.
 
           Manipulating the Environment in Wheat Breeding. To determine the
 effect of selection environment on the genetic progress under marginal 
 conditionsof evaluation (Center Semiarid Region of Argentina), during 1990 
 six segregating populations of wheat with different biological cycles were
 cultivated in three locations (L) (Ferreyra, Marcos Juarez and Casilda) and 
 three sowing dates (SD) per site. From each experimental unit two plants
 were selected, wich progenies were tested in three (1991) and two (1992)
 dates of seeding in Ferreyra. For grain yield not significant differences
 were found between L or SD; but, significant L x SD existed.  In the
 marginal environmental conditions of selection the genetic progress was
 higher when the visual selection was accomplished in the later sowing date
 (July),while for the optimal ones (Marcos Juarez and Casilda) the derived
 lines selected in May (the earlier sowing date) performed better.
 
 -------------------------
           F. Bidinost, B. Ferro, G. Alemano, N. Guzman, and R. Maich. 
 
           The Effect of Density and Spatial Arrangement on the Efficiency of
 Visual Plant Selection in Wheat.  Among Factors Interactions.  The objective
 of this study was to determine the effect of plant density- D (25, 50 and
 100 seeds/ m2) and planting arrangement- S (equidistant: 10 x 10, 15 x 15
 and 20 x 20 cm; and rows: 5 x 20, 20 x 20 and 10 x 40 cm within and between
 rows respectively) on response to selection in three segregating populations
 of wheat with different biological cycles -C (early-, intermediate- and
 long-maturing crosses) and cultivate in three locations- L (Ferreyra, Marcos
 Juarez y and Casilda). Two S1 plants from each experimental units were
 selected, wich S1- derived lines were tested at Ferreyra for grain yield in
 three and two sowing dates during two years-Y(1991 and 1992 respectively).
 Taking account that the thrird degree interactions were significant,
 comparison between means were made according (CxL) x (DxS) and (LxY) x (DxS)
 graphics, wich reflected the distinct efficiency of densities used during
 visual plant selection on the genetic gaine according to the environmental
 condition under it was measured.
 
 -------------------------
           D. Bonelli, C. Olmos, M. Bianchi and R. Maich.
 
           Grid Selection in Wheat. The Effect of the Environmental Condition
 of Evaluation on the Genetic Gaine. To determine the effect of the micro-
 environmental variations on the efficiency of phenotypic selection, during
 1989 a bulk of F3 seeds constituted by 40 crosses was cultivated on a area
 of 900 m2 devided into 80 grids. A plant was selected from each grid. During
 three years, 1990 (annual rainfall: 696 mm), 1991 (annual rainfall: 806 mm)
 and 1992 (annual rainfall: 1357 mm) (historical mean: 791 mm), in two
 contrasting environmental conditions per year, two groups (superior and
 inferior) of 13 F3 derived lines each one were tested. The classification of
 the lines were performed on the baises of the agronomical characteristic of
 the grids from wich they derived. Grain yield (GY), biological yield (BY)
 and harvest index (HI) were recorded for each plot.  Not significant
 differences among groups were found for none character measured.  The
 environmental variation (years) caused a significant increase in the  source
 of variation due to years, wich may over-ride the advantage of
 characterizing the field after gridding.
 
 -------------------------
           M.Bianchi
 
           Preliminary Studies of the Screening Effect under Laboratory
 Controlated Conditions on the Field Response in  Wheat  Drought tolerance is
 an important feature in wheat breeding. Several constraints may delay the
 genetic progress, namely annual climate variations. This finding has led to
 use controled or semi controled environmental conditions and to select those
 seedlings with higher vigor within segregating populations. In 1991 wheat
 seed from three segregating populations were sown in lab, under different
 osmolites (polietilenglicol and manitol), and those seedlings wich grew
 earlier were selected. They were trasplanted in the greenhouse so as to
 harvest their seeds. In 1992 their progenies were sown in the field and the
 biological yield, grain yield and harvest index were assessed. Data were
 variance analized but no  significant differences were detected between
 treatments. Based on this result, it may be reported that the trait
 (seedling vigor) evaluated under polietilenglicol and manitol osmolite
 effects was of relatively little importance on the field response of the
 derived lines when cultivated under the semiarid environmental conditions of
 the Center Argentina.
 
 -------------------------
           Dubois M.E., Gaido Z.A., Manera G.A.
 
           Response to selection for proteins in early generations selection on
 yield in wheat. There is a preoccupation in the world in obtaining high
 protein contents and high yield in wheat. There are bibliographical
 documents that show that in a breeding programme in wheat, it is possible to
 select for yield and protein content simultaneously. The objetive of this
 work was to study the effect of early generation selection for total grain
 protein percentage on grain yield in wheat apt for the semiarid region in
 the center of Argentina (31* 12' latitude S, 64* 11' longitude W). One
 hundred F2:3 lines of wheat in three enviromental conditions were sowed, and
 a disruptive selection for high and low protein percentage was done, with a
 selection pressure of 15%. On the F2:4 lines evaluated, four characters
 associated to yield were measured. The groups selected for high and low
 protein percentage differed significatively. For the two proteic classes
 established, not significant influence on the gran yield characters studied
 were observed, supporting the hypothesis which says that there isn't an
 association between protein contents and grain yield in wheat cultivars apt
 for the semiarid region.
 
 -------------------------
           Maich R. and Bianchi M.
 
           Improvement of Cereal Crop Grain Yield in Semiarid  environments.
 Agricultural vs. Breeding "in  loco" Impact. To promove the socioeconomical
 development of the center semiarid region of Argentina is necessary to test
 different agricultural and genetics strategies and to establish priorites
 between them. During 1993 at Ferreyra (Cordoba) five experimental lines and
 two commercial varieties were evaluated. Two sowing dates were used (May and
 June). The experimental units (3.300m2) were constituted by 72 rows (15 cm
 appart) and 36 rows (30 cm appart). In both cases 150 seeds/m2 were used,
 nearly 50kg/ha. Grain yield (qq/ha) was determinated. The individual
 testment means were analized in a three factor experiment. The interaction
 involving genotypes, sowing dates and spatial arrangements were used as an
 error term. Significant difference between sowing dates (June better than
 May) and between spatial arrangements (15cm better than 30cm) were found,
 but not among genotypes. In the socioeconomical developing context of the
 unfavorable environment (semiarid region), admitting that the priority
 should be given to the agricultural practices rather than to the plant
 breeding "in loco", greater emphasis on genetics stress resistance are
 required to make yield improvement in this sense evident.
 
 -------------------------
           Conles M. and Salvadores M.C.
 
           Presence of Plant Diseases in the Semiarid Region of Argentina. This
 study analizes and compares the presence of diseases in wheat crop
 cultivated in the Center Semiarid Region of Argentina.In 1993, we studied 5
 experimental lines (T5, T7, T14, T24 and T38) and 3 commercial cultivars
 (Las Rosas INTA, Klein Cartucho and Prointa Oasis), sown in May and June.
 Various random samples were taken: during the emergence, tillering,
 flowering, grain filling period and maturity. For T14 experimental line,
 were faund, not significant number of plants with symptoms of
 Helmintosporium sp. In the commercial cultivar, Prointa Oasis, we observed
 not significant presence of Ustilago nuda. The environmental conditions of
 1993, normal for the region, did not promove the presence of diseases.
 Howeverlooking for in the future to develop through our plant breeding
 programme similar experimental lines to T14 type, is necessary to take
 account these pleriminary results abaut Helmintosporium sesibility.
 
 -------------------------
            Barrientos, M.
 
            Rent increase for double cropping associated with wheat. In
 semi arid regions wheat crop can be an important link of the rotation chain.
 Besides diversification autputs, its inclusion allows an adequate control of
 pests and it may become an important contribution to the improvement of soil
 structure with its subsecuent economic profits (e.g. to diminish pesticides
 costs, fertilizers, etc.). Although it  is necessary to do a fallow allowing
 water accumulation (summer and autumn rains), from an economic point of
 view, it is not advisable to assing a plot of land exclusively to this
 single crup throughout the whole year. Experimental results showed that
 delaying seedtime has not had negative impact on the final yield (19.4 qq
 for 15/16 May sowing vs. 21.4 qq when sowing 19/20 June). This fact allows
 us to conclude that from January to May we could sow another crop which,
 with the sole condition of not significantly affecting water storage within
 the soil (e.g. fallow by overgrazing for rainwater accumulation in subsoil),
 would allow us to notably increase land rent.
 
 -------------------------
            Catedra de Cereales. Facultad de Agronomia. Universidad de
 Buenos Aires, Instituto de Recursos Biologicos-CIRN and Instituto de
 Biologia Molecular-CICV. INTA-Castelar.
 
            Sergio E. Feingold,  H. Esteban Hopp and Enrique Y. Suarez
 
            Breadmaking quality in Argentinean wheats: Its relationship
 with HMW glutenin subunits and other grain protein fractions.  The following
 abstract represents the tesis work presented by the former author at the
 Escuela de Posgrado de la Facultad de Agronomia (UBA) in partial fulfillment
 of his M. Sc. degree in Plant Production.
 
            Breadmaking quality variation is related to differences in
 protein content and protein type.  Among storage proteins, it has been
 reported that variation in the high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunit
 composition can explain about 50% of breadmaking quality in European and
 North-american varieties.
 In Argentina, breeding started early in this century, and traditional old
 wheat varieties were well known for their ability to raise breadmaking
 properties of poor quality flours after mixing.
 
            Analysis of nine representative argentinean wheat varieties
 (ranging from 1912 to 1984) showed no relationship between protein
 concentration and breadmaking quality estimated by the SDS sedimentation
 test. HMW glutenin subunit composition (and its calculated Glu-1 quality
 score) was in agreement with SDS sedimentation volumes in six varieties.
 However, high sedimentation volumes were found in low Glu-1 scored genotypes
 and viceversa. Thus, the Glu-1 quality score cannot be used alone to predict
 breadmaking quality in this type of materials.  Klein 32 showed a good
 quality despite having the same HMW glutenin subunits than Chinese Spring, a
 poor baking quality genotype. Genetic analysis performed using the F1
 monosomic reciprocal method showed that the higher SDS sedimentation values
 of Klein 32 flour were associated to the presence of 1B and 1D chromosomes
 and not to the homeologous group 6 chromosomes. Therefore, low molecular
 weight glutenin and/or g and w gliadin composition can be responsible of the
 observed variation in breadmaking quality, and are being furtherly
 investigated to associate particular subunits of these protein fractions
 with this trait.
 
 -------------------------
            Genetics Institute, INTA, 1712 Castelar, BS. As.
 
            A. Acevedo
 
            Isolation of a gibberellic acid sensitive mutant in the wheat
 (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Leones INTA.  A mutagenic treatment was
 performed in the Argentine bread wheat cultivar Leones INTA, which carries a
 gene for semidwarfism (Rht2).  Seeds were soaked overnight in ethylmethane
 sulphonate (EMS, 2%) solution and planted in the field.  Four spikes/M1
 plant were individually harvested. Next M(2) seeds were planted, and tall
 and short M(2) plants corresponding to 39 independent spikes were selected,
 and their M(3) progenies cytologically analyzed.  Aneuploidy explained the
 tall phenotypes observed in 35 out of the 39 segregating spikes.  
 Electrophoretic analyses performed in the 4 euploid M(3) progenies revealed
 that only one progeny had the patterns of several isozymes and storage
 proteins (gliadins and glutenins) identical to Leones INTA.  To further
 examine this progeny, hydroponic tests (1x10-(5) gibberellic acid) and
 seedling height measurements were determined.  A 1:2:1
 (Rht2/Rht2:Rht2/rht2:rht2/rht2) segregation ratio was demonstrated, which
 correlated precisely with the adult M(2) height phenotypes observed. Taken
 together, these data indicate that an homocygous (rht2/rht2) gibberellic
 acid sensitive mutant has been isolated in the wheat cultivar Leones INTA.
 
            Sedimentation test: a useful tool to evaluate nutritional and
 bread-making quality in wheat progenies.  The Triticum aestivum L. wheat
 mutant Gama 1R (high lysine content, low sedimentation value) was crossed
 with its motherline Sinvalocho M. A. (low lysine content, high sedimentation
 value).  The material was genealogically conducted and the linear
 correlation coefficient calculated in F(3) progenies between these genetic
 traits was r=0.45** (N=61).  Based exclusively upon sedimentation values,
 disruptive selection was applied in F(3) progenies using a 18% selection
 intensity.  Two distinct groups composed of several selected lines each were
 evaluated separately.  In F(7) seeds the following nutritional and bread-
 making quality tests were determined: protein and lysine  content, humid and
 dry gluten, flour and seed humidity, 1000 seed weight, sedimentation test,
 water absorption, Chopin's alveogram, and loaf volume.  Data analyses
 demonstrated that associations among these genetic traits were statistically
 significant, and that sedimentation value was positively correlated with
 each tested trait, whereas lysine content was negatively correlated.  These
 results underscore the utility of the sedimentation test to indirectly
 characterize wheat genotypes with good nutritional balance and bread-making
 quality.
 
 -------------------------
                      ITEMS FROM AUSTRALIA
 
 QUEENSLAND
 
      QWRI Toowoomba
 
           Paul Brennan, Phillip Banks, John Sheppard, Peter Keys, Lloyd
           Mason, Martin Fiske, Peter Agius, Jamie Ross
 
      Wheat Breeding.  Wheat breeding activities for the north east wheat
 growing region of Australia are, in the near future, to be the
 responsibility of a closely coordinated program involving the wheat breeding
 groups at the Plant Breeding Institute, Narrabri (NSW) and the Queensland
 Wheat Research Institute.  The combined group will endeavour to produce high
 yielding better quality varieties with resistance/tolerance to as many of
 the following diseases as possible:  stem, leaf and stripe (yellow) rust,
 flag smut, yellow (tan) spot, root lesion nematode, crown rot and common
 root rot.  Emphasis will also be directed towards the incorporation of
 Russian wheat resistance into a number of varieties although this pest is
 not, as far as we are aware, in Australia.
 
      Seasonal Conditions.  The drought conditions that prevailed in northern
 Australia in 1991 and 1992 continued and intensified in Queensland in 1993. 
 The estimated production for 1993 was 400 000 tons which is 1 million tons
 less than average.  This drought is thought to result from the El Nino
 effect due to an abnormal pattern of surface water temperatures in the
 southern Pacific Ocean.  The most common period of the year for these
 patterns to revert to normal is March/May.
 While Queensland experienced severe drought in 1993, northern NSW
 experienced an exceptionally good year with about 37 cm of growing season
 rainfall in many places.
 
      Varieties Released.   Three varieties were released from the QWRI
 program but seed of only two of these will be made available to growers in
 1994.  The third, Tasman, was found at the last moment to have lower water
 absorption than required on the export market.  However, there are strong
 indication that some domestic flour millers may wish to source substantial
 quantities of this variety.
 
      The general features of these varieties are:
 
 Pelsart (Potam 70/4*Cook;  QT4639)
 
      The primary reason for release is its high level of tolerance to the
 root lesion nematode which was obtained from Potam 70.
 
      Pelsart has resistance to stem, leaf and stripe rust, flag smut, crown
 rot and common root rot.  It has excellent milling quality and its yield is
 about the average of the current commercial varieties of similar maturity .
 
 Rowan (QT2338/4*Hartog;  QT4636)
 
      This variety was bred by removing the awns (beards) from Hartog.  The
 purpose in this was to improve the animal utilisation of failed crops in a
 region where growers take more risk with frost than is normal in Queensland.
 
      Other effects of the awn removal breeding are:
 
      - higher yield
      - later maturity
      - low, but useful level of yellow spot resistance.
 
 Tasman (Torres Gaboto/Siete Cerros Bluebird CIANO;  QT4546)
 
      This is a high yielding quick maturing variety with high dough
 extensibility, good flour yield and colour and lower farinograph water
 absorption.  It also has a high level of tolerance to the root lesion
 nematode though not as good as Pelsart.  It was seen as a competitor to
 Hartog for main season plantings.  However, seed will not be released to
 growers until the requirements for this variety by the domestic milling
 industry are clarified.
 
      Breeding Activities.   The drought conditions prevailing in 1993
 severely restricted pre-release evaluation particularly in central
 Queensland where one trial only was obtained after supplementary irrigation. 
 Almost a full program of Preliminary Yield Evaluation Trials (F(4)/F(5)
 level) and Strain Trials (F(6)\F(7)) were obtained largely through the
 application of supplementary irrigation.  Consequently, there will be only
 minimal dislocation to our breeding program.
 
      The particular features of the 1993 season were:
 
      - the development of approximately 200 Janz/Cunningham backcross
      derivatives with apparent weathering resistance derived from Transvaal.
 
      - the high yields of a number of backcross derived lines with yellow
      spot resistance.
 
      - a number of promising common root rot resistant lines have reached
      later generations.
 
      Staff.  Dr Phillip Banks is spending 3 months at INRA, France, where he
 will be working with French scientists on the exploitation of inter-specific
 translocations for barley yellow dwarf resistance he developed.
 
      Ms Meryl Fordyce has joined the program to work on the transfer of
 genes for stem rust resistance from Thinopyron sp to wheat.
 
      Visiting Scientists.  The following have or are spending time at QWRI
 to work in the wheat breeding program:
 
      - Mr Kenji Yagasaki (Japan)
      - Mr Ma Wujun (China)
      - Mr Jan Mulder (Netherlands)
      - Ms Elka Krammer (Germany)
  
 Research Activities
 
      Wheat/Rye Translocations
      Meryl Fordyce, Phillip Banks, Paul Brennan
 
      Ms Fordyce identified a number of lines containing SR31 on IRS but
 lacking the Sec 1 locus.  The population she worked on was derived by
 pollinating Oxley with pollen from an Oxley backcross derivative containing
 IBL/IRS which had been irradiated with gama rays.
 
      These lines will be assessed for surface dough stickiness.  The work
 constituted Ms Fordyce's undergraduate project.
 
      Genotype x Environmental Interactions
      Ian Delacy, Mark Cooper, John Sheppard, David Butler, Paul Brennan
 
      Funding has been obtained for a project headed by Mr Ian Delacy and Dr
 Mark Cooper of the University of Queensland with Dr Frank Ellison of Sydney
 University and Mr David Butler (DPI Toowoomba).  This project aims to
 examine the ge interactions for the whole north east wheat growing region
 with a view to rationalising wheat varietal evaluation in Queensland.
 
      Molecular and Other Markers for Weathering Resistance
      Wendy Lawson, Ma Wujun, Ian Godwin, Mark Cooper, Paul Brennan
 
      The objective of this study is to locate molecular and/or other markers
 for the two genes for weathering resistance.  This is being accomplished
 using random inbred lines derived by single seed descent to develop a low
 and a high weathering resistant bulk and examining these for polymorphisms. 
 Ms Lawson had identified a RAPD marker closely linked to one gene at the
 termination of the funding.  Mr Ma Wujun has assumed responsibility for this
 project.
 
      Transfer Of An alpha-amylase Inhibitor Gene From Barley To Wheat
      Ian Haak, Paul Brennan, Gay Mckinnon and Robert Henry
 
      One of the main results of rain on harvest ready grain is the
 degredation of the endosperm starch by alpha-amylase.  The barley asi gene
 produces a protein which is capable of inhibiting wheat alpha-amylase. 
 Transfer of this gene to wheat was accomplished using tissue culture. 
 Crosses were made between the addition line CS+2H and the cultivar Hartog. 
 Immature embryos were used as the explant source.  Regenerated plants were
 selfed and the R1 progeny were screened for the presence of several PCR
 markers.  The PCR markers utilised were the gene itself, several annomyous
 markers and two repeat sequence markers.  The screening results from several
 families indicated that they had retained the asi gene but were missing some
 of the other markers.  One of these families has been studied in more
 detail.  Plants in this family carried a normal compliment of 42 chromosomes
 and backcrossing to Hartog revealed that the translocation was transmitted
 through pollen.  The rate of transmission through pollen is currently being
 determined.  Further investigations will examine other families to determine
 how useful these translocations will be in a practical breeding situation. 
 
 -------------------------
      Markers For Wheat Quality Attributes.
      S J Kammholz, P S Brennan, P M Banks, D J Martin,  M W Sutherland, R
      Ramage, R Marshke and D Butler
 
      The aim of the project is to identify easily selectable markers for
 genes controlling several wheat quality attributes including flour yield,
 flour colour, dough extensibility and dough development time.  It is
 intended that inbred lines will be rapidly developed which can be evaluated
 for the target attribute and then used in a bulked segregant analysis.  At
 present, doubled haploid lines are being developed through wheat x maize
 crosses followed by colchicine-induced chromosome doubling.  Wheat plants
 are being emasculated just prior to anthesis and the heads covered with
 glassine crossing bags.  Wheat heads are pollinated 4 - 5 days after
 emasculation.  One day after pollination a dilute solution of 2,4-
 dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid is injected into the last internode and onto
 each floret.  Embryos are rescued within 21 days post-pollination and grown
 "in vitro".  Fertilisation (embryo production) rates range from 0 - 70% with
 the mean level of fertilisation being around 40% in winter and dropping off
 to less than 20% in summer.  Over one thousand haploid plants have been
 produced at QWRI in the 9 months since this stage of the project was
 initiated.  Colchicine-induced chromosome doubling is currently being
 undertaken and many doubled haploid lines have been produced.  Colchicine
 rates of 0.05 - 0.1% are used in conjunction with 2 - 4% dimethylsulfoxide
 (DMSO).  Chromosome doubling rates to date are low and indicate the need for
 further investigations.
 
      Raechelle Ramage from the University of Southern Queensland has been
 using SDS-PAGE to separate reduced, whole-protein extracts from the seed of
 cultivars selected for high or low performance with respect to the quality
 attributes;  flour yield, whiteness index, short dough development time and
 dough extensibility.  The technique has proved to be quick and reliable and
 will be employed by Steven Kammholz.  Our aim is to identify protein markers
 tightly linked to the above mentioned quality characters.  The usefulness of
 these protein markers will be compared with molecular markers developed by
 PCR/RFLP.
 
 -------------------------
      Crown Rot Research in Queensland
      G. B. Wildermuth, R. B. McNamara and T. M. Sparks
 
      Although the area planted to wheat in Queensland was lower than average
 in 1993, crown rot (CR) still affected many crops particularly in the
 southern part of the wheat area.  Judges in the RAS Wheat Crop Competition
 (Inglewood Society) indicated that CR was widespread in crops that they
 judged, particularly in crops near the Queensland-New South Wales border. 
 As in previous years, reports have shown that CR is occurring in wheat crops
 as early as the fourth crop after clearing.
 
      A new cultivar, Pelsart, was released from the Queensland Wheat
 Breeding Program in 1993.  This cultivar has a degree of partial resistance
 to crown rot.  Amongst 16 cultivars recommended for growth in Queensland,
 there are now three with partial resistance to this disease.  Those with
 this form of resistance are all quick maturing cultivars.  Cultivars with
 resistance to the disease particularly in mid or long season cultivars are
 needed.  Currently, seven cultivars/lines with partial resistance to the
 disease have been identified.  In collaboration with Dr P Brennan,
 resistance is being incorporated into the cultivars, Vasco, Hartog,
 Cunningham and Batavia.
 
      Twenty two cultivars and advanced lines from the Queensland and
 University of Sydney Wheat Breeding Programs were tested for susceptibility
 to crown rot in a field test.  One cultivar and one line showed levels of
 partial resistance to the disease.
 
      Durum cultivars have been found to be very susceptible to crown rot. 
 Losses of up to 51% have been found in naturally infected plants.  A search
 for sources of resistance to crown rot in durum cultivars will be initiated
 in the next 12 months.
 
      Common Root Rot.  In spite of the dry winter during 1993, the level of
 common root rot was high and more severe than in the previous two years. 
 Amongst the 16 cultivars recommended for growth in Queensland, six have
 partial resistance to this disease.  The backcross program to incorporate
 resistance into adapted cultivars is continuing with some advanced lines
 being currently tested in yield trials.
 
 -------------------------
 NEW SOUTH WALES
 
      Agricultural Research Centre, Tamworth
 
      R.A. Hare
 
      Durum Wheat.  The 1993 Australian durum wheat harvest realised 150,000
 tonnes, a new record.  Excellent growing conditions in northern New South
 Wales, and an average season in South Australia gave farmers yields well
 above average.  Commercial dryland yields in the range of 5 to 6 tonnes per
 hectare were not unusual.  There was a complete turn around in the domestic
 supply situation, from a shortage of millable grain in 1993 and the
 importation of 10,000 tonnes, to a substantial surplus to domestic needs in
 1994.  This surplus will be exported onto a world market where prices are
 rather high, due to poor harvests in the northern hemisphere.  Despite the
 increased yields, grain quality was generally good, although grain protein
 levels were down by about 0.5 to 1.0%.
 
      While most durum wheat is still produced in northern New South Wales
 and South Australia, more growers are trialling durum wheat in Queensland,
 Central/Southern NSW, Victoria and Western Australia.
 
      Growers are keen to diversify from mainstream cereal production to
 niche grain types.
 
      Durum Cultivar Improvement.  A new high quality cultivar "Wollaroi" was
 released on 20th October 1993 at the Agricultural Research Centre, Tamworth. 
 Wollaroi is a bearded, free-threshing, short to medium statured durum wheat
 of early maturity.  It displays adequate resistance to Australian field
 pathotypes of stem rust, leaf rust, stripe rust, yellow leaf spot, stinking
 bunt, flag smut, septoria leaf blotch, black point and root lesion nematode
 but is susceptible to crown rot.  Wollaroi has consistently produced grain
 with at least 0.5% more protein than the check cultivars, Kamilaroi and
 Yallaroi, without significant loss of grain yield.  Dough strength (strong)
 is equivalent to Yallaroi, and combined with the increased protein results
 in reduced loss of solids during pasta cooking.  Semolina colour is
 excellent with increased yellow pigment levels over the checks.
 
 -------------------------
      The University of Sydney, Plant Breeding Institute
 
      K. Adhikari, J. Bell, A.M.Bennet, L.W. Burgess, G.N. Brown, C.Zhao, H-S
      Hwang, S.Johnston, R.A. McIntosh, D.R. Marshall, J.D. Oates, R.F. Park,
      J.E. Roake, P.J. Sharp, F.Stoddard, D.The, M.Turner, C.R.Wellings,
      Department of Crop Sciences, Sydney and PBI Cobbitty, NSW
 
      National Wheat Rust Control Program 
 
      Pathogenicity Surveys:  A threatened stem rust epidemic following high
 levels of inoculum increase on self-sown cereals during an unusually wet
 harvest and summer of 1992/93 in South Australia did not eventuate.  An
 active public awareness campaign and a dry period, which delayed planting of
 the 1993 crop, led to an increase in the use of rust resistant cultivars and
 fungicide seed dressings to reduce early infections.  Continued drought
 conditions in Queensland meant few leaf and stem rust samples from our
 normally most rust-prone environment.
 
      Leaf rust was widespread in western and southern regions, but was not
 as severe as in 1993. Pathotype 122-1,2,3,(6),(7),11, an Lr2a-virulent
 mutant of the previous dominant pathotype 104-2,3,(6),(7),11, increased in
 frequency in South Australia despite the absence of Lr2a in the host
 population.
 
      Although widespread, stripe rust became damaging only in a small area
 of South Australia.  It continues to be absent in Western Australia.  A
 project investigating an apparent increase in the occurrence of stripe rust
 on barley grass, (Hordeum leporinum and H. glaucum) has established that
 pathogenic variation occurs on this species complex.  Increased virulence on
 barley grass may account for the preferential survival of pathotypes with
 the lowest range of virulence on wheat.  The most frequent isolates from
 wheat and barley grass were pathotyped as 104 E137 A+ and 104 E137 A- on the
 wheat differential set.
 
      Host Genetics and Cytogenetics:  A non-designated gene for stem rust
 resistance in Norin 40 is closely linked (but not allelic) with the Sr5
 locus.  A gene (SrX) for stem rust resistance present in chromosome 1D from
 T. tauschii, but having the same specificity as Sr21 in chromosome 2A of T.
 monococcum, is located proximal to Sr33.  The gene order is Lr21-Gli-Sr33-
 SrX-centromere-Glu-D1.  A leaf rust resistance gene in the Japanese rye
 derivative, ST-1, was located in chromosome 2A.  According to Kansas State
 University workers, the Lr24 Sr24 genes, that we previously reported in
 Amigo, are located in the chromosome 1BS satellite.  A number of cultivars
 and experimental recombinant individuals with Lr13 and Lr23 in coupling were
 shown to carry Ne2m suggesting that Ne2m and Lr23 are on opposite sides of
 Lr13 in chromosome 2BS, or that Ne2m is much closer to Lr13 than is Lr23.
 
      A monosomic series in a selection of Australian cv Avocet is nearing
 completion.  This series is being developed for genetic and cytogenetic
 studies of APR to stripe rust.  The Avocet selection is very susceptible to
 Australian isolates of P. striiformis. We hope this series will be useful
 for international work and in this respect, Dr.R.P. Singh has reported that
 it is very susceptible in Mexico.  Single gene segregation for APR in a Joss
 Cambier/Avocet cross has validated the genotype Yr11Yr11 for Joss Cambier -
 the gene is not located to a chromosome.  Seedling genes for stripe rust
 resistance were tentatively located in chromosome 1B (derivative of durum
 K733) and chromosome 2B (Ciano 79 - the Selkirk gene which occurs at
 moderate frequency in CIMMYT wheat populations).
 
      Germplasm Screening and Enhancement:  Good epidemics at our two
 Cobbitty sites infected with different pathotypes of the three rusts enabled
 screening of more than 30,000 breeders' lines.  Two further VPM1
 derivatives, Sunvale (a Cook derivative) and Trident (a Spear derivative)
 were selected by breeders from backcross populations developed by the
 enhancement program.
 
      
      Tan (yellow) Spot Program.  Tan spot was widespread in central and
 northern NSW due to favourable seasonal conditions in 1993.  Approximately
 40 isolates were collected for pathogenicity tests. Field screening
 activities were enhanced by the establishment of a tan spot disease nursery
 remote from rust screening areas.  Breeding lines were identified with
 adequate levels of tan spot resistance and these were retained for further
 selection at Narrabri.  Greenhouse screening continues to be based on
 pathogen response and the correlated effects of toxins derived from culture
 filtrates.
 
      Biotechnology Laboratory.  Progress has been made in the 1-D
 electrophoretic separation of wheat "waxy" proteins.  The so-called waxy
 proteins or granule-bound starch synthases of wheat are associated with
 amylose level in wheat starch, as in other cereals.  Workers in Japan have
 been able to separate one of the three homoeo-proteins from the other two by
 1-D SDS/PAGE, and can separate all three of the proteins by the use of 2-D
 SDS/IEF electrophoresis of starch granule proteins.  They also showed that
 these three proteins are encoded by genes on chromosome arms 7AS, 4AS, and
 7DS.
 
      We have developed a modified 1-D SDS/PAGE system which clearly
 separates these three homoeo-proteins.  The system relies on using thin gels
 as well as changes to the concentration of acrylamide, and to the pH of both
 the gel and running buffers, followed by silver staining of the gel.  This
 more rapid procedure (compared to a 2-D gel method) is enabling wheat
 germplasm to be screened for null variants, as well as variants with low
 expression levels of the waxy proteins.  Preliminary results suggest, as the
 Japanese workers found, that null alleles of the loci located on chromosomes
 7A and 4A are relatively common, while nulls at the 7D locus are extremely
 rare.
 
 -------------------------
      I.A.Watson Wheat Research Institute, Narrabri, NSW, F.W.Ellison,
      D.J.Mares, S.G.Moore, K.Mrva, L.O'Brien, R.M.Trethowan
 
      Wheat Improvement Program.  Two new prime hard quality wheat varieties
 were released for commercial production. Sunmist, a mid-season maturing
 cultivar, has improved stem and stripe rust resistance compared with Miskle,
 the cultivar it is intended to replace.  Sunstate, a main season maturing
 cultivar, represents a significant improvement over Hartog, the cultivar it
 is designed to replace, due to  improved milling quality and extensibility,
 and shorter bakery development time.  Sunstate has been protected by Plant
 Variety Rights because its adaptation and quality attributes could suit
 spring wheat production zones of other wheat growing countries.  It is
 currently being evaluated in Spain under a reciprocal agreement.
 
      This past year has seen the joint release of a stem, leaf and stripe
 rust resistant feed grade wheat with the NSW Department of Agriculture. 
 Warbler is a high yielding cultivar which gives growers a new option in
 wheat production.  A new prime hard quality rust resistant wheat with good
 field tolerance to root lesion nematode was named Sunvale.  Three advanced
 lines, SUN224A, SUN190A and SUN234A were approved for release by the Uniform
 Quality Testing Committee.
 
      Late Maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) in Wheat:  Some wheat cultivars
 develop unacceptably high levels of alpha-amylase in the grains during the
 later stages of ripening in the absence of rain or preharvest sprouting. 
 Initial work focussed on two cultivars, Spica and Lerma 52, which
 consistently produce high alpha-amylase grain (falling number 180-280 sec)
 in a wide range of environmental conditions.  In these cultivars the enzyme
 activity is highest in grains near the centre of the spike and in the 1st
 and 2nd grains in each spikelet.  Within grains the activity was distributed
 evenly in proximal and distal portions and appeared to have originated from
 the aleurone.  In contrast to germinated grains, where the activation
 stimulus is produced by the embryo, there was no marked gradient of
 activity. This suggests that the LMA response involves a general activation
 of the aleurone system or a specific activation of the alpha-amylase genes
 in the aleurone tissue.  Analysis of populations derived from test crosses
 between these high amylase lines and Chinese Spring, a low amylase genotype,
 provided clear evidence that LMA is controlled by a single gene which is
 inherited in a recessive manner.  Thus in segregating populations there were
 25% of lines homozygous for high alpha-amylase, 25% homozygous for a low
 alpha-amylase and 50% of lines which were heterozygous but had a low amylase
 phenotype.  Lines in the latter group were LMA carriers, but were
 indistinguishable from the low amylase homozygotes on the basis of alpha-
 amylase phenotype.
 
      Other genotypes which consistently produce LMA include Reeves (WA) and
 Veery #1, #5 and #7. The phenomenon appears to be relatively widespread in
 breeding programs in southern Australia, Mexico and northern Japan.  In
 addition, a number of genotypes have now been identified which exhibit LMA
 on an irregular and unpredictable basis.  These include the advanced
 breeding lines BD159 (Victoria) and W1113 (WA) and the Septoria resistant
 stock Cleo/Inia.  In these genotypes the LMA appears to be triggered by a
 period of low temperature, possibly in association with high humidity,
 during the early to mid-stage of grain development.  The response can be
 duplicated in cultivars such as BD159 and Cleo/Inia by transferring plants
 from the field to a cool greenhouse (e.g. 10deg night to 20degC day)
 approximately 10 days after flowering.  The specific environmental
 conditions required and the location of the sensitive phase in grain
 development has not been established.
 
 -------------------------
      CSIRO Grain Quality Research Laboratory,(formerly Wheat Research Unit),
      Division of Plant Industry, North Ryde (Sydney)
 
      C. W. Wrigley
 
      A fuller account of our research activities and a list of publications
 is provided in our Annual Report, available on request.  During 1993, two of
 the staff at Sydney (Dr J. Skerritt and Ms A. Hill) transferred to the
 Canberra laboratories of our CSIRO division.  Dr F. MacRitchie was awarded
 the F. B. Gutherie Medal of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute s Cereal
 Chemistry Division.
 
      Better testing of wheat quality.  Australia has always confined
 commercial production to white-grained wheats.  With the limited release of
 some red-grained varieties of wheat for commercial cultivation, there is the
 urgent need for efficient procedures to distinguish red- from white-grained
 varieties.  We have developed visual and instrumental procedures for this
 purpose, including a viewing box that accentuates colour differences.  This
 viewing system is being used by several breeders to assist in the
 segregation of red from white progeny.
 
      Grain hardness is a major distinguishing factor determining quality
 type.  We have been studying the biochemical basis of grain hardness,
 focusing on a "grain softness protein" of Mr 15,000 as a possible means of
 chemically detecting and genetically manipulating grain hardness.
 
      In practice, Australian wheat is segregated according to quality type
 on the basis of variety.  Our ability to identify varietal efficiently is
 thus  important and it has been the focus of study using electrophoretic
 methods and HPLC.  The full range of methods of identification of food
 grains is being described in a book which has just been edited for the
 American Association of Cereal Chemists.
 
      The level of treatment of grain with chemical protectants has become a
 very important factor in grain marketing.  To simplify the task of
 monitoring residue levels in grain, we have developed a series of test kits,
 based on the use of antibodies, to provide efficient analysis of multiple
 samples in the laboratory or rapid (15 minutes) detection in the field. 
 These studies have involved the development of new chemical procedures for
 coupling the pesticide to proteins to produce a satisfactory immunogen and
 careful monitoring of the specificity of the antibodies.  Most of the
 initial work has centred on wheat grain and derived products, but it has
 also included other grain species, including aspects specific to barley. 
 Many of the grain-protectant test kits developed are now being manufactured
 and marketed by the Millipore Corporation.  More recently, we have been
 asked to extend this research to include the development of similar testing
 methods suited to the requirements of the cotton and irrigation industries.
 
      Dough quality in wheat.  Dough properties are the main factor
 distinguishing wheat from all other grains in its utilisation potential and
 in its market value.  The small-scale series of direct-drive Mixographs
 developed in our division has proved valuable for analysing dough properties
 for small samples of flour or wheatmeal in breeding programs and in research
 applications.  The two-gram version has been manufactured for sale by the
 holder of the Mixograph trade mark, TMCO-National Manufacturing (Lincoln,
 Nebraska, USA).This equipment has permitted direct observation of the
 effects of isolated gluten polypeptides, providing evidence that is largely
 confirmatory of previous and current observations based on correlative
 studies  Our biochemical and genetic studies have concentrated on the gluten
 polypeptides (both high- and low- molecular-weight classes) in bread wheats
 and durums, and the manner of their aggregation to form the gluten matrix. 
 Study of interaction with lipids has also been necessary to understand the
 functionality of gluten proteins.  The use of antibody probes has provided
 information about the amino-acid sequences most likely to modify dough
 strength (resistance to extension).  The results of those studies are
 providing the basis of a model of how the various components of dough
 interact, leading in turn to an understanding of deficiencies in dough
 properties for wheat genotypes containing the addition of rye chromatin. 
 
      Biochemical testing for dough properties.  The emerging picture of how
 the components of dough interact provides a sound basis for devising more
 reliable tests for dough properties, or at least for understanding their
 potential limitations.  For example, a direct testing system has now been
 devised to identify the presence of genes for the high-molecular-weight
 subunits of glutenin, even using DNA from a sample of wheat leaf.  Antibody-
 based testing has been applied to the evaluation of dough strength in
 breeding lines and to the identification of specific chromosome
 substitutions.  More conventional electrophoretic and chromatographic
 methods also have a place in the research or breeding evaluation of dough
 properties and a computer program (Gene Jar) has been developed to provide
 access to gluten-protein-allele information.
 
      In parallel with our analysis of the genetic determinants of dough
 properties, we have obtained evidence about how genetic potential is
 modified by growth environment during grain filling, particularly by heat
 stress, carbon dioxide supply and sulfur deficiency.
 
 -------------------------
                      ITEMS FROM AUSTRIA
 
      Institute of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural University
      Vienna
 
      H. Grausgruber, H. Burstmayr, M. Lemmens, and P. Ruckenbauer
 
      Investigations on head blight (Fusarium spp.) of wheat. Head blight
 (scab) caused by Fusarium spp. (FHB) is a wheat disease of increasing
 importance In Austria the most common pathogens causing FHB are F.
 graminearum and F. culmorum. The presence of mycotoxins in diseased kernels
 is of considerable concern in wheat growing areas, and their occurrence in
 food and feed was found to be associated with chronic or accute
 mycotoxicoses in man and livestock. Research activities on FHB carried out
 at our institute focus on the following topics:
 
 1) A reliable artificial inoculation method is a prerequisite for FHB
 investigations. Experiments to optimize inoculation methods are being
 carried out, their objective is the reduction of the genotype by environment
 interaction.  
 
 2)  Currently the introduction of resistant varieties seems to be the most
 promising way to control FHB. A resistance breeding program in cooperation
 with commercial breeders started in 1991. FHB resistance of current wheat
 lines was investigated. Although a considerable variability in
 susceptibility was detected, no highly resistant genotypes were found.
 Highly resistant genotypes were collected from all over the world. Their
 resistance was tested and confirmed under Austrian conditions. Crosses
 between agronomically well adapted Austrian and resistant genotypes were
 carried out. The progenies of these crosses are further examined and put at
 the breeders disposal.
 
 3) A winter wheat nursery of 25 genotypes has been investigated during three
 years in cooperation with four European research institutes (INRA Rennes,
 France; LSA Hohenheim, Germany; CRI Szeged, Hungary; CPRO-DLO Wageningen,
 The Netherlands) at six different locations all over Europe. The genotypes
 were artificially inoculated with several isolates of F. graminearum, F.
 culmorum and F. nivalis. The results prove the horizontal non-species
 specific character of resistance to FHB in wheat.
 
 4) Studies on the genetics of FHB resistance are carried out with the
 backcross reciprocal monosomic analysis. In addition existing substitution
 lines (susceptible acceptor and resistant donor) which were obtained from T.
 Worland (IPSR Norwich) are investigated. Another approach is the analysis of
 double haploids (anther culture) resulting from crosses between susceptible
 and highly resistant genotypes.
 
 5) Currently a simple laboratory test based on Fusarium toxin containing
 media is being developed to predict FHB resistance on the seedling level.
 Correlation coefficients between data of this test and visual scoring data
 of the field experiments range from 0.6 to 0.7.
 
                         Publications.
 
 Lemmens, M., Burstmayr, H. and Ruckenbauer, P. (1993) Variation in Fusarium
 head blight susceptibility of international and Austrian wheat breeding
 material. Die Bodenkultur 44, 65-78.
 
 Van Eeuwijk, F.A., Mesterhazy, A., Kling, C.I., Ruckenbauer, P., Saur, L.,
 Burstmayr, H., Lemmens, M., Keizer, L.C.P., Maurin, N. and Snijders, C.H.A.
 1994. Assessing non-specificity of resistance of wheat to head blight caused
 by inoculation with European strains of Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum
 and F. nivale, using a multiplicative model for interaction. Plant Breeding,
 submitted.
 
 Lemmens, M., Reisinger, A., Burstmayr, H. and Ruckenbauer, P. 1994. Breeding
 for head blight (Fusarium spp.) in wheat: development of a mycotoxin-based
 selection method of seedlings. In Acta Horticultura (ISHS) 355, 223-232,
 Eds: Van Bockstaele, E. and Heursel, J. .
 
 -------------------------
      S. Groger, H. Bistrich, T. Lelley
 
      Breeding for bread making quality of wheat using protein
 electrophoresis.  After establishing a protein electrophoresis unit in our
 institute and introducing the techniques of SDS-PAGE and APAGE, we started
 to investigate the Hungarian and Austrian wheat material - at present in the
 official trials in both countries - for their HMW-glutenin subunit
 genotypes. The investigation revealed a relative frequent occurrence of the
 1BL/1RS translocation (approx. 15% in the Austrian and >50% in the Hungarian
 material). The Austrian cultivar "Ferdinand" turned out to be a complete
 1B/1R substitution with the HMW glutenin subunit composition of Glu-A1: 1,
 Sec-3, Glu-D1: 5+10. This variety is considered as one of high bread making
 quality. Some of the lines showed heterogeneity for both the HMW glutenin
 subunit composition and for the presence of the  translocation. These lines
 were subdivided into the different components, they will be compared as pure
 lines for their bread making quality and for other characteristics. After
 determining SDS sedimentation values and total protein content of the
 genotypes, the effect of HMW subunits and that of the 1BL/1RS translocation
 on bread making quality in the Austrian and Hungarian material will be
 estimated.
 
      Crosses were made between genotypes of Austrian and Hungarian origin
 with the intention to combine HMW subunits giving the highest possible score
 value according to Payne et al. (1987 J.Sci.Food Agric. 40, 51-65). DH and
 SSD techniques are being applied to obtain pure lines in the fastest
 possible way. Conventional handling of the progeny will be made by co-
 operating breeding stations in Austria and in Hungary. Some crosses were
 done between sublines of cultivars heterogeneous for the 1BL/1RS
 translocation to study the effect of the translocation on quantitative
 traits especially on yield and adaptation.
 
      APAGE is applied to determine the gliadin genotype of the above
 described material. Moreover, we established the technique of extracting all
 non glutenin proteins from the extraction sample by 70% ethanol and DMSO
 (Gupta and Shepherd 1990 Theor Appl Genet  80, 65-74) to investigate the
 effect of LMW glutenin subunits on bread making quality. This technique will
 be used especially in cases where cultivars having identical HMW glutenin
 subunit composition differ in their bread making quality.
  
      We applied to the Austrian Science Foundation (FWF) for financial
 support of a co-operative project on the effect of storage proteins on bread
 making quality. In this co-operation the Austrian Research Institute of the
 Food Industry in Vienna is going to investigate the quantitative aspects of
 the different protein fractions including differences of x and y subunits of
 HMW alleles using HPLC technique as well as different physical properties of
 the dough of genetically specified material. A further co-operator in this
 project is the private plant breeding station "Edelhof" (Zwettel) which is
 mainly responsible for the field testing of the material.
 
 -------------------------
                      ITEMS FROM BRAZIL
 
      Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo/EMBRAPA, Passo Fundo
 
      C.N.A. de Sousa, E.P. Gomes, J.C.S. Moreira, J.F. Philipovsky, L. de
      J.A. Del Duca, and P.L. Scheeren
 
                 Wheat breeding in Passo Fundo, Brazil
 
      Resistance to scab.  This disease is important in wheat areas in
 Southern Brazil. Over the last 10 years a severe incidence of scab in the
 spike was observed in the experimental field in five years. Japanese and
 Chinese cultivars remain as the best sources of resistance to this disease.
 However, due to the poor adaptation of this material under Brazilian
 environment, the progress in incorporating the resistance using such sources
 is reduced. The lines PF 859114 (CNT 10//LD*3/Nyu Bay), PF 88455
 (Encruzilhada/PF 79768//PF 80284), Encruzilhada and Toropi from Brazil
 besides the lines from Japan (GW 2 and GW 3) and China (Ning 8331 and Wuhan
 3) have been used as the main sources for scab resistance.
 
      Resistance to soil borne mosaic virus. In spit of a severe incidence of
 the virus in the experimental area in five out of the last 10 years,
 breeding for soil borne mosaic virus (SBMV) resistance is not an easy task
 because of the lack of uniformity of the SBMV incidence in the experimental
 area and the consequent escapes. Evaluations of the behavior of wheat
 cultivars to SBMV were made. EMBRAPA 15, EMBRAPA 16, RS 8-Westphalen, and
 TRIGO BR 32 are the resistant cultivars on recommendation in the state of
 Rio Grande do Sul now. These cultivars and the lines PF 84316 (PF 7650/NS
 18-78//CNT 8/PF 7577), PF 8545 (PF 6632/2*IAS 58), PF 85489 (LD*6/KVZ //
 LD*6/AGENT /3/LD*6 /KVZ//LD*6/WTP), and PF 9052 (PF 8237//LAP 689/3*CNT 10)
 were used as the main Brazilian sources of resistance to SBMV in the
 crossing block in 1993.
 
      Survey for leaf tip necrosis. The old Brazilian cultivar Frontana
 presents a leaf tip necrosis associated with the gene Lr 34 for resistance
 to leaf rust, according R.P. Singh (Crop Sci 32:874-878, 1992). A survey was
 made to detect this necrosis in the entries of the crossing block in 1993.
 This leaf tip necrosis was found in several Brazilian entries such as: BH
 1146 and descendants (PF 84198, PF 88106, PF 89316, PF 92348, and TRIGO BR
 25), IAC 5-Maringa and descendants (OCEPAR 10-Gara, OCEPAR 11-Juriti, PF
 889300, PF 89326, PF 89327, PF 92349, and TRIGO BR 35), Jacui and
 descendants (PF 92326, and RS 8-Westphalen), and TRIGO BR 23 and descendants
 (PF 91605, PF 9210, PF 9219, PF 9224, PF 9234, PF 9241, and PF 9253).
 
      Release of EMBRAPA 24. This wheat cultivar was selected from the cross
 Sel Tifton 72-59/PF 79763/3/Nobeoka Bozu/3*Londrina//B 7908 made in 1982,
 bulked as a line (PF 87128) in 1987 and released for cultivation in the
 state of Rio Grande do Sul in 1993. It is tall but a lodging resistant
 cultivar. EMBRAPA 24 is resistant to all races of Puccinia recondita and
 Puccinia graminis tritici found in Brazil. This cultivar is resistant to
 Stagonospora nodorum and tolerant to aluminum toxicity.
 
      Personnel involved in the wheat breeding program in 1993. Ariano M.
 Prestes (Septoria resistance and interspecific hybridization), Aroldo G.
 Linhares (Seed multiplication and germplasm bank), Cantidio N.A. de Sousa
 (Breeding), Edar P. Gomes (Breeding), Eliana M. Guarienti (Industrial
 quality), Gabriela E.L. Tonet (Aphid resistance), Joao C.S. Moreira
 (Breeding-yield trials), Joao F. Philipovsky (Breeding), Joao F. Sartori
 (Stem rust resistance), Jorge L. Nedel (Seed multiplication and germplasm
 bank), Leo de J.A. Del Duca (Breeding), Maria I.B. de M. Fernandes
 (Cytogenetics and biotechnology), Milton C. Medeiros (Leaf rust resistance),
 Pedro L. Scheeren (Breeding, leader), Sergio D. dos A. e Silva
 (Breeding-biotechology), and Walesca I. Linhares (Powdery mildew
 resistance).
 
 -------------------------
       W.I. Linhares
 
      Resistance to powdery mildew and physiological specialization
 
      Powdery mildew has occurred in most years over the last decade in
 southern Brazilian wheat growing areas. The disease becomes established in
 winter and develops early in spring, persisting into the grain filling
 period and sometimes up to nearly the end of the season.
 
      Forty-one isolates of the pathogen were collected in 1989 and 37 in
 1990 from different climatic regions in Brazil. These isolates were
 inoculated  on isogenic lines, on some cultivars having single genes or
 combinations of powdery mildew resistant genes (Pm1 through Pm8), on several
 lines from Dr. James Mac Key's collection. Only 0.5 % of isolates had
 virulence on Pm2 gene, and 4.0 % on Pm2 + Mld gene combination; no virulence
 was identified on Pm6, on Pm4a + ... (Khapli), and on isogenic lines
 IGV(1)-455 (CI 10904/7*Prins) and IGV(1)-461 (CI 13399/7*Prins) from Dr. Mac
 Key, which have unidentified resistance genes.
 
      Obviously the powdery mildew population, in Brazil, is complex and has
 an unlimited capacity to overcome single gene sources of resistance. Many
 commercial Brazilian cultivars possess a good level of resistance. The newly
 released cultivars EMBRAPA 15 and EMBRAPA 16 were resistant up to 1991.
 Since 1992, they changed their reactions under greenhouse conditions, when
 tested for a mixture of inoculum, showing a moderately susceptible reaction.
 These cultivars were considered moderately susceptible, showing a new
 alteration on the powdery mildew population, in evaluations carried on CNPT
 experimental fields, in 1993.
 
      It is interesting that Pm6, Pm4a, the combination's Pm2 + Pm 6 and Pm2
 + Mld are being incorporated in CNPT breeding lines, sometimes combined with
 overcome genes like Pm 8, Pm 3 (alleles), etc. These lines have been widely
 and successfully tested for at least five years.
 
 -------------------------
      J.C.S. Moreira and C.N.A.  de Sousa  
 
      1993 Wheat Cultivar Yield Trials in Passo Fundo, Brazil
      
      About 480 wheat genotypes were tested in 18  yield trials in the
 National Research Center for Wheat of EMBRAPA in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do
 Sul, Brazil, during 1993. The process for releasing a new cultivar in Rio
 Grande do Sul, the Southern State in Brazil, was described in the 1986
 Annual Wheat Newsletter, 32:38-39.
 
      The climatic conditions during the wheat cycle in Passo Fundo (June to
 November) were not good for wheat. Drought occurred from tillering to stem
 extension while excess rainfall occurred at ripening stage. The plant had a
 poor growth and the yield was less than in 1992. The excess of rain induced
 sprouting. The main diseases were leaf rust, powdery mildew, soilborne
 mosaic virus, and septoria/helminthosporium complex in the leaves.
 
      The trials were carried out in a rotation area (2 years without wheat)
 and the fertilizer application was 12,5 kg/ha N, 63 kg/ha P2O5, 50 kg/ha K2O
 and 45 kg/ha N as top-dressing. No fungicide was use in most trials.
 
      The checks used in 1993 were BR 23, BR 35 and EMBRAPA 16. BR 23
 continues to be the main cultivar in Rio Grande do Sul occupying about
 290,000 ha ( 50 %) of the wheat growing area in this State in 1993.
 
      No entries exceeded the yield of the three local cheks in the 29th
 International Spring Wheat Yield Nursery and in the 14th Elite Selection
 Wheat Yield Trial received from CIMMYT.
 
      Cultivars having outstand yield   in trials carried out in Passo Fundo
 - RS are shown below.
 
           CULTIVAR       CROSS                                        YIELD
                                                                      (kg/ha)
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------     1. Cultivar state trial and south Brazilian trial.
 
           PF 886         ENC/PF 79768//PF 80284                       2718
           PF 88566       AMIGO/JACUI//PF 7673/CDA                     2702
           CEP 24-INDUSTRIAL   BR 3/CEP 7887//CEP 7775/CEP 11          2502
           EMBRAPA 15         CNT 10/BR 5//PF 75172/SEL TIFTON 72-59   2417
           EMBRAPA 16 (check)  HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7                  3037
 
      2. Regional yield trial
 
           PF 86242       HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7                       3119
           CEP 90191      SPN/NAC//CEP 8386/3/CEP 19                   2792
           PF 904         BR 35/PF 84386//AMIGO/BR 14                  2778
           EMBRAPA 16 (check)  HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7                  3063
 
      3. Multilocated preliminar trials (five locals with lines in 2nd year    
         of test). Data from Passo Fundo.
 
           1st M.P.T.
 
           PF 9192        CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/CNT 
                          10*6//LD*3/HST 13471/4/                      3162
           PF 85906
           PF 9157        BR 35/PF 85946/3/PF 772003*2/PF 813//        2975
           PF 83899
           PF 9122        PF 82341/BR 15//BR 35/PF 839197              2893
           EMBRAPA 16 
           (check)        HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7                       3142
 
           2nd M.P.T.
 
           PF 9190   
           PF 772003*2/
           PF 813//PF 813/4/ENC/
           PF 79768//  2895
           PF 80284/3/PF  84482                                
           EMBRAPA 16     HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7                       2928
           (check)
 
      4. Preliminary trials (1st year trial). 
 
           Wheat genotypes out of 264 lines yielded more than 3000 kg/ha.
 
           PF 917    BR 8/BR 25//CEP 11/BR 14/4/CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/       3810
                     CNT 10*6//I    AS 54-21*2/CI 1                    4123
           PF 9160   PF 82252/BR 35//IA 7998/PF 8550                   3298
           PF 9162   BR 8/BR 25//CEP 11/BR 14/4/CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/       3819
           CNT 10*6//I    AS 54-21*2/CI 1                              4123
           PF 918    PF 83743/PF 8545                                  3854
           PF 91113  BR 8/BR 25//CEP 11/BR 14/4/CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/       3698
           CNT 10*6//I    AS 54-21*2/CI 1                              4123
           PF 91114  COKER 762/CEP 82114//BR 14                        3158
           PF 91216  PF 84409/PF 84172                                 3317
           PF 91220  PF 839102/3/BR 35*2//BR 14*2/LARGO                3055
           PF 926    OASIS/BR 5//BR 5/COKER 762                        3246
           EMBRAPA 16     HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/CNT 7                       3046 to 
                                                                       3874
           (check)
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -------------------------
      Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trego/EMBRADA, Passo Fundo
 
 
      L.J.A. Del Duca, R.S. Fontaneli, J.F. Philipovsky
 
      Response of wheat and other Small Grains to Plant Clipping.  The need
 for crop rotation and to fatten cattle necessitates integration of these
 activities with agriculture, which results in better land use by the farmer. 
 In the southern states of Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do sul
 wheat fits well in a double-crop system with soybeans and corn.  To prevent
 soil and nutrient losses after soybean and corn harvest and to allow
 substantial quantity of forage production during a critical period of the
 year, wheat must be sown in April/May.  It would appear that wheat and other
 small grains having a long vegetative period would produce greater
 quantities of forage.  To test this hypothesis a clipping trial was carried
 out at Passo Fundo comprising four wheat cultivars and lines having longer
 vegatative period, two wheat checks adapted to grain production, and
 cultivars of two common oats and one Avena strigosa, one barley, one rye and
 one triticale.  The trial was sown on May 3, 1993, using a split-plot
 design.  
 
      Effects of both early and late clippings, compared to the corresponding
 checks without clippings considering dry matter and grain yield are shown
 below.
 
                               Dry Matter (kg/ha)
 Cultivars and lines     One clipping(1)  Two clippings(2)   Unclipped
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
  Common oats -             1566            2066                 1327
  UPF 14 - UPF 15           1514            2805                  973
         
  Avena strigosa            1808            2765                  127
 
  Rye - BR 1                2297            2856                 1991
 
  Barley - MN 599           1726            2389                  935
 
  Triticale - BR 4          1519            2502                 2030
 
  Wheat                     1068            2354                 3073
         1PF 41004          1050            2572                 2359   
         1PF 55204          1339            2512                 2473  
                            1227            2572                 2794   
                            1441            2258                 1703  
                            1452            2477                 2724   
 
 Means                      1501            2511                 1876 
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
                             Grain Yield
                              (kg/ha)
 Cultivars and lines      One clipping(1)           Two clippings(2)
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
  Common oats -                  924                        553
  UPF 14 - UPF 15               2082                        359
 
  Avena strigosa                 651                        379
 
  Rye - BR 1                     843                        562
 
  Barley - MN 599                688                        221
 
  Triticale - BR 4              2030                        173
 
  Wheat                          2230                       592
        1PF 41004                2276                       230
        1PF 55204                2194                        77
                                 2450                       442
                                  791                        97
                                 2170                        92
 
 Means                           1544                       315
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
 July 16, 1993(2) July 16 and August 13, 1993
 
      Breeding Activities aiming at Wheat for Double Purpose Use.  In an
 attempt to select wheat cultivars adapted to both grazing and grain
 production, collections, larger plots, and segregating populations were sown
 on May 21, 1993, at Passo Fundo.  The 253 collectins were grown in double
 2.5 m rows and the 27 and 71 segregating populations in 7 row, 5 m plots
 (lines and cultivars).  all plots were evaluated under a grazing condition
 of one day of grazing under a high stock rate.
 
      The plots with uniform genotypes included preferentially winter and
 facultative wheats from a number of countries or Brazilian cultivars with
 intermediate or late types.  General adaptation was observed and the grain
 yield as a response measure to the technology used was evaluated.  The best
 plants in the segregating populations were selected for resistance to
 prevailing diseases and for agronomic type.  Cultivars, lines, and selected
 plants will be further evaluated through the sedimentation test considering
 actual quality requirements established by the industrial sector.
 
 Outstanding cultivars and lines (Plots having 7 rows of 5 m) after grazing
 
 Cultivars/lines   Grain yield   Cultivars/lines    Grain yield
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
   C 80.33            1367         C 97.33             1056
   PF 87451           1411         PF 89244            1069
   IPF 55204          1429         C 762               1387
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 
   Outstanding cultivars and lines (Plots having 2 rows of 2,5 m) 
    after grazing
 
           Cultivars/lines          Grain yield
                                    (kg/ha)  
  ---------------------------------------------------
           ABE                      2010  
           C 747                    1380  
           C 762                    2340  
           C 80.33                  1980  
           C 97.33                  1350  
           D. QUEEN                 1350  
           IPF 60686                1820 
           OASIS                    1110  
           PF 87451                 1640  
           PF 87452                 1480  
           PF 90132                 1130  
           STACY                    1120  
           VOGEL/5 ANDERSON         1170  
           GA 80599-5-1-4           1200  
           GA 84134-1-7-1           1150  
           GA 831270-10-4-2-5       1820  
           GA 841465-2-1-1-3        1190  
           GA 841465-2-1-1-4        1690  
           IPF 55204                1180  
  --------------------------------------------------
 
 
 -------------------------
 L.J.A. Del Duca, O. Rodrigues, G.R. Cunha
 
      Wheat Yield Trials in Anticipated (Early) and Normal Dates of Sowing. 
 A list of wheat lines and cultivars having outstanding performance under
 early sowing at Passo Fundo was previously detailed in Annual Wheat
 Newsletter 39:102-103.  Considering their good yielding performance, some of
 these cultivars with longer vegetative period and some new introductions (27
 genotypes) were tested in a randomized block design at Passo Fundo during
 1993 in both anticipated (May 3) and normal date of sowing (June 15).  Wheat
 checks, BR 23, BR 35, and EMBRAPA 16, used for normal sowing trials were
 included.
 
      Outstanding lines and cultivars in two dates of sowing,compared with
 the best check (EMBRAPA 16), are detailed below.  Superior performance of
 the 30 genotypes in the anticipated sowing is clearly shown by their yield
 means as compared with normal period of sowing means.
 
 
 Line/                                      Yield          % EMB 16
 Cultivar        Cross                     (kg/ha)         (check)
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 IPF 37379                                   3544            94
 IPF 41004                                   3944           105
 IPF 55204     FL 301/C 762                  3826           101
 PF 86245      HLN/CNT 7/AMIGO/CNT 7         3778           100
 PF 86247      HLN/CNT 7/AMIGO/CNT 7         3526            93
               CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/CNT           
 PF 87410      10*6/LD*3/HST                 3418            91
 PF 87451      C 762/BR 14                   3763           100
               CNT 10*5/ST 1/3/CNT
 PF 89422      10*6//IAS 54-21*2 Cl 14123    3970           105
               CC/ALD SIB/3/IAS 54-
 BR 23         20/COP//CNT 8                 2670            71
               IAS 5*2/3/CNT 7*3/LD//IAC
 BR 35         5/HADDEN                      2744            73
               HLN/CNT 7//AMIGO/
 EMB 16        CNT 7                         3774           100
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Means of the 30 genotypes tested            3020
 
 
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Early sowing (May 3)                  Normal sowing (June 15)
 Height      Flowering      Yield      %EMB 16  Height     Flowering
  (cm)                     (kg/ha)    (check)   (cm)
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 70           Sept 8       1611                  57 65     Oct 5
 85           Sept 8       2789                  98 75     Oct 5
 70           Aug 30       1898                  67 60     Oct 5
 95           Aug 24       1708                  60 80     Sept 18
 95           Aug 26       1694                  59 85     Sept 20
 75           Aug 23       2406                  84 80     Sept 19
 75           Aug 30       2972                 104 65     Sept 21
 85           Aug 29       2676                  94 85     Sept 27
 90           Aug 22       1861                  65 80     Sept 19
 95           Aug 20       1922                  67 85     Sept 14
 95           Aug 24       2848                 100 80     Sept 20
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Mean                        1869
 
 
 -------------------------
      EMBRAPA/CPAO - Dourados
 
      A.C.P. Goulart; F. de A. Paiva and P.J.M. Andrade
 
      Chemical control of brown spot (Helminthosporium sativum) in wheat,
      1992
                                       
      The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of several fungici-
 des in the control of wheat brown spot, their effect on yield, kernel
 weight, test wt. and on incidence of Helminthosporium sativum on the harvest
 seeds. The experiment was carried out  under  field  conditions,  during
 1992, at Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Oeste (CPAO) using the cultivar
 IAPAR 6-Tapejara.  Wheat was sown in 11-row plots (2.2 x 7.0 m)  as a
 randomized complete block with ten treatments replicated four times on April
 28.   Fungicides were applied with  CO(2) - pressurized sprayer with rate of
 low adjusted to 240 1/ha.  Two applications were applied, once at the growth
 stage 54 and the second at sage 68 (Zadock's scale).  The field was
 fertilized with 300 kg/ha of 4-30-10 (N-P-K) applied at planting.
 
      The treatments were   (g a.i./ha): mancozeb (2,000); propiconazole
 (125); tebuconazole (187.5); flutriafol (94 and 125); cyproconazole (20 and
 30); prochloraz (450);  cyproconazole +  prochloraz (30 + 360) and untreated
 control.
 
      Best control of brown spot  was  tebuconazole and propiconazole, with
 control efficiency of 95 and 90%, respectively, compared to untreated
 control.   Flutriafol   (94 and 125 g a.i./ha) and prochloraz and
 cyproconazole + prochloraz gave 80 to 85% control. Mancozeb showed 71%
 effective control.  The  least efficient  chemical was  cyproconazole, each
 dose giving 43% control.  
 
      Best yields were obtained with tebuconazole and propiconazole, with
 increases of 43.6 and 35.4%, respectively, over the untreated control.  Test
 and kernel weight were increased by all chesmicals, however,  best results
 were obtained with  tebuconazole,  propiconazole,  prochloraz, 
 cyproconazole + prochloraz and flutriafol. The  incidence of H. sativum on
 harvested seeds was significantly reduced with tebuconazole and
 propiconazole as the best treatments.
 
      The objective of this experiment was to select fungicides for
 controllingling of stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) and  leaf 
 rust (P. recondita f. sp. tritici), their effects on yield, kernel and test
 weight.  The experiment was conducted under field conditions at
 CPAO/EMBRAPA.   Wheat, cv. IAPAR 6-Tapejara was sown May 19 in 11-row plots
 (2.2 x 7.0 m) arranged in a randomized complete block with ten treatments
 and four replications. Fertilization consisted of 300 kg/ha of 4-30-10
 (N-P-K) applied at planting. Applications of fungicides were applied with
 CO(2) pressurized sprayer (rate of flow - 240 1/ha).   Sprays were applied
 at Zadoks's growth stage and  at stage 68.  Plots were harvested on Sept.
 15. Treatments included were (g a.i./ha): mancozeb 2,000; propiconazole 125;
 tebuconazole 187.5; flutriafol 94 and 125; cyproconazole 20 and 30;
 prochloraz 450; cyproconazole + prochloraz 30 + 360 and control.
 
      Stem and leaf rusts were better controlled with tebuconazole, propico-
 nazole and cyproconazole (30 g a.i./ha), which averaged 96.7% effective
 control of both diseases. Flutriafol  (in both  doses), cyproconazole (20 g
 a.i./ha) and cyproconazole + prochloraz, controlled these diseases from 86
 to 92%. Mancozeb and prochloraz were the least efficient treatments, less
 than 70% of control.  All treatments  resulted in yield increases over the
 untreated control with best results obtained with tebuconazole (increase of
 110.6%), propiconazole (110.1%) and cyproconazole (109.6).  Improved test
 and kernel weights were obtained with all chemical  treatments.  
 
      Fungi incidence in wheat seeds produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State.  
 The objective  was to determine the fungi associated with  wheat seeds
 produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State during 1992.  From the 9 countries of
 Ponta Pora, Dourados, Rio  Brilhante, Aral Moreira, Itapora, Maracaju,
 Fatima do Sul Amambai e Caarapo a total of 637 seed samples from 16
 cultivars were analyzed in the Plant Patholoby Lab at EMBRAPA.   Seed health
 was determined using the blotter test, without pre-treatment. Two hundred
 seeds/sample were placed into gerboxes containing three layers of filter
 paper previously sterilized and soaked in 0.02% 2,4-D solution and incubated 
 for 7 days at 22-24C  in cycles of 12 hours darkness and 12 hours light
 (day and NUV lights). Each seed was examined under a stereoscopic microscope 
 and  the incidence of each fungus was recorded.
 
      Twenty-six genera of fungi were detected. The most prevalent, detected
 in 100% of the analysed samples, was Helminthosporium sativum, followed by
 Aspergillus sp. (96.5%), Alternaria tenuis (93.9%), Penicillium spp.
 (66.4%), Fusarium spp. (56.4%), Cladosporium sp. (52.4%),  Phoma  sp.
 (47.8%), Rhizopus stolonifer (39.6%), Curvularia lunata (36.4%), Nigrospora
 oryzae (33.7%) and Epicoccum sp. (31.4%). Pyricularia oryzae was observed in
 16.6% of the samples, at relatively low levels.   Storage  fungi
 (Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp.) were registered at relatively high
 levels. Helminthosporium tritici-repentis, was observed in 8.8% of samples
 and Helminthosporium avenae, at a frequency of 24.1%,  were detected by the
 first time in wheat  seeds  produced  in  Mato Grosso do Sul State. The
 results showed that  H. sativum was the most important pathogen associated
 with wheat seeds produced in Mato Grosso do Sul State,  with  an average
 incidence of 13.7 %.  Frequency data from this experiment are shown below:
 
 Fungi                                             Frequency 
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
 Helminthosporium sativum                          100.0
 Aspergillus spp.                                   96.5
 Alternaria tenuis                                  93.9
 Penicillium spp.                                   66.4     
 Fusarium spp.                                      56.4
 Cladosporium sp.                                   52.4
 Phoma sp.                                          47.8
 Rhizopus stolonifer                                39.6
 Curvularia lunata                                  39.4
 Nigrospora oryzae                                  33.7
 Epicoccum sp.                                      31.4
 Helminthosporium avenae                            24.1
 Mucor sp.                                          20.2
 Pyricularia oryzae                                 16.6
 Helminthosporium tritici-repentis                   8.8
 Chaetomium sp.                                      6.6
 Streptomyces sp.                                    4.0
 Pithomyces sp.                                      3.3
 Colletotrichum sp.                                  2.8
 Monilia sp.                                         1.5
 Paecilomyces sp.                                    0.7
 Rhizoctonia solani                                  0.4
 Ulocladium sp.                                      0.2
 Stemphylium sp.                                     0.07
 Pestalotia sp.                                      0.07
 Trichoderma sp.                                     0.07
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
 
      Wheat seed chemical treatment for controlling of Pyricularia oryzae and
 Helmlnthosporium sativum, 1992. The effect of fungicides on the control of
 Pyricularia oryzae and Helminthosporium sativum, associated to wheat seeds
 was compared in trials carried out in the laboratory (blotter) and in the
 field, using seeds of the wheat cultivar "Anahuac" with 16.5% and 24.0% of
 natural contamination with H. sativum and P. oryzae, respectively. Seed
 treatments were applied just prior to planting by shaking seeds and
 chemicals in erlenmeyers. In laboratory experiments, ten replications of 20
 seeds/treatment were placed into  gerboxes (20 seeds/gerbox) and maintained
 for 7 days at 22-24C in cycles of 12 hours darkness and 12 hours light (day
 and NUV lights). Each seed was evaluated and the incidence of both pathogens
 was recorded. In the field, plots were sowed on May 9 using a randomized
 complete block design  consisting of 19 treatments and four replications.
 Plots were Plots were six rows x 1.5 m with a row spacing of 0.2 m and
 fertilized with 240 kg/ha of 4-30-10 (N-P-K) at planting. Field emergence
 percentage and disease were recorded 1 week after planting. The evaluated
 fungicides and doses are in Table 1 below:
 
      All chemical treatments reduced the incidence of both pathogens in lab
 (blotter) test. H. sativum was erradicated when the seeds were treated with
 iprodione + thiram, iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%, iminoctadine and te-
 buconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50%. Guazatine, flutriafol 10.0 and triadime-
 nol + iprodione presented good control of this pathogen, followed by
 prochloraz, NF 128, NF 114 and difenoconazole. The least efficient
 treatments were thiram and tebuconazole. In the field, iprodione + thiram,
 iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%, guazatine, iminoctadine, tebuconazole 150
 FS + iprodione 50% and triadimenol + iprodione were the best in controlling
 the transmission of H. sativum. The most efficient control of P. oryzae in
 the seeds  was obtained with tebuconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50% and
 iminoctadine, which presented the same levels of control, followed by
 iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%, iprodione + thiram and prochloraz. Good
 control of this  pathogen was obtained with carboxin + thiram PM, NF 128,
 iprodione and  triadimenol + iprodione. The least efficient treatments were
 flutriafol 7.5,  difenoconazole, triadimenol, thiram and tebuconazole.
 Transmission of P. oryzae by  wheat seeds was detected in the field. Passage
 of this pathogen from infected seed to seedling was best controlled by
 carboxin + thiram PM, iprodione + thiram, iprodione 25% + tebuconazole 2.5%,
 prochloraz, iminoctadine and tebuconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50%.
 Significant differences in emergence due to fungicide treatments were
 observed. In spite of increased stand, no significant yield differences were
 observed among treatments.
 
      Fungicide                                   Dose
                                          (g a.i./100 kg of seeds)
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
 
      Carboxin + thiram PM                         94 + 94
      Carbo~in + thiram SC                         50 + 50
      Iprodione + thiram                           50 + 150
      Iprodione 25 % + tebuconazole 2.5%           50 + 5
      Flutriafol                                   7.5
      Flutriafol                                   10.0
      Guazatine                                    75
      Prorhloraz                                   50
      NF 128 (triflumizole + methyl thiophanate)   30 + 90
      NF 114 (triflumizole)                        45
      Iminoctadine                                 62.5
      Difenoconazole                               30
      Triadimenol                                  40
      Thiram                                       210
      Tebuconazole                                 5
      Tebuconazole 150 FS + iprodione 50%          5 + 30
      /Iprodione                                   50
      Triadimenol + iprodione                      30 + 30
      Testemunha                                   -
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
 
      Losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) caused by Pyricularia grisea. 
 Losses in wheat yield due to infection by Pyricularia grisea regardless of
 the effect of other diseases, under natural conditions and without fungicide
 spraying, were determined during the 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991 growing
 seasons for the cv. Anahuac. Commercial fields and experimental plots at Rio
 Brilhante, Dourados and Itapora counties were used.  The  losses  were
 determined using the following formulas:
 
           GWHS 
      PY = ---- x NTS          PY = Potential yield
           NHS                 GWHS = Grain weight of health spikes/m2
                               NHS = number of health spikes/mZ
                               NTS = total number of spikes/m7
      AY = GWHS + GWIS         AY = Actual yield
                               GWHS = Grain weight of health spikes/m2
                               GWIS = Grain weight of infected spikes/m
      L = PY - AY              L = losses
                               PY = Potential yield
                               AY = Actual yield
 
      In 1988 and 1989, at Rio Brilhante, the yield losses were 10.5%  of the
 estimated yield. An average of 48%  white  spikes  was  observed.   In 1990,
 at Dourados, the losses were greater than those recorded in 1988  and  1989,
 reaching 40% of the estimated yield,  with  93%  average incidence  of white
 spikes.  In the same year at Itapora,  losses  reached  32% with 86% of
 white heads. The losses in the next year  (1991),  at  Itapora, were 53% of
 the estimated yield with 86%  infected spikes.  In  the  four years, the
 spike weight loss caused by early infection  was  greater  (53%) than late
 infection (30%), regardless of  the locality. It was observed  that grains
 below the infection point in the rachis were larger  than  normal ones, thus
 compensating in some extent the presence of empty spikelets.   Because white
 spikes were more visible, the disease incidence may have been overestimated.
 
                           %  of          
                           infected             Loss               
      County       Year    spike            Kg/ha      %
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
 Rio Brilhante(1)  1988      51             274       11
 Rio Brilhante(2)  1989      45             270       10
 Dourados(3)       199O      93             892       40
 Itapora(4)        1990      86             1,034     32
 Itapora(4)        1991      86             1,842     53
  -------------------------------------------------------------------  
 (1)Average of 2 replications.
 (2)Average of 3 replications.
 (3)Average of 6 replications.
 (4)Average of 5 replications.
 
 
                                Grain weight/spike (g)
 
                                      Early        Late
 County            Year     Healthy   infection    infection
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
 Rio Brilhante(1)  1988     0.77       0.56        0.66
 Rio Brilhante(2)  1989     0.96       0.50        0.78
 Dourados(3)       1990     0.77       0.31        0.55
 Itapora           1990     1.30       0.53        0.81
 Itapora           1991     1.26       0.33        0.60
  ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
                   Losses in relation to 
 County            healthy spikes (%)
 
                   Early                   Late     
                   infection               infection
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
 Rio Brilhante(1)     27                  14
 Rio Brilhante(2)     47                  18
 Dourados(3)          59                  27
 Itapora              60                  39
 Itapora              73                  52
  ------------------------------------------------------------------
 (1) Average of 2 replications.
 (2) Average of 3 replications.
 (3) Average of 6 replications.
 (4) Average of 5 replication.
 
 
 
 -------------------------            
                     ITEMS FROM CANADA
 
 Statistics Canada's November estimate of 1993 wheat production on the
 prairies:
 
 
                        Hectares Seeded    Metric Tonnes Produced
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
 Manitoba     - common        2,023,400       3,576,100
              - durum            46,500          92,500
              - winter            6,100           6,800
 
 Saskatchewan - common        6,353,700      12,668,800
              - durum         1,214,100       2,721,600
              - winter           18,200          35,400
 
 Alberta      - common        2,751,900       7,212,100
              - durum           202,300         544,300
              - winter           36,400          81,600
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
 Note:  The Prairie Wheat Variety Survey is no longer available from the three
 Prairie Wheat Pools.
 
 
 ------------------------- 
 MANITOBA
 
      Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Winnipeg Research Centre.
 
      J. Gilbert and A. Tekauz
 
      Effects of Fusarium Head Blight (SCAB) on Seed Quality and of Seed
      Treatment on Wheat Germination, Vigor, and Emergence: 
 
      Producers in the Red River Valley north and south of Winnipeg
 experienced the worst epidemic of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on record in
 1993.  Glume blotch, caused by Septoria nodorum, was also severe.  The
 combination of the two diseases resulted in 7% of the Manitoba crop being
 graded sample account tombstone, and 36% being graded feed.  Producers are
 now faced with difficult decisions and need to know what effects the disease
 will have on a subsequent crop if 1993 seed from FHB-affected fields is sown
 in 1994.
 
      Methods:    Cleaned and uncleaned fractions of two samples of five
 varieties of wheat, Glenlea, Katepwa, Roblin, Sceptre, and AC Taber, were
 evaluated.  Seed treatments included dressings of Vitaflo 280 (carbathiin
 and thiram) and Vitavax S (carbathiin) applied to cleaned seed for
 germination and emergence tests.  In addition Vitaflo 280 was applied to
 uncleaned seed for germination trials.  Cleaned 1992 seed free of tombstone
 kernels was used as a check.  Cleaned and uncleaned seed was sent to the
 Canadian Grain Commission (CGC) for grading and tombstone analysis.  Seed
 was germinated in warm temperatures (20/15C), subjected  to a cold-germ
 vigor test at 5C, and tested for emergence from soil.  Fusarium species
 were identified from the seed.
 
      Results and Comments:    Cleaning did not improve the grades assigned
 by CGC, or the percent tombstone kernels in the Sceptre and AC Taber
 samples.  Cleaning reduced levels of tombstone and raised grades of Glenlea
 from CW Feed to #1 CW Extra Strong.  Cleaning did not change grades of
 Katepwa samples, but significantly improved grades of Roblin.  Little
 difference in germination and emergence was observed between uncleaned and
 cleaned samples; disease reduced these to an average of 65% and 39%,
 respectively.  Vitavax S was less effective than Vitaflo 280.  Vitaflo 280
 improved germination at warm temperatures and enhanced emergence of
 seedlings in soil, especially in Glenlea, Katepwa, and Roblin.  Glenlea and
 Katepwa also responded positively to Vitaflo 280 in the cold germ-vigor
 test.  In this test germination in untreated Roblin was higher than in the
 warm test suggesting that inhibition of the Fusarium fungus at cold
 temperatures permitted higher germination.  However, seed treatment improved
 germination in only one of the Roblin samples. Seed treatment did not
 improve germination in AC Taber.  The improvement in germination of Sceptre
 was not relevant as the seed was of extremely poor quality.
 
      Fusarium species:   Fusarium graminearum was the principal species
 isolated from the seed, followed by F. avenaceum.  These were also the
 predominant species isolated in the 1993 survey of 129 Manitoba wheat fields
 for FHB incidence and severity.
 
      Summary:  On the basis of these tests, Manitoba producers would be
 advised to treat 1993 seed to be used for field planting in 1994,
 particularly if this was grown in the Red River Valley.  Of the products
 registered and tested, Vitaflo 280 gave the best response.  Maneb DB-Green
 L, and Dithane M45 may be useful, but tests have not been completed.  
 
 -------------------------
      P.L. Dyck
 
      Genetics of Resistance to Leaf Rust and Stem Rust on Wheat:  The
 genetics of leaf rust and stem rust resistance has been studied in a number
 of wheat cultivars.  The results are listed here in table form and may be
 useful to plant breeders who have or are currently using some of these
 cultivars in their program.  Some of the cultivars have been studied by
 others.  No attempt is made here to review the literature.
 
      The rust resistant accessions were crossed and backcrossed with
 Thatcher, susceptible to leaf rust, and/or RL6071, susceptible to stem rust. 
 The backcross F(2) families were tested with selected rust races.  Resistant
 plants from families that segregated in a 1-gene ratio were grown to
 maturity and progeny tested with a group of rust races.  Their reaction was
 compared to that of lines with known single genes for resistance.  Genes
 identified in this way are listed in the column "infection type".  In other
 cases, the resistant selections were crossed with known single gene lines
 and F(2) populations were tested with the rust fungus.  If no segregation
 was observed, the lines had the same gene and the genotype is listed in the
 column "genetic study".  APR in the column "infection type" means that the
 cultivar had a gene for adult-plant leaf rust resistance that was not
 identified, while LrIT 1+ indicates the presence of an unidentified seedling
 effective leaf rust resistance gene for a 1+ infection type.  The cultivars
 listed may have additional genes for rust resistance.
 
                 PROBABLE GENOTYPE FOR RESISTANCE TO LEAF RUST
                          AND STEM RUST IN A GROUP OF
                       WHEAT CULTIVARS OF DIVERSE ORIGIN
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------  
                            Possible 
 Cultivars                  Origin
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 00914 Pin 39                China              
 00234 Da Bai mang           China              
 00613 Ma zha du             China              
 Argentine 48                Argentina
 PATO Argentine              Argentina
 BT 2288                     Tunisia
 Ke-chun 17                  China
 Cooperation 2               China                          
 VT 1551                     France            
 VT 2064                     France             
 VT 1595                     France
 VT 2222                     France                        
 NEAC 78-4708
 NEAC 120                                       
 Bezostaja 1                 USSR               
 Long Miai 10                China              
 Ke Feng No. 2               China                    
 Ke Han No. 7                China              
 Ke Han No. 8                China          
 82 PC Hari0779                                      
 Betta                       Argentina           
 Karee                       South Africa                   
 Wilge                       South Africa
 12th IBWSN459                                  
 Jiong Hong 3.2              China               
 Zhong 7605R                 China                   
 Zhong 7606W                 China                              
 Zhong 7725                  China                    
 F60049                                               
 F60125                                                   
 Renshou Wu                  China              
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
                 PROBABLE GENOTYPE FOR RESISTANCE TO LEAF RUST
                          AND STEM RUST IN A GROUP OF
                       WHEAT CULTIVARS OF DIVERSE ORIGIN
 
               Rust Resistance Genotype                                   
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------  
 Cultivars                Genetic Studies             Infection Type
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 00914 Pin 39                Lr33                     APR
 00234 Da Bai mang           Lr33                     APR
 00613 Ma zha du             Lr33                     Lr34
 Argentine 48                                         Lr11, Lr34
 PATO Argentine                                       Lr3bg, Lr34
 BT 2288                                              Lr34
 Ke-chun 17                                           Lr34
 Cooperation 2               Lr1, Lr3bg, Lr33         Lr34
 VT 1551                     Lr1                      Lr34
 VT 2064                     Lr16                     APR
 VT 1595                                              LrIt 1+, APR
 VT 2222                     Lr37/Sr38, Sr30
 NEAC 78-4708                                         Sr8a, Sr30
 NEAC 120                    Lr33           
 Bezostaja 1                 Lr34                     Lr3, APR
 Long Miai 10                Lr16                     LrB(?)
 Ke Feng No. 2               Lr33, Lr34               Lr16
 Ke Han No. 7                Lr16                     Lr34
 Ke Han No. 8                                         Lr33, Lr34
 82 PC Hari0779              Lr26/Sr31                Sr8a
 Betta                       Lr3bg                    Lr11
 Karee                       Lr3bg, Lr24/Sr24         Sr8A, lr11
 Wilge                                                Sr8a, Lr11, Lr24/Sr24
 12th IBWSN459               Lr16                     Sr9e, Sr11, Sr36, LrIt 1+
 Jiong Hong 3.2              Lr3bg                    Lr34
 Zhong 7605R                 Lr26/Sr31
 Zhong 7606W                 Lr3, Lr16, Lr26/ 
                             Sr31
 Zhong 7725                  Lr26, Sr31               Sr5
 F60049                      Lr26, Sr31
 F60125                      Lr1, Lr26/Sr31           Sr6, Sr8a, Lr11
 Renshou Wu                  Lr33                     Lr34
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 ------------------------- 
      J.A. Kolmer
 
      Wheat Leaf Rust in Canada in 1993:  Wheat leaf rust was first detected
 in 1993 during the second week of June, in winter wheat plots at Portage MB. 
 However, the lack of southerly winds in June and July reduced the initial
 amount of inoculum and slowed the general rate of leaf rust increase. By the
 first week of July, leaf rust was present only in trace amounts at scattered
 locations throughout southern Manitoba.  Leaf rust levels were very low in
 fields of the resistant cultivars Roblin, Columbus, Pasqua, and Grandin. 
 The severity of leaf rust infection on susceptible cultivars was
 significantly lower in eastern Saskatchewan. Only trace levels of rust could
 be found north of Regina.  Losses due to leaf rust were not expected in
 1993.
 
      Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia recondita on Wheat in Canada in
 1993:
 
 Table 1.  Frequency (%) of the most common virulence phenotypes as
 identified on the Prt(1) differentials.
 
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
 Phenotype       Quebec%          Ontario%        Man./Sask%
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
 FBM-B             12.9            1.5            0
 KBG-14a,10         0              0              5
 MBG-14a,10        19.4           15.4            3.7
 MBR-14a,10         0              1.5           18.6
 MFB-14a,10         0              0              7.5
 MFB-14a,10         0              4.6           18.6
 NBB-B,18,10        0              0              0
 PBD-14,10          0              0              0
 PBL-B,10          45.2           55.4            0
 TBG-14a,10         0              0             11.8
 TDG-14a,10         3.2            0             12.4
 
 Total number of
 isolates          31             65            161
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
  -----------------------------------------------
 Phenotype        Alberta%        Brit. Col%
  -----------------------------------------------
 FBM-B              0              0
 KBG-14a,10        10.7            0
 MBG-14a,10        10.7            0
 MBR-14a,10         0              0
 MFB-14a,10         7.1            0
 NBB-B,18,10        0              0
 NBB-B,18,10       10.7           20
 PBD-14,10          0             60
 PBL-B,10           0              0
 TBG-14a,10        32.1            0
 TDG-14a,10        10.7            0
 
 Total number of
 isolates          28              5
  -----------------------------------------------
 
 
 Table 2.  Frequency (%) of isolates of Puccinia recondita virulent to Thatcher
 isogenic lines with leaf rust resistance genes in 1993
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
 Gene              Quebec%        Ontario%      Man/Sask%
  ---------------------------------------------------------------
 Lr1                87.7           98.5          92.5
 Lr2a               16.1            0            41
 Lr2c               77.4           70.8          41.6
 Lr3               100            100           100
 Lr9                 0              3.1           0.6
 Lr16                0              0             0
 Lr24               19.4            7.7          54.7
 Lr26                6.5            4.6          34.2
 Lr3ka              61.3           73.8          44.7
 Lr11               25.8           23.1          60.2
 Lr17                0              0             0
 Lr30               16.1           13.8          41
 LrB                61.3           69.2           1.9
 Lr14a              54.8           32.3          99.4
 Lr18               16.1            4.6           0
 Lr10               96.8           96.9          99.4
  --------------------------------------------------------------
  --------------------------------------------------------
 Gene              Alberta%       Brit Col%
  -------------------------------------------------------
  Lr1              85.7           100
  Lr2a             64.3             0
  Lr2c             78.6            80
  Lr3              85.7            80
  Lr9               0               0
  Lr16              0               0
  Lr24             32.1             0
  Lr26             10.7             0
  Lr3ka             0               0
  Lr11             67.9             0
  Lr17              0              60
  Lr30              0               0
  LrB              14.3            40
  Lr14a            85.7            80
  Lr18             10.7            40
  Lr10             100            100
  --------------------------------------------------------
 
                         Reference
 
 Long, D.L. and Kolmer, J.A. 1989. A North American system of nomenclature
 for Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici.   Phytopathology 79:525-529. 
 
 ------------------------- 
      J.A. Kolmer and J.Q. Liu*
 
      *Present address, Dept. of Plant Pathology and Physiology, Clemson
      Univ., Clemson SC, USA.
 
      Association Between Virulence and Molecular Phenotypes in Puccinia
 recondita  f.sp. tritici in Canada:
 
      Materials and Methods:  DNA from 44 single pustule isolates of P.
 recondita collected from in 1992 in Canada, was extracted and subjected to 
 random amplification  using the polymerase chain reaction.  Arbitrary
 decamer primers were obtained from the University of British Columbia.  Nine
 primers were chosen for repeatability of polymorphism from approximately 100
 primers screened.  Urediniospores from each of the isolates were also tested
 on Prt(1) differential sets to determine the virulence phenotypes.
 
      Results and Discussion:  RAPD markers separated the molecular
 phenotypes into two distinct clusters of virulence phenotypes.  The largest
 cluster had 36 isolates, with 18 different virulence phenotypes.  The
 average molecular difference between isolates within this cluster was 2.4. 
 Virulence phenotypes in the largest cluster were all virulent or avirulent
 to both resistance genes Lr2a and Lr2c.  These virulence phenotypes are
 found predominately in the prairie region (Manitoba and Saskatchewan) of
 Canada.  A second cluster of six isolates, with three different virulence
 phenotypes was found using the RAPD markers.  The average molecular
 difference between isolates in the second cluster was 2.0.  Virulence
 phenotypes in the second cluster are all avirulent to resistance gene Lr2a
 and virulent to Lr2c.  These virulence phenotypes are found only in eastern
 Canada (Ontario and Quebec), and are predominately collected from winter
 wheat. Isolates in the two RAPD clusters differed by an average of 6.4
 molecular differences.  An isolate of Race 9 (Prt phenotype SBB), which was
 collected in 1954, had a distinct RAPD phenotype and did not fit into either
 of the two clusters.  Race 9 was a common phenotype in both the east and
 prairie populations in the 1930's, prior to the introduction of resistance
 genes in wheats grown in the prairie region.  A second isolate, virulence
 phenotype PBD, also had a unique RAPD phenotype, and did not fit into either
 of the two clusters.  This phenotype is regularly collected from British
 Columbia.  These preliminary results indicate that there are currently two
 distinct groups of P. recondita on hexaploid wheat in Canada.  Two different
 introductions of P. recondita may have occurred in North American.  An
 alternative hypothesis is that  differential host selection between the east
 and prairie populations since 1937 may have separated the isolates from one
 large RAPD cluster into the two distinct clusters observed in the current
 population.  We are currently testing an additional 20 isolates collected in
 1993 for RAPD phenotype.
 
                         Reference
 
 Long, D.L. and Kolmer, J.A. 1989. A North American system of nomenclature
 for Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici.   Phytopathology 79:525-529.  
 
 ------------------------- 
      O.M. Lukow and R.I.H. McKenzie
 
      Quality and Yield of 1BL/1RS Wheat-rye Translocation Lines:  Near-
 isogenic wheat lines derived from Veery 3 and Ata 81 were developed to test
 the effect of genetic background on breadmaking quality of lines, with and
 without the 1BL/1RS translocation.  Regardless of their HMW glutenin subunit
 composition, there were significant differences between the 1BL/1RS
 translocation and the control lines in dough extensibility and SDS-
 sedimentation volume.  All translocation lines were less extensible and had
 lower SDS-sedimentation volume than the controls.  Poorer dough properties
 of the 1BL/1RS lines did not necessarily translate into lower loaf volumes. 
 Not all lines containing the 1BL/1RS translocation were characterized by
 sticky doughs. Genetic background significantly affected 1BL/1RS quality.
 
      In field evaluation trials conducted at 2 sites for three years, there
 appeared to be no consistent difference in yield between lines with or
 without the 1BL/1RS translocation. 
 
 -------------------------
 J. Procunier, F. Townley-Smith, E. Czarnecki, S. Prashar, M. Gray, W. Kim
 and P. Dyck
 
      PCR-based DNA Markers for Leaf Rust Resistance Genes:  Successful wheat
 production in the rust area of Western Canada continues to depend on the use
 of rust resistant cultivars.  Cultivars with specific combinations of adult
 and seedling leaf rust resistance genes (Puccinia recondita) have a greater
 durability of resistance.  PCR-based markers allow the pyramiding of these
 genes into wheat cultivars.  Pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs) have been
 used to identify the markers.  By combining the random amplified polymorphic
 DNA (RAPD) technique with the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE)
 method of fragment separation, two putative markers for Lr 22a, 25 and 29
 and single markers for Lr21 and Lr34 have been identified.F2 populations
 segregating for the Lr29 gene showed that both markers are tightly linked to
 the resistance gene (no recombinants/50 F2 plants).  Linkage analysis is
 currently being completed for the other Lr genes.  For applications
 requiring high throughput (breeding programs), high level of
 accuracy/reliability and universal use, the RAPD/DGGE markers are being
 converted to SCARS (sequence characterized amplified region).  By cloning
 and sequencing these markers, wheat specific designer primers are being
 constructed for their use in diagnostic testing.  
 
 ------------------------ 
      Taing Aung and E.R. Kerber
      
      Incorporation of Leaf Rust Resistance from Wild Tetraploid into
 Cultivated Hexaploid Wheat:  Due to the continual evolution of new virulent
 leaf rust races identification of new sources of resistance and to transfer
 these genes into common wheat has become a necessity for wheat breeding
 programs in north America.  This would significantly increase the diversity
 of genetic resistance in common wheat germplasm.  There is a growing
 evidence that leaf rust resistance genes (Lr21, Lr22, Lr32 for example)
 extracted from wild diploid species of wheat Aegilops squarrasa (= Triticum
 tauschii) are now being in use in several advanced breeding lines in Canada.
 
 
      A tetraploid genotype, Ae. triuncialis (= T. triunciale), 2n=28 with
 its genome designated as CU is highly resistant to leaf rust tested under
 field conditions.  This genotype was hybridized to the common wheat cultivar
 Marquis as pistillate parent.  Seven F1 plants were generated through embryo
 rescue procedures and were treated with colchicine to produced amphiploids. 
 Only one amphiploid (2n=70 chromosomes) plant was established and was
 partially female fertile.  Backcrossing this plant to Marquis as pollen
 parent resulted 14 shrivelled seeds which later give rise to 3 plants that
 were partially self fertile and produced a few selfed seeds.  Resistant
 plants were identified from this selfed progeny and were used as pollen
 parents to backcross to Marquis.  A total of nine lines, backcross three
 times to the common wheat, were isolated for their resistant reaction to
 leaf rust.  From these lines two homozygous and one heterozygous resistant
 lines were selected for their acceptable agronomic characters, fertility and
 high resistance reaction (0,;,1 ) to leaf rust.  One homozygous line has
 2n=44 chromosomes, the second line has 2n=42 chromosomes and the
 heterozygous line has 2n=43 chromosomes and it segregated 3R:1S ratio. 
 These results indicated that a new source of resistance has been
 incorporated or transferred into cultivar Marquis genetic background.  As
 far as we know there is no previous report regarding the transfer of rust
 resistance genes from CU genome of Ae. triuncialis into common wheat. 
 Additional backcrosses are being made to the cultivar Marquis.  A genotype
 of Marquis with this new source of resistance incorporated into its genetic
 background would increase the diversity of genetic resistance in the common
 wheat germplasm.
 
 ------------------------- 
 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
 
      Agriculture and Agri-Fooc Canada, Charlottetown Research Centre.
 
      H.W. Johnston and H.G. Nass
 
      Disease Resistance Levels Required for Registration of new Wheat
 Cultivars in Atlantic Canada:   In several of the last few years, Fusarium
 head blight (FHB) has been quite destructive, not only in Atlantic Canada,
 but in other areas of Canada as well.  Hence, registration of new wheat
 cultivars will require data showing that the level of resistance to FHB
 meets certain criteria.   In Atlantic Canada, multiple year data based on
 percentage of spikelets and heads displaying symptoms of Fusarium infection
 plus the Index [(% infected spikelets x % infected heads)/100], must show
 that candidate lines have greater resistance to FHB than the worst of three
 disease check cultivars for spring wheat (Algot, Belvedere and Max) and of
 two check cultivars for winter wheat (Borden and Ruby).
 
      Cultivar Registration and Recommendation Tests:  It is imperative that
 cereal cultivar testing be conducted more efficiently than in the past,
 because of a reduced level of funding for both Recommendation and
 Registration Tests.  Beginning with the 1994 growing season, Recommendation
 and Registration Tests will be combined into one test.  Thus, all
 recommended cultivars will be included in the Registration Test.  In the
 past, Recommendation Tests had several levels of management, but only one
 level of management will be applied in the combined test.  Other recent
 changes to this test are that no fungicide seed treatment will be used, and
 no foliar fungicides nor growth regulators will be part of the management
 protocol so that negative traits of a cultivar can be assessed.
 
 --------------------------
 SASKATCHEWAN
 
      R. M. De Pauw, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Station, Swift
 Current
 
      New cultivar.  AC Eatonia (=BW642), hard red spring, has higher grain
 yield potential, more resistance to the wheatstem sawfly and better
 resistance to common root rot than Leader.  AC Eatonia has the potential to
 replace the majority of other solid stemmed cultivars. The rights for
 promotion, multiplication and distribution have been awarded to Proven
 Seeds, UGG. 
 
 ------------------------- 
      M.R. Fernandez*, J.M. Clarke and R.M. DePauw
 
      Variation in the response of leaves at different growth stages and
 kernels of durum wheat genotypes to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis.  Fourteen
 durum wheat genotypes were evaluated for reaction of leaves at different
 growth stages, and kernels, to Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (causal agent of
 tan spot and red smudge in wheat) under controlled conditions.  Percent leaf
 area with tan spot symptoms at the seedling stage was not correlated with
 that on the flag leaf, or with field leaf spot ratings.  Field leaf spot
 ratings were correlated with both percent leaf area with symptoms and lesion
 length on the flag leaf of artificially-inoculated plants.  Percent
 incidence of red smudge in kernels of artificially-inoculated plants was not
 correlated, or was negatively correlated, with tan spot reaction at the
 seedling or adult stages, and field leaf spot ratings.  Different resistance
 mechanisms to P. tritici-repentis seem to be operating in different organs
 of the plant, and resistance to tan spot observed at the adult stage was not
 expressed at the seedling stage. (Manuscript to appear in Plant Disease).
 
 -------------------------
       M.R. Fernandez*, J.M. Clarke, R.M. DePauw and R.B. Irvine
 
      Leaf spots in wheat in southern Saskatchewan in 1993.    Severity and
 fungal composition of leaf spots were analyzed in 6 durum and 7 common wheat
 cultivars (2 CWRS, 3 CPS and 2 CWSWS) at Swift Current and Outlook, in
 southern Saskatchewan.  Leaf spot ratings in 1993 were similar for the durum
 and common wheat cultivars but higher at Outlook than at Swift Current. 
 Compared to previous years, leaf spot severity in the common wheat cultivars
 was higher than in 1991 or 1992 at Swift Current, and higher than in 1992 at
 Outlook.  For the durum wheat cultivars, the severity of leaf spots at
 Outlook was higher than in 1992.
 
      In 1993, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis was isolated at a lower frequency
 (about 45%) and Septoria nodorum at a higher frequency (about 48%) from leaf
 spot lesions than in the two previous years (average of about 63% for P.
 tritici-repentis and 26% for S. nodorum for 1991 and 1992).  S. tritici was
 also more frequent in 1993 than in previous years, particularly in the CWRS
 wheat cultivars (<5% in 1991-1992, 26% in 1993).
 
      Black point and red smudge in durum and common wheat cultivars in
 southern Saskatchewan in 1993.  Black point was observed at lower levels in
 1993 than in 1992 at Swift Current, Sask.  The incidence of this kernel
 discoloration was higher in the durum (mean of 16%) than in the common wheat
 cultivars (mean of 5%).  The incidence of red smudge was in turn higher than
 in 1992, and higher for the common wheat (mean of 8.4%) than for the durum
 wheat cultivars (mean of 4.1%).  Among the wheat classes, red smudge in the
 CWRS, CPS and CWAD was similar (4.1 to 7.5%) but lower than in the CWSWS
 wheat cultivars (13.6%).
 
                         Publications
 
 Bailey, K.L., Duczek, L.J., Jones-Flory, L., Kutcher, R., Fernandez, M.R.,
 Hughes, G.R., Kaminski, D., Kirkham, C., Mortensen, K., Boyetchko, S.,
 Burnett, P. and D. Orr, 1994.
 
 Saskatchewan/Central Alberta Wheat Disease Survey, 1993. Can. Plant Dis.
 Surv. (in press).
 
 Clarke, J.M. and DePauw, R.M.  1993.  Residue production of semidwarf and
 conventional wheat genotypes.  Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:769-776.
 
 Clarke, J.M., Howes, N.K., McLeod, J.G. and DePauw, R.M. 1993. Selection for
 gluten strength in the F(2) of three durum crosses.  Crop Sci. 33:956-958.
 
 Clarke, J.M. and McCaig, T.N.  1993.  Breeding for efficient root systems. 
 In Plant Breeding - Principles and Prospects., M.D. Hayward, N.O. Bosemark,
 and I. Romagosa (eds), Chapman Hall (pub), Chapter 28, 485-499.
 
 Clarke, J.M., T.N.McCaig and R.M. DePauw.  1993.  Relationship of
 glaucousness and epicuticular wax quantity in wheat.  Can. J. Plant Sci.
 73:961-967.
 
 Clarke, J.M., McCaig, T.N. and DePauw, R.M. 1994. Inheritance of
 glaucousness and epicuticular wax in durum wheat. Crop Sci. 34:(in press).
 
 Clarke, P., J. B. Thomas, R.M. DePauw. 1993.  Bluesky red spring wheat. Can.
 J. Plant Sci. 73:(in press).
 
 Clarke, P., R.M. DePauw, and J. B. Thomas. 1993.  Wildcat red spring wheat.
 Can. J. Plant Sci. 73:(in press).
 
 DePauw, R.M., Knox, R.E., Morrison, R.J., McCaig, T.N., Clarke, J.M. and
 McLeod, J.M. 1994. Registration of 'AC Taber' hard red spring wheat.  Crop
 Sci. 34: (in press).
 
 Fenn, D., Lukow,O.M., Bushuk, W. and DePauw,R.M. 1994. Milling and baking
 quality of 1BL/1RS translocation wheats. I. genotype and environment
 effects.  Cereal Chemistry 71: (in press).
 
 Fernandez, M.R., Clarke, J.M., DePauw, R.M., Irvine, R.B., McLeod, J.G.,
 1993. Evaluation of durum wheat for resistance to tan spot and pink smudge,
 pp.28-32. In: Proceedings of the Second International Tan Spot Workshop.
 (Francl, L.J., Krupinsky, J.M., McMullen, M.P. eds.) NDSU, Fargo, ND, 142
 pp.
 
 Fernandez, M.R., J.M. Clarke and R.M. DePauw, 1994. Response of durum wheat
 kernels and leaves at different growth stages to Pyrenphora tritici-
 repentis. Plant Dis. (in press).
 
 Fernandez, M.R. J.M. Clarke, R.M. DePauw, R.B. Irvine, and R.E. Knox, 1994.
 Black point and red smudge in irrigated durum wheat in southern Saskatchewan
 in 1990-1992.  Can. J. Plant Pathol. (in press).
 
 Kruger, J.E., Hatcher, D.W., and DePauw, R.M. 1993. A whole seed assay for
 polyphenol oxidase in Canada Prairie Spring wheats and its usefulness as a
 measure of noodle darkening.  Cereal Chem. (in press).
 
 McCaig, T.N., R.M. DePauw, and P.C. Williams. 1993. Assessing seed coat
 colour in a wheat breeding program with an NIR/VIS instrument. Can. J. Plant
 Sci. 73:535-539.
 
 McCaig, T.N., and Morgan, J.A.  1993.  Root and shoot dry matter
 partitioning in near-isogenic wheat lines differing in height.  Can. J.
 Plant Sci. 73:  679-689.
 
 Morgan, J.A., LeCain, D.R., McCaig, T.N. and Quick, J.S.  1993.
 Transpiration efficiency, water relations and carbon isotope discrimination
 in winter wheat.  Crop Sci. 33:  178-186.
 
 -------------------------
                        ITEMS FROM CHINA
 
      Wheat Breeding Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 
 
      Zhao-Su Wu, Shi-Rong Yu, Xi-Zhong Wei, You-Jia Shen, Guo-Liang Jiang,
      Ji-Min Wu, Yong Xu, Zhao-Xia Chen, Shi-Jia  Liu
 
      Studies on the development of scab-resistant gene pool in wheat III. 
 Exploration of the establishment of base populations and their recurrent
 selection.  Three base populations were established with different male-
 sterile gene Tal, and different selection procedures and intensities were
 adopted in their recurrent selection programs, respectively.  For the long-
 term gene pool GPO and the short-term gene pool GPIII, the same base
 population was developed according to Wu et al.'s scheme, and for the male-
 sterile plants, phenotypic mass spike selection was conducted with 15-20%
 and about 5% selection intensities respectively.  For the short-term gene
 pool PI, superior male-sterile plants were selected from the F1 hybrid
 populations of 10 desirable combinations and seeds of the selected plants
 were bulked in a proper ratio to establish the base population.  For the
 short-term gene pool GPII, individual plant selection was conducted for 2-3
 cycles for male-sterile plants from the F1 hybrids and progeny populations
 of 28 desirable combinations and the seeds from selected plants were bulked
 in a proper ratio to form the base population.  With the male-sterile plants
 during recurrent selection of PI and GPII, phenotypic mass plant selection
 was carried out for agronomic characters such as plant height and yield
 components as well as scab resistance with about 5% selection intensity. 
 GPO, PI, GPII and GPIII, grown in a 3-replicate randomized layout were
 studied in Nanjing during two crop seasons 1989 - 1991.  Of these different
 recurrent selection populations, mean resistance to scab was higher in GPIII
 and lower in GPII.  The average or percentage of diseased seeds of superior
 plants in GPIII was small, while the resistance of their progenies was
 similar to those of the other three populations.  The 3 short-term gene
 pools were significantly better than GPO in most agronomic characters.  Mean
 plant height in PI, GPII and GPIII was 12.2, 11.4, and 6.7 cm shorter, and
 grain weight per spike and kernel weight were 9.79 - 17.20% and 2.76 - 9.91%
 heavier than those of GPO, respectively.  More total and seeded spikelets
 and grains per spike were observed in the short-term gene pools.  For the
 superior plants extracted from the short-term gene pools, the average plant
 height was 7 - 10 cm shorter, grains per plant and spike were 40 - 70 and 2
 - 6 more, and weight of grains per plant and spike was 1.5 - 4.5 and 0.2 -
 0.55 g higher than those from the long-term gene pool respectively. 
 Relatively great genetic variabilities existed and were maintained during
 recurrent selection with all of these populations, which meant that
 effective selection could be carried on in the further development of the
 gene pools.
 
      Studies on utilization of wheat biblends in piebald saline-alkali soil. 
 The experiments were conducted at Tianwangtang Village (heavy saline-
 alkaline soil) and Huimin Agricultural Institute (light saline-alkali soil),
 Shandong Province, during 1989 - 1991. Twelve biblends were formed in
 incomplete dialleles from 3 slat-enduring and 4 non-salt enduring wheat
 pureline cultivars.  Correlate analysis of yield and its related characters
 showed that the main factor affecting wheat yield was ear number, which was
 determined by established seedling number.  So established seedling number
 was much more important to wheat yield on heavy saline-alkali soil.  The
 average yield in wheat biblends increased by 351 g kg/hm(2) (9.1%) compared
 with that in pure stands and the difference was significant.  So the
 application of biblends was an efficient way to increase wheat yield on
 piebald saline-alkali soil.
 
      Development and study on new maintenance line sources of 5 male sterile
 types with easily restoring performance in common wheat.  The alloplasmic
 wheat varieties Chris with 10 different Aegilops cytoplasms were used as the
 cytoplasm donors.  A whole series of 1B/1R translocations lines, such as
 77(2) and others, and both progeny plants or lines of reciprocal cross with
 same sterile nucleus gene but different cytoplasms served as nucleus donors. 
 Under 5 sterile cytoplasm backgrounds the new maintenance lines with much
 easy restoring performance were bred by crossing, repeated substitution
 backcrossing and sterile coverting.  The results from test cross and
 fertility analysis indicated that: 1) the restoring degree in F1 between the
 new sterile lines and some varieties or lines exceeded 90%. 2) the male
 sterile line with Ae. kotschyi, Ae. variabilis and Ae. bicornis sterile
 cytoplasms, namely their 1B/1R sterile lines, is the sterile induced by
 interaction between 1Rs fragments and the 4 cytoplasms because of fertility
 gene deficiency. 3) no haploid plant was found in the sterile and F1 with
 Ae. uniaristata cytoplasm.  Haploidy induced by 1B/1R sterile lines with Ae.
 ventricosa, Ae. kotschyi, Ae. variabilis and Ae. bicornis cytoplasms is a
 side effect caused by sterility induced by special interaction of 1B/1R
 translocation chromosome and the 4 cytoplasms above.  But their sterile
 lines without haploids bred by new maintenance lines showed that the haploid
 plants may disappear with different nucleus genetic background of sterile
 line.  In addition, the 5 sterile lines above not only possess widely easy
 restorer performance, but also caused certain interaction relationships.  It
 supplied a favorable condition to simplify the procedure for producing
 hybrid seed.
 
      Comprehensive selection in white wheat resources for pre-harvest
 sprouting under different selection intensities.  A total of 399 resources
 were researched about duration of growth period (A), grain number per car
 (B), grain weight (C), scab (D), powdery mildew (E), seed coat color (F),
 preharvest sprouting (G), and plant height (H).  Genetic parameters were
 estimated and the theoretical rates of the resources which accorded with the
 criteria in their eight characters were estimated by using approximate
 calculation of multiple normal distribution.  Computer selection results
 showed that one resource accorded with the experiential criterion from 218
 in 1991 and five and one accorded with the experiential criterion and the +
 Os criterion from 369 in 1992 respectively.  The 20074//03256(4)/ Tom Thumb
 strain bred by Beijing Agricultural University was good in eight characters
 during two years.  About 350-400 resources were needed as basic population
 to be selected under the + Os criterion and 250-300 as well under the
 experimental criterion.
 
      Study on germination characters of wheat seed with different coat
 color.  Three wheat cultivars with different seed coat color were studies
 researching germination characters.  Germination percentage and index of
 cultivars with red seed coat were lower than those of Siyang 936 with white
 seed coat.  There was no difference among cultivars in seed absorption rate
 of water.  Respiratory rate, electric conductivity and alpha-amylase
 activity decreased as color level increased. Eight bands were found in every
 cultivar and an additional band (No. 9) in Yangmai 5 in the amylase
 isoenzyme chart.  GA(3) resulted in increasing germination index and length
 of sheath and seedlings of Ppzise and Yangmai 5.
 
                         Publications
 
 Jiang, Guo-Liang and Zhao-Su Wu.  1993.  Studies on the development of scab
 resistant gene pool in wheat III.  Exploration of the establishment of base
 populations and their recurrent selection.  Acta Agronomica Sinica,
 19(5):441-452.
 
 Jiang, G. L., Z. S. Wu and D. C. Huang.  1993.  Phenotypic recurrent
 selection for resistance to scab in wheat.  Proc. 8th Intern. Wheat Genetics
 Symp. Beijing, China.  In Press.
 
 Jiang, Guo-Liang.  1993.  Review on application of recurrent selection to
 improvement of self-pollinated crops.  Chinese Agricultural Science
 Bulletin, 9(2):6-10.
 
 Jiang, Guo-Liang, Zhao-Su Wu and Zhao-Xia Chen.  1993.  A new scab-resistant
 wheat germplasm Changjiang 8809. J. of Nanjing Agricultural University,
 16(4):28.
 
 Cai, Qing-Sheng and Zhao-Su Wu.  1993.  The relations of dry matter
 accumulation of grain growth stages to grain weight in wheat.  J. of Nanjing
 Agricultural University, 16(1):27-32.
 
 Yang, Zhu-Ping, Zhao-Su Wu and Shi-Rong Yu.  1993.  Effects of phenotypic
 selection for agronomic traits on population improvement by using a wheat
 gene pool of scab resistance.  J. of Nanjing Agricultural University.
 16(2):18-22.
 
 Wei, Xi-Zhong, Ji-Min Wu and Yong Xu.  1993.  Comprehensive selection in
 white wheat resources for pre-harvest sprouting under different selection
 intensities.  J. of Nanjing Agricultural University, 16(4):23-28.
 Ma, Chuan-Xi and Zhao-Su Wu.  1993.  Effect of variation of protein
 fractions and HMW glutenin subunits on SDS sedimentation volume in wheat
 varieties.  Acta Agronomica Sinica, 19(6):562-566.
 
 Fu, Zhao-Lin, Shi-Rong Yu and Zhao-Su Wu.  1993.  Studies on utilization of
 wheat biblends in piebald saline-alkali soil.  J. of Nanjing Agricultural
 University, 16(2):7-11.
 
 Zhang, Gai-Sheng, Zhao-Su Wu, Shi-Yong Yu and Hai-Lu Cao.  1993. 
 Development and study on new maintenance line sources of 5 male sterile
 types with easily restoring performance in common wheat.  Acta Agriculturae
 Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica 2(3):19-24.
 
 Yu, Shi-Rong.  1993.  World wheat production and scientific research in
 early 90s.  World Agriculture, (8):19-20.
 
 -------------------------
      Crop Breeding and Culture Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture
      Sciences (CAAS), Beijing
 
      Zhong-hu He and Zhen-hua Du
 
      General.  Under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture, Crop
 Breeding and Culture Institute serves as coordinator of national wheat
 breeding program which includes wheat improvement sections of Academy of
 Agricultural Sciences at Provincial level and some agricultural institutes
 at prefectural level, Agricultural University or College, and the relevant
 institutes of Chinese Academy of Sciences.  It also coordinates the
 cooperative shuttle breeding project between CIMMYT and China. At present,
 breeders mostly work on winter wheat, durum wheat (spring and winter)
 improvement also receives certain attention.  Supported programs such as
 wide cross and germplasm enhancement as well as anther culture are closely
 linked with breeding program.
 
      Major events.  The Eighth International Wheat Genetics Symposium was
 held in Beijing in July of 1993 and several papers were presented by our
 staff.  Four senior scientists of CASS also served on the local organization
 committee.  About 70 persons from throughout China attended the First
 National Wheat Breeding and Genetics Conference for Young Scientists in
 November of 1993.  A review of the National Wheat Breeding Program by the
 Ministry of Agriculture and the National Science Committee concluded it was
 in good shape.
 
      New Cultivar.  An introduction form ICARDA performed very well in North
 China Winter Wheat Region. Maya"s"/ON//II60-147/3/Bb/4/Chat"S" was
 introduced and evaluated by the team led by Professor Z. H. Du.   It ranked
 the first and second in the National Yield Trials in 1991-1992 and 1992-93,
 with averages of 6013.5 and 5592.0 kg/ha, respectively.  It outyielded the
 check Fengkang 8 significantly in both seasons by 3.4%in first season and
 4.2% in second season.  The highest yield reached 7200 t/ha.  Based on data
 from Dr. B. Q. Sun of Beijing Agricultural University, it showed good
 resistance to powdery mildew and yellow rust in Beijing.  It also performed
 well in Hebei and Shanxi Province, with good lodging and stress (drought)
 resistance.  Compared with other Chinese winter wheat cultivars, it has more
 grains per spike and higher test weight, is early-medium in maturity and has
 good quality, but has lower grain wt.  It could be released in Beijing and
 Hebei in 1994.
 
 -------------------------
      Dry Farming Institute, Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences
 
      F. W. Zhao, H. M. Li, Z. Y. Liu, Y. Z. Shen, F. C. Liu, Z. Q. Li
 
                         Hybrid Wheat Breeding
 
      CHA research.  Two new HCAs Ek and Es, patent No. 92CN103773, have been
 successfuly developed and utilized in wheat heterosis research.  Seven years
 results have shown that sterility and seed set of female plants treated with
 both CHAs were over 95% and 80%, respectively.  
 
      Hybrid seed production.  Hybrid seed production area was 233 ha this
 year.  The female yield was 4.21 t/ha and 250 tons of hybrids were produced
 by CHA which will be planted next season.
 
      Hybrid demonstration.  Hybrid wheat demonstrations of 467 ha were
 planted/harvested this year covering 9 states in China.  Although this was a
 bad season for wheat yield because of drought, hybrids gave satisfactory
 results.  Hybrid vigor, was measured at 15-20% over the checks.  Huayou 6, a
 new hybrid planted in Zhongtong village in Xinle county by senior
 agronomists organized by Hebei Agricultural Bureau, yielded 8.4 t/ha on 7.6
 ha which was the best yield for such a large area in Hebei province.
 
      Photo-thermo-sensitive male sterile line research.  Two experiments
 were done on line 91-1, a photo-thermo-sensitive male sterile/fertile line
 arising from previous research.
 
      1.   Line 91-1 is a thermal insensitive genotype.  
      2.   Its restoring spectrum is wide, from 8 crosses all gave 85% or
           more seeset from bagged main stem heads.
 
      In seed increases line 91-1 plants were half sterile/fertile from
 planting made on October 12 last year.  The sterile/fertile complex of 91-1
 should be further studied in order to utilize this genotype in hybrid wheat
 research.  About 155 crosses were made by hand this year to identify the
 restoring capacity for hybrid combinations of 91-1.
 
 -------------------------
      H. M. Li, F. W. Zhao, Z. Z. Bai, C. S. Guo, L. Z. Sun, H. W. Li
 
      Superhigh Yield Breeding 
 
      Breeding objective.  To develop new genotypes with a yield potential of
 7.5-9 t/ha for irrigated land in Huanghuai winter wheat valley.  The indices
 for this kind of genotype are: 50-60 grains/spike; 38 g kernel wt density of
 5,250,000 spikes/ha; semi-winter habit with good disease resistance and
 acceptable quality.
 
      Natural resource.  Huanghuai winter wheat valley is a major wheat
 production region covering more than 1/3 of the wheat growing area in China. 
 Natural resources are most adequate for wheat production including: 120-130
 kcal annual solar radiation, annual temperature summation of 4,500 - 5,000 
 degC  and a annual daily average temperature of 12.5 degC.  Breeding
 progress in recent years was mostly in promoting improved wheat yield.  But
 to improve yield further, new approaches and new genotypes with high yield
 potential must be adopted.  Much effort has been expended on superhigh yield
 breeding to develop high yielding cultivarws uisng various approaches.
 
      Breeding progress.  Much germplasm has been used in superhigh breeding
 and progress has been slow.  Particularly, large spikes are always
 associated with poor and shrivelled seed and later heading date than for
 middle-size spike genotypes preventing release of such types for commercial
 production.  To attempt a solution to this problem mutation breeding was
 established using CO(60).
 
      Characteristics of HS 888, successful mutant from this research, is
 shown below.
 
           Plant     Spike     Spikelet     Grain     Kernel              
 Geno-    height     length    # /Spike    #//Spike    wt       Winter
 type      (cm)      (cm)                            (g)        habit
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------                       
 HS 888    79.8      19.2      25        58         38    half winter
      
 Jimai     78.4       7.5      17        35         36    half winter
 26 (CK)                                                               
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
      From this it can be seen that HS 888 has agronomic characteristics that
 met the breeding objective.  It is very useful material for superhigh yield
 breeding.
 
                         Publications
 
 Zhao, F. W., Li, H. W., and Zuen. E. Z.  1993.  The Male Sterility in Wheat
 Induced by New Gametocides--EK and ES.  Acta Agricultural Boreali-Sinica. 
 8. 16-20.
 
 Zhao, F. W., Li, H. W. and Zuen. E. Z.  1993.  Preliminary Research on a
 Photo-Thermo-Sensitive Male Sterile Line, 91-1.  Seeds. 5. 16-17.
 
 -------------------------
                      ITEMS FROM CROATIA
 
      Tomasovic S., Javor P.
 
      Achievements in Recent Wheat Breeding in the Institute for Breeding and
      Production of Field Crops -Zagreb
 
      In order to maintain high yield stability Zg-wheat cultivar, breeding
 is conducted via several programs against main fungal diseases under
 conditions of Croatis Diseases include: powdery mildew, Septoria spp.,
 Fusarium spp. and stem and leaf rusts.  As the result of long term breeding
 work in Zagreb Institute, 49 cultivars of winter wheat are registered. 
 Their common characteristics are high yielding capacity, considerably above
 10, and very good adaptability and yielding stability.  In 1993, registered
 wheat varieties are: RINA, DARKA, TINA, OLGA, SANDRA, RUGVICA and SUTLA. 
 Average data from Zagreb trials in 1991-1993 are given below.  New varieties
 distinguish themselves from the previous cultivars by their better baking
 quality.  We should point out that water absorption capacity in every
 mentioned cultivar is more or less on the same levels as it used to be in
 high quality wheats.
 
 
                             Relative      1000
                Grain        yield to      kernel     Plant
                Yield        Sana =        weight     height
 Variety        kg/ha        100%          (g)        (cm)
  --------------------------------------------------------------
 1. Rina         88,58        99,62       43,5        75
 2. Darka        97,40       109,42       47,0        73
 3. Tina         88,64       111,77       46,5        72
 4. Olga         85,96       109,11       49,5        82
 5. Sandr       105,86        47,0        84           0
    83,40
 6. Rugvica      97,76       106,63       46,5        79 
 7. Sutla        87,98       95,95        43,5        80
  --------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
             Vegetation                    Leaf       Septoria  Fusarium  Sedi-
 Lodging     period (days     Powdery      rust       spp       spp       mentn.
             from 1,          mildew      (Cobb       (leaf     (0-5)     Value
   %         January)         (0-9)        scale)     (0-9)               (ml.)
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  0           133              0-1          OR          1         0        31
  0           135              1-2          OR          2         0        29
  0           135               2           Tr          2         0        34
  0           137              3-4          OR         2-3        0        42
  0           137               OR           3          0         0        41
 
  0           138               4           Tr          2         0        20
  0           134              4-5          OR         2-3        0        35
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 -------------------------
      Bogdan Koric, Zagreb
 
      Achievements in Breeding Wheat for Resistance to Diseases in Croatia. 
 In Croatia, breeding for resistance to diseases has produced satisfactory
 results.  Exceptional results were achieved by breeding for resistance to
 stem rust like the cultivar Zlatna dolina (Golden Valley) and Sanja.  On the
 other hand many cultivars with adequate resistance to powdery mildew were
 developed largely due to a good choice in using sources of resistance from
 TP 114 1965 A, CI 12632 and CI 14123 which have effective resistance genes
 Pm2, Pm4 and Pm6.  Unfortunately, with the passing time, these genes became
 ineffective.  Today effective resistance genes are Pm4b, Pm9 and Pm2 + M1d. 
 
 
      Poor results have been obtained on the problems of wheat diseases
 septoria nodorum blotch and Fusarium spp.  Phytopathological investigations
 were conducted to determine possibilities of using the seedling stage in the
 screening process in breeding for resistance to fungus Leptosphaeria nodorum
 and to determine its effects on yield, kernel weight, sanitary condition of
 seed and effectiveness of chemical control.
 
                         Publications
 
 Koric, B.  1992.  Scientific investigations of the most important wheat
 diseases in Croatia.  Sjemenarstvo, 9(4-5), 269-277.  
 
 Koric, B.  1993.  Important of septoria nodorum blotch and its chemical
 control in seed production of winter wheat.  Poljoprivredne aktualnosti,
 29(1-2), 193-202.
 
 Koric, B.  1993.  Effectiveness of Pm resistance genes to Erysiphe graminis
 DC f.sp. tritici March.  In Croatia in the period from 1968 to 1991. 
 Agronomski glasnik, 55(4-5), 305-314.
 
 Koric, B.  1993.  Effectiveness of fungicides in protection of wheat attack
 with septoria nodorum blotch.  Sjemenarstvo, 19(1-2), 25-32.  
 
 Koric, B.  1993.  Effect of Septoria nodorum blotch on yield and size of
 processed wheat seed.  WIS, No. 76:32-34.
 
 Koric, B.  1992.  Wheat breeding for resistance to Lepthosphaeria nodorum
 the cause of septoria nodorum blotch in Croatia.  Book of abstracts of
 Symposium on durability of disease resistance.
 
 Koric, B.  1993.  Investigation into correlative relation of resistance of
 wheat stage to Leptosphaeria nodorum in seedling and in adult.  Agronomski
 glasnik, 55(1-2), 55-61.
 
 Koric, B.  1992.  Testing fungicide effectiveness for control of powdery
 mildew in wheat.  Sjemenarstvo, 9 (2-3) 111-114.
 
 -------------------------
                 ITEMS FROM THE CZECH REPUBLIC
 
      P. Martinek, Z. Nesvadba, J. Mikulcova, Cereal Research Institute,
      Havlickova
 
      Possibilities in using wheat resources with non-standard spike
      morphotypes forincreasing the yield potential.
 
      A collection of wheat gene resources with a changed spike morphotype is
 maintained at the Cereal Research Institute (CRI) in Kromeriz. These are
 mainly hexaploid wheat forms of Triticum aestivum L. which are enriched with
 genes from other wheat species. The genes belong namely to the SFG (spike
 fertility genes) group. Depending on the morphological spike structure the
 donors are classified into several groups as follows: VSS (vertical sessile
 spikelets), TSS (tetrastichon sessile spikelets), forms in which branching
 spikes occur - TFS (transitional forms
 spikelets), and IRS (indeterminare rachilla spikelets), NS (normal
 spikelets), forms with screwedness of spike rachis, large glumes and others.
 Considering another method of classification they are divided into
 multispikelet, multigrain and heavy grain. The most perspective forms have
 markedly increased spike productivity and spike rachis length above 15 cm.
 The research at the CRI is aimed at: a) completing the collection with new
 resources, b) genetic analyses, c) testing gene
 resources for resistance to environmental stress factors, d) developing new
 resources with improved grain quality and other properties. Some of the
 resources are important with regard to their spike sink capacity which is
 directly controlled by genes of high effects with remarkable phenotypic
 expression. We suppose these resources could be utilized particularly for
 increasing spike productivity, harvest index and aboveground plant biomass
 weight. We are interested in expanding cooperation with foreign workplaces
 particularly in the field of research and
 exchange of seed samples and other enriching our collection. We would like
 to join international research projects in this field.
 
      Figure 1:  Spike morphological structure of selected gene resources
 
 
                            Photo not included
 
 
 Spike morphological structure of selected gene resources
 
      A - NS gigas
      B - VSS gigas
      C - TSS
      D - TFS gigas
      E - larger glumes
      F - spike screwedness - Scr 1 (screwed spike)
      G - standard spike size (Hana cultivar)
 
 -------------------------
      Bartos P., Stuchlikova E., Hanusova R.
 
      Genes for resistance to rusts and powdery mildew in Czech and Slovak
 wheat cultivars     (Novel list of registered cultivars -l993) 
      
 Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague - Ruzyne
 Cultivar  Regis.    Sr        Lr        Yr        Pm              
  -----------------------------------------------------------------
 Winter wheats:         
                                            
 Agra      1985      31,+      3,26      9         2,6,8,inh.      
 Blava     1992      +         3,+       +        
 Danubia   1984      31        26,+      9         5,8             
 Hana      1985      29        3         2                     
 Ilona     1989      11                  5               
 Iris      1983      31,11,+   26        9         5,8             
 Kosutka   1981      +         +         +                         
 Livia     1991      31        26        9         8              
 Regina    1982                1,2,HeIV            5              
 Samanta   1993      ++        3                             
 Selekta   1985      31        26        9,+       4b,8            
 Senta     1991      31        3,26      9         8              
 Sida      1993      31        26        9         4b,8            
 Simona    1991      Zdar                          2,4b       
 Sofia     1990      31        3,26      9         2,4b,8         
 Sparta    1988      31        3,26      9         2,4b,8          
 Torysa    1992      29        M.Marks.            2,6            
 Vega      1992                3
 Viginta   1984      5,+,+     3         2,3a,4a                  
 Vlada     1990      +         +         +
 Zdar      1983      Zdar                3a,4a,CaV 4b,5
 
 Durum wheats:                                                   
 
 Gandur (SW) 1983    +         +         
 Soldur (WW) 1989              +         +
 Spring Wheats
 Jara      1975      Zdar                          M1k
 Linda     1992      +
 Maja      1990      +         +
 Sandra    1984      +         +                   5,M1k
 Saxana    1990      +
  ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
      Author appologizes for misprints caused by computer transcription in a
 similar table published in the last volume of the Annual Wheat Newsletter.
 
 ------------------------- 
      Photoperiodic sensitivity of the wheat cultivars 
 
      Kosner J.
 
      Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague - Ruzyne
 
      In the years 1991 and 1992 photoperiodic sensitivity of cultivars of a
 Czech and Slovak wheat assortment and relation between the photoperiodic
 sensitivity and the total basic earliness were studied ( Kosner, Bromova,
 1993).
 
      As the results showed the relation between the photoperiodic
 sensitivity and the total basic earliness a similar experiment was made with
 the varieties of the world assortment of different geographical origin in
 1993. There were tested winter and spring wheat in this experiment as well
 as before. The total basic earliness was derived from the number of days
 from emergence to heading under natural daylength (more than 14 hrs light
 period). Photoperiodic sensitivity was derived from the number of days from
 emergence to heading under the short - 10 hrs day. Dependence of the total
 basic earliness on the sensitivity to the photoperiod was evaluated by means
 of correlation coefficient and regression analysis.
 
      All used materials of spring and winter character were vernalized for 8
 weeks at +1 to +3 C, planted on 20th April (at the geographic latitude of
 the experiment day longer than 14 hrs starts by that date) on a plot
 undarkened and darkened by an automatic device. The 10-hours light period
 was from 8 till 18 o'clock. The period from planting vernalized plants to
 heading was surveyed.
 
      The control varieties were SONORA 64-insensitive to photoperiod with
 the dominant alleles Ppd1 and Ppd2 and ZDAR-sensitive to photoperiod in all
 these experiments.
 
      The results in 1993 showed the strong dependence as in previous years.
 Correlation coefficient,showing the dependence of basic earliness on a
 prolongation of the period from planting vernalized plants to heading under
 the short-light day, was 0.645 among the varieties of all the assortment (
 it consisted of winter and spring wheat). The influence of Vrn genes (the
 reaction of vernalization) was discovered by the fact that the spring wheats
 with dominant Vrn alleles were commonly earlier in the case of the same or
 similar sensitivity as the winter wheats. Therefore correlation coefficients
 for only the winter wheat (0.929) and only the spring wheat (0.794) were
 higher. The influence of the geographical origin was exhibited mainly by the
 photoperiodic insensitivity in the case of the wheat from Mexico.
 
                         Reference:
 
 Kosner, J.-Bromova,  P:Photoperiodic sensitivity of cultivars of the
 Czechoslovak wheat assortment. Ann. Wheat Newsletter, Colorado St. Univ.,
 39, 1993: 142-143.
                 
 Results of experiments 1993:
 
                     Number of days till heading
 Cultivar                 long day       Short day      prolongation
                (basic earliness)                  (photoper.sensit.)
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Sonora      s  MEX  45,86+-1,78         55,60 +-7,25        9,74
 Barant 83   s MEX   43,39+-1,23         67,00 +-3,83        23,61
 Druzina     s SUN   46,50+-1,41         70,50 +-4,87        24,00
 Abano       w  ITA  48,00+-4,26         80,36 +-3,64        32,36
 Miron. 28   w SUN   43,00+-1,00         84,67 +-5,62        41,67
 Pitonina    w YUG   47,33+-1,70         91,40 +-20,24       44,07
 Hanno       s  DEU  53,17+-1,22         140,19 +-7,06       87,02
 Zdar        w  CSK  67,50+-1,85         157,00 +-4,76       89,50
 Ventura     s  FRA  50,86+-1,25         140,73 +-10,6       89,87
 Dagon       s  SWE  51,80+-1,17         143,75 +-8,20       91,95
 Veronese     s ITA  49,80+-1,11         142,00 +-7,09       92,20
 Salut       w  SWE  71,92+-1,63         166,45 +-0,98       94,53
 Tombola     w NLD   67,60+-2,50         163,40 +-4,36       95,80
 Apollo      w  DEU  62,73+-3,09         164,63 +-4,42       101,90
 Henika      s  POL  48,47+-1,55         155,87 +-2,01       107,40
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 w = winter wheat, s = spring wheat
 
 -------------------------
       Structure of wheat genetic resources collection in RICP Prague and
 newly released cultivars
 
      Stehno Z., Vlasak M., Faberova, I., Research Institute of Crop
 Production, Prague - Ruzyne
 
      Gathering, evaluation and utilization of original wheat land races, old
 cultivars, advanced lines, restricted and released cultivars has in Czech
 Republic (in former Czechoslovakia) long - term tradition. Since the
 beginning of the century till now 5 046 winter accessions and 3 972 spring
 ones have been gathered, evaluated and documented.
 
 Table. 1 Portion of wheat species in the winter and spring subcollections
 
                Number of samples                  Number of samples
 Species        winter   spring     Species        winter  spring
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------
 T. monococcum    10        18      T. araraticum     3          
 T. boeoticum     10         1      T. militinae               1
 T. sinskajae                1      T.  timopheevii   1        4
 T. dicoccoides              7      T. spelta        28       15
 T. dicoccon       6        86      T. macha          2        2
 T. karamyschevii  2                T. compactum     17       27
 T. turgidum      24        27      T. aestivum    4838     3008
 T. carthlicum              13      T. vavilovii      2
 T. ispahanicum              1      T. sphaerococcum 11
 T. polonicum               16      T. petropavlovskyi        11
 T. durum        101       723      T. fungicidum              4
 T. aethiopicum              2      T. timonovum      1
 T. turanicum      2         2      T. timococcum              1
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Table  2.   Portion of the most frequent varieties of T. aestivum
 
      Variety        winter              spring
                       %                    %
  ----------------------------------------------------
      lutescens       55,8                27.7
      aestivum        23,3                31,8
      milturum         5,9                 4,2
      ferrugineum      4,4                11,3
      others          10,6                25,0
  ----------------------------------------------------
 
      Every season newly obtained genetic resources including newly released
 Czech cultivars are included into the collection.
 
 New cultivars released in 1993
 
      'Samanta' (Hana/Viginta) was bred out at the Breeding Station Stupice
 SELGEN a.s. Praha. The cultivar of winter habit is mid-early ripening,
 having semi-awned, pyramidal, lax spike. Plant height reaches 100 cm on the
 average. The 1000 kernel weight is medium (43 g on the average) and baking
 quality is good. "Samanta" has good resistance to leaf rust and middle level
 of tolerance to powdery mildew, septoria, stem rust and stripe rust. Good
 winterhardeness, lodging resistance, and sprouting tolerance.
 
      'Sida' winter wheat bred out at the Breeding Station Stupice SELGEN
 a.s. Praha as a result of crossing ST-39-76/Alcedo// ST-104-78, where
 ST-39-76 = Weihenstephan 378-132b/Maris Hunstman and ST-104-78 =
 Kavkaz/Diplomat. The late ripening cultivar has white, semi-awned,
 cylindrical, semi-dense spike. Red caryopsis has elongated shape and 1000
 kernel weight reaches average value 48 g. Baking quality is lower (5 - 6).
 Resistances to powdery mildew, septoria, leaf rust, stem rust and stripe
 rust are good. Winterhardeness and lodging resistances are good, but
 sprouting tolerance is middle.
 
 ------------------------- 
      Vacke J., Sip V., Skorpik M., Research Institute of Crop Production,
 Prague - Ruzyne
 
      Results of Spring Wheat Testing for Resistance to Barley Yellow Dwarf
 Virus.
 
      The degree of resistance (susceptibility) to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus
 (BYDV) was examined in field trials with 5 Czech registered spring wheat
 varieties, 48 advanced breeding lines from the Breeding Stations - SELGEN -
 Stupice (ST) and Uhretice (UH), and 22 sources of resistance from the world
 collection. Experimental plants (both infected - I and noninfected - control
 plants - C.) were grown on two-row small plots 1 meter long, with three
 replicates. The genotypes tested were infected with PAV isolate of BYDV at
 the stage of 2 to 3 leaves by means of Rhopalosiphum padi aphids obtained
 from greenhouse rearing. Visual evaluation of the symptomatic reaction of
 infected plants was performed at the time of full flower of particular
 experimental materials using the system developed by Schaller and Qualset
 (1980). After the harvest, yield characters were determined and the
 susceptibility index according to Comeau and St-Pierre (1982) calculated.
 
      The results obtained in the testing have shown that all the Czech
 registered spring wheat varieties and most advanced breeding lines were
 moderately to highly susceptible to BYDV. Their susceptible response to the
 virus infection is illustrated by mean percentages of the reduction in yield
 components which showed the highest values in case of grain yield per ear
 and per area, and somewhat lower values in case of biomass yield (Table 1).
 The relatively highest genotypic difference manifested itself in grain
 weight per ear (r = 0.828; MS(A)/MS(e) = 15.41) which, with respect to a
 significant positive correlation with grain yield per area unit, can serve
 as an indicator of resistance to the virus. The remaining characters (plant
 height, 1000 - grain weight, and harvest index) showed lower mean reduction.
 
 Table 1. Average percent reduction (100 - I/C . 100) of plant height and
 yield characters in the Czech spring wheat varieties and breeding lines.
 
           Character               1992        1993
                                 n = 23        n = 30
      ------------------------------------------------------
           Plant height            13.11        6.98
           1000-grain weight       15.57       16.46
           Grain weight/ear        49.10       43.46
           Grain yield/ha          53.26       44.66
           Biomass yield/ha        47.19       37.22
           Harvest index           12.03       11.98
      ------------------------------------------------------
 
      Among the Czech advanced breeding lines, the lines ST 36 - 91, ST 94 -
 91, ST 125 - 91, UH 126, UH 7005, and UH 7035 showed moderate resistance to
 BYDV (Table 2). A major part of materials from the world collection have
 shown susceptible to moderately resistant reaction to BYDV infection in our
 field trials. An outstanding degree of resistance to the virus was recorded
 in the Brazilian variety Maringa (Frontana/Kenya 58//Ponta Grossa 1) and in
 its near isogenic lines for Rht genes. These materials showed a low symptom
 score a low value of the susceptibility index, and their yield components
 were not reduced. However, the parental variety Frontana with the Bdv 1
 resistance gene did not show, to our surprise, a higher resistance level. Of
 the CIMMYT nursery VEE "S"/TRAP 1 appeared to be the most resistant material
 in our 2-year trials. The Rht 1,2 and 1+2 lines of the Maringa variety were
 included in hybridization programmes aimed at improving BYDV resistance of
 Czech wheat varieties.
 
 Table 2. Characters indicating resistance level to BYDV in the selected
 Czech breeding lines and sources of resistence in 1993. (Czech variety Jara
 represents a susceptible check).
                                                                              
           Grain     Grain Biomass   Harvest     Symptom  Susceptibity
           weight/   yield yield     index       score*   index
           ear (g)   (t/ha)(t/ha)
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Jara      0.66   2.55  7.75         0.329     7.5       4.62
 ST 36-91  94     4.08 10.41         0.392     5.3       2.51
 ST 94-91  0.98   4.35 10.41         0.418     6.5       2.25
 ST 125-91 1.06   4.85 11.28         0.430     5.6       1.61
 UH 126    1.16   4.00  9.48         0.422     6.5       2.48
 UH 7005   1.04   4.23 10.63         0.398     5.6       2.39
 UH 7035   1.26   4.48 10.72         0.418     6.0       2.07
 Frontana  0.80   3.21 10.42         0.308     5.0       3.92
 Marin(MG) 1.22   4.45 11.83         0.376     3.5       2.10
 MG Rht 1  1.31   4.82 11.67         0.413     3.5       1.47
 MG Rht 2  1.14   4.89 11.73         0.417     3.5       1.38
 MG Rht1+2 1.00   4.57 10.36         0.441     3.0       1.33
 MG Rht 3  1.05   3.93  8.87         0.443     3.0       1.80
 VEE "S"/  1.51   5.17 11.70         0.442     4.0       1.0
   TRAP1
 
 CIMMYT
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 *) Scale: 0-fully resistant, 9-fully susceptible
 
                         Publications
 
 Comeau, A., C.A. and St-Pierre. 1992. Trials on the resistance of  cereals
 to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Report no. 4.  Research Station,
 Agriculture Canada, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada.
 
 Schaller, C.W., and C.O. Qualset. 1980. Breeding for resistance    to the
 barley yellow dwarf virus. In: Proc., Third International  Wheat Conference,
 Madrid, Spain. University of Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station
 publication  MP41.  Pp. 528 541.
 
 ------------------------- 
                      ITEMS FROM ESTONIA  
 
      Institute of Experimental Biology of the Estonian Academy of Sciences,
 Department of Plant Genetics, Tallinn/Harku.
 
      O.Priilinn*, H.Peusha, K.Jarve, L.Timofeyeva, E.Tsimbalova, T.Enno.
 
      Use of alien genetic variation for wheat improvement. 
 
      Major genes for resistance to the wheat powdery mildew pathogen,
 Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici, were analysed in 48 breeding lines
 developed from wide crosses between commercial Russian cultivars andrelated
 Triticeae species - Triticum timopheevii, T.militinae, T.dicoccum and
 Ae.speltoides. Cultivars and advanced breeding lines were screened for their
 reaction to a set of differential mildew isolates, which had specific
 interaction for each host line. The near-isogenic lines of cultivar
 Chancellor with known mildew resistance genes and line TP114, twice
 backcrossed to cultivar Starke, possessing the resistance gene Pm6, were
 kindly provided by Dr. R.A.McIntosh, Australia. The remaining differential
 cultivars were obtained from the germplasm collection of Institut fur
 Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenzuchtung, Weihenstephan, Germany.
 
      Among the eight Russian wheat cultivars and breeding lines tested three
 (Mironovskaya 808, Novosibirskaya 67, Saratovskaya 29) showed
 susceptibility-response to all 11 isolates. The cultivars Kutulukskaya and
 Zolotistaya appeared to have resistance gene pm5.
 
      The derivatives of T.timopheevii and T.militinae showed a pattern,
 that was very similar to that of the phenotypes, which contained resis-tance
 genes Pm6 and Pm2+Pm4+Pm6. Among these derivatives, the line CMT34 showed
 resistance to all of the differential mildew isolates. From the derivatives
 of T.dicoccum and Ae.speltoides, two lines exhibited the reaction pattern of
 genes Pm2+Pm9 (Peusha et al., in press). This work has been supported by
 Volkswagen-Stiftung, Hannover, Germany.
 
      In order to increase the genetic variation in respect of disease
 resistance in wheat wide hybridization was carried out using different
 Triticea species. Genes conferring leaf rust resistance have been trans-
 ferred to common wheat line 146-155 from T.timopheevii by conventional
 crossing and backcrossing. It was ascertained that the rust resistant
 derivative, designated as 146-155-T, was protected against leaf rust
 pathogen by genes, which differed from effective Lr genes for this type of
 resistance and were not identical to known effective genes for resis-tance
 of the isogenic set of cultivar Thatcher (Enno, Peusha, 1992; Peusha, Enno,
 1992). 
 
      Based on a C-banded chromosome analysis chromosomal substitutions and
 rearrangements in the introgressive hybrid karyotypes were identi-fied. It
 was determined that number of substitutions per genome in hybrid lines
 varied from one to three. All five resistant lines under study possessed
 6B(6G) chromosome substitution. These results allow us to conclude that
 resistance to pathogen is conditioned by the presence of 6G chromosome (or
 its segment) of T. timopheevii in common wheat genome (Badaeva et al.,
 1993).
 
      Biotinylated total genomic DNA of T.timopheevii was used as a probe in
 DNA hybridization experiments to detect T. timopheevii chromosomes or
 chromosome segments in spread chromosome preparations from root tips of
 hybrid plants (146-155-T). Unlabelled genomic DNA from the other hybrid
 parent (146-155) was added as a blocking. A T. timopheevii DNA trans-
 location in the disease-resistant hybrid 146-155-T has been located.
 
      A multicopy DNA marker specific to the T.timopheevii genome or, even
 more, specific to the chromosome segment trasferred to the disease-resistant
 hybrids from T. timopheevii could be used in dot-blotting and would ease the
 laborous and time-consuming analysis of hybrid plants. Using the above-
 discribed hybridization system and PFGE-separated restriction fragments of
 HMW DNA from  146-155-T hybrid we intend to separate T.timopheevii genome
 specific DNA fragments. The cloned fragments will be probed by in situ
 hybridization to T.timopheevii and 146-155-T root tip metaphase chromosomes.
 
 
                         PUBLICATIONS
 
 Enno,T., H.Peusha. 1992. Introgression of genes for rust resistance from
 T.timopheevii to common wheat. Vortrage fur Pflanzenzuchtung, 24: 197-199.
 
 Peusha,H., T.Enno. 1992. Genetical analysis of leaf rust resistance in
 introgressive wheat lines. Proceed. Estonian Acad. Sci., Biology, 41, N3:
 141-148.
 
 Badaeva,E.D., N.S.Badaev, H.O.Peusha, T.M.Enno. 1993. Transfer of leaf rust
 resistance from T. timopheevii to common wheat. Proceed. of the 2nd
 Symposium "Trends in Plant Biotechnology", Russia, Moscow-Puschino: 426. 
 
 Peusha,H., U.Stephan, S.L.K.Hsam, F.G.Felsenstein, T.Enno, F.J.Zeller.
 Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum
 aestivum L.). IY Breeding lines derived from wide crosses between Russian
 cultivars T.timopheevii Zhuk., T.militinae Zhuk. et Migush., T.dicoccum
 (Schrank.) Schuebl. and Aegilops speltoides Tausch. Genetika, Moscow: In
 press.
   
 -------------------------
      Institute of Experimental Biology of the Estonian Academy of Sciences,
 Department of Plant Genetics, Tallinn/Harku
 
      M. Tohvar
 
      Breeding for high-yielding and -quality wheat.  Correlations between
 agronomic and quality data.  In wheat breeding programs major emphasis is
 usually given to factors that affect grain yield.  High yield potential
 connected with good grain and flour quality play a significant role in
 development of new cultivars.  Wheat yield is a complex trait because of the
 number of genetic factors that take place in its formation.  A total of 24
 spring and winter wheat cultivars and mutant lines were tested for agronomic
 data.  Special attention were given to the most important traits which play
 a decisive role in formation of yield:  kernel weight, number of grains per
 spike, number of productive stems and kernel mass per spike and plant. 
 Investigations were performed during the period 1989-1992.  Plant yield and
 its structural elements were dependant on growing conditions.  The different
 growing conditions in 1989 and 1990 resulted in great variations of yield
 and quality data.  Therefore, while developing cultivars it is important to
 pay attention not only to high yield but to good adaptability as well.
 
      Highly significant positive correlations were observed between yield
 and productive stems (r=+0.764) and yield and mass of grains per plant
 (r=+0.936).  Significant negative correlations were found between mass of
 1000 grains and number of grains per ear (r=0.539) and number of productive
 stems (r=-0.494).  These experiments showed that higher yielding potential
 would be achieved on the basis of number of productive stems and mass of
 grains per plant.  Certain genotypes of spring wheats were determined to
 have more advantageous gene background for obtaining high yields.  For
 example, mutant line A-57 induced form cultivar `Arkas' had better yield and
 adaptability than other experimental lines.
 
      Grain quality was estimated in 78 experimental lines.  The best mutant
 lines of common spring wheat from our collection were compared with
 cultivars `Arkas', `Satu', `Dacke', `Heta', and other Finnish and Swedish
 cultivars.  Protein content, gluten quantity, dry gluten, gluten index and
 vitreousness of these lines were estimated in 1990-1992.  Genetical factors
 determine protein content and breadmaking quality, but the expression of
 these factors are affected by environmental growing conditions.  Thus, the
 average data of protein content in 1990-1992 differed significantly.  The
 summer of 1992 was hot and dry causing an approximately 2%  rise in protein
 content compared with 1990 and 1991.  ON the whole, the grain protein
 content varied form 9 to 15% for spring wheat lines.  A significant negative
 correlation was obtained between yield and grain protein content (r=-0.61). 
 Quality  tests showed a great variation among growing location for gluten
 quantity and quality, e.g., mutant line A-57 had gluten content 33-39%
 depending on location.  Many lines belonged to quality class I(II)
 determined by their protein content (13,0-13.5%) and quality (gluten content
 more than 23%).
 
      A significant positive correlation was found between grain protein
 content and gluten quantity (r=+0.653).  Negative correlations were
 estimated between grain protein content and gluten index (r=-0.338) and
 gluten quantity and gluten index (r=-0.549).  Vitreousness was positively
 and significantly correlated with grain protein content (r=+0.305), gluten
 content (4=+0.368) and dry gluten (r=+0.352) and negatively with gluten
 index (r=-0.147).
 
                         Publication
 
 Tohver, M.  1994.  Analysis of productivity and quality in chemically
 induced wheat mutant lines.  Journal of Agricultural Science (Estonia).  (in
 press).
 
 -------------------------
                      ITEMS FROM GERMANY 
 
      Institut fur Pflanzenpathologie und Pflanzenschutz der Universitat,
 Grisebachstr
 
      J. von Kietzell and K. Rudolph
 
      Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens on Cereals in
 Germany 
 
      The incitant of basal glume rot of cereals, Pseudomonas syringae pv.
 atrofaciens (Psa), has repeatedly been detected in several parts of Germany
 since 1986.
 
      After monitoring the widespread occurrence of Psa on leaves and glumes
 of wheat and barley in different regions of Germany in 1992 (Annual Wheat
 News Letter 39), we studied the epiphytic phase of the pathogen in 1993. For
 isolation of bacteria we first tested a soaking method. Leaves and glumes
 were soaked in an aqueous solution containing 0.85 % of NaCl and 0.01 % of
 Tween 20 and stirred continuously at 4 degC Almost the entire population of
 pseudomonads and contaminants were found in the solution after soaking at
 least 8-10 h. To avoid this time consuming procedure, samples were homoge-
 nized instead, and then plated onto agar plates with semiselective medium
 KBC containing 0.5 % of boric acid. Psa was identified by colony morphology,
 fluorescence on King s medium B, hypersensitive reaction on tobacco and a
 specific pathogenicity test on wheat seedlings.
 
      Ten samples each of symptom-free wheat and barley were collected in
 three regions of Germany. Two leaves and glumes of each sample were
 examined. In these experiments, the pathogen was found in 10 % of the wheat
 samples from Aurich, in 30 % from Gottingen, and in 48 % from Braunschweig.
 Furthermore, the pathogen was found in 35 % of the barley samples from
 Aurich, in 58 % from Gottingen and in 63 % from Braunschweig. The number of
 samples with Psa in a region was positively correlated with the number of
 Psa in each sample from this region. The highest number of Psa per sample
 was more than 10exp7 cfu/barley glume. It thus became very obvious that the
 widespread epiphytic occurrence of Psa on symptom-less wheat and barley
 plants can easily lead to erroneous diagnosis of the disease when necrotic
 symptoms of plant disease are present.
 
      The incidence of the pathogen was further studied by analyzing seed
 samples of wheat, barley, rye, and oats from different regions in Germany.
 The samples were stirred in soaking soluion for 10 h, diluted threefold,
 plated on modified KBC and identified as described above. In these
 experiments the pathogen was identified in 35 of 37 barley samples, in 42 of
 54 wheat samples, and in 1 of 18 rye samples. Sixteen 16 oat and 7 triticale
 samples were pathogen-free.
 
      Unexpectedly, the pathogen could not be differentiated from strains of
 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae isolated from bush bean or lilac. Both
 pathogens caused typical symptoms on bean leaves and heads of wheat. They
 also showed the same metabolic pattern in the BIOLOG-test.
 Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata, the incitant of bacterial leaf blight of
 sugar beet, also caused typical symptoms of basal glume rot on wheat ears.
 On the other hand, Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens did not cause
 typical symptoms on sugar beet.
 
      Epidemiological experiments are planned with spontaneous mutants of Psa
 resistant to Rifampicin and Streptomycin. In preliminary experiments in a
 growth chamber we detected the mutants on the first leaf of wheat, barley,
 rye and oats after vacuuminfiltration of the seeds. Field experiments will
 follow in 1994. 
 
 Publications
 
 Toben, H.M., A. Mavridis and K. Rudolph, 1989: Basal glume rot (Pseudomonas
 syringae pv. atrofaciens) on wheat and barley in FRG and resistance sreening
 of wheat. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 19, 119-125.
 
 Toben, H.M., A. Mavridis and K. Rudolph, 1991: Zum Vorkommen der basalen
 Spelzenfaule an Weizen und Gerste, hervorgerufen durch Pseudomonas syringae
 pv. atrofaciens, in Deutschland. J. Plant Diseases and Protection, 98, 225-
 235.
 
 Von Kietzell, J.M. and K. Rudolph, 1991: Variation in virulence of different
 isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens causing basal glume rot of
 cereals. Proc. of the 4th International Working Group on Pseudomonas
 syringae Pathovars, 117-123.
 
 Von Kietzell, J.M., B. Baharuddin, H.M. Toben and K. Rudolph, 1994: Identi-
 fication and characterization of plant pathogenic pseudomonads with Biolog
 Microplates and Microlog: Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Plant
 Pathogenic Bacteria, in press.
 
 ------------------------- 
      R. Schlegel, U. Vahl* and G. Muller*,  Institute  of  Plant Genetics
      and Crop Plant  Research,  Gatersleben,  *Project Group Biotechnique,
      Bernburg-Strenzfeld, Germany
 
      Current  list of wheats with rye introgressions  of  homoeologous
 group.    After  the  first  reports on  spontaneous  wheat-rye  chromosome
 substitutions 5R(5A) by Katterman (1937), O'Mara (1946) and Riley and 
 Chapman (1958), during the past three decades  particularly, 1R(1B)
 substitutions and 1RS.1BL translocations were described in  more  than  200 
 cultivars  of wheat  from  all  over  the  world  (Bluthner  and  Mettin 
 1973; Mettin et al.  1973;  Zeller  1972;  Zeller  1973;  Zeller and
 Fischbeck 1971). Their  most  important   phenotypic deviation from common
 wheat cultivars is the so-called  wheat-rye resistance, i. e. the presence
 of wide-range resistance  to  races  of powdery mildew and rusts (Bartos 
 and  Bares  1971; Zeller 1973), which is linked with decreased breadmaking 
 quality (Zeller  et  al. 1982), good ecological  adaptability  and  yield
 performance (Rajaram et al. 1983; Schlegel and Meinel 1994). The  origin of
 the alien chromosome was intensively discussed  by genetic  and  historical
 reasons. It turned out  that   basically four  sources   exist - two in
 Germany, one in the USA and one  in Japan. The variety 'Salmon' (1RS.1BL) is
 a representative of  the latter  (Tsunewaki 1964) and the variety 'Amigo'
 (1RS.1DL)  is  a representative of the penultimate group (Beronsky et  al. 
 1991; the  et  al. 1992), while almost ll remaining cultivars  can  be
 traced  back to one or to the other German origin 
 (Zeller  1973; Bluthner and Mettin 1977).
 
      There  was  no doubt so far that the Japanese  and  the  American
 derivatives differ from one another and from the German  sources.  Although 
 on  two  places of Germany  -  Salzmunde  near  Halle/S (breeder:  Riebesel) 
 and  Weihenstephan near  Munich  (breeder: Kattermann)  - wheat-rye crosses
 were already carried  out since the  twenties  and thirties and independent 
 pedigrees  could  be fragmentally  reconstructed  by the few  reports  left 
 (Bluthner 1992),  some authors presumed only one German source (Lein  1975; 
 Moonen and Zeven 1984).  For  breeding  programmes  additional 
 recombination  within  the translocated  1RS  arm  of rye and between  the 
 different  wheat genetic backgrounds is wished (Muller et al. 1991a; Lutz et 
 al. 1992). In order to prevent miscrossings and to review the  wheat-rye 
 introgressions  a  list of the of various 1RS  sources  was compiled
 including some passport data:
 
 Table  1.      A compiled list of wheats carrying homoeologous group 1 wheat-
                rye translocations/substitutions
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Cultivar              Ori-    Karyo-     Pedigree(1)        Reference
                       gin     type             
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Abele                  ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  69
 Abritus                ?     1RS.1BL?    ?                  94
 Advokat                DEU   1RS.1BL     xSt.14/48 WS(2)    103
 Agra                   CSK   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            24,96
 Alba                   POL   1RS.1BL?    xWeique             50
 Albrecht               DEU   1RS.1BL     xDisponent         3,9,66
 Almus                  DDR   1RS.1BL     ?                  8,44,58,94
 Alondra 'S'            MEX   1RS.1BL     xWeique Redmace    73
 Amadeus                AUT   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            9
 Amandus                DEU   1RS.1BL     xPerseus           78,103
 Ambassador             GBR   1RS.1BL     xForester          9,69
 Amigo                  USA   1RS.1AL     xInsave rye        60,83,103
 Amika                  CSK   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            52,80,104
 Anza deriv.            USA   1R(1D)      xtriticale         16
 Apatinka               YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            40
 Apollo                 DEU   1RS.1BL     xClement           35,50,78,62
 Arber                  DEU   1RS.1BL     xKronjuwel         3,9,33
 Avrora                 USS   1RS.1BL     xNeuzucht          59,57,100
 Bagula                 MEX   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            98
 Balkan                 YUG   1RS.1BL     xSkorospelka 35    40,72,77
 Baron                  ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  69
 Batten                 NZL   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            31,33
 Beaver                 GBR   1RS.1BL     xMildress          34
 Benno                  DEU   1RS.1BL     xZorba             13,27,103
 Beogradjanka           YUG   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            40
 Besostaya 2            USS   1RS.1BL     xNeuzucht          13,58,79
 Bobwhite 'S'           MEX   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            46,73
 Bovictus               DEU   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            84
 Branka                 CSK   1RS.1BL     xSt.378/57 WS      12,37,51
 Burgas 2               BGR   1R(1B)      xNeuzucht          13,20,59
 Cando deriv.           DEU   1RS.1BL     xVeery'S'          29
 Capriccio              ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  35
 Carolus                DEU   1RS.1BL     xPerseus           4,53
 Cebeco 180             NDL   1RS.1BL     ?                  94
 Cebeco 97              NDL   1RS.1BL     ?                  8,32
 Century                USA   1RS.1BL     xAmigo             32,49,89,96
 Chakwal 86             PAK   1RS.1BL     vVeery deriv.      39
 Chat 'S'               MEX   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 Chieftain              ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  69
 Chinese Spring deriv.  AUS   1R(1B)      xImperial rye      32
 Chinese Spring deriv.  AUS   1R(1D)      xImperial rye      87
 Chinese Spring deriv.  AUS   1RS.1BL     xImperial rye      32
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Cultivar              Ori-    Karyo-      Pedigree(1)        Reference
                       gin     type             
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Chinese Spring deriv.  AUS   1RS.1DL     xImperial rye      43,87,88,96
 Clement                NDL   1RS.1BL     xSt.47/51 RS(3)    71,73,98
 Cordillera             PRY   1RS.1BL     xVeery 3 sel.      71,73,98
 Corinthian             ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  69
 Csongor                HUN   1RS.1BL     xPredgornaya 2     9
 Custom                 GBR   1RS.1BL     xSt.465/62 WS      34
 Damier                 FRA   1RS.1BL     xClement           9
 Danumbia               CSK   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            11,12,81
 Dauntless              GBR   1BR.1BL     xMMG435/46/3       9
 Delta                  POL   1RS.1BL     ?                  50
 Disponent              DEU   1RS.1BL     xBenno             8,67,78,103
 Donata                 NDL   1RS.1BL     ?                  90,103
 Donjon                 NDL   1RS.1BL?    xClement           62
 Donskaya polukarlikov  USS   1RS.1BL     xSvereodonskaya    9
 Dozent                 DEU   1RS.1BL     xPerseus           78,103
 Druzba 1               USS   1RS.1BL     xWinnetou          9
 Dukat                  YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            40,41
 Est-Mottin 72          ITA   1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Fatima                 HUN   1RS.1BL?    ?                  101
 Feldkrone              DEU   1RS.1BL     xZorba             27,100,103
 Feldman                DEU   1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Florida                DEU   1RS.1BL     xDisponent         9,26,28
 Fundulea 29            ROM   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            9
 Fundulea 4             ROM   1RS.1BL     ?                  50,107
 Gabo deriv.            AUS   1RS.1BL     xImperial rye      33,43,88
 Gabo deriv.            AUS   1RS.1BL     xImperial rye      33,43,96
 Gamtoos                ZAF   1RS.1BL     xVeery 3 sel.      71,74,77,98
 Genero F81             MEX   1RS.1BL     xVeery 3 sel.      70,71,74,98
 GK Bence               HUN   1RS.1BL?    ?                  101
 GK Sagvari             HUN   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            101
 GK Sagvari             HUN   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            9
 GK Szemes              HUN   1RS.1BL     ?                  101
 GK Tiborc              HUN   1RS.1BL     ?                  101
 GK Zombor              HUN   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            54,62,96
 Glennson M81           MEX   1RS.1BL     vVeery 1 sel.      71,72,73,98
 Gorbi                  DEU   1RS.1BL     ?                  108
 Gtz                    DEU   1RS.1BL     xBenno             28,78,103
 GR 876                 USA   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            15
 Granada                DEU   1RS.1BL     xZorba             35,78,94
 Granka                 YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            40
 Grebe                  AUS   1RS.1BL     xSkorospelka 35    2,47
 Hamlet                 DEU   1RS.1BL     xSorba             27,100103
 Hammer                 NDL   1RS.1BL     xline 2019 WB(4)   9.69
 Harts                  ZAF   1RS.1BL     ?                  65
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Cultivar              Ori-    Karyo-      Pedigree(1)        Reference
                       gin     type             
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Haven                  GBR   1RS.1BL     xMildress          34,108
 Hedgehog               GBR   1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Heinrich               DEU   1RS.1BL     xArkos 3           28,78,103
 Helios                 DEU   1RS.1BL     xPerseus           78,103
 Herzog                 DEU   1RS.1BL     xKronjuwel         3,32,64
 Holdfast deriv.        AUS   1R(1B)      xKing II rye       32
 Hope deriv.            AUS   1RS.1AL     xImperial rye      32,88
 Hornet                 GBR   1RS.1BL     ?                  34,96
 Hyderabad 88           PAK   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 Ikarus                 DEU   1RS.1BL     St.623/65 WS       37,96,62
 Iris                   CSK   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            11,24,51,96
 Isidor                 DEU   1RS.1BL     xPerseus           78,103
 Iskra                  YUG   1RS.1BL     xSkorospelka 35    40
 Istra                  CSK   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            12,52,77
 Jan. 7770-4            ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Jedina                 YUG   1RS.1BL     xMacvanka 2        40
 Jing-Dan 106           ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Jugoslavija            YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            40,77,72
 Kaloian                BGR   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            9
 Kauz                   MEX   1RS.1BL?    xKavkaz            98
 Kavkaz                 USS   1RS.1BL     xNeuzucht          13,57,100
 Kea 'S'                MEX   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 Khyber 87              PAK   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 Knirps                 DEU   1RS.1BL     ?                  3,9,96
 Koda                   POL   1RS.1BL     xNaczeiha          9
 Kohinoor               PAK   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 Kolubara               YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            9
 Kosava                 YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            9
 Kotovcanka             USS   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            9
 Kozara                 YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            33,40,72
 Kristall               DEU   1RS.1BL     xCapriccio         35,78
 Kronjuwel              DEU   1RS.1BL     xSt.465/52 WS      28,78,103
 Lanca                  POL   1RS.1BL     xNaczeija          9,109
 Lesapi                 ZWE   1RS.1BL     xVeery 'S' sel.    71,73,74,98
 Licanka                YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            32,40,72
 Lima 1                 PRT   1RS.1BL     xVeery 3 sel.      71,73,74,98
 Linos                  DEU   1RS.1BL     xZorba             27,100,103
 Lira 'S'               MEX   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 Livia                  CSK   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            9
 Loeri                  ZMB   1RS.1BL     xVeery 5 sel.      71,73,74,98
 Lovrin 10              ROM   1RS.1BL     xNeuzucht          13,20
 Lovrin 12              ROM   1RS.1BL     xNeuzucht          20
 Lovrin 13              ROM   1R(1B)?     xNeuzucht          13,20,23,32
 Lovrin 14              ROM   1RS.1BL?    ?                  77,94
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------                       
 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Cultivar              Ori-    Karyo-      Pedigree(1)        Reference
                       gin     type             
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Macvanka 1             YUG   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            40
 Macvanka 2             YUG   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            32,40,72
 Magister               NDL   1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Mamut                  POL   1RS.1BL?    ?                  8,77
 Marabu                 DNK   1RS.1BL     ?                  107
 Marina                 CRO   1RS.1BL?    ?                  101
 Merkur                 DEU   1RS.1BL     xtriticale         8,78,103
 Mildress               NDL   1RS.1BL     xR47/51 RS         59,75,103
 Millaleau Inia         CHL   1RS.1BL     vVeery 3 sel.      71,73,74,98
 Mironovskaya 10        USS11R(1B)        xwheat-rye48/49    8,58,59,80
 Mironovskaya nizkoroz. USS   1RS.1BL     xMironovskaya 10   9
 Mv 14                  HUN   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            6,50,110
 Mv 15                  HUN   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            50,61,101
 Mv 16                  HUN   1RS.1BL?    xKavkaz            101
 Mv 17                  HUN   1RS.1BL?    ?                  101
 Mv 20                  HUN   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            7
 Mv 21...86             HUN   1RS.1BL     ?                  101
 Naczeija               BGR   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            9
 Nautica                NDL   1RS.1BL     xMildress          75,90,104
 Neuzucht               DDR   1R(1B)      xSt.14/44 SM5      33,48,99
 Niklas                 DEU   1RS.1BL     xGtz              35,78
 Novosadska 100         YUG   1RS.1BL?    ?                  40,72,97
 Novosadska Brkulja     YUG   1RS.1BL     Skorospelka 35     40
 Odesskaya 66           USS   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            77,94
 Odilo                  DEU   1RS.1BL     xZorba             27,100,103
 OH 416                 USA   1RS.1AL     xAmigo             15
 Olymp                  DEU   1RS.1BL     xGtz              9,28,96
 Orlando                DDR   1R(1B)      xSt.26/47 SM       13,57,79
 Pakistan 81            PAK   1RS.1BL     xVeer 5'S' sel.    71,73,74,98
 Palur                  DDR   1RS.1BL     xAlmus             62,95,96
 Partizanka nisa        YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            9
 Parula                 MEX   1RS.1BL     xVeery 6 sel.      71,73,74,98
 Peresvet               USS   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            9
 Perseus                DEU   1RS.1BL     xZorba             27,100,103
 Pirsabak               PAK   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            9
 Pirsabak 85            PAK   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 Pitoma                 YUG   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            40,41
 PKB Krupna             YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            40
 Pobeda                 YUG   1RS.1BL     xBalkan            9
 Poleskaya 71           USS   1RS.1BL?    xBesostaya 2       8
 Pomoravka              YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            40
 Posavka 1              YUG   1RS.1BL     xSkorospelka 35    32,40,72
 Posavka 2              YUG   1RS.1BL     xSkorospelka 35    32,40
 Predgornaya 2          USS   1RS.1BL     xErythrospermum    13,58,77
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Cultivar              Ori-    Karyo-      Pedigree(1)        Reference
                       gin     type             
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Punjab 85              PAK   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 Punjnab 88             PAK   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 R 47/51 RS             DEU   1R(1B)      xPetkus rye        59,90,100
 Rawal 87               PAK   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 Requiem                BGR   1RS.1BL     xSkorospelka 35    9
 Ricardo                NDL   1RS.1BL?    xSt.358/48 WS      90,103
 Roseana                ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Rotor                  DEU   1RS.1BL     ?                  103
 Roxana                 CSK   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            11,12,24,81
 Sabina                 CSK   1RS.1BL     xSt.378/57 WS      11,12,81
 Saladin                DDR   1R(1B)      xSt.26/47 SM       32,57,77,94
 Salmayo                ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Salmon                 JPN   1RS.1BL     xtriticale         27,93,100
 Salzmnder Bartweizen   DEU   1R(1B)      xPetkus rye        13,14,94,99
 Sarhad 83              PAK   1RS.1BL     xBobwhrite 'S'     38
 Sel. 73/36/9-1         CHN   1RS.1BL     xLovrin 10         5
 Sel. 79/4045           CHN   1RS.1BL     xLovrin 13         23
 Sel. 84059-4-2         CHN   1RS.1BL     ?                  106
 Selekta                CSK   1RS.1BL     xSt.378/57 WS      12,51,80,81
 Sensor                 DEU   1RS.1BL     ?                  35,78,103
 Senta                  CSK   1RS.1BL     xBenno             9
 Seri 82                MEX   1RS.1BL     xVeery5'S' sel.    70,71,73,74
 Seric                  ZMB   1RS.1BL     xVeery 4 sel.      71,74,77,98
 Shtorm                 USS   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            9
 Sida                   CSK   1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Siouxland              USA   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            30,49,63,85
 Siroka                 YUG   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            40
 Skopjanka              YUG   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            40,62
 Skorospelka 35         USS   1RS.1BL     xErythrospermum    13,32,58
 Sloboda                YUG   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            40
 Sofia                  CSK   1RS.1BL     xSt.378/57 WS      9
 Solaris                CSK   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            12,52,103
 Sparta                 CSK   1RS.1BL     xSt.378/57 WS      12,51
 Stejpner               SWE   1RS.1BL     ?                  9,64,69,96
 Stetson                GBR   1RS.1BL     xBenno             9,69
 Stuart                 ?     1RS.1BL     ?                  69
 Sunbird 'S'            MEX   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      25,33,39
 Sutjeska               YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            40,72,77
 Sutlej 88              PAK   1RS.1BL     xVeery deriv.      39
 TAM 107                USA   1RS.1AL     ?                  32
 TAM 200                USA   1RS.1AL     ?                  32,50
 Tara                   GBR   1RS.1BL     xClement           34
 Tjelvar                SWE   1RS.1BL     ?                  9
 Toronto                DEU   1RS.1BL     ?                  4,9,111
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
 
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Cultivar              Ori-    Karyo-      Pedigree(1)        Reference
                       gin     type             
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Transilvaniya 1        ROM   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            9
 Turda 81               ROM   1RS.1BL     xSkorospelka 35    50
 Urban                  DEU   1RS.1BL     xZorba             27,100
 Ures T81               MEX   1RS.1BL     xVeery 2 sel.      71,74,77,98
 Veery 'S'              MEX   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            56,73,77
 Veery 10               MEX   1RS.1BL     xVeery 'S' sel.    71,73,98
 Viri                   TZA   1RS.1BL     xVeery 5 sel.      71,73,77,98
 Voyage                 FRA   1RS.1BL     ?                  101
 Warigal deriv.         AUS   1RS.1DL     xImperial rye      33,43,96
 Weihenst. St. 1007/53  DEU   1R(1B)      xPetkus 4x rye     100
 Weique 'Substitution'  DEU   1R(1B)      ?                  10,27,59,82
 Weique 'Zchter'        DEU   1RS.1BL     ?                  27,77,100
 Wembley                GBR   1RS.1BL     ?                  32
 Weneda                 POL   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            9
 Wentzel                DEU   1R(1B)      xSt.?? SM          77,100
 Winnetou               DDR   1R(1B)      xSB6               59
 Winnetou               DDR   1RS.1BL     xSB                13,20,91,94
 Xanthos                DEU   1RS.1BL?    ?                  4,9
 Zelengora              YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            32,40,72
 Zemunka 1              YUG   1RS.1BL     xAvrora            40
 Zorba                  DEU   1R(1B)      xtriticale         13,27,100
 Zvezda                 YUG   1RS.1BL     xKavkaz            40,72
  -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 (1) probable donor of the rye chromosome/arm
 (2) WS = Weihenstephan
 (3) RS = Riebesel
 (4) WB = Weibull
 (5) SM = Salzmnder Bartweizen
 (7) cultivar Granda syn. to Sensor
 
 
                         Publications
 
 Anshu  D,  Mayu  Q (1988) Identification  of  1B/1R  wheat-rye chromosome
 translocation. Acta Genet Sinica 15:165-169.
 
 Balla L, Bedo Z, Szunics L, Lang L, Szillagyi G (1986) Untitled
 communication. Ann Wheat Newslett 32: 68-69.
 
 Balla L, Bedo Z, Szunics L, Lang L, Szunics Lu, Karsai I (1991).  Untitled
 communication. Ann Wheat Newslett 37: 61.
 
 Bartos  P  (1979) Resistenzgenetik unter Berucksichtigung  von  Art- und
 Gattungskreuzung. Arch Zuchtungsforsch 9: 189-194. Bartos P (1993) pers.
 comm.
 
 Bartos  P, Bares J (1971) Leaf and stem  rust  resistance  of hexaploid 
 wheat  cultivars  Salzmunder  Bartweizen  and  Weique.  Euphytica 20:
 435-440
 
 Bartos  P, Stuchlikova E (1986) Untitled  communication.  Ann Wheat Newslett
 32: 65-66.
 
 Bartos  P,  Stuchlikova  E,  Hanusova  R   (1989)   Untitled communication.
 Ann Wheat Newslett 35: 64.
 
 Bartos  P, Valkoun J, Kosner J, Slovencikova  V  (1973)  Rust resistance  of 
 some European wheat cultivars derived  from  rye. Proc 4th Int Wheat Genet
 Symp, Columbia (USA): 145-146.
 
 Bennett MD, Smith JB (1975) Confirmation of the identification of the rye
 chromosome in 1B/1R wheat-rye chromosome  substitution and translocation
 lines.  Can J Genet Cytol 17: 117-120.
 
 Berzonsky WA, Clements RL, Lafever HN (1991) Identification of  'Amigo'  and
 'Kavkaz'  translocations in Ohio  soft  red  winter  wheats (Triticum
 aestivum L.).  Theor Appl Genet 81: 629-634.
 
 Bittel DC, Gustafson JP (1992) Dosage response of rye genes in a wheat
 background. Theor Appl Genet 84: 1-5.
 
 Bluthner,  WD  (1972)  Experimentelle   Untersuchungen zur  Einlagerung
 genotypischer Variabilitat aus den Gattungen Aegilops und  Secale in T.
 aestivum.  PhD thesis, Martin Luther  University Halle-Wittenberg: 1-179.
 
 Bluthner WD, Mettin D (1973) Uber weitere Falle von  spontaner Substitution 
 des Weizenchromosoms 1B durch  das  Roggenchromosom 1R(V). Arch
 Zuchtungsforsch 3: 113-119.
 
 Bluthner  WD,  Mettin  D  (1974)  Further  evidence  on   the spontaneous
 1B/1R wheat-rye substitutions. EWAC Newslett 4: 35-37.
 
 Bluthner  WD, Mettin D (1977)  Chromosomensubstitutionen 
 und-translokationen zwischen Weizen und Roggen und deren  Bedeutung fur die
 Zuchtung. Arch Zuchtungsforsch 7: 15-27.
 
 Berzonsky WW, Clements, RL, Lafever, HN (1991) Identification of  'Amigo' 
 and 'Kavkaz' translocation in Ohio soft  red  winter wheats (Triticum
 aestivum L.).  Theor Appl Genet 81: 629 - 634.
 
 Bohme T, Muller G, Vahl U (1989) Zur Einlagerung der
 1A-1R-Weizen-Roggen-Resistenz in die Winterweizensorte 'Ikarus'.  Vortr
 Pflanzenzucht 19: 284-286.
 
 Cai  X,  Liu D (1989) Identification of  a  1B/1R  wheat-rye translocation.
 Theor Appl Genet 77: 81-83.
 
 Cerny J, Sasek A, Kubanik J, Sykorova S (1989) Identification of  wheat
 varieties by simultaneous electrophoresis  of  gliadins and 
 high-molecular-weight subunits of glutenins. Genet a  Slecht  25: 125-133.
 
 Dhaliwal  AS, MacRitchie F (1990) Contributions  of  protein fractions to
 dough handling properties of wheat-rye translocation cultivars. J Cereal Sci
 12: 113-122.
 
 Foroughi B, Zeller FJ (1990) In vitro microspore reaction  of different
 German wheat cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 79: 77-80.
 
 Friebe  B (1976) Beobachtungen zur  differentiellen  Giemsa-Farbung
 mitotischer Metaphasechromosomen in einigen
 1B/1R-Weizen-Roggen-Substitutions-und Translokationslinien. Z  Pflanzenzucht
 77: 304-308.
 
 Friebe  B, Heun M, Boshuk W (1989)  Cytological  characterization,   powdery 
 mildew  rersistance   and   storage   protein composition   of  tetraploid 
 and hexaploid   1B/1RS   wheat-rye translocation lines. Theor Appl Genet 78:
 425-432.
 
 Friebe  B,  Zeller FJ, Kunzmann R  (1987)  Transfer  of  the 1BL/1RS 
 wheat-rye translocation from hexaploid bread  wheat  to tetraploid durum
 wheat. Theor Appl Genet 74: 423-425.
 
 Graybosch  RA,  Peterson CJ, Hansen LE,  Mattern  PJ  (1990).  Relationships
 between protein   solubility   characteristics, 1BL/1RS, high molecular
 weight glutenin composition, and  end-use quality in winter wheat germplasm.
 Cereal Chem 67: 342-349.
 
 Griffin   WB,  Wright  DSC,  McEvan  JM   (1989)   Untitled communication.
 Ann Wheat Newslett 35: 102-104.
 
 Gupta RB, Shepherd KW (1992) Identification of rye chromosome 1R
 translocations  and substitutions in hexaploid  wheats  using storage
 proteins as genetic markers. Plant Breed 109: 130-140.
 
 Gupta RB, Shepherd KW (1993) Production of multiple wheat-rye 1RS
 translocation stocks. Theor Appl Genet 85: 719-728.
 
 Heslop-Harrison JS, Leitch AR, Schwarzacher T,  Aanamthawat-Jonsson K (1990) 
 Detection  and  characterization  of   1B/1R  translocations in hexaploid
 wheat. Heredity 65: 385-392.
 
 Heun M, Fischbeck G (1987) Identification of  wheat  powdery mildew
 resistance genes by analyzing host-pathogen  interactions.  Plant Breed 98:
 124-129.  Heun M, Kennedy AE, Anderson JA, Lapitan NLY,  Sorrells  ME,
 Tanksley SD (1991) Construction of a restriction fragment  length 
 polymorphism map for barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 34: 437-447.
 
 Hubik K, Hyza V (1989) A relationship between high-molecular-weight 
 subunits of glutenins and the baking quality  of  wheat.  Rostl Vyroba 35:
 1021-1028.  
 
 Husain M (1984) Untitled communication. Ann  Wheat  Newslett 30: 86-87.
 
 Jahan Q, Ter-Kuile N, Hashmi N, Aslam M, Vahidy AA,  Mujeeb-Kazi A (1990)
 The status of the 1B/1R translocation chromosome in some released wheat
 varieties and the 1989 candidate varieties of Pakistan.  Pak J Bot 22: 1-10.
 
 Javornik B, Sinkovic T, Vapa L, Koebner RMD, Rogers WJ (1991).  A 
 comparison of  methods  for  identifying  and  surveying  the presence  of 
 1BL. 1RS translocations in bread  wheat.  Euphytica 54:45-53.
 
 Jost M (1988) Untitled communication. Ann Wheat Newslett  34:169-170 
 
 Kattermann G (1937) Zur Cytologie halmbehaarter  Stamme  aus
 Weizenroggenbastardierung. Zuchter 9: 196-199.
 
 Koebner RMD, Shepherd KW (1986) Controlled introgression  to wheat  of 
 genes from rye chromosome arm  1RS  by  induction  of allosyndesis. Theor
 Appl Genet 73:197-208.
 
 Kosner J, Bartos P (1982)  Monosomic analysis of  stem  rust resistance in
 the wheat cultivar Almus. Euphytica 31: 956-970.
 
 Kosner  J,  Bartos P (1984) Monosomic  analysis  of  genetic resistance to
 stem rust in the 'Solaris' cultivar. Genet a Slecht 20: 193-198.
 
 Lapitan NLV, Sears RG, Rayburn AL, Gill BS (1986)  Wheat-rye translocations. 
 Detection of chromosome breakpoints by  in  situ hybridization  with a
 biotin-labelled DNA probe. J  Heredity  77: 415-419.
 
 Latter  BDH, Bariana HS, Brown GN, Burgess  LW,  Darvey  NL,  Gordon-Herner
 E,  McIntosh RA, Oates JD, Singh SJ, The D, Wellings  CR, Zwer P (1987)
 Untitled communication. Ann Wheat Newslett  33: 29-30.
 
 Lein  A (1975) Introgression of a rye  chromosome  to  wheat strains  by 
 Georg Riebesel - Salzmunde after  1926.  Proc.  1st  EUCARPIA  Symp. on
 Triticale, Leningrad (USSR). 158-168.
 
 Lookhart  G, Graybosch R, Peterson J, Lukaszewski  A  (1991). 
 Identification   of  wheat   lines   containing   the    1BL/1RS 
 translocation  by high-performance liquid chromatography.  Cereal Chem 68:
 312-316.
 
 Lukaszewski  AJ  (1990) Frequency  of  1RS.1AL  and  1RS.1BL  translocations
 in United States wheats. Crop Sci 30: 1151-1153.
 
 Lutz J, Limpert E, Bartos P, Zeller FJ (1992)  Identification of  powdery 
 mildew resistance genes in  common  wheat  (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant
 Breed 108:
 33-39.
 
 Marek  V, Korhon S (1982) Gliadin spectra  of  winter  wheat cultivars 
 (Triticum aestivum L.) released in  the  CSSR.  Rostl Vyroba 28: 153-162.
 
 Martin  DJ, Stewart BG (1987)  Untitled  communication.  Ann  Wheat Newslett
 33: 32-33.
 
 Matuz J, Bona L, Paradi L, Kertesz Z, Beke B, Csosz M, Schulcz  M,  Barabas 
 Z, Szebelledy T, Purnhauser L, Vincze  TI,  Pauk  J,  Mesterhazy  A, 
 Nyitrai  A,  Papp M,  Erdel  G  (1986)  Untitled communication. Ann Wheat
 Newslett 32: 71-72.
 
 Meinkoth  J, Wahl G (1984) Hybridization  of  nucleic  acids immobilized on
 solid supports. Analyt. Biochem. 138: 267-284.
 
 Merker  A (1982) 'Veery' - a CIMMYT spring  wheat  with  the 1B/1R
 chromosome translocation. Cer Res Comm 10: 105-106.
 
 Mettin D, Bluthner WD, Schlegel G (1973) Additional  evidence  on
 spontaneous 1B/1R wheat-rye substitutions and  translocations.  Proc 4th Int
 Wheat Genet Symp, Columbia (USA): 179-184.
 
 Mettin  D,  Bluthner WD, Weinrich M (1978)  Studies  on  the nature and the
 possible origin of the spontaneously  translocated 1B-1R chromosome in
 wheat.  Wheat Inf Serv 47-48: 12-16.
 
 Moonen JHE, Zeven AC (1984) SDS-PAGE of the  high-molecular-weight subunits 
 of wheat glutenin and the  characterization  of 1R(1B)  substitution and
 1BL/1RS translocation  lines.  Euphytica 33: 3-8.
 
 Muller  G,  Vahl  U  (1986)  Vergleich   elektrophoretischer
 Peroxidasemuster  von  1A-1R  und  1B-1R  
 Weizen-Roggen-Translokationsformen. Biochem Physiol Pflanze 181: 425-429.
 Muller G, Vahl U, Wiberg A, Damisch W (1991a) Selektion  von 
 doppelhaploiden  Winterweizenlinien mit kombinierter  Weizen-Roggen- und
 Aegilops ventricosa-Resistenz. Vortr Pflanzen-zucht  19:281-283.
 
 Muller G, Barschel H, Vahl U, Wiberg A, Hartel H, Damisch  W (1989).  Die
 Nutzung der Antherenkulturmethode im ZuchtprozeB  von Winterweizen.  I. Zur
 Androgenesefahigkeit von  1B-1R-Weizen-Roggen-Translokationsformen. Plant
 Breed 102: 196-207.
 
 Muller G, Bohme H, Barschel H, Vahl U, Wiberg A  (1990)  Die Nutzung der
 Antherenkulturmethode   im    ZuchtprozeB von Winterweizen. III. Zur
 Antherenkultureignung von terweizen-F1-Populationen mit den beiden
 heterozygoten Chromosomenpaaren  1AL-1AS/1AL-1RS und 1BL-1BS/1BL-1RS. Plant
 Breed 104: 272-280.
 
 Muller  G,  Vahl  U, Thiele A, Wachter  V,  Mohr  M  (1991b).  Beispiele 
 fur eine kombinierte Anwendung von Antherenkultur  und biochemischen 
 Markern  im  ZuchtprozeB  von  Winterweizen.   Ber Arbeitstagung AG
 Saatzuchtleiter, Gumpenstein (Austria) 42: 15-33.
 
 Niekerk HA van, Kakebeeke WJG, Moolman AM, Exley D, Bester H,  Brummer  A
 (1988) Untitled communication. Ann Wheat Newslett  34:83-84.
 
 Odenbach  W,  Mahagoub E  (1987)  Beziehungen  zwischen  der Backqualitat 
 und dem Vorkommen der Gene fur die  hochmolekularen Untereinheiten  des 
 Glutenins  bei  den  deutschen  Winter-  und Sommerweizensorten. Getreide
 Mehl Brot 41: 195-198.
 
 Ohms  JP  (1980)  Moglichkeiten  der   Sortenkontrolle   an Einzelpflanzen 
 in  Getreidesaatgutvermehrungsbestanden durch  die Elektrophorese der
 Kornproteine. Landw Forsch 37: 287-294.
 
 O'Mara  JG  (1947) The substitution  of  a  specific  Secale cereale 
 chromosome for a specific Triticum aestivum  chromosome.  Genetics  32:
 99-100.
 
 Payne PI, Nightingale MA, Krattinger AF, Holt ML (1987)  The relationship 
 between  HMW glutenin subunit composition  and  the bread-making quality of
 British-grown wheat varieties. J Sci Food  Agric 40: 51-55.
 
 Pena RJ, Amaya A, Rajaram S, Mujeeb-Kazi A (1990)  Variation in  quality 
 characteristics associated with  some  spring  1B/1R  translocation wheats.
 J Cereal Sci 12: 105-112.
 
 Perwaiz MS, Johnson R (1986) Genes for resistance to  yellow  rust  in
 seedlings of wheat cultivars from Pakistan  tested  with British isolates of
 Puccinia striiformis. Plant Breed 97: 289-296.
 
 Petrovic  S,  Dera AR, Gustafson  JP  (1988)  Rye  chromatin variation in
 Yugoslavian wheats. Plant Breed 100: 83-87.
 
 Rajaram  S,  Maan CE, Ortiz-Ferrara,  Mujeeb-Kazi  A  (1983).  Adaptation, 
 stability adn high yield potential of certain  1B/1R CIMMYT wheats. Proc 6th
 Int Wheat Genet Symp, Kyoto (Japan): 613-621.
 
 Rajaram S (1985) Bread Wheat. CIMMYT Rep Wheat Improv  1983:10-31.
 
 Ray  SR  (1983) Strategies  for  exploiting  cultivated  rye (Secale cereale
 L.) in breeding winter wheat. Proc 6th Int  Wheat Genet Symp, Kyoty (Japan):
 181-186.
 
 Riley R, Chapman V (1958) The production and  phenotypes  of wheat-rye
 chromosome addition lines. Heredity 12:301-315.
 
 Roelfs AP (1988) Resistance to leaf and stem rusts in  wheat. In: Simmonds &
 Rajaram, Breeding Strategies or Resistance to  the  Rusts of Wheat. CIMMYT
 Report. 
 
 Rogers  WJ,  Payne PI, Harinder K (1989)  the  HMW  glutenin subunit and
 gliadin compositions of German-grown wheat  varieties and  their 
 relationship with bread-making quality.  Plant  Breed 103: 89-100.
 
 Sasek A, Cerny J (1983) Improving the identification of allelic gliadin
 blocks. Sient Agric Bohemosolv 15: 103-109.
 
 Sasek  A,  Cerny  J, Bradova J,  Bilkova  M  (1984)  Gliadin chacteristics 
 of  wheat  varieties grown in the  CSSR.  Genet  a Slecht 20: 95-110.
 
 Sasek A, Kubanek J, Cerny J, Sykorova S, Malny J (1988) Using gliadin  and 
 glutenin markers in the breeding of  bread  wheats. Potravinarske Vedy 6:
 189-198.
 
 Sastrosumarjo S, Zeller FJ (1970) Chromosomensubstitution und Desynapsis  in
 der Weizensorte 'Zorba'. Z Pflanzenzucht 63:  185-195.
 
 Schlegel R, Kynast R (1987) Confirmation of a 1A/1R wheat-rye chromosome 
 translocation  in the wheat  variety  'Amigo'.  Plant Breed 98: 57-60.
 
 Schlegel R, Meinel A (1994) A QTL on chromosome 1RS of  rye. Cer. Res.
 Comm., in press.
 
 Schmidt JW, Johnson VA, Mattern PJ, Dreier AF (1985) Untitled communication.
 Ann Wheat Newslett 31: 156-157.
 
 Sharp PJ, Kreis M, Shewry PR, Gale MD (1988) Location of  B-amylase 
 sequences in wheat and its relatives. Theor  Appl  Genet 75: 286-290.
 
 Shepherd KW (1973) Homoeology of wheat and alien  chromosomes controlling 
 endosperm  protein phenotypes. Proc  4th  Int  Wheat Genet Symp (Columbia):
 745-760.
 
 Singh  NK,  Shepherd  KW (1988)  Linkage  mapping  of  genes controlling
 endosperm storage proteins in wheat. 2. Genes on  the long arms of group 1
 chromosomes. Theor Appl Genet 75: 642-650.
 
 Smith EL, Sharma RC, Merkle OG, Sebesta EE, Buron JA, Webster JA,   Hunger 
 RM,  Abbott  DC,  Carver  BF,  Morgan   GH   (1989) .  Registration of
 Century wheat. Crop Sci 29: 1093.
 
 Stubbs  RW (1979) Yellow rust in Europe. Ann  Rep  Res  Inst Plant Prot,
 Wageningen (Netherlands): 24-25.
 
 Stuchlikova E, Sasek A, Bartos P, Slovencikova V (1984) Study of  resistance
 of the 'Winnetou' winter wheat cultivar to  yellow rust  with the use of
 gliadin block Gld 1B3. Genet A  Slecht  20:141-147.
 
 The TT, Gupta RB, Dyck PL, Appels R, Hohmann U, McIntosh  RA  (1992) .
 Characterization  of stem rust resistant  derivatives  of  wheat cultivar
 Amigo. Euphytica 58: 245-252.
 
 Tsunewaki K  (1964).  Genetic studies of a 6x-derivative from an
 8x-Triticale. Can J Genet Cytol 6: 1-11.
 
 Vahl   U,  Muller  G  (1984)   Elektrophoretisch   getrennte
 Primarblatt-Peroxidasen als biochemische Marker in 
 Winterweizen-jungpflanzen. Biochem Physiol Pflanze 179: 391-402.
 
 Vahl U, Muller G (1986) Nutzung elektrophoretisch  getrennter Peroxidasen im
 ZuchtprozeB von Winterweizen. Arch Zuchtungsforsch 16: 1-10.
 
 Vahl  U, Muller G, Bohme T  (1993)  Electrophoretic  protein analysis  for
 the identification of doubled haploid 1A-1R,  1B-1R wheat-rye  double
 translocation lines and for the  assessment  of  their genetic stability.
 Theor Appl Genet, in press.
 
 Vapa L, Savic M (1988) The HMW glutenin subunit  composition of  wheat
 varieties bred in Yugoslavia. Proc 7th Int Wheat  Genet Symp, Cambridge:
 1019-1023.
 
 Villareal RL, Rajaram S, Mujeeb-Kazi A, Del Toro E (1991) The effect  of
 chromosome 1B/1R translocation on the yield  potential of certain spring
 wheats (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Breed 106:77-81.
 
 Zeller FJ (1972) Cytologischer Nachweis  einer  Chromosomen-substitution in
 dem Weizenstamm Salzmunde 14/44 (T. aestivum L.).  Z Pflanzenzucht  67:
 90-94.
 
 Zeller   FJ  (1973)  1B/1R  wheat-rye   substitutions  and translocations. 
 Proc 4th Int Wheat Genet Symp,  Columbia  (USA):209-221.
 
 Zeller FJ (1993) pers. comm.
 
 Zeller FJ, Fischbeck G (1971) Cytologische Untersuchungen zur
 Identifizierung des Fremdchromosoms in der Weizensorte 'Zorba' (W 564). Z
 Pflanzenzucht 66: 160-165.
 
 Zeller FJ, Fuchs E (1983) Cytology and disease resistance  of a  1A/1R  and 
 some 1B/1R wheat-rye  translocation  cultivars.  Z  Pflanzenzucht 90:
 285-296.
 
 Zeller FJ, Hsam SLK (1983) Broadening the genetic variability of  cultivated 
 wheat by utilizing rye chromatin.  Proc  6th  Int Wheat Genet Symp, Kyoto
 (Japan): 161-173.
 
 Zeller FJ, Gunzel G, Fischbeck G, Gerstenkorn P,  Weipert  D  (1982). 
 Veranderung  der  Backeigenschaften  der   Weizen-Roggen-   
 Chromosomen-Translokation 1B/1R. Getreide Mehl Brot 36:141-143.
 
 Zhong SN, Yao JX (1991) Cytological identification of  1B/1R translocation 
 in  a  bread wheat line  '84059-4-2'.  Acta  Agron  Sinica 17: 321-325.
 
 Vahl U, Muller G (1989), unpubl.
 
 Vahl U, Muller G (1992), unpubl.
 
 Vahl U, Muller G (1982), unpubl.
 
 Vahl U, Muller G (1985), unpubl.
 
 Vahl U, Muller G (1993), unpubl.
 
 ------------------------- 
      A. Borner*, J. Plaschke, I. M. Ben Amer, V. Korzun, Institute of Plant
 Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben
 
      Progress report on wheat genetics research
 
      Pleiotropic effects of Ppd genes on grain yield. By using single
 chromosome recombinant lines (kindly supplied by A. J. Worland, Cambridge
 Laboratory, Norwich) the effects of the gene for day-length insensitivity
 Ppd1 on yield and its components were studied over three growing seasons
 under the field conditions in middle Germany. In each of the three seasons,
 Ppd1 significantly accelerated days to flowering by an average of 3.5 days.
 Secondary pleiotropic effects are associated with the gene shortening the
 growing period. This was seen by a reduction in plant height and in the
 number of spikelets developed per ear. The grain setting in each of the
 remaining spikelets, however, was always significantly increased. In all
 three seasons the improved spikelet fertility more than compensated for the
 reduction in spikelet number producing an overall increase in grains per
 ear. The grain weight was significantly increased by the presence of Ppd1
 only in one season. The combination of both increased numbers of grains
 setting in the spikelet and ear, and improved grain weight resulted in
 increases in ear yield, that were significant in two seasons. Over three
 seasons a yield advantage of around 9% was recorded. For the breeding of
 high yielding winter wheats adapted to middle Europe a switch to day-length
 insensitive wheats should yield positive benefits by bringing forward
 flowering time and permitting the plant to develop and fill grains before
 the onset of hot and dry summer conditions.
 
      GA insensitivity in a Libyan Dwarf Wheat. The genetics of the GA
 insensitivity of the hexaploid wheat line 'TRI 6964' (Catalogue number, gene
 bank Gatersleben), which was collected in 1955 from an isolated area in
 Libya, called 'Al-Kufra' oasis was studied. The dwarf was crossed with three
 near isogenic lines of 'M. Huntsman', carrying the GA insensitive dwarfing
 genes Rht1 (chromosome 4B), Rht2 (chromosome 4D) or the tall allele rht.
 About 200 F(2) seedlings per combination were treated with GA(3) at the
 seedling stage and scored regarding to their response to the phytohormone.
 The segregation patterns gave clear evidence for a monogenic inheritance and
 therefore, that the GA insensitivity of 'TRI 6964' is determined by an
 allele at the Rht2 locus.
 
      Effect of temperature on the fertility of wheat containing a GA
 insensitive dwarfing gene from T. aethiopicum. Six F(4) families, classified
 in F(3) as GA insensitive or GA sensitive, from a cross between 'W 6824'
 (Triticum aethiopicum JACUBZ., GA insensitive, allelic to Rht1) and
 'Castelporziano' (Triticum durum, GA sensitive) were grown together with
 three near isogenic lines carrying the genes/alleles rht (tall), Rht1 or
 Rht3 in the genetical background of the variety 'Bersee', under controlled
 environmental conditions at a day/night temperature of 18/15 degC with
 illumination of 18 h per day. About three weeks before ear emergence the
 material was divided into two groups and grown either at a temperature of
 constantly 18 degC or at a day/night temperature of 30/25 degC till harvest.
 The illumination was always 18 h per day. It was found that the fertility of
 all the dwarfs carrying either the alleles Rht1, Rht3 or the Rht allele from
 T. aethiopicum is more sensitive to high temperatures than their tall
 counterparts.
 
      Chromosome substitutions lines for tissue culture response studies. Six
 'Chinese Spring/Triticum spelta' substitution lines for chromosomes 1A, 1D
 (duplicates), 3D (duplicates), 6D and one 'Chinese Spring/Marquis'
 substitution line for chromosome 2B were studied together with 'Chinese
 Spring' as control for tissue culture response (TCR), related to seed
 weight. The results indicated that chromosomes 2B and 6D were critical for
 TCR, whereas chromosome 1D affecting callus weight only. Chromosomes 1A and
 3D were found not to be critical, however, these chromosomes may carry genes
 with minor effects. Genes that influence seed weight of the donor plant
 might be involved in TCR, depending on the influences of other factors.
 
      Screening of a rye DNA library for RFLP mapping. By using, the
 methylation sensitive restriction enzyme Pst1 a library of single and low
 copy DNA sequences of rye was developed. More than 100 clones were selected.
 So far 12 sequences were located on wheat and rye chromosomes by using 
 nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of wheat and wheat-rye addition lines. Two of
 the probes were mapped with respect to known RFLP markers on chromosomes 5R
 and 7R.
 
      Dwarfing genes of wheat and rye and its expression in triticale.
 Primary octoploid triticale have been produced by crossing a GA insensitive
 (Rht3) wheat with a GA sensitive rye as well as a GA sensitive wheat with a
 GA insensitive rye (ct2). After colchicine treatment and vegetative
 multiplication of the hybrids, grains were harvested and most of the lines
 were cytologically checked. Then a GA seedling test was applied. Whereas the
 triticale carrying the Rht3 gene of wheat did show the expected GA
 insensitivity, the triticale with the GA insensitive ct2 gene were GA
 sensitive which suggests that the expression of ct2 may be affected by
 intergeneric genomic interactions between wheat and rye.
 
                         Publications
 
 Borner, A.; Meinel, A., 1993. The effects of the growth retardant
 chlormequat (CCC) on plant height and yield in GA insensitive wheats. Plant
 Breeding 110, 255-258.
 
 Borner, A.; Gale, M. D.; Appleford, N. E. J.; Lenton, J. R., 1993:
 Gibberellin status and responsiveness in shoots of tall and dwarf genotypes
 of diploid rye (Secale cereale). Physiologia Plantarum 89, 309-314.
 
 Borner, A.; Plaschke, J.; Schumann, E.; Knopf, E., 1993: Analyse von
 Pleiotropieeffekten halmverkurzender Gene beim Weizen. Tagungsbericht 43.
 Tagung der Vereinigung osterreichischer Pflanzenzuchter, Gumpenstein,
 Osterreich, 1992, 181-185.
 
 Borner A.; Worland, A. J.; Plaschke, J.;  Schumann, E.; Law, C. N., 1993:
 Pleiotropic effects of genes for reduced height (Rht) and day-length
 insensitivity (Ppd1) on yield and its components for wheat grown in middle
 Europe. Plant Breeding 111, 204-216.
 
 Paschke, J.; Borner, A.; Xie, D. X.; Koebner, R. M. D.; Schlegel, R.; Gale,
 M. D., 1993. RFLP-mapping of genes affecting plant height and growth habit
 in rye. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85, 1049-1054.
 
 -------------------------
                      ITEMS FROM HUNGARY 
 
      Agricultural Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,
 Martonvasar
 
      Production.  The 1992/1993 season was again unfavourable in almost
 every respect. The autumn was dry and warm. The first half of the optimum
 sowing period (October) proved to be favourable, but from 17th onwards it
 rained continually, a total of 55 mm falling by the end of the month. The
 first half of November was also wet, with a further 42 mm of rain, so wheat
 sowing could not be resumed until a month after the optimum sowing date and
 was not completed until December.
 
      For these and other reasons, wheat was sown on a smaller area than usu-
 al, 992,000 hectares instead of 1.2 million ha.
 
      The winter was dry and relatively cold. The wheat was frozen out in
 some northern parts of the country. The water reserves of the soil were not
 sufficiently replenished. In early spring the cold dry weather continued,
 then in mid-March it suddenly became very warm, but continued to be dry. A
 substantial amount of rain did not fall until the end of May, but June was
 again dry. The total amount of precipitation from January to August was only
 90 mm.
 
      Consequently, the national yield average dropped to 3060 kgs/ha. The
 harvest had not been this poor since 1971. In recent years, with the
 exception of 1992, the yield average has been between 4800 and 5430 kgs/ha.
 
      Breeding.  Four new Martonvasari varieties were state registered in
 1993. Mv Koma (Mv 225-90) is an early, high-yielding variety with excellent
 frost resistance, good resistance to powdery mildew, excellent stem rust
 resistance and medium resistance to leaf rust. It has medium quality, being
 classified in farinograph category B(1), but it has a large loaf volume. Its
 pedigree is as follows: GT 13A 354/Mv 5//Bara/3/GK Protein.
 
      Mv Optima (Mv 706-90) is a medium early, very high-yielding variety
 with excellent frost resistance, good powdery mildew resistance and
 excellent resistance to stem and leaf rust. It has good quality (farinograph
 category A(2)-B(1)) and has a large loaf volume. Its pedigree is: 762-10-1-
 2-3/4/Mv 9.
 
      Mv Magma (Mv 116-90) is a medium early, high-yielding, short-stemmed,
 frost-resistant variety with excellent resistance to powdery mildew and stem
 rust and good leaf rust resistance. It has medium quality (farinograph
 category A(2)-B(1)), but its gluten content fluctuates. Its pedigree is: F
 29/3/Mv 3/SKC 1055//Bez. 2/K 1.
 
      Martonvasari 25 (Mv 117-90) is a medium late, very high-yielding,
 short-stemmed, frost-resistant variety with excellent resistance to powdery
 mildew, stem rust and leaf rust. It is a sibling line of Mv Magma. It has
 medium quality (farinograph category A(2)-B(1)) but its gluten content is
 relatively low and fluctuates.
 
      The number of varieties developed at Martonvasar has now reached 30,
 and 18 of these are currently in  cultivation. They are sown on some 60 % of
 the growing area. Four of the varieties have also been registered in Turkey,
 two in the Ukraine and three in Yugoslavia.
 
      A modified single doubled haploid descent selection method was carried
 out, involving the analysis of F(1) populations produced using gametocide,
 the selection of F(2) plants following the principles of single seed descent
 and the regeneration of dihaploid plants. This method combines the
 advantages of early selection, the SSD technique and makes it possible to
 shorten the breeding cycle. The more independent the regeneration of
 dihaploids can be made from the genotype, the easier it will be to  put this
 concept into practice. In our experiment 346 green dihaploids were obtained
 from the anther of ears isolated from 280 anther donor plants. However, the
 number of dihaploids originating from one ear ranged from 0.08 to 7.37,
 indicating the genotype dependence of in vitro androgenesis. The
 competitiveness of the method with traditional breeding is proved by the
 fact that dihaploid lines with a performance equal to that of the best
 control varieties were successfully produced despite the small initial
 stock.
 
      As a participant in an USAID-PSTC research program it became possible
 to establish a molecular marker laboratory in the Wheat Breeding Department.
 The aim of it is the direct use of RFLP markers in breeding, partly in
 quantitative trait loci analysis and partly in molecular marker assisted
 selection. Our first specific objectives together with the US research group
 are to precisely determine the location of genes controlling freezing
 tolerance, vernalisation, and photoperiod reaction in barley and to
 determine the level of orthologous gene expression in diverse accesion of
 barley germplasm. Later on we are planning to use the RFLP technique for
 studying other quantitative traits, such as breadmaking quality in wheat.
 
      Resistance breeding.  Due to the dry, warm, droughty nature of the sea-
 son, few diseases appeared in Hungary in 1993. Thus, there was only weak
 powdery mildew infection, and very weak leaf and stem rust infection was ob-
 served in a few places. Among the insect pests, problems were caused by
 cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus), cereal bugs (Anisoplia austriaca),
 stink bugs (Eurygaster sp.) and aphids in some regions.
 
      In greenhouse experiments carried out in 1993, 23 powdery mildew races
 were identified. The prevalent races and their frequencies are as follows:
 72 (25.4 %), 51 (20.9 %), 90 (20.5 %), 46 (14.3 %), 77 (4.8 %). Races 51 and
 90 are multiplying very rapidly. Very few races are virulent to genotypes
 containing resistance genes Pm 4a and Pm 4b.
 
      In field experiments with artificial infection, the resistance genes Lr
 9, Lr 13, Lr 19, Lr 24 and Lr 25 provide adequate protection to leaf rust
 and Sr 9b, Sr 11, Sr 21, Sr 24, Sr 31, Sr 36 and Sr 37 to stem rust. The
 majority of new Martonvasari wheat varieties owe their resistance to gene Sr
 31.  Genotypes containing the resistance genes Bt 8, Bt 9 and Bt 10 are
 chiefly resistant to bunt. Among the wheat varieties registered in Hungary,
 only Mv 17 has good resistance to bunt.
 
      The latest varieties bred at Martonvasar (Mv 22, Mv 23, Mv 24, Mv 25,
 Fatima 2, Mv Magma, Mv Koma and Mv Optima) have good disease resistance,
 satisfying the demands raised by growers.
 
 -------------------------
      Deparment of Cell Biology
 
      B. Barnabas, G. Kovacs, E. Szakacs, I. Takacs, M. Kovacs
 
      In vitro manipulation of the reproductive processes in wheat Continuing
 our studies concerning the application of haploid techniques for wheat and
 several wild wheat species a highly reproducible cell-plant system had been
 established. Regenerable, embryogenic haploid cell suspensions were
 initiated from polen calli of three wheat genotypes. After repeated callus
 and cell selection during the culture procedure led to stable haploid
 suspensions consisting of fine cell clusters each containing 20-50 cells.
 These suspensions were able to maintain their regenerative capacity during 2
 years of subculture, and several  fertile plants had been regenerated from
 them during this period. On the basis of these haploid cell suspension
 system  haploid protolast culture had been established. Although the isola-
 tion and culture of the haploid protolast and plant regeneration were
 succesfully carried out, no fertile plants were obtained up till now.
 Presently the modification of the culture system for getting fertile
 regenerants are one of the main object of our study in this field. Another
 point of our interest is to compare the effectiveness of somatic and haploid
 protoplast-plant systems both in the aspect of regeneration of fertile
 plants and the phenotypic stability of the offspring of the regenerants. 
 
      The established haploid cell suspensions are the main target of genetic
 transformation via particle bombardement. Presently we have some transgenic
 cell lines carrying foreign genes such as GUS, hygromycin and herbicide
 resistance. The frequency of stable transgenic cell lines on the basis of
 cell clusters bombarded are more than 30%. Amog them 6 subcultured cell
 lines and 25 plantlets had been regenerated from selective media.
 
      For practical aspects of view the established anther culture systems
 are presently used for selection to aluminium tolerance also. Based on the
 present results the aluminium toxicity can be well simulated in anther
 culture, the 50  and 100 uM/l  solution of aluminium applied to the nutrient
 medium with low pH  reduces considerably the callus induction. The higher
 concentrations destroy entirely the microspore population. On regeneration
 medium containing the same amount of aluminium fertile plants can be
 regenerated. According to the seedling test results of grains originating
 from fertile DH plants, an increase had been observed in the variability of
 aluminium tolerance even if the aluminium treatment is applied only in the
 induction phase. The multiplication of progenies and the testing of their
 tolerance are now going on. 
 
      The earlier established method for producing gametes to get mature
 seeds in in vitro cultured wheat florets had been successfully applied to
 several wheat genotypes and wild wheat species. In artificial conditions the
 sexual processes proved to be similar to the normal flowering, but the seed
 set decreased considerably while the the in vitro fertility of the different
 genotypes and species showed significant differences. Each genotype and
 species produced sufficient number of funtionable pollen grains for the
 successful fertilisation therefore the low seed set can at least partly
 attributed to the disfunction of the female reproductive organ. The in vitro
 developed seeds had normal morphology althoug they showed considerable
 shrinking after drying because of their incomplete endosperm. Inspite of
 that most of them germinated under laboratory conditions. 
 
      Seven wheat cultivars and one wild subspecies were compared for their
 in vitro fertility and androgenic capacity by studying their anther culture
 response and in vitro seed production. Both the haploid embryogenesis and
 the in vitro seed set showed a very wide genotype dependent variability in
 accordance with previous observations. At the same time, an analysis of the
 data showed a significant negative correlation between androgenic ability
 and the in vitro fertilization potential, which was especially obvious in
 the case of highly embryogenic genotypes. 
 
      Utilization of the doubled haploid method of breeding usually shortens
 the time to cultivar release, and method of haploid production need
 evaluation in a breeding programme. Several Triticum aestivum and Triticum
 durum genotypes were tested for anther culture response and some improtant
 lines found to be recalcitrant.  To get haploids from this non-responsive
 genotypes wheat x maize crosses had been used applying stored maize pollen.
 In our laboratory a successful pollen storage technique had been elaborated
 and the combination  of this method with the wheat x maize haploid procedure
 gives us a very promising technique to introduce the recalcitrant genotypes
 to doubled haploid breeding programmes. Using stored maize pollen for
 pollination the average percentages of haploid embryo formation in wheat x
 maize crosses were 10.7 and 21.6, respectively, while in the case of durum x
 maize crosses approximately 10% of haploid embryos can be regenerated from
 embryo culture. All plants regenerated from wheat x maize crosses were
 haploid. We did not find any defective effect of the pollen storage
 procedure comparing with the application of fresh maize pollen, while the
 application seems to be more comfortable, because we do not have to care on
 the synchronization of the flowering of the two different species.
 
      A method for the isolation of viable egg cells of wheat has been
 ellaborated. This technique combined with procedures already developed in
 our group for the isolation of viable sperm cells of wheat permits us to use
 the gametes for in vitro fertilization experiments and other genetic
 manipulations e.g. as targets for foreign gene introduction.
 
 -------------------------
      J. Sutka, G. Galiba, M. Molnar-Lang, B. Koszegi, E. Farshadfar, M.
 Arshadfar,  O. Veisz, G. Linc
 
                         Genetic studies
 
      Drought tolerance: Six different bread wheat cultivars were used in a
 drought-stressed experiment, to estimate genetic variation and heritability
 for seven morphological characters related to drought. Path-analysis was
 used to partition the phenotypic correlations between some of the characters
 into direct and indirect effects. The phenotypic stability of the cultivars
 was estimated. Moderate genetic variation was displayed by the root system.
 The heritability estimates ranged from 0.30 to 0.94. The expected genetic
 advance with selection of the highest 5% was around 0.90 for the root
 system. The root system had a high positive significant correlation with
 total biomass, and showed the highest direct effect. Shoot heigth had a high
 negative significant correlation with total biomass, but exhibited the least
 direct effect. A significant difference was found between the root length
 and root-shoot ratio of Plainsman compared with those of other cultivars.
 All cultivars had average stability and general adaptation. However, due to
 its better root system, higher yield and shorter shoot height (plant height)
 Plainsman is the most suitable for drought  tolerance breeding.
 
      Osmotic and salt stress:  Osmotic and salinity-induced polyamine accu-
 mulation were compared in callus cultures of drought and salt tolerant wheat
 (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and in disomic substitution lines.
 Putrescine, spermidine and spermine occured in all cultures. Mannitol-
 induced osmotic stress increased putrescine in all, and cadaverine in two
 varieties, while salt stress increased spermidine titer, the accumulation
 rate being higher in sensitive than in tolerant varieties. Specific
 chromosome (5A and 7A) involvement in osmotic stress induced spermidine
 accumulation revealed that mannitol was the most effective stress agent and
 only spermidine titer of Chinese Spring was significantly changed as a
 consequence of chromosome substitution. The A genome of Cappelle Desprez
 (donor) substituted into Chinese Spring (recipient) appears to carry genes
 involved in the control of osmotic stress induced spermidine accumulation,
 and the genes controlling cadaverine biosynthesis may be localized in
 chromosome 5B.
 
      Frost resistance:  During the frost testing of Chinese Spring
 ditelosomics, genes responsible for frost resistance were found on the short
 and long arms of chromosome 7A and on the long arms of chromosomes 5A, 3B,
 5B, 7B and 5D. Since monosomic and substitution analysis indicated that
 genes responsible for frost resistance were carried by chromosomes 5A, 5B
 and 5D, it can be taken as proved that these genes are located on the long
 arms of chromosomes.
      
      The crossability of different wheat genotypes: The crossability of
 three common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Amor, Martonvasari 15,
 Martonvasari 9) and one  wheat line, Martonvasari 9 kr1, was assessed  with
 Triticum timopheevi Zhuk. and T.  araraticum Jakubz.. Pollinations were car-
 ried out  in the field and under controlled environmental conditions
 simultaneously. Higher seed set was obtained in the phytotron than in the
 field. No significant difference was found in the crossability of the T.
 timopheevi x T. aestivum and the T. araraticum  x T. aestivum combinations.
 A significant difference in seed set was found between the reciprocal
 crosses, which indicates the importance of the cytoplasmic effect in these
 crosses. The highest crossability was achieved for the Martonvasari 9 line
 possessing the crossability gene kr1. Immature embryos were rescued on the
 B5 medium. Hybrid plant production efficiency per hybrid seed was 82.02 per
 cent with the help of embryo culture.
 
      Cereal Gene Bank:  Objectives are to collect, conserve, evaluate and
 utilise germplasm, and continue to create wheat genetic stocks for
 fundamental research and the breeding of up-to-date wheat cultivars with a
 broad genetic base. Wheat genetic resources and stocks will also be used for
 the establishment of a premier academic center for training graduate
 students and visiting scientists from Hungarian and foreign universities and
 institutes. The Cereal Gene Bank in Martonvasar contains not only 1500
 common wheat varieties but also other 1300 accessions of the species
 belonging to the following genera: Triticum, Aegilops, Agropyron, Secale,
 Hordeum, Avena and a considerable range of cytogenetic lines (amphiploids,
 monosomic sets, chromosome substitution, addition, recombination and
 isogenic lines).
 
 -------------------------
            Physiological and biochemichal studies on wheat
 
      T. Janda, G. Szalai, J. Kissimon, E. Paldi
 
      Two types of wheat varieties ( Triticum aestivum L. ) cv. Cheyenne and
 cv. Chinese Spring, with excellent and poor frost resistance, were used in
 experimens to investigate how the photosynthetic apparatus contributes to
 the development of frost resistance.Using a PAM fluorometer, changes in the
 photochemical quenching were traced at 2 C and 20 C. Although there was
 generally less photochemical quenching at low temperature than at room tem-
 perature, in the case of the frost-resistant variety Cheyenne an increase in
 Photochemical quenching was observed at low temperature as a function of the
 length of the hardening period. This seems to indicate the existence of a
 regulating mechanism which ensures that even at low temperature the plant
 will be capable of an  adequate level of photosynthesis.
 
      During the vernalisation period complex changes take place in the
 metabolism of nucleic acids and protein molecules. To study the effect of
 changes in the RNA pool on the intensity of protein synthesis different
 homologous and heterologous cell-free protein synthesising systems were
 constructed with polysome fractions (S(23)) and tRNAs is isolated from
 vernalised and non-vernalised wheat seedlings.The homologous cell-free
 protein synthesising systems contained polysome fractions from both non-
 vernalised and 1, 2, 5 and 7 week vernalised samples of wheat cultivar
 Martonvasari 15, together with their own tRNA. Heterologous systems were
 constructed with tRNA fractions of vernalised seedlings with S(23) fractions
 of non- vernalised ones and vice versa. Cell-free protein synthesis was
 carried out at 4 C and 30 C. Our results demonstrate that, independently of
 the vernalisation period, the intensity of protein synthesis in homologous
 vernalised systems at 4 C was as high as the intensity of homologous non-
 vernalised systems at 30 C. Combinations of vernalised S(23) fractions with
 vernalised tRNAs were about 30% more effective than vernalised S(23)
 fractions with non-vernalised tRNAs at 4 C, while combinations of vernalised
 tRNAs with non-vernalised S(23) fractions resulted in only a slight decrease
 in activity at 30 C. It can thus be concluded that vernalisation leads to
 changes in the protein synthesising system resulting in an optimal
 synthesising capacity under the altered conditions.
 
                         Publications
 
 Abd El-Maksoud MM., Bedo Z. 1993. Genotypes and Genotype x Medium
 Interaction Effects on Androgenetic Haploid Production in Wheat (Triticum
 aestivum L.) Cereal Research Communications, 21. 1. 17-24.
 
 Abd El-Maksoud MM., Karsai,I. and Bedo Z. 1993. Agronomic traits of wheat
 lines developed by the doubled haploid, single seed descent and pedigree
 methods after three cycles of selection. Acta Agronomica (in press),
 
 Barnabas,B., Bedo, Z. 1993. Relationship between biology and plant breeding.
 Hungarian Agricultural Research, 2. 1:30-33. p.
 
 Bedo,Z.,  Balla,L., Szunics,L., Lang,L. and Kramarikne Kissimon J. 1993.
 Agronomical properties of Martonvasar wheat varieties with 1B/1R transloca-
 tion. Novenytermeles, 42. 5. 391-398.
 
 Bedo,Z., Karsai,I., Balla,L. and Lang, L. 1993. Modified single doubled
 haploid descent selection in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cereal Research
 Communications 21:125-132.
 
 Farshadfar E., Galiba G., Koszegi B. and Sutka J. 1993. Some aspects of the
 genetic analysis of drought tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cereal
 Res. Comm., 21, (in press).
 
 Fischl, G., L. Szunics, J. Bakonyi.: 1993. Black point of wheat seeds.
 Novenytermeles, 42. 5. 421-434.
 
 Galiba G., Kocsy G., Kaur-Sawney R., Sutka J. and Galston A. W. 1993.
 Chromosomal localization of osmotic and salt stress-induced differential
 alterations in polyamine content in wheat. Plant Sci., 92: 203-211.
 
 Galiba G., Tuberosa R., Kocsy G. and Sutka J. 1993. Involvement of
 chromosomes 5A and 5D in cold-induced abscisic acid accumulation in and
 frost tolerance of wheat calli. Plant Breed., 110: 237-242.
 
 He,G.Y., Korbuly,E., Barnabas,B. 1993. High frequency callus formation and
 regeneration of fertile plants from haploid cell suspensions derived from
 anther culture in wheat /Triticum aestivum L./. Plant Science, 90: 81-87.
 
 Janda,T., Kissimon,J., Szigeti,Z., Veisz,O., and Paldi E. 1993. Effect of
 low temperature on photosynthesis of wheat and maize. 11th International
 Biophyzics Kongress. July 25-30. Budapest, Abstracts, pp. 109.
 
 Karsai,I., Bedo,Z., Balla,L. 1993. Effect of donor plant growth environment
 on in vitro androgenesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Acta Agronomica, in
 press,
 
 Kovacs,G., Takacs,I., Barnabas,B. 1993. In vitro pollen maturation and
 fertilisation in detached spikelet cultures of wheat. Novenytermeles, 42:
 119-126.
 
 Kovacs,G., Karsai,I., Bedo,Z., Barnabas,B. 1993. Effect of aluminium and low
 pH on the callus induction and green plant regeneration in anther culture of
 wheat. Novenytermeles, 42: 399-408.
 
 Kovacs,G., Barnabas,B. 1993. Long term storage of rye and triticale pollen
 in liquid nitrogen. Novenytermeles, 42: 301-305.
 
 Limpert E., Lutz J., Remlein E. J., Sutka J. and Zeller F J. 1993.
 Identification of powdery mildew resistance genes in common wheat (Triticum
 aestivum L.) III. Hungarian and Croatian cultivars. J. Genet. and Breed.,
 (in press).
 
 Szunics, L., M. Sykora, M. Miklovicova, Lu. Szunics, M. Svec.: 1993. Studies
 on the virulence of barley and wheat powdery mildew populations.
 Novenytermeles, 42, 4, 323-329.
 
 Szunics,L., Lu.Szunics.: 1993.  Field stem rust infection of wheat
 varieties. Novenytermeles, 42, 3, 221-230.
 
 Szunics,L., Jolankai,M. and Bedo,Z. 1993. Results of wheat resistance
 breeding and variety-specific agronomic research in Martonvasar. Hungarian
 Agricultural Research, 2 (June), 26-32.
 
 Szunics L. - Jolankai M. - Bedo Z. (1993): Results of wheat resistance
 breeding and variety-specific agronomic research in Martonvasar. Hungarian
 Agricultural Research, 2, 26-32.
 
 Szunics L. - Sykora M. - Miklovicova M. - Szunics Lu. - Svec M. (1993):
 Study of virulence of barley and wheat powdery mildew populations in Hungary
 and Slovakia. Novenytermeles, 42. 4. 323-329.
 
 Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. (1993): Stem rust resistance of wheat varieties
 under field conditions. Novenytermeles, 42. 3. 221-230.
 
 Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. (1993): Virulence of wheat powdery mildew in
 Hungary during 1970-1992. Polnohospodarstvo, 39. 4. 299-303.
 
 Szunics L. - Szunics Lu. (1993): Virulence of wheat powdery mildew in
 Hungary during 1970-1992. Proceedings of cereal fungal diseases conference,
 March 24-25, 1993,  Bratislava. 10.
 
 Takacs,I., Kovacs,G., Barnabas,B. 1993. Analysis of the genotypic effect on
 different developmental pathways in wheat gametophyte cultures. Plant Cell
 Reports /in press/.
 
 Veisz O. (1993): The effect of winter frost on the yield components of
 wheat. Novenytermeles, 42. 3. 205-212.
 
 Veisz O. and Sutka J. 1993. Ditelosomic analysis of frost resistance in
 wheat (cv, Chinese Spring) Cereal Res. Comm., 21, (in press).
 
 -------------------------
      Cereal Research Institute,  Szeged
 
      Matuz, J*., Z. Kertesz*, L. Bona*, B. Beke, A. Mesterhazy and J. Falusi
 
      Wheat breeding program. In this year, our Cereal Research Institute
 (CRI) a government research unit is 70 years old, starting its mission in
 1924. The wheat breeding program was initiated in 1961 to develop high
 yielding common and durum wheats suitable for the Hungarian agriculture. In
 the last 25 years 20 wheat varieties were developed by CRI breeders. This
 time sixteen researchers are involved in this program. Selection theory,
 applied biotechnology, protein analysis, biotic and abiotic stress
 resistance highlights the long-term areas of research.
 
      The Wheat Research Unit of the CRI announces the release of 2 Triticum
 aestivum and 1 T. durum wheat cultivars in the beginning of 1994. Breeder
 seed of all the three cultivars released will be maintained by the Wheat
 Research Unit and small quantities (5-10 g) of seed for research/breeding
 purposes will be provided upon request to one of the corresponding authors.
 
      GK Pinka is an awned, white glumed, middle tall, very early ripening
 winter wheat cultivar. Indeed, this is the earliest one in the present
 Hungarian wheat sortiment. GK Pinka derived from a F5 plant selection
 (GKT5/GKT6744). GK Pinka has an outstanding yield performance. Average grain
 yield for 43 experiments (3 years in the Hungarian National Wheat Trials)
 was 6.48 t/ha for GK Pinka. The strong stem with excellent lodging
 resistance and the good adaptability to a range of environments will allow a
 wide spreading of this cultivar.
 
      GK Zugoly is an awnless, yellow-glumed, short strawed, middle ripening
 winter wheat cultivar. GK Zugoly was selected from the cross of GK Kincso (a
 powdery mildew resistant) and GK Istvan (p.mildew sensitive) cultivars. GK
 Zugoly is resistant to the p. mildew races speared in the Carpathian Basin
 region of Europe. It is also resistant to leaf rust and heterogeneous for
 reaction to Fusarium ssp. Average grain yield of GK Zugoly was 6.5 t/ha (+
 5.1 % compared to the standards, 3 years in the Hungarian National Wheat
 Trials). 
 
      GK Novodur is a yellow glumed, 85-90 cm tall, winter durum (Triticum
 durum Desf.) cultivar with excellent pasta making quality. GK Novodur was
 selected from  back-cross population of Parus/*2GK Minaret. Among durum
 wheats, it has an outstanding winter hardness and frost resistance. The
 Parus parent is BYDV resistant and the released GK Novodur is also resistant
 to BYDV. The other parent, GK Minaret has the highest pasta quality standard
 in the region. The grain of GK Novodur has an excellent wet gluten (35%) and
 beta carotene ct (7.5 mg/kg).
 
 -------------------------
      Cs. Kertesz, J. Matuz and Z. Kertesz
 
      Comparison of three maintenance systems. Three systems of variety
 maintenance i.e. pedigree in spaced planting, pedigree in dense planting and
 a mass selection (Jensen method), were compared on two different cultivars
 GK Sagvari and Yubileynaya 50 on the basis of superelite (breeder seed) and
 elite (foundation seed) yield performance.
 
      All the three methods proved to be suitable for the maintenance of
 cultivars. Although the response of the varieties were different. For GK
 Sagvari a strict pedigree selection was successful, while for Yubileynaya 50
 a mass selection was just enough. The second task examined was, that which
 traits should be considered when the pedigree seed were mixed for producing
 the breeder seed. It was found that the 1000 kernel mass and the seedling
 vigor was extremely important parameters. This traits affected the yield of
 breeder seed in booth cultivars. The third question examined was, that how
 many and what kind of sublines the pedigree seed should consists of. In the
 case of GK Sagvari, the yield of breeder seed was higher when the high-
 yielding subline components were included in the pedigree seed. The best
 result was achieved when the 7 best lines were blended in the pedigree seed.
 At cv. Yubileynaya 50 such tendency was not found. The sublines of this
 cultivar showed extreme adaptability to the environment and the years
 tested. Our conclusion is, that the number and kind of the sublines blended
 depends upon the certain cultivar.
 
 -------------------------
      L. Cseuz 
 
      Simple field screening methods and water potential measurements in
 wheat. Water retention ability of excised wheat leaves and chemical
 desiccation tests were done in the nursery to study a wide range of the
 breeding material`s cuticular resistance against water loss and
 translocation ability of stored stem reserves. Using the measured water
 potential and relative water content data, pressure-volume curves were drawn
 and osmotic potential, and water saturation deficit at zero turgor were
 calculated. Varieties performed well in the field-tests had lower water
 potential (osmotic potential) values and reached the zero turgor point at a
 higher water saturation deficit. Although, correlation between the rank of
 entries in the different tests was low.
 
      Water retention ability was tested by the determination of the fresh
 weight of the excised twenty leaves of 78 genotypes harvested from the field
 early in the morning. Keeping them in controlled environment room after 24
 hours their weight was measured again and after a total desiccation the
 leaves` dry weight was determined. From these data the total loss of initial
 water content could be defined. Chemical desiccation tests were done to
 evaluate the translocation ability of the stem reserves in 114 different
 genotypes. Desiccant spraying was done 14 days after anthesis in case of
 each entries. Kernel weight depression due to the post anthesis stress was
 compared between the treated and control plot at every genotypes. The water
 relations characteristics of 16 winter wheat genotypes of different drought
 tolerance grown in the field were measured by a Scholander pressure bomb on
 flag leaves. As in earlier investigations significant differences were found
 among the tested genotypes in both field tests. The water loss of excised
 leaves ranged between 35 and 71 % among the 78 genotypes tested. Depression
 in thousand kernel mass due to the desiccant spraying was between 15 and 56
 % of the untreated control plots. From the pressure-volume technique total
 water potential, osmotic potential at zero and full turgor, water saturation
 deficit at zero turgor and turgid weight/dry weight ratio (TW/DW) were
 calculated. Among the water relations characteristics listed, water
 saturation deficit and osmotic potential at 0 turgor showed the largest
 difference among the varieties tested. Also, these traits had the highest
 correlation with the results of both field tests and earlier field records.
 No correlation was found between the TW/DW ratio data and other
 characteristics. Genotypes that showed good water retention ability (NE
 83/T, Tiszataj m, Mv 8) or resistance to post anthesis drought stress in
 field-tests, (OK 84343, Tiszataj m, Pitic 62) had generally lower water
 potential (osmotic potential) values and reached the zero turgor point at a
 higher water saturation deficit. The pressure - volume technique gave less
 variable results than the field screening methods, so in spite of its
 relative slowness, it could be a convenient complementary screening tool in
 wheat breeding.
 
      Gene Bank Activity. By the financial support of the Hungarian Ministry
 of Agriculture the Wheat Department of Cereal Research Institute could start
 maintaining a gene collection of cca. 500 entries of valuable lines of bread
 wheat, durum wheat and other related species. Large part of the collection
 are resistant lines for fungal diseases. 
 
 ------------------------- 
      M. Papp
 
      Resistance of winter wheat to cereal leaf beetle. Resistance test based
 on estimation of leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus
 L.) was carried out on 52 winter wheat genotypes (mainly Hungarian-origin
 cultivars) in 1993. Experiments were conducted in two isolated cages covered
 by insect nets in the beginning of April. In the first cage chemical control
 was used to provide a reliable check. In the other cage about  3000 adult
 cereal leaf beetles were introduced on 26 April. Fungal diseases were
 controlled in both cages by Bayleton 25 WP.  The feeding damage by cereal
 leaf beetle was determined on the flag leaf  as a percentage of the whole
 leaf-surface.  The grain yield of 20 heads chosen by random  sampling was
 measured in each plot, and expressed as a percentage related to the not-
 infested (protected) control. Thousand kernel mass was measured  from these
 samples. 
 
      Average leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle in 52 genotypes
 studied was 20% on 24 May and 90% on 1 June. There were highly significant
 differences in resistance to cereal leaf beetle between genotypes. At the
 first estimation the most resistant cultivars  (Downy, GK Ambitus, Mv 15, GK
 Veka, GK Othalom, GK Reka) had only 6-15% feeding damages, and the most
 susceptible  ones  (GK Kalaka, GK Lili, MM-In, GK Korany)  had 29-32%. At
 the second estimation the most resistant genotypes (Downy, GK Reka) had 41-
 65% feeding damages, and the most susceptible ones (GK Korany, MM-In, GK
 Kovasz, GK Lili, GK Kalaka, Mv 8) had 98-100%. Grain yield response to
 attack of cereal leaf beetle was more sensitive than that of thousand kernel
 mass. Yield was reduced by 31%, while thousand kernel mass decreased only by
 22% on average. Yield of the most tolerant cultivars (Downy, Brjk-LixLov34,
 MM-Kincso, Kincso-Krp) decreased by 6-16%, while that of the most sensitive
 ones (GK Lili, GK Szoke, GK Csuros, Mv 15, Mv 17, GK Ambitus) was reduced by
 45-56%. Leaf-feeding damage by cereal leaf beetle (second estimation)
 exhibited a medium correlation with yield reduction and yield of infested
 plots (r = 0.3378, P < 0.05; r = -0.4612, P < 0.001 respectively).
 Pubescence of the flag leaf was significantly correlated to feeding damage
 by cereal leaf beetle (r = -0.8015, P < 0.001).
 
 ------------------------- 
      M. Papp and A. Mesterhazy
 
      Resistance of wheat to viruses in field tests. In 1993, 120 wheat
 cultivars and breeding lines (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) were tested in
 three replications at early sowing (late September) and  wide spaced
 surrounded by grassland. The dominating virus was BYDV beside sporadical
 occurrence of BMV and WSMV. Due to the autumn infection only 17% of the
 total 25704 plants were killed by the end of April. The most resistant
 genotypes were GK Ablanc, T89-92, Jbj 50-SdvS, T101-92, GK 804-Mv 8 and GK
 Csornoc (96-99% survival by April), and the most susceptible ones were GK
 Minaret, BD 4312xBa-Mi, Brjk-LixLov34 and 5A 24 (40-60% survival). In June
 the most susceptible lines (GK Minaret, VIC-Pa3, BD 4312xBa-Mi, 5A 39, 5A
 24) had 67-87% virus infection, while the most resistant ones (Zo-F113D,  GK
 Ablanc, GK Csaba, GK Ambitus, GK Kincso, Mv 17, GK Gobe, GK Csornoc, GK Olt,
 Jubilejnaja 50) had only 3-17%. The evaluation carried out in June was
 significantly correlated to the percentage of killed plants recorded in the
 end of April (r = 0.7338, P < 0.001).
 
 -------------------------
      L. Purnhauser
 
      Copper enhanced plant regeneration from somatic and androgenic tissue
 cultures of wheat. In our experiments, Cu-ions at concentrations 10 to 1000
 times higher than in the original Murashige & Skoog medium (0.1 uM CuSO(4))
 strikingly enhanced shoot and root regeneration in somatic callus cultures
 of wheat and triticale. In wheat embryoids induced in anther culture,
 CuSO(4) was also important for regeneration. With hormone-free 1/2 MS medium
 at high (2 M) CuSO(4) content the shoot and root formation of anther
 derived embryoids was significantly higher than that in hormone (0.5 mg l-l
 naphtaleneacetic acid + 0.5 mg l-l kinetin)-containing 1/2 strength MS
 medium (with 0.1 M CuSO(4)), which is commonly applied for regeneration.
 CuSO(4) pretreatment significantly promoted plant survival when regenerated
 wheat plants were transferred directly to potting soil. 
 
      A method for crossing non-synchronously flowering parents in wheat,
 using cold storage of the female parent. A simple method is developed for
 making efficient hand crosses in wheat (Triticum aestivum) parents with
 large differences in flowering dates. It involves the cold storage of
 emasculated plants at 5 degC between emasculation and pollination. The seed
 set of cold-stored females was high when spikes were pollinated 30 days
 after emasculation (DAE). Female plants kept only in a greenhouse (30
 degC/20 degC day/night temperature) without cold storage showed a poor seed
 set when pollinated 10 DAE, and the stigmas had completely lost their
 receptivity 15 DAE. Experiments with other species (T. durum x T. aestivum,
 wheat x rye and triticale x wheat crosses) likevise revealed the highly
 reproducible effect of cold storage of the females on extending the duration
 of stigma receptivity.
 
      Personnel.  J. Falusi, Wheat breeder has been appointed to Research
 Leader of the CRI Research Station , Taplanszentkereszt, West Hungary. He is
 countinouing the small grain breeding activity at the Station. L. Cseuz,
 Wheat breeder participated at the two month International Postgrad Course on
 Biological and Physical Aspects of Crop Production in Arid Zones of the Ben
 Gurion University, Israel.
 
                         Publications 
 
 Barabas, Z., J. Matuz and T. Monostori. 1993. Tomato hybrid seed production
 using auxotroph (thiamin dependent) mutants. Annual Meetings ASA, CSSA,
 SSSA, Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 7-12., 1993. Agronomy Abstr. p. 81.
 
 Bona, L., R.J. Wright, V.C. Baligar and J. Matuz. 1993. Screening wheat and
 other small grains for acid soil tolerance. Landscape and Urban Planning.
 27:175-178.
 
 Bona, L., V.C. Baligar and R.J. Wright. 1993. Soil acidity effects on
 agribotanical traits of Triticum durum Desf. and Triticum aestivum L.
 genotypes. Third Plant-Soil Interaction at Low pH Int. Symp. Brisbane,
 Australia, Sep. 12-16. 1993. Abstr. p. 117.
 
 Bona, L., V.C. Baligar, R.J. Wright and L. Leder. 1993. Acid soil tolerance
 of juvenile stage proso millet genotypes. Cereal Res. Commun. 21:83-86.
 
 Carver, B.F., W.E. Whitemore, E.L. Smith and L. Bona. 1993. Registration of
 four aluminum tolerant winter wheat germplasm and two susceptible near-
 isolines. Crop Sci. 33:1113-1114.
 
 Csosz, M, A. Mesterhazy and M. Papp. 1993. Prospects and retrospects in
 resistance breeding of wheat. Hung. Agriculture, 2: 41-46.
 
 Kertesz, Z., J. Pauk and J. Matuz. 1993. Comparison of the traditional
 selection with haploid breeding in winter wheat. Proc. 8th International
 Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing 20 - 25 July. Abst. p. 154.
 
 Matuz, J., T. Bartok and L. Purnhauser. 1993. The inheritance and aminoacid
 content in the F1 hybrids of winter wheat cultivars. Proceedings of the 17th
 International Congress of Genetics, Birmingham, 15-21 August. Abst. p.118.
 
 Matuz, J., Z. Kertesz and E. Acs. 1993. Inheritance of bread making quality
 in crosses of Hungarian and North-American winter wheats (Triticum
 aestivum). Proc. 8th International Wheat Genetics Symposium, Beijing 20-25
 July. Abst. p. 140.
 
 Matuz, J., Z. Kertesz and E. Acs. 1993. Inheritance of bread making quality
 in crosses of Hungarian and North-American winter wheats (Triticum
 aestivum). Cereal Res. Commun. 21:39-43.
 
 Mesterhazy, A. 1993. Resistance level and toxin contamination: possibilities
 for breeding resistance to head blight in wheat. Vienna Workshop on Current
 Status of Fusarium Head Blight Research in Europe. Abst. p.7.
 
 Papp, M. 1993. Winter wheat resistance to cereal leaf beetle and bird
 cherry-oat aphid. In J. Angyan, J. Kiss and L. Podmaniczky (eds.) Sci. Conf.
 New Strategies for Sustainable rural Development, March 22-25. Godollo,
 Hungary. Abst. p. 108.
 
 Papp, M., A. Mesterhazy: 1993. Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid
 (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties. Euphytica 67:49-57.
 
 Papp, M. 1993. Resistance mechanism of wheat to aphids (In Hungarian with
 English summary). Novenytermeles 42:191-198.
 
 Pauk, J. and L. Purnhauser. 1993. Advances in tissue culture of wheat whit
 special regard to plant regeneration and applications in breeding. Hungarian
 Agricult. 2:22-25.
 
 Pauk, J., B. Jenes, L. Purnhauser and Z. Kertesz. 1993. Protoplast - plant
 system in hexaploid wheat. 6th European Congress on Biotechnology, Firenze,
 13-17 June. Abst. p. 369.
 
 Purnhauser, L. 1993. A method for crossing non-synchronously flowering
 parents in wheat, using cold storage of the female parent. Cereal Res.
 Commun. 21:175-179.
 
 Purnhauser, L. and G. Gyulai. 1993. Effect of copper on shoot and root
 regeneration in wheat, triticale, rape and tobacco tissue cultures. Plant
 Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 35:131-139. 
 
 Purnhauser, L., J. Schulcz, T. Monostory and J. Matuz. 1993. Crossability of
 wheat with rye and use of the tissue culture method for wide hybridization.
 Proceedings of the 17th International Congress of Genetics, Birmingham, 15-
 21 August. Abst. p. 118.
 
 -------------------------
                       ITEMS FROM INDIA
 
      Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Division of Genetics, New Delhi
 
                        Wheat Breeding
 
      R. N. Sawhney, S.S. Singh, H.B. Chowdary, Harsh Mehta, J .B. Sharma and
 D. N. Sharma
 
          The use of (i) genetically well defined sources for resistance,
 (ii) simultaneous testing of breeding materials under timely sown, both
 water stress and adequate irrigation conditions as well as late sown,
 irrigated conditions and (iii) through shuttle breeding has led to the
 development of a new set of high yielding, widely adapted wheats with
 well-defined and diverse resistance. Some of the wheats which have emerged
 from the program are endowed with an inherent mechanism of genetic
 homoeostasis enabling them to achieve stability of production at higher
 levels of productivity both under optimum and sub-optimurn environments over
 diverse agroclimatic conditions of the country. These wheats are also likely
 to be durable for resistance to rusts.
 
      'Kanchan' (DL 803-3) - an outstanding dwarf wheat. 'Kanchan' (DL
 803-3), an aestivum wheat identified by the All India Wheat Research
 Workers' Workshop in 1993 for the timely sown, irrigated and high fertility
 conditions, is the latest in the series including 'Kundan' (DL 153-2) and
 'Vaishali' (DL 784-2) released for the commercial cultivation in the last
 decade.  This cultivar was derived from the cross HUW 202//K 7537/, a black
 point free mutant of HD 2160.
 
      1. Yield potential. The yield figures in Table 1 project that DL 803-3
 outclassed the most popular wheat of the zone WH 147 with convincing margins
 registering first rank in the three consecutive years. An average yield of 5
 t/ha with yield potential of 7 t/ha under good management on large plots in
 on-farm tests in Punjab was achieved.
 
 Table 1.  Comparative performance of DL 803-3 with WH 147 in the Central
 Zone,
                          AICWIP data
 
 
                          DL 803-3                   WH 147  
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------    
           Year      Yield          Rank      Yield          Rank
                     (q/ha)                   (q/ha)
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------     
           1990-91   46.4           1         41.5           17
           1991-92   50.3           1         48.7            4
           1992-93   47.2           1         42.5            7
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Mean      48.0                     44.2                
 
 
     2.  Durable rust resistance.  The wheat-rye (lB/1R) translocation that
 carries Lr26/Sr31/Yr9 for resistance to leaf, stem and yellow rusts
 respectively has been exploited extensively for the development of high
 yielding cultivars in different parts of the world. DL 803-3 and DL 802-3
 evoIved from two differnt local cross combinations possessing lB/1R
 translocation.  DL 803-3 is postulated to carry Lr23, Lr26/Sr31 /Yr9 and
 Lr34/Yr18. Lr26 alone has become ineffective due to the evolution of new
 races of 77 group. However, Lr34, an adult plant partially effective gene,
 which is implicated for durability in combination with Lr23 and Lr26
 provided higher level of resistance and is likely to be durable for
 resistance to leaf rust. Sr31 is still highly effective gene the world over
 and suggested to have durable resistance to stem rust. Yr18, a partially ef
 fective adult plant stripe rust resistance gene, has been shown to be
 closely associated with Lr34 and is likely to provide durable and high level
 of resistance to stripe rust in combination with Yr9 which again is a gene
 that is still highly effective to stripe rust in the sub-continent. 
 
      3.  Stability and sustainability.  Wheats that are capable of yielding
 at higher levels of productivity both under optimum and sub-optimum
 environments are Iikely to produce higher average yields because of several
 inherent natural and socio-economic constraints encountered by the peasantry
 in different parts of the country in the availability of adequate inputs for
 higher production. In this context DL 803-3 displays a good degree of
 genetic homoeostasis when tested over diverse agronomic situations (Table
 2). It outyields WH 147 both in the Varietal Trials (Table 1) and the
 Agronomic Trials (Table 2) under normal sown as well as when shown early or
 late in Agronomic Trials (table 2).  Thus, the cultivar imparts a sufficient
 degree of latitude in planting time to the farmer.
 
            The genotype holds sufficient prornise in sustainable agriculture
 when planted under a wide range of sub-optimum input conditions of
 fertilizer and number of irrigations. The cultivar maintained its edge over
 WH 147 even when the fertilizer levels were reduced to 2/3 and 1/3 of the
 recommended levels. Similarly, DL 803-3 retained its superiority over WH 147
 in water deticit situations. Thus, the genotype fairly meets the
 requirements of a subsistence farmer who can ill-afford the use of costly
 chemical fertilizer and depends on weather gods to meet the irrigation
 requirements. WH 147 again is a wheat known for its better performance under
 moderate inputs of fertilizer and water.
 
 
 Table 2 : Comparative performance of D L 803-3 and WH 147 over varied
 agronomic situations in Central Zone, AICWIP data (1992-93)
 
                             Yield (q/ha) 
    
                          Dl 803-3  Wh 147         
  ---------------------------------------------------------
 Sowing date    Normal    48.3 -    44.8
                Early     46.3 -    41.4
                Late      39.1 -    33.0
 
 FertiIizer doses         N 120 P60 K40  43.6 38.5
                          N80 P40   K27  40.7 36.4
                          N40 P20   K14  32.0 2a8
 
 No. of irrigations       Adequat   51.0  43.3
                          Two       34.6   32.8    
                          One       29.6   28.1
  ---------------------------------------------------------
 
      4.  Wide Adaptability.  Wheats performing consistently superior across
 different agroclimatic regions are likely to be more adapted and stable in
 performance. Widespread adaptability of DL 803-3 is implicit in Table 3. The
 cultivar performed consistently superior in different zones having a wide
 range of environments when compared with the most popular wheat of the
 respective zone.
 
 
 Table 3.  Widespread adaptability of DL 803 (Kanchan) under  diverse
 agroclimatic conditions, AICWIP
                                                                              
      Cultivation            1992-93          1991-92         1990-91
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Zone  condition  Variety   V       R        Y       R       Y      R  
 Central TS, IRR  DL 803   47.2     1       50.3     1      46.4     1 
                  WH 147   42.5     7       48.7     4      41.5    17
 NorWest LS, IRR  DL 803   41.2     3       43.0     1      38.4     5
   Plain         HD 2285   36.0    16       39.3    12      37.9     9
 NorEast TS, IRR  DL 803   46.3     2         -      -         -
                 HUW 206   42.9    21         -      -         -
         TS, RF   DL 803   20.1     1         -      -         -
                   C 306   17.2    17         -      -         -
 Penin-  TS, IRR  DL 803   47.1     3       48.3     1         -       -
 sular           NI 5439   38.2    14       48.3     1         -       -
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 -Y:   Yield (q/ha)        R:   Rank           IRR: Irrigated
 TS:  Timely sown         LS:  Late sown      RF:  Rainfed
 
 
 Quality features.  It has amber (white), hard, well filled and roundish
 grains with grain weight of 45 mg.  It had the highest protein percentage
 (14.0) in comparison to the check wheats.
 
                         Publications
 
 Sawhney, R.N. 1993. Kundan - a superior wheat cultivar among the dwarf
 wheats. Ind. Fm 9. 43(8): 35-37.
 
 Sawhney, R.N. 1993. Kundan - the ideal chapati and bread wheat. The Indian
 Bakers 24(3): 27-31.
 
 Sawhney, R. N. 1993. Genetic strategies for sustaining green revolution in
 wheat. Abstr. National Symposium on Plant Breeding Strategies for India 2000
 A.D. and Beyond at Aurangabad, December 25-27, 1993 organised by Marathawada
 Agricultural University, Parbhani and Indian Society of Genetics and Plant
 Breeding, New Delhi. pp 4-6.
 
 Sawhney, R.N. 1994. Breeding for durable resistance to the wheat rusts.
 Monograph, IARI, New Delhi 110 012. Publication and Information Directorate
 of the CSIR, New Delhi ( i n p ress) .
 
 -------------------------
      Division of Genetics, Indian Agricultural  Research Institute, New
 Delhi 
 
      S. M. S. Tomar* and M. Kochumadhavan
 
      Improvement of Wheat Cultivars: A number of alien genes and  genes from
 related species have been identified as effective source of resistance
 against the Indian stem rust and leaf rust race flora. These genes are
 available but in poor backgrounds with regard to Indian conditions. Many of
 them such as Sr26, Lr24, Lr28 and Lr9 have been transferred to Indian wheat
 cultivars through backcross breeding to improve rust resistance. The yield
 potential of the improved cultivars (constituted after 6 or 7 backcrosses)
 along with their recurrent parents was assessed in RBD with 6 replications
 in a plot size of 5 m X 0.92 m. The crop was inoculated twice (tillering and
 boot leaf stages) with a mixture of races of stem and leaf rusts to create 
 epiphytotic conditions. The leaf rust infection recorded on check varieties
 (recurrent parents) ranged from 60S to 90S.  Although differences in yield
 between recurrent parents and the improved lines were observed (Table l),
 the data indicated significant differences in yield only in two cases. It is
 also observed that rust appearing at boot stage can cause damage up to 10%
 but depends on the time of rust appearance and tolerance of the genotype
 against the pathogen. The infection of stem rust was of low magnitude
 ranging from TS to 5S at the time of maturity.
 
 Table 1. Relative performance of improved cultivars in comparison to their
 recurrent parents
 
 Cultivar/Improved line        Gene(s)        Average yield in Kgs..per
          (Imp.)               present         plot (5 m X 0.92 m)
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Sonalika                                          2.09
 HW 2001A (Imp. Sonalika)      Lr24                2.17
 
 Kalyansona                                        2.16
 HW 2002A (Imp. Kalyansona)    Lr24                2.32
 HW 2021  (Imp. Kalyansona)    Lr24 Sr26           2.18
      
 WH 147                                            2.20
 HW 2022   (Imp. WH 147)       Lr24 Sr26           2.26
 HW 2005   (Imp. WH 147)       Lr24                2.28
 
 Lok 1                                             2.26
 HW 2006   (Imp. Lok 1)        Lr24                2.34
 
                              
 HD 2329                                           2.19      
                     
 HW 2007   (Imp. HD 2329)      Lr24                2.46      
 
 HD 2285                                           2.18
 
 HW 2008   (Imp. HD 2285)      Lr24                2.24      
 
 WL 711                                            2.12
 HW 2014   (Imp. WL 711)       Lr24                2.48
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
       C.D. = 0.25 Sig. at 5% level of significance 
 
 -------------------------
      IARI Regional Station, Wellington, The Nilgiris
 
      M. Kochumadhavan and S. M. S. Tomar*
 
      Introgression of stem rust resistance gene Sr27 and leaf rust
 resistance gene  Lr28 in Indian wheat cultivar(s). In continuation of
 previous work on improvement of wheat cultivars by incorporating different
 genes conferring resistance to stem and leaf rusts, a popular wheat cultivar
 Kalyansona was chosen for introgression of the gene Lr28 derived from
 Aegilops speltoides . The line CS 2A/2M 4/2 was used as a donor parent for
 leaf rust resistance (Lr28). Selection constituted after seven backcrosses
 from Kalyansona*7/CS 2A/2M 4/2 were tested under field conditions against a
 mixture of leaf rust races. The improved Kalyansona carrying Lr28 showed
 resistance under field  conditions and also in seedling stage to those races
 to which the recurrent parent is susceptible.
 
      The gene Sr27 (WRT: Wheat Rye Translocation) available in Chinese
 Spring background, translocated from Imperial rye to CS by Acosta (1963)J
 has been found effective against Indian stem rust race flora in seedling as
 well as in adult plant stages. This  gene had earliar been transferred to
 Kalyansona by Prabhakar Rao (1985). Our efforts were to combine Sr27 and
 Lr28 and Sr27 and Lr24 in Kalyansona background. The Kalyansona carrying
 Sr27 was crossed to Kalyansona carrying Lr28. A number of single plants
 looking phenotypically close to Kalyansona and carrying resistance to leaf
 rust and stem rust in F(2)  generation were carried over to F(3) 
 generation.  Uniform F(3) families resistant to stem rust and leaf rust were
 bulked separately. The uniformity and the resistance of the individual bulks
 was tested in next generation. Similarly, Kalyansona carrying Sr27 was
 crossed to HW 2002 carrying Lr24 (an improved line of Kalyansona) and the
 procedure adopted in combining Sr27 and Lr28 was followed. The above method
 of combining two  specific genes in a single background seems to have  merit
 for constituting the genotypes with multigenic resistance.
 
 -------------------------
      Dalmir Singh 
 
          INDUCED TRANSLOCATIONS BETWEEN WHEAT AND RYE
             CHROMOSOMES FOR RUST RESISTANCE 
 
      The Mexican hexploid wheat variety Kalyansona was crossed with a amber
 seeded and self compatible rye mutant.  Crossed seeds were irradiated with
 35 Kr. of gamma rays (1989-90) with the objective to induce translocation
 between chromosomes of  wheat and rye.  During the 1991-93 season plant
 progenies were in M3 and M4 generations.  The M3 material was screened under
 Delhi conditions while M4 generation was evaluated at Wellington (hot spot
 for all the diseases of wheat).  The M3 material screened at Delhi segre-
 gated for rust resistance except for one plant progeny which produced only
 resistant plants (the plant was resistant in M2  generation at Wellington.
 The material was then evaluated as M4 at Wellington (Table 1).  Plants
 possessing rust resistance were also selected for improved fertility. Plant
 progenies possessing rust resistance in M3 generation were found to be
 resistant in Mr generation also.  These plant progenies flowered about 10
 days later than the parent variety (Kalyansona).  Differences were also
 observed in the spike morphology,  some spikes were  of speloid types.  The
 mature plants were about 10 to 15 cm  taller than the parent. Since the
 spike fertility was good, these lines will be evaluated for their yielding
 ability.  Rust resistant plants have been selected from other segregating
 material to improve spike fertility.
 
 Table 1  Rust reactions in variety Kalyansona, Secale cereale and
 translocation line (at Wellington).
                                               Rust reaction                 
 
 Parents                  Black rust     Brown  rust         Yellow rust
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Kalyan sona              60-80 S        60 S                40 S
 Secale cereale           F              F                   F    
 Kalyan sona x Secale
  cereal translocation    F              F                   F
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
      Spontaneously induced early plants in T. timopheevi (Zhula) Zhuk.  IN
 an attempte to transfer desirable traits, two strains of T. timopheevi are
 being used.  Both strains are of winter habit (late flowering).  At
 flowering stage it was observed that one of the strains produced some
 exceptionally early plants which flowered about 30 days earlier than the
 rest.  As a curiosity, one of the early plants was analysed cytologically at
 first meiotic metaphase and it was observed that instead of forming regular
 14 bivalents, it showed a prevalence of univalents, trivalents and
 quadrivalents in most of the cells scored..  Since it happened to be an
 unusual phenomenon, the remainder of early plants and some normal plants
 were also analyzed cytologically.  The data were recorded on the number of
 univalents bivalents (ring or rod), trivalents, quadrivalents and chiasmata
 per cell.  Mean values were calculated and compared with the normal T.
 timopheevi observations (Table 1).
 
      Data analysis revealed that the increase in the mean values of the
 univalents, trivalents and quadrivalents per cell were significantly higher
 in all the plants which flowered early than the mean values of normal
 plants.
 The mean values of rod bivalents did not differ much but the mean values of
 ring bivalents were significantly lower in all the early plants than the
 values observed in the late plants. The mean values of trivalents and
 quadrivalents on the other hand were significantly higher in all the early
 plants except plant number 6, where quadrivalents failed to occur (Table 1).
 
      In general the chiasma frequencies in all the early plants were
 significantly lower than the late plants.  It certainly could be due to the
 failure of chromosome pairing.  The partial reduction in the number of
 bivalents on the one hand and the increase in the number of univalents on
 the other side may be the effect of desynapsis.  In the present observations
 the increase in the number was not only restricted to univalents but it was
 also observed in the number of trivalents and quadrivalents (which could be
 due to the supression of Ph gene like system).
 
      In the early flowering (abnormal) plants, there appeared to be three
 different events which are common. 1. Decreased ring bivalents and increased
 univalents (desynaptic effect).  2. Increased chromosome associations like
 trivalents and quadrivalents (mutated Ph  gene effect).   3. Early flowering
 (vernalization).
 
      Although it is difficult to pinpoint which event took place first and
 later on triggered the rest of them but it is likely that the change might
 have occurred in the pairing of chromosome (Ph gene system) and then due to
 homoeologous chromosome pairing, the other functions got reshuffled.  A few
 seeds were obtained by crossing hundreds of florets with hexaploid wheat. 
 Resulting progenies are to be studied.
 
 Table 1.  Meiotic chromosome pairing in T. timopheevi (flowered late) and
           its abnormal (flowered early) Plants (mean per cell).
 
                         No. of
 Parents                 cells
                         scored     Univalents
  ---------------------------------------------------
 T. timopheevi            50        0.42 +/- .01
 
 Abnormal Plant-1         50        8.58 +/- .33
                                           (23.31)
 
 Abnormal Plant-2         25        5.68 +/- .48
                                           (14.61)
 
 Abnormal Plant-3         30        4.40 +/- .40
                                           (15.47)
 
 Abnormal Plant-4         25        4.68 +/- .38
                                           (14.20)
 
 Abnormal Plant-5         30        5.17 +/- .40
                                           (13.97)
 
 Abnormal Plant-6         25        5.40 +/- .48
                                           (13.53)
  --------------------------------------------------
 Table 1.  Meiotic chromosome pairing in T. timopheevi (flowered late) and
 (cont'd)  its abnormal (flowered early) Plants (mean per cell).
                                
        Bivalents
  ----------------------------
 
 Ring Types        Rod Types        Trivalents     Quadrivalents    Chiasmata 
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 10.50 +/- .23     3.16 +/- .23      0.06 +/- .22  0.02 +/- .01    25.64+/-.29
 
  3.78 +/- .15     4.70 +/- .21      0.74 +/- .09  0.08 +/- .02    14.34+/-.40
   (24.34)           (5.03)           (7.64)          (7.50)        (22.60)
 
  5.20 +/- .32     6.68 +/- .19      0.88 +/- .12  0.04 +/- .04    19.08+/-.53
   (13.58)           (4.47)           (9.11)          (4.00)        (11.92)
 
  5.03 +/- .27     3.83 +/- .22      1.60 +/- .15  0.28 +/- .08    20.37+/-.39
   (14.32            (3.10)           (12.41)         (3.71)        (10.75)
 
  4.80 +/- .21     4.04 +/- .26      1.20 +/- .17  0.32 +/- .09    20.00+/-.33
   (16.05)           (2.31)           (10.63)         (4.28)        (12.00)
 
  4.50 +/- .23     4.50 +/- .19      1.37 +/- .11  0.20 +/- .07    19.57+/-.44
   (17.14)           (4.20)           (14.55)         (3.00)        (11.90)
 
  5.16 +/- .26     4.20 +/- .25      1.32 +/- .16       --         19.84+/-.27
   (14.43)           (2.88)           (10.50)                       (12.60)
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Figures in parenthesis are "t" values.
 
 
 Table 2.  Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
           derivatives (PTD) lines
  --------------------------------------------------------------                  Culm                  Ear
 Derivatives/      length    Tiller      length    Spikelet
 Checks            (cm)      Number      (cm)      number  
  --------------------------------------------------------------
 PID     1         83.72     12.60      11.72      20.12
 PID     2        104.84     11.65       9.09      17.90
 PID     8         94.13     15.05       9.06      18.05
 PID    11         98.29     10.25      10.16      17.65
 PID    12         86.24     12.85      10.12      22.12
 PID    16         81.53     12.35       9.74      22.05
 PID    18         81.52     13.60      10.69      20.80
 PID    28         81.31      9.95       9.17      22.62
 PID    30         87.42      8.35      10.71      21.71
 PID    32        108.56     10.20      11.12      18.81
 PID    34         82.37      8.10      10.57      23.15
 PID    40        102.56     10.55      10.22      20.66
 PID    44         86.44      9.65      10.63      21.81
 PID    47         76.30     12.80       9.99      19.75
 PID    48         88.83     12.20       8.93      20.71
 PID    49         78.90     12.75      10.00      20.30
 PID    50         84.77     13.40       9.75      19.62
  --------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Table 2.  Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
 (cont'd)  derivatives (PTD)lines
  --------------------------------------------------------------
 No days                 Ear      Ear       Grain      Yield
 to           Biomass    yield    grain     weight     plant
 flower        (g)        (g)      No       (mg)       (g)
  --------------------------------------------------------------
  98.50       49.75      2.03      60.16     31.72     12.32
 125.50       47.75      1.28      40.75     31.42      6.35
 115.75       51.30      1.72      39.39     43.17     13.07
 107.25       42.25      1.63      46.40     35.17     10.22
 108.75       62.35      2.31      58.41     38.80     17.12
 111.25       59.50      2.04      53.08     36.35     17.84
 108.00       43.00      1.77      57.33     28.00     11.47
 109.00       51.75      2.44      54.90     34.20     14.37
 109.75       54.50      2.51      68.08     35.02     15.17
 103.50       55.75      2.06      46.48     46.70     11.12
 106.50       43.50      2.38      62.39     38.90     13.30
 119.25       55.75      1.44      38.33     40.85     12.00
 111.25       48.25      2.10      52.58     37.32     10.55
 110.00       40.75      1.48      62.74     23.40      6.85
 112.00       49.25      1.54      53.24     29.77     11.02
 111.00       54.75      1.67      67.74     22.82     11.70
 113.00       49.50      1.54      72.74     21.75     11.11
  --------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Table 2.  Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
 (cont'd)   derivatives (PTD) lines
  --------------------------------------------------------------                   Culm                  Ear
 Derivatives/       length   Tiller      length    Spikelet
 Checks             (cm)     Number       (cm)     number  
  --------------------------------------------------------------
 PID    61          85.66    13.30         9.86    18.64
 PID    64          88.09    14.97        10.71    22.47
 PID    65          84.39    10.85         9.97    20.81
 PID    76          79.72    12.00        11.03    21.47
 PID    83          79.95    12.50         9.72    20.16
 Kalyansona         75.27     8.60        10.22    19.95
 CM 108-31          93.30    12.30         9.57    19.65
  -------------------------------------------------------------
 C.V. (%)            6.22    19.42        13.38     7.96
 C.D. at 5%          7.6573   1.6066       1.9097   2.296
 C.D. at 1%         10.20     8.5253       2.546    3.061
 
 
 
 Table 2.  Some quantitative characters of the Pusa timopheevi
 (cont'd)   derivatives (PTD) lines
  ------------------------------------------------------------
 No days                 Ear      Ear       Grain      Yield
 to           Biomass    yield    grain     weight     plant
 flower        (g)        (g)      No        (mg)       (g)
  ------------------------------------------------------------                   
 112.00       55.00      1.98      46.66     40.07    15.22   
 111.00       48.75      1.54      59.49     26.30    10.10
 109.75       38.70      1.50      58.49     22.00     8.06
 109.25       44.50      1.99      59.33     31.97     9.65
 110.50       41.00      1.41      68.24     21.80     9.30
 115.50       51.22      2.63      59.33     31.97    14.87
 110.75       68.10      2.41      56.24     41.72    18.17
  ------------------------------------------------------------
   3.96       20.01      17.14     17.95      8.76    22.32
   6.1866     14.3885     0.4572   14.146     4.0688   3.1875
   8.2489     19.1849     0.6096   18.8617    5.4250   5.0901
 
 
 Table 1.  Field reaction of timopheevi derivatives against rust disease
 
 Deriv/
 Checks       Pedigree                     Pusa Brown Rust
                                          88    89   91   92  
  ------------------------------------------------------------------             
 1      (CM108-3 z x timo.)x Ks(2)         R    TR    R   10S  
 8      (CM5B X TIMO.) X CM108-31          0     0    0   TR
 12                                        0     0    0   10S
 18                                       TS    10S   R   10MS
 28     (CM108-31 X TIMO.) X CM108-31(2)   0    10S  TR    TS
 30                                        0    TS   TS   5MR
 32                                       MS     0   TR   10S
 34                                       TMR   MR   TR   10S
  ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Wellington Brown Rust   Wellington Black Rust      Lahoul Yellow Rust
 88    89     92         88    89     92            88     89     92
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 -      0     20MR        -     0    10MR           -      0      20MS
 TR     0     TMS         0     0     0             0      R       R
 5S     0     10MR       10S    0     5R            MR     R       R
  0    20S    40MS        0     0     TR            0      0       R
 TS     5R    10S        5MS    0     0             -      50S    80S
 TS    TMS    10S         0     0     0             0      0      5MS
 MR     TS    10S         -     0     0             MS     4S      R
 10MS   TR    10S         TS    0     0             0      50S    20S
  -----------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Table 1.  Field reaction of timopheevi derivatives against rust disease
 (cont'd)
 
 Deriv/                                Pusa Brown Rust
 Checks       Pedigree
  -----------------------------------------------------------
 40                                 TR    20S  TS    20S
 44     (CM 108-31 X TIMO.) X Ks(3)  0    TS    R    TS
 47                                 TS    TS    -    10S
 48                                 TR    10S  10S   20S
 49                                 TR    TR    -    10S
 50                                 MR    10S  TR    10S
 61                                  0    MR   20S   20S
 64                                  0     0    R    10S
 65                                  0    TR    R    TS
 83        Ks x (TIMO> X Ks)(3)     MR    TS   TR    20S
 KS            Kalyansona           80S   80S  100S  60S       
 CM-31           CM108-31           60S   60S  60S   60S
  -----------------------------------------------------------
 
 Wellington Brown Rust   Wellington Black Rust     Lahoul Yellow Rust
 88    89     92         88     89     92          88     89      92
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 TS     0     10S        5S     0      0           TS     R       R
 TR     0     20MR        0     0     TMS          0      R       R
 TMR    0     10S         0     0      0           TS     20S     40S
 TR    TR      -          0     0      0           0      TS      5S
 TR     0     5S          0     0      0           -      0       10S
 TR     0     10S         0     0      0           TS     5S      R
 10R    0     10MR       TS    TS     TR           0      0       R
 TS    TR     1-MS        0     0      0           S      50S     80S
 5S    5R      -          0     0      0           0      0       30S
  -    TS     MS         40S   40S    MS           20S    20S     40S
 60S   60S    100S       40S   40S   40S           80S    80S     100S
 40S   20S    40S        40S   40S   40S           30S    30S     30S
  ------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 -------------------------
 Resistance against Multiple Rust Disease and Agronomic Behavior of
 Timopheevi Derivatives
 
      Bhowal, J.G., G. Huha, R.M. Brahma and R. Singh.
 
      McIntosh, in 1988 stated that it was not difficult to find or to
 produce rust resistant materials but it was difficult to combine high levels
 of resistance to multiple diseases with other desirable characters. 
 Timopheevi derivatives used in the study show a high level of multiple
 disease resistance including adult plant resistance to black, brown and
 yellow rusts and have desirable agronomic characters.  The derivatives were
 produced by crossing T. timopheevi as a male or female with aestivum
 cultivars and stocks (CM 108-31, CM mono 5B and Kalyansona) and back
 crossing the F(1)s one to three times to aestivum cultivars and stocks
 followed by repeated selfing and selection.  The derivatives are referred to
 as Pusa timopheevi derivatives (PTD).
 
      Other desirable characters of PTD are predominantly aestivum like in
 habit and other morphological characters.  All are earlier than timopheevi
 and without small ovate and pressed ear and winter habit.  Most are similar
 to aestivum parents in culm and ear length, tillering, spikelet and grain
 number and flowering time.  A few PTD lines have more or less the same ear
 grain yield, grain weight, yield per plant and biomass as aestivum parents.
 
      Several lines showed ear grain yield and yield per plant similar to
 aestivum parents.  Some lines even transgressed the superior parents in
 characters like tiller number, flowering time and grain weight.  All sources
 of germplasm to broaden the genetic base of resistance to rust diseases. 
 
 -------------------------
      P. Bahadur, K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh, and R. Aggarwal, Mycology
 and Plant Pathology
 
              Studies on Wheat Diseases in India
 
      Wheat rusts.  A prolonged cold wave for 5 weeks from the last week of
 December 91 to four week fo January 92 in Northern India delayed leaf rust
 appearance in Indogangetic plains on susceptible cultivars, Sonallika, HD
 2285  and HD 2329.  Heavy rains in Northern India also reduced the
 establishment of stripe rust in Haryana and Punjab.  Cultivation of many
 CIMMYT and Indian improved varieties in Nepal might have also contributed in
 reducing the inoculum spreading to India.
 
      Postulation of genes for stem rust resistance.  Evaluation of 79
 entries of wheat with 12 pathotypes of Puccinia graminis tritici revealed
 the following SR genes were carried by cultivars listed:
 
      Sr9b           :    HPW 74
      SR9e           :    PDW 232, PDW 233, WH 896
      Sr2 + Se31     :    K 9000, HUW 391     
      Sr31           :    DL 803-2, DL 803-3, DL 802-3, DWR 187,
                          DWR 195, HD 2610, HD 2615, HDR 151,
                          HP 1704, HP 1705, HW 395, VL 719,
                          WH 585
 
      Adult plant resistandce (APR).  Evaluation of cultivars showed APR in
 PDW 232, PDW 233, PBW 34, HD 2285, K 9006, K 8962, GW 173, and HI 977 to
 pathotype 40A (62G29) of Puccinia graminis tritici and in GW 173, HPW 42,
 HUW 391, HUW 395, K 8804, PDW 232, PDW 332, VL 616, VL 719, WH 581, and WH
 585 to pathotypes 77-1 (109R63), 77-2 (109R31-1) adn 104 B(29R23) of P.
 recondita tritici.  
 
      Powdery mildew.  Powdery mildew developed in moderate severity in sub-
 mountaneous areas of northwest India in rabi 93 and some districts of
 Haryana.   Virulence analysis of samples revealed the existence of 11
 pathotypes from northwest India, 7 from Mahabaleshwar (central India) and 5
 from Nilgiris.  The pathotypes from Mahabaleshwar are different than those
 identified from other places.  
      
      Efficacy of fungicide revealed than 1 ppm of folicur, 10 ppm of Tilt
 and SAN 619 F, and 100 ppm Bayleton did not permit mildew to develop on the
 seedlings in the greenhouse.
 
      Loose smut.  Analysis over a period of 3 years, identified 14 entries:
 DL(89)-22, DL (89)-28, DL(89)-33, DL(89)-42), DL(89)-62, DL(89)-67, DL(89)-
 73, DL(89)-89, DL(89)-91, DL(89)-99, DL(89)-102, DL(89)-112, HW 2004, HW
 2004A.  Standardization of five different seed coating techniques revealed
 that conidial spore suspension of Trichoderma viride prepared in Aloes glue
 provided maximum spore attachment, 9.7x10exp8 spores/grain. Minimum spores
 were recovered from seed treated with spores mixed with methly cellulose.
 
                         Publications
 
 Bahadur, P., D. V. Singh, K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal and S. Nagarajan. 
 1993.  Seeding and adult plant resistance in wheat to Puccinia recondita
 tritici.  Indian Phytopath 46: 76-77.
 
 Bahadur, P., K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh adn R. Aggarwal.  1992. 
 Identification of seedling and adult plant resistance in wheat to race 40 A
 (62-G29) of Puccinia graminis tritici.  Int. J. Tropical Plant Diseases
 10:185-188.
 
 Bahadur, P., K. D. Srivastava, D. V. Singh and J. B. Sharma.  1993. 
 Postulation of genes for stem rust resistance in Indian Wheat. 21:3-9.
 
 Bahadur, P. and C. P. Khare.  1993.  Virulence patttern of powdery mildew of
 wheat (Erysiphe graminis tritici) in India.  Indian Phytopath.  46:274.
 
 Aggarwal, R., K. D. Srivastava and D. V. Singh.  1993.  Note on the efficacy
 of Carboxin 40Sc against loose smut of wheat.  Seed Res. 20:58-59.
 
 Aggarwal, R., K. D. Srivastava and D. V. Singh.  1993.  Raxil a potent
 fungicide to control loose smut of wheat.  Indian Phytopath. 46: 172-173.
 
 -------------------------
      D. V. Singh, K. D. Srivastava and R. Aggarwal
 
                 Karnal Bunt of Wheat in India
 
      In post harvest surveys conducted during 1991-93 a total of 1858 wheat
 seed samples were collected.  Analysis revealed approximately 6.3%
 inffection of Karnal bunt [Neovossia indica (Mitra) Mundkur] (KB) in the
 wheat growing regions.  Percentage of samles with KB in the various states
 were Jammu and Kashmir (18.0%) Hiamchal Pradesh (20.9%) Delhi (3.3%),
 Rajashthan (1.5%) and Madhya Pradesh (2.6%).  The amount of infection in
 seed samples was not more than 5%.  In addition to highly susceptible
 cultivars like Arjun and WL711, some commercial cultivars like Lok1, HD
 2285, HD 2329, HD 2204, PBW 175, IPW 72 etc., had KB infection under natural
 conditions.
 
      Aerobiological studies conducted, using the Burkard Spore Trap and
 flagging methods showed that Allantoid secondary sporidia of N. indica
 release was greater during last week of February and 1st week of March.  The
 maximum number of sporidia were trapped during morning hours from 2.0-6.0 h,
 indicating a natural diurnal periodicity in release of secondary sporidia. 
 Maximum sporidia counts were recorded on lower leaves (30cm) but the counts
 reduced with increasing height and at 90 cm only 4-8 sprodoa were found. 
 This may be due to spatial spread of sporidia in the field.  Sporidia
 release coincided with the anthesis, the most vulnerable stage for
 infection.  More sporidia were trapped when relative humidity was above 80%
 and leaf wetness was high and while temperatures were 18-20deg with low
 solar radiation and wind speed.
 
      Chemical control.  The efficacy of three chemicals viz., Folicur 25 EC,
 Baycor25 WOP and Tilt 25 EC against KB was evaluated.  Post inoculation
 sprays of these chemicals at two different dosages were given after 48
 hours.  Tilt 25 EC @ 500 ml/ha proved highly effective in reducing KB
 infection.
 
      Biological control.  N. indica being a soil borne pathogen, could be
 possibly managed by the application of bio-control agents.  Experiments on
 biocontrol were conucted under glass house conditions and in vitro on potato
 dextrose agar (PDA) medium and the organisms Trichodeima viride Pers Fr:,
 T., harzianum Rifai, T. koeningii oudem Gar., Glicladium virens Miller, G.,
 roseum Bainier, G., catenulatum Glman & Abboll, G., deliquescens Sopp,
 G.penicilloides Corda and Bacillus subtilis Cohn showed that Trichoderma
 viride, T. harzianum and  Gliocladium deliquescens reduced the teliospore
 germination significantly.  In paired cultuver on PDA, hyphae of T. viride
 and G. deliquescens parasitized the colonies of N. indica without forming a
 zone of inhibition and started sporulating over the pathogen colony. 
 Detailed studies on the mechanism of antagonism are under progress.
 
                         Publications
 
 Singh, D. V., R. Aggarwal, K. D. Srivastava and S. Tandon.  1993.  Cultural
 Variability in Neovossia indica.  Indian Phytopath. 46:74-76.
 
 Singh, D. V., K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal, P. Bahadur and S. Tandon. 
 1993.  Sources of resistance to Karnal bunt of wheat.  Indian J. Agric. Sci.
 63:454-455.
 
 Singh, D. V., K. D. Srivastava, R. Aggarwal.  1993.  Frequency and
 distribution of Karnal bunt of wheat.  Indian Phytopath. 46:274.
 
 -------------------------
      Department of Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 
 
      Neelam Vir, Mandip Kaur and R.G. Saini*
 
      Growth rate of wheat triticum aestivum and lts relationship with leaf
 rust resistance.  Expression of resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia recondita
 Rob. ex. Desm. f. sp. tritici) of wheat is reported to be influenced by many
 factors like temperature, light, growth stage and genetic background
 (Drijpondt and Pretorius, 1991; Pretorius et al., 1988; Rajaram, 1971). Leaf
 rust resistance in a majority of wheats tested at the Punjab Agricultural
 University is due to  as yet undescribed genes many of which express at
 adult plant stage (Shiwani and Saini, 1993).  These genes confer varying
 levels of resistance to leaf rust race 77 and its variants which constitute
 the most important race flora of the Indian subcontinent.  Since wheats
 carrying these new genes vary in growth rate, the relationship of growth
 rate with variation for leaf rust resistance in 34 selected wheats was
 studied.
 
      Ten to fifteen seeds of each of 34 wheats were sown in two 30 cm x 30
 cm earthen pots filled with a l:l mlxture of farm yard manure and sandy
 loam.  Seedling numbers were thinned to four per pot and were kept in a
 glass house maintained at optimum growth conditions.
 
          Each of the 34 wheats was also planted as single 2m long rows in
 open experimental area and separately inoculated with a mixture of variants
 77-1 and 77-2 of race 77 which knocks down all the known Lr genes which are
 expected in the 34 wheats.  Two plants of each cultivar from each pot were
 uprooted at 40 days and at 100 days.  Above ground parts were dried at 45C
 for four days and weight per plant recorded.  Relative growth rate over a
 period of 60 days was calculated using standard procedures.  The terminal
 disease severity values were  subjected to angular transformation and used
 for calculating correlation coefficient of disease severity with relative
 growth rate and days to  flowering.
 
      Disease severity, days to flowering and relative growth rate for 34
 wheats is given in Table 1. The correlation coefficient(r) between disease
 severlty and relative growth rate was 0.3035 and that between disease
 severity and days to flowering was -0.2580. These observations suggest that
 wheats which have higher above ground biomass and flower early  are less
 resistant.
 
       The relative growth rate and days to flowering are two unrelated
 parameters of growth of wheat crop. If the leaf rust resistance of wheats
 used for present experiment is conferred only by adult plant resistance
 genes, a negative association of days to flowering with disease severity is
 unlikely.  The resistance to leaf rust in these wheats appear to be a
 function of accumulation of some unknown gene product over time.  The
 concentration of this product per unit weight may be less in genotypes
 having higher above ground biomass as well as in genotypes which flower
 early.  Detailed studies on biochemical characterization of such resistance
 may help in elucidating the biochemical basis of resistance to wheat rusts. 
 
 Table 1. Disease severity, days to flowering and relative growth rate of
 some wheats.
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    Disease        Days to 
           S.No.     Cultivar       Severity       flowering
  ---------------------------------------------------------------------
           1.        WG138          Free           87
           2.        Moncho         Free           69
           3.        CSP44          TR             70
           4.        CPAN 1796      TR             65
           5.        VL4 04         TR             62
           6.        Chris          TR             76
           7.        FKN            TR             66
           8.        Frontana       TS             66
           9.        Flinders       TS             57             
           l0.       Nuri 70        TS             68
           11.       Nainari 60     TS             73
           12.       Egret          TS             85
           13.       HP1209         TS             61
           14.       Oxley          TS             71
           15.       CPAN 1676      5S             68
           16.       Raj 2535       5S             64
           17.       Mentana        5S             68
           18.       Raj. 2184      5S             62
           19.       Girija         5S             68
           20.       Potam 70       5S             66
           21.       Pavon 76       55             72
           22.       Huw 206        10S            66
           23.       HD2009         10S            65
           24.       NP 846         10S            73
           25.       Norteno 67     10S            58
           26.       IWP72          10S            77
           27.       HD2278         20S            61
           28.       Yecora 70      20S            67
           29.       Leema Rojo 64  20S            63
           30.       Sandal 73      20S            61
           31.       CPAN 1922      30MR           66
           32.       Vicam`S' 71    30S            72
           33.       HD2329         30S            62
           34.       HUW234         40S            61
  -------------------------------------------------------------------
                According to modified Cobb's scale
 
      Acknowledgements.  The senior author expresses her gratefulness to the
 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India,
 New Delhi, for providing financial support for this work.
 
                         Publications 
 
 Drijpondt, S. C. and Z.A. Pretorlus.  l991. Expression of two wheat leaf
 rust resistance gene combinations involving Lr34. Plant Disease 75 :526-528.
 
 Pretorius, Z.A., F.H.J. Rijkenberg and K.D. Wilcoxon. 1988. Effect of growth
 stage, leaf position and temperature on adult plant resistance of wheat
 inoculated by Puccinia recondita tritici. Pl. Pathol., 37: 36-45.
 
 Rajaram, S. 1971. Adult plant leaf rust resistance in bread wheat. Indian J.
 Genet. 31: 507-509.
 
 Shiwani and R.G. Saini. 1993. Diversity for resistance to leaf rust in
 Triticum aestivum. Plant Disease 77:359-363.
 
 -------------------------
      Biotechnology Centre, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana
 
      Harjit Singh, H.S. Dhaliwal and Khem Singh Gill
      NOTE:  This is a reprinting of the Vol. 39 version which contained
 several errors (editor).
 
      A new leaf rust resistance gene other than Lr 9 in Kharchia mutant KLM
 4-3B.  A leaf rust resistant mutant line KLM 4-3B of tall Indian spring
 wheat cultivar Kharchia local (Sawhney et al., 1979), resistant to all the
 prevelant races of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. triticii) in India,
 has been implicated to possess the leaf rust resistance gene Lr 9 (Sawhney,
 pers. commu.).  However, tests for seedling reactions of the isogenic line
 Lr 9 (in Thatcher background), KLM 4-3B and various generations of the
 crosses of these two leaf rust resistant lines with an Indian spring wheat
 cultivar WL 711, showed that the leaf rust resistance gene Lr 9 behaved as a
 dominant gene in the background of WL 711 whereas the resistance gene in KLM
 4-3B segregated as a recessive gene.
 
      Parents, F(1) and F(s) generations of the cross WL 711 x Lr 9 were
 tested for seedling reactions to leaf rust pathotype 108 avirulent on Lr 9
 as well as KLM 4-3B.  The F(1) of this cross was resistant to pathotype 108
 and F(2) generation segregated resistant (57) and susceptible (25) plants in
 3:1 ratio (chi-sq = 1.31; P=0.25-0.50).  This indicated the dominance of the
 gene Lr 9.  F(3) progenies of resistant F(2) plants were tested with another
 leaf rust pathotype 77A-1 avirulent on both Lr 9 (0;) and KLM 4-3B (0;) and
 virulent on WL 711 (4-4 reaction on 0 to 4 scale).  These progenies were
 either uniformly resistant or segregated resistant and susceptible plants in
 3:1 ratio, thereby supporting the dominance of the gene Lr 9.  The number of
 resistant (14) and susceptible (16) plants in BC(1) generation of the cross
 WL 711 x Lr 9 with WL711, tested with pathotype 77A-1, did not differ
 significantly from 1:1 ratio (chi-sq = 0.13; P = 0.50-0.75).  This further
 supported the dominance of the gene Lr 9 in the background of WL 711. 
 However, F(2)  of the c4oss WL 711 x KLM 4-3B, tested with pathotype 77A-1,
 segregated into 1 resistant (18 plants): 3 susceptible (50 plants) ratio
 (chi-sq = 0.08; P=0.75-0.90) suggesting that this mutant line possesses a
 recessive gene for resistance.  The presence of the recessive gene in this
 line was supported by 1:1 proportion of uniformally susceptible and
 segregating BC(1) F(2) progenies of this cross tested with pathotype 77A-1
 (chi-sq = 0.33; P=0.50-0.75).
 
      The observations presented here showed that the leaf rust resistance
 gene in KLM 4-3B was recessive and it was difrerent from the dominant gene
 Lr 9.  Since, no Indian race of leaf rust virulent on KLM 4-3B or Lr 9 has
 been reported so far, the present observation is important with respect to
 their use as differential lines.  Also, these two lines should be treated as
 two different sources of resistance in planning breeding strategies for
 control of leaf rust in the Indian sub-continent.
 
                         References
 
 Sawhney, R.N, Nayar, S.K., Singh, S.D. and Goel, L.B. 1979.  A new source of
 resistance to leaf rust of wheat.  PI. Eis. Reptr. 63:1048-1049.
 
 -------------------------   
      Cytogenetics Lab, Department of Botany, Bharathiar University 
 
      R. Asir, V. R. K. Reddy* and Pl. Viswanathan
 
            Introduction of Aegilops ventricosa derived gene
    complex SR(38) Lr(37) Yr(17) into popular Indian bread wheat cultivars
 
      Aegilops ventricosa derived wheat line RL 6081 is carrying a useful
 linked gene complex Sr(37) Lr(37) Yr(17)   This stock has been tested for
 rust reaction at IARI - Regional station, Wellington (Nilgris).  The place
 is a `Hot spot' where all the three rusts perpetuate all around the year. 
 The resistant stock RL 6081 gave immune reaction to brown rust and
 moderately trace reaction to black and yellow rusts.
 
      The popular high yielding Indian wheat varieties Sonalika, Kalyansona,
 HD 2285 and HW 741 have become highly susceptible for all the three rusts. 
 In a backcross breeding programme the effective linked gene complex Sr(38)
 Lr(37) Yr(17) conferring resistance to the three rusts has been successfully
 introgressed into the above four Indian bread wheat cultivars through
 backcrossing.  Resistant genotypes with desirable agronomic characters were
 constituted at BC(2)S(4) generation.  The rust reactions of the constituted
 lines are given in Table 1.
 
 Table 1.  The rust reaction of parents and newly constituted genotypes at
                         BC(2)S(4) generation
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------                     Rust Reactions
 Parents/Genotypes --------------------------------------------------------                                  Stem rust   Leaf rust  Stripe rust   
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 RI 8061(Sr(38) r(37) r(17)            5MS       F         TMR
 Sonalika                             40MS       80S       60S
 Sonalika/SR(38) r(37) r(17)           5MS       F         TMR
 Kalyansona                            60S       80S       60S
 Kalyansona/Sr(38) r(37) r(17)         5MS       F         TMR
 HD 2285                               40S       60S       60S
 HD 2285/Sr(38) r(37) r(17)            TMS       F         TMR
 HW 741                                40S       60S       60S
 HW 741/Sr(38) r(37) r(17)             TMS       F         TMR
  --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 S -  Susceptible                    F -  Free
 T -  Trace infection               MS -  Moderately Susceptible
 MR -  Moderately resistant 
 
                         Publications
 
 Asir, R., and Reddy,  V. R. K.  1993.  Transfer of yellow rust resistance
 genes into Indian Wheat cultivars.  Annual Wheat Newsletter 39:p. 184.
 
 Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K.  1993.  Transfer of yellow rust resistant
 genes into popular Indian wheat cultivars.  Abst.of Proc., National Seminar
 on Bio-diversity, strategies for conservation and future challenges held at
 Bharathiar University, Coimbatore between 16th and 17th October 1993. 
 Abstract. p. 16.
 
 Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K.  1993.  Incorporation of yellow rust resistant
 specific genes into Unnath Kalyansona carrying different gene complexes. 
 Wheat Information Service, Kihara Memorial Yokohama Foundation for the
 Advancement of Life Science, Yokohama 232, Japan.  (accepted)
 
 Asir, R., and Reddy, V. R. K.  1993. Introduction of specific genes for
 stripe rust resistant in Indian Wheat Cultivars.  Abstr. of Proc. of
 National Symposium on Plant Breeding Strategies for India in 2000 AD and
 Beyond held at Marathwada Agricultural University, Prabhani on December 25-
 27, 1993.
 
 Brahma, R. N.,  Asir, R. and Reddy, V. R. K.  1993.  Transfer of yellow rust
 resistance from C306 into Indian Wheat cultivars through a bridging
 technique.  Acta Botanica 21:156-157.
 
 Reddy, V. R. K., Asir,  R. and Brahma, R. N.  1993.  Development of rust
 resistance in two Indian wheat cultivars.  Crop Research (6):335-36.
 
 Reddy, V. R. K., Brahma, R. N. and Asir, R.  1993.  Transfer of Secale
 cereale derived SR(27) into Indian wheat cultivar unnath Kalyansona.  Crop
 Science 8(2)-1994.
 
 Reddy, V. R. K., Brahma, R. N., and Asir, R.  1993.  Transfer of yellow rust
 resistance to Unnath Kalyansona, Wheat Information Service, Kihara Memorial
 Yokahama Foundation for the Advancement of Life Sciences, Yokohama 232,
 Japan. 76:20-22.
 
 -------------------------
      Aloka Saikia and V. R. K. Reddy
 
      New resistant wheat lines.  Four Indian wheat cultivars namely HD 2329,
 NI 54439, WH 147 and WL 711 were crossed with each of the 13 exotic stocks
 carrying different rust resistance gene/genes.  The stocks used were TR 380
 14*  7/3 AG 14 (SR(24) Lr24), Agent (Sr24+Lr24), Darf Kite (Sr26+Lr24),
 Eagle (Sr26), W 3353 (Sr27), Veery's (Sr31+Lr26+Yr9), combination III (SR
 36), Abe (Lr9), Agatha (Lr19), Transec (Lr25), CS 2D/2M/ 3/8 (Lr28), CS
 7D/Ag #11 (Lr29) and Compair (Yr8).  In addition to these, rye addition
 lines 1R(Sr3+Sr26+Yr9), 2R (Lr25), 3R (Sr27) and Agropyron addition lines
 Argus/7*Thatcher (Lr19+Sr25), PW 327/8*Thatcher (Sr26) were also used as
 donor parents.  Genes from exotic stocks were transferred by simple
 backcross, while genes from addition lines were transferred via manipulating
 5B system (using ph mutant).  Lines were constituted at BC(2)S(4) and
 BC(5)s(4).  Plants showing high degree of resistance to respective rusts and
 having good agronomic characteristics including good seed quality were
 selected.
 
      Based on the good agronomic characteristics 13 promising backcross
 derivatives were obtained.  These derivatives were one each from the hybrids
 HD 2329/TR 380 14* 7/3 Ag 14; HD 2329/Darf Kite; HD 2329/Eagle; HD
 2329/Veery's' WH 147/TR 380 14* 7/3/ AG 14; WH 147/Darf Kite; WH 147/Eagle;
 NI 5439/TR 380 14* 7/3 Ag 14; NI 5439/DARF Kite; NI 5439/W 3353; WL 711/TR
 380 14* 7/3 Ag 14; WL 711/Darf Kite and WL 711/Combination III.
 
                         Publications
 
 Reddy, V. R. K. and Aloka Saikia.  1993.  Transfer of rust resistance genes
 into Indian wheat cultivars. Proc. Natl. Sem. "Biodiversity: Strategies for
 Conservation and Future Challenges", Coimbatore, p. 17.
 
 Reddy, V. R. K., and Aloka Saikia.  1993.  Wide hybridization in wheat
 improvement.  Proc. Natl. Symp. "Plant Breeding Strategies for India 2000 AD
 and Beyond.  Parbhani.
 
 Aloka, Saikia and Reddy, V. R. K.  1993.  Transfer of stem, leaf and yellow
 rust resistance genes to four Indian wheats.  Ann. Wheat Newsletter. 39:185-
 186.
 
 Reddy, V. R. K., Suganthy, C. P., and Aloka Saikia.  1993.  Cytological
 effects of different mutagens in Triticale, wheat and barley.  J. Rec. Adv.
 Appl. Sci. 7:(in press).
 
 -------------------------
      Germplasm Enhancement Programme in Jammu Province
 
      J.S. Bijral, K.S. Kanwal and T.R. Sharma. SKJAST
 
      Wild germplasm provides an important reservoir of unexploited genetic
 variablility.  While diploid and tetraploid primitive forms including
 Triticum boeoticum, Triticum araraticum, Triticum dicoccoides provide
 valuable genes for disease resistance, high protein content and other
 agronomic traits, the utilization of Triticum urartu and Aeqilops ovata
 offers promise for the production of high P max, and salt tolerant wheat
 germplasm, respectively.  Utilization of these and other alien species has,
 however, lagged behind collecting, evaluating and conservation activities
 primarily due to almost complete lack of pre-breeding programs. With a view
 to provide a short list of germplasm stocks, we are currently concentrating
 on crossing the local high yielding wheat cultivars, such as WL 711 and C-
 306 to selected wild germplasm viz., Triticum boeoticum (acc. 4667),
 Triticum arareticum (acc. 4697), Triticum dicoccoides (acc. 4632), Triticum
 urartu (acc. 5357) and Aeqilops ovata (acc. 3548), kindly supplied by Dr.
 H.S. Dhaliwal, Director, Biotechnology Centre, PAU, Ludhiana, (India).
 
      A good number of wide hybrids developed during 1993 stand planted in
 the field and await evaluation.  Some of the F(4) derived lines from the
 cross, Triticosecale cv. DT 35/Triticum aestivum cv. HD2428, apart from
 possessing bold amber grains also shows immune reaction against yellow and
 brown rusts of wheat, and are in preliminary stages of testing.
 
 -------------------------
      Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Wellington
      R.N. Brahma
 
      New Wheat Lines - Two new lines HW3006 and HW 3007 were constituted at
 BC(2)F(3) using the variety Unnath Kalyansona carrying Agropyron elongatum
 derived linked genes Sr 24 and Lr 24 as recipient parent and the line Verry
 `S' carrying Sr 31, Lr 26 and Yr 9 as donor parent for stripe rust
 resistance.  The leaf rust resistance gene Lr 26 is not effective against
 the race 77-1 prevalent in the Nilgiri hill.  The new lines are resistant to
 all the treee wheat rusts (stem, leaf and stripe) under natural condition at
 Wellington in the Nilgiri hill.  The line HW 3006 is brown glumed, while HW
 3007 is white glumed.  In both the lines, grains are medium bold and amger
 coloured.
 
      Leaf Rust Race - Leaf rust race 16 could be isolated only from the
 samba wheat (Triticum dicoccum) cultivated in the Nilgiri hill.  The race
 appears to be very weak against hexaploid wheats, even the universal
 susceptible wheat like Agra Local is highly resistant to the race.
 
 -------------------------
                       ITEM FROM ISRAEL
 
      Sem Y. Atsmon,  Udi Meidan*, Research Department, Hazera
 
      The breeding program.  In June 1993, Hazera reinitiated its wheat
 breeding program, inactive since the end of 1991, with the same nomination
 of Udi Meidan as successor to Atsmon.  The present crop year is dedicated to
 re-evaluation of all our breeding materials - bread as well as durum wheat,
 cold stored since December 1991 - enabling us to redefine at least the
 program's short and medium range aims and methods.  This re-evaluation and
 re-definition is very much needed in view of privatization of the local
 wheat market since 2 years, which brings about major changes in the rules of
 the game as well as the changing political and hence the economic situation
 in the region.  We have to adapt ourselves to more severe quality
 requirements - first of all protein content - and to take important
 decisions about our eventual future role in durum breeding and production.
 
      Cultivars.  All the cultivars mentioned in our previous publication as
 being released before 1984, (AWN 37, 1991) except SHAFIR, are practically
 out of business.  We estimate that the 1993-94 reason DARIEL occupies 45% of
 total acreage - much of this for early cutting as silage - ATIR 22%, BETH
 HASHITA 15% and the new Weizmann Institute cultivar NIRITH 11%.
 
      Official Regional Trials during the past 3 years showed average yields
 of ATIR and NIRITH to be more or less equal to BETH HASHITA.  DARIEL as well
 as the recently launched HAZERA-cultivar YANIV and Exp. Line 555 of Weizmann
 Institute outyielded all 3 of them by 6-8%.
 
      Growing conditions in the last 2 years - much precipitation - lowered
 protein contents in all cultivars.  Under these conditions YANIV seems to be
 more marginal for acceptance by millers and bakers than all other cultivars. 
 Improvement of protein content by means of N headdressings is uncertain,
 being heavily dependent on weather - and soil conditions, which leaves an
 important task to the breeders.
 
      The present season is very dry.  National production will be
 considerably lower than in the 2 previous, much more favorable, years.
 
 -------------------------
                       ITEMS FROM ITALY                        
 
      Experimental Institute for Cereal Research, Via Cassia
          
           M. Pasquini, L. Sereni, F. Casini, F. Casullil
          
                   Wheat fungal diseases in Italy:  population biology and
 host resistance.  Leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici, 
 stem rust caused by P. graminis f. sp. tritici and powdery mildew caused by
 Erysiphe graminis tritici, are important wheat diseases  in Italy. The
 behaviour of many durum and bread wheat cultivars and of "near" isogenic
 lines carrying known resistance genes, is tested yearly in Italian growing
 areas and in controlled conditions. 
 
      During the last two years the unfavorable environmental conditions
 limited the development of regional epidemics.  Nevertheless field surveys
 were made through the areas where wheat is important and leaves or stems
 bearing the diseases were collected.
 
      At the seedling stage the genes for resistance to leaf rust  Lr9, Lrl9,
 Lr24, Lr25 and Lr29 confirmed their efficacy; a good behaviour in the field
 was exhibited by Lr2b, Lrl3, Lrl5, Lrl9,  Lr22a, Lr24, Lr2S and Lr29.
 Isolates with apparently high levels of pathogenicity were found to be
 widespread in Central and  Northern Italy.
 
      Only traces of stem rust were found in wheat cultivars during  the last
 two years. Anyway the most effective resistance genes at the seedling stage
 were Sr9e, Srll, Srl3, Sr26, Sr31 and Sr37.  As regards powdery mildew no or
 low virulence was found in  the field to wheat "near" isogenic lines with
 genes Pm3a and Pm3b, and to the cultivar Einkorn  (T. monococcum) and Vernal
 and Khapli (T. dicoccum). In greenhouse low frequencies of isolates with
 virulence to Pm3b, Pm4a and Pm8 were found.
 
      Virulence to Pml and Pm3a appeared to decrease in the last years.  The
 Italian durum wheats Adamello, Belfuggito, Grazia, Ofanto, Valforte, Valnova
 and the bread wheats Asiago, Elia, Felino, Maestra and Manital, confirmed a
 good behaviour with respect to powdery mildew.  Leaf rust severity was low
 on the Italian durum wheat cultivars  Arcangelo, Belfuggito, Creso, Diaspro,
 Messapia, Piceno, Plinio, Ulisse, Vento and on the bread wheats Orione,
 Pegaso and Pandas.
      
       25 accessions were screened for resistance to powdery mildew biotype
 V4, virulent on Pm4a gene, and biotype A4, avirulent on  the same gene, and
 for resistance to one biotype of leaf rust virulent on the genes Lr3ka,
 Lrl4b, Lrl5, Lrl7, Lr30 and  avirulent on Lrl, Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr9, Lrl9, Lr24.
 All the accessions resulted resistant to leaf rust. As regards to mildew 18
 accessions showed resistance or moderate resistance to both biotypes V4 and
 A4, 6 were segregating from high resistance to  moderate susceptibility and
 only one was completely susceptible.
 
 -------------------------
      M. Pasquini, N.E. Pogna, R. Redaellil, S. Pagliaricci, P. Cacciatori,
 R. Castagnal.
 
      Transfer of disease resistance genes in durum wheat. Accessions of
 T.dicoccoides have been used as a source of powdery mildew resistance genes
 as well as of genes controlling quality factors. Lines derived from the
 cross between the Italian durum wheat cultivar Valnova and T.dicoccoides
 accession GalO753 were selected for earliness, powdery mildew resistance,
 white-glume colour and morphological similarity to durum wheat plant.
 Selection for white-glumed spikes was applied because of the close linkage
 between the Glu-B3 locus coding for low-molecular-weight (LMW) glutenin
 subunits, and the Rgl locus controlling the glume colour character. The
 so-called LMW-2 glutenin subunits are primarily responsible for pasta-making
 quality and are associated with the white-glume phenotype in cv. Valnova.
 Protein fractionation of whole-meal samples from the progeny lines of this
 cross suggested that protein content higher than 18% combined with a
 glu