REPORTS OF THE COORDINATORS

 

Overall coordinator’s report

 

Udda Lundqvist

 

Svalöf Weibull AB

SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden

 

 

Since the latest overall coordinator’s report in Barley Genetics Newsletter Volume 29, no important changes of the coordinators have been reported. I do hope that most of you are willing to continue with this work and provide us with all new information you can find in the literature and get from other researchers about the chromosomes, linkage groups and collections over the year. In this connection I want to stress again as I did earlier that all information is of great importance for the barley community. Many younger researchers are dealing with molecular genetics, different mapping programs are going on world-wide and many new techniques are available and used. Especially the coordinator for ”Integrating Barley Molecular and Morphological/Physiological Maps” has a very important and heavy task and responsiblity following all the information in the literature and updating the maps. He is also doing important research in his own laboratory and has provided us with useful maps in the last issues of Barley Genetics Newsletter. Unhappily, very little research is going on with many of the morphological and chromosomal collection groups, therefore the reports are very short and mostly a reminder that they still exist.

 

Also in this issue the reports of the seven barley chromosomes are arranged according to the resolution made at the Seventh International Barley Genetics Symposium in Saskatoon, Canada, in 1996. This year no revised and new descriptions of different morphological and physiological traits have been compiled. Therefore, no new current lists of BGS descriptions by BGS number and by locus symbol in alphabetic order are published in this issue. Those published in the last volumes of BGN are still valid and up-to-date.

All information regarding morphological marker stock is available electronically at the following addresses:

1.   http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/PacWest/Aberdeen

 

2.  http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/bgn

 

In about half a year the VIIIth International Barley Genetics Symposium will be organized in Adelaide, South Australia. I hope that many of you will be able to participate in the meetings. I would like to encourage the coordinators and their colleagues already today to provide me with ideas, aspects, items or topics which should be brought up during the conference. One important item has to be discussed if the coordination system should continue as it exists today or if it should be organized in some other form.

 

List of Barley Coordinators

 

Chromosome 1H (5): Jens Jensen, Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, Risø National Laboratory, P.O. Box 301, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. FAX: +45 46 77 4122; e-mail: <jens.jensen@risoe.dk>

 

Chromosome 2H (2): Jerry. D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O.Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA. FAX: +1 701 231 8474; e-mail: <jfrancko@badlands.nodak.edu>

 

Chromosome 3H (3): Takeo Konishi, 294 Okada, Mabi-cho, Kibi-gun, Okayama 710-1311, Japan. FAX: +81 866 98 4334; e-mail: <konishit@okym.enjoy.ne.jp>.

 

Chromosome 4H (4): Brian P. Forster, Cell and Molecular Genetics Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom. FAX: +44 1382 562426. e-mail: <bforst@scri.sari.ac.uk>

 

Chromosome 5H (7): George Fedak, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6, FAX: +1 613 759 6559; e-mail: <fedakga@em.agr.ca>

 

Chromosome 6H (6): Duane Falk, Department of Crop Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1. FAX: +1 519 763 8933; e-mail: <dfalk@crop.uoguelph.ca>

 

Chromosome 7H (1): Lynn Dahleen, USDA-ARS, State University Station, P.O. Box 5677, Fargo, ND 58105, USA. FAX: + 1 701 239 1369; e-mail: <DAHLEENL@fargo.ars.usda.gov>

 

Integration of molecular and morphological marker maps: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <andyk@wsu.edu>

 

Barley Genetics Stock Center: An Hang and Darell M. Wesenberg, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, P.O.Box 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA. FAX: +1 208 397 4165; e-mail: <anhang@uidaho.edu>

 

Trisomic and aneuploid stocks: An Hang, USDA-ARS, National Small Grains Germplasm Research Facility, P.O.Box 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210, USA. FAX: +1 208 397 4165; e-mail: <anhang@uidaho.edu>

 

Translocations and balanced tertiary trisomics: Gottfried Künzel, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. FAX: +49 39482 5137; e-mail: <kuenzel@ipk-gatersleben.de>

 

Desynaptic genes: Gottfried Künzel, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, DE-06466 Gatersleben, Germany. FAX: +49 39482 5137; e-mail: <kuenzel@ipk-gatersleben.de>

 

List of Barley Coordinators (continued)

 

Autotetraploids: Wolfgang Friedt, Institute of Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Justus-Liebig-University, Ludwigstrasse 23, DE-35390 Giessen, Germany. FAX: +49 641 9937429; e-mail: <wolfgang.friedt@agrar.uni-giessen.de>

 

Disease and pest resistance genes: Brian Steffenson, Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5012, Fargo, ND 58105-5012, USA. FAX: +1 701 231 7851; e-mail: <bsteffen@badlands.nodak.edu>

 

Eceriferum genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX:.+46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se>

 

Chloroplast genes: Diter von Wettstein, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Genetics and Cell Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <diter@wsu.edu>

 

Genetic male sterile genes: Mario C. Therrien, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada, P.O. Box 1000A, R.R. #3, Brandon, MB, Canada R7A 5Y3, FAX: +1 204 728 3858; e-mail: <mtherrien@em.agr.ca>

 

Inversions: Bengt-Olle Bengtsson, Institute of Genetics, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 29, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden. FAX: +46 46 147874;

e-mail: <bengt-olle.bengtsson@gen.lu.se>

 

Anthocyanin genes: Barbro Jende-Strid, Department of Physiology, Carlsberg Research Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Copenhagen-Valby, Denmark. FAX: +45 33 274764; e-mail: <bjs@crc.dk>

 

Ear morphology genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se> and

Arne Hagberg, Department of Plant Breeding Research, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-268 31 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667081; e-mail: -.

 

Semi-dwarf genes: Jerry D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA. FAX: +1 702 231 8474; e-mail: <jfrancko@badlands.nodak.edu>

 

Early maturity genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se>

 

Chromosome duplications: Arne Hagberg, Department of Plant Breeding Research, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-268 31 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667081; e-mail: -.

 

 

 

List of Barley Coordinators (continued)

 

Monoclonal antibodies: Steven E. Ullrich, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <ullrich@wsu.edu>

 

Biochemical mutants - Including lysine, hordein and nitrate reductase: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <andyk@wsu.edu>

 

Barley-wheat genetic stocks: A.K.M.R. Islam, Department of Plant Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia. FAX: +61 8 8303 7109; e-mail: <rislam@waite.adelaide.edu.au>

 

 

 

 

Coordinator's Report: Barley Chromosome 5 (1H)

 

Jens Jensen

 

Plant Biology and Biogeochemistry Department, PBK-301,

Risø National Laboratory

DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmar

 

A high-resolution map at the Mla locus using AFLP markers was developed to isolate YAC clones harbouring the Mla locus (Schwarz et al., 1999).

 

A fine resolution map of molecular markers between the loci Hor1 and Hor2 was used to detect three families of resistance-gene homologues of the nucleotide-binding site /leucine-rich repeat type at the Mla locus region (Wei et al., 1999).

 

The most telomeric region of the barley chromosome 5 (1H) had the markers XBA1 and ABA305, designated Tel5L and Tel5S, respectively, indicating the long and short arm of the chromosome. Furthermore, the marker ABR337 was found to be located at the centromere (Kilian et al., 1998).

 

No revision of the chromosome 5 (1H) linkage map was necessary, therefore the unchanged map is shown in figure 1 as it was published in the last issue of BGN 29.

 

References

 

Kilian, A., D. Kudrna and A. Kleinhofs. 1999. Genetic and molecular characterization of barley telomeres. Genome 42:412-419.

Schwarz, G., W. Michalek, V. Mohler, G. Wenzel and A. Jahoor. 1999. Chromosome landing at the Mla locus in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by means of high-resolution mapping with AFLP markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:521-530.

Wei, F., K. Gobelman-Werner, SM. Morroll, J. Kurth, L. Mao, R. Wing, D. Leister, P. Schulze-Lefert and RP. Wise. 1999. The Mla (powdery mildew) resistance cluster is associated with the three NBS-LRR gene families and suppressed recombination within a 240-kb DNA interval on chromosome 5S (1HS) of barley. Genetics 153:1929-1948.

 

 

 

Fig.1. (following page) The barley chromosome 5 linkage map is calculated based on the linkage information reported in the former issues of BGN and no changes have been made since last years report. The map positions are given in centimorgans (cM). The distances between neighbouring loci are given to the left, the loci names and positions are placed to the right.

 

 

Click here for enlarged image

 

Coordinator's report: Chromosome 2H (2)

 

J.D. Franckowiak

 

Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University

Fargo, ND 58105, U.S.A.

 

Larson et al., 1998 mapped a low phytic acid (lpa1) mutant to chromosome 2HL of barley and reported that the lpa1 locus was not related to any of the seven orthologous myo-inositol 1‑phosphate synthase (MIPS) candidate genes in maize. But, they suggested based on RFLP mapping data that the Ipa1 region of barley is homoeologous to the Ipa1 region of maize chromosome 1S. The lpa1.1 gene does not alter total phosphorus (P) content of barley kernels, but it causes a 50% reduction in phytic acid P and a corresponding increase in inorganic P (Raboy and Cook 1999). The P in phytic acid is unavailable to humans and non‑ruminants and produces waste P that can runoff as water pollution. Unlike the lpa2 mutants, plants with the lpa1.1 gene appear to have normal growth and productivity (Raboy and Cook, 1999).

 

Börner et al., 1999 mapped the position of two recessive dwarfing mutants in chromosome 2H. The gibberellic acid (GA) insensitive dwarf, gai (Hv287), which co-segregated with RFLP markers MWG2058 and MWG2287, is close to the centromere in chromosome 2HS. The GA sensitive dwarf, gal (Hv288), which co-segregated with RFLP markers MWG581 and MWG882A, is in chromosome 2HL, about 22 cM distal from the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus and about 55 cM distal from the gai locus. Komatsuda et al., 1999 published a high resolution map for the region around the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus in chromosome 2HL.

 

Pickering et al., 2000 located in chromosome 2HL of line 38P18 a DNA segment from Hordeum bulbosum that contains a gene for resistance to Puccinia hordei. Line 38P18, derived from a cross between Emir and H. bulbosum, produces a fleck reaction to all leaf rust isolates tested. Previously Pickering et al., 1998 reported that line 81882 has in chromosome 2HS a DNA segment from H. bulbosum that confers leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance. Line 81882, derived from a Vada cross, produces a low infection type when inoculated with leaf rust isolates. Both lines show reduced plant vigor under field conditions. The locus name Rph17 and allele symbol Rph17.af are suggested for the leaf rust resistance gene in line 81882. The locus name Rph18 and allele symbol Rph18.ag are suggested for the leaf rust resistance gene in line 38P18.

 

Wheat-barley addition lines were used in two studies to associate barley genes with chromosome 2H. Hansson et al., 1998 determined the chromosome arm locations of six enzymes for chlorophyll and haem synthesis including placement of the magnesium chelatase subunit Xantha-F in chromosome 2HS. Nomura et al., 1999 found that the presence of Hordatines A and B, strong antifungal components, in barley seedlings is associated with chromosome 2HS.

 

Borem et al. 1999 studied starch granules in the barley endosperm and found that a region of chromosome 2 contains QTLs affecting the overall mean granule volume, the proportion of type A (large) granules, the mean volume of type A granules, the mean maximum diameter of type A granules, and the mean F-shape of type B (small) granules.

 

Data on photoperiod responses in barley were published in two papers. Karsai et al., 1997 studied heading date in the Dicktoo/Morex mapping population and reported that QTLs for earliness are associated with the early maturity 1 (Eam1 or Ppd-H1) locus in chromosome 2HS and with the spring growth habit 2 (Sgh2 or Sh2) locus in chromosome 5HL. Alleles at the Eam1 (Ppd-H1) locus were found to vary in their response to photoperiod duration. Stracke and Börner, 1998 presented segregation data for photoperiod responses under short-day conditions of F2 and F3 plants from a Atsel/Betzes cross. Atsel and Betzes have contrasting alleles at the Eam1 locus in chromosome 2HS and at the eam7 locus in chromosome 6HS. Their results indicated that the recessive eam7.g allele from Atsel causes photoperiod insensitivity when the dominant allele at the Eam1 locus, also from Atsel, is present.

 

Zhu et al., 1999 collected Fusarium head blight (FHB) response data from several environments for doubled-haploid lines from a Gobernadora/CMB643 cross. Data were gather also for several morphological traits. They found that the Vrs1.t (deficiens) allele in chromosome 2HL was associated QTLs for resistance to FHB and more seeds per spike. The Int-c.a allele at the intermedium-c locus in chromosome 4HS was associated with susceptibility to FHB, large lateral spikelets, and shorter plants. Both the Vrs1.t and the Int-c.a alleles were derived from the cultivar Shyri via CMB643. The parental lines for this cross were developed by the CIMMYT/ICARDA barley breeding program in Mexico.

 

Kleinhofs, 1997 using bulk segregate analyses associated several morphological markers of barley with specific molecular markers. Later, Kleinhofs et al., 1998 presented the BIN method for subdividing the barley molecular marker maps into segments, BINs of about 10 cM each. Information on the assignment of markers to BINs is based on the Steptoe/Morex molecular marker map and is available at http://barleygenomics.wsu.edu/ as an EXCEL spreadsheet download. File data and the results of Kleinhofs, 1997 were used to add several new markers to the morphological marker map for chromosome 2H (Figure 1). Figure 1 also summarizes a few comparisons between BIN assignments for several loci and their relative positions on the morphological marker map. Although direct comparisons of the two maps are not possible because the morphological marker map is based data accumulated from many studies, the estimated position of two only two morphological markers does not fit a linear gene order. The elongated outer glume (eog) locus is near the centromere, but it is associated with BIN 2‑004. The morphological marker map places the triple awned lemma (trp) locus far beyond the last BIN of chromosome 2HL.

 

References

 

Borem, A., D.E. Mather, D.C. Rasmusson, R.G. Fulcher and P.M. Hayes. 1999. Mapping quantitative trait loci for starch granule traits in barley. J. Cereal Sci. 29 (2):153-160.

Börner, A., V. Korzun, S. Malyshev and V. Ivandic. 1999. Molecular mapping of two dwarfing genes differing in their GA response on chromosome 2H of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:670-675.

Hansson, M., S.P. Gough, C.G. Kannangara and D. von Wettstein. 1998. Chromosomal locations of six barley genes encoding enzymes of chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis and the sequence of ferrochelatase gene identify two regulatory genes. Plant Phys. Biochem. Paris 36(8):545-554.

Karsai, I., K. Mezaros, P.M. Hayes and Z. Bedo. 1997. Effects of loci on chromosomes 2 (2H) and 7 (5H) on development patterns in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under different photoperiod regimes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94:612-618.

Kleinhofs, A. 1997. Integrating barley RFLP and classical maps. BGN 27:105-112.

Kleinhofs, A., D. Kudrna and D. Matthews. 1998. Integrating barley molecular and morphological /physiological marker maps. BGN 28:89-91.

Komatsuda, T., W. Li, F. Takaiwa and S. Oka. 1999. High resolution map around the vrs1 locus controlling two- and six-rowed spike in barley, Hordeum vulgare. Genome 42:248-253.

Larson, S.R., K.A. Young, A. Cook, T.K. Blake and V. Raboy. 1998. Linkage mapping of two mutations that reduce phytic acid content of barley grain. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:141‑146.

Larson, S.R. and V. Raboy. 1999. Linkage mapping of maize and barley myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase DNA sequences corresponding with a low phytic acid mutation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:27-36.

Nomura, T., M. Sue, R. Horikoshi, S. Tebayashi, A. Ishihara, T.R. Endo and H. Iwamura. 1999. Occurrence of hordatines, the barley antifungal compounds, in a wheat-barley chromosome addition line. Genes Genet. Systems 74:99-103.

Pickering, R.A., S. Malyshev, G. Künzel, P.A. Johnston, V. Korzun, M. Menke and I. Schubert. 2000. Locating introgressions of Hordeum bulbosum chromatin within the H. vulgare genome. Theor. Appl. Genet. 100:27-31.

Pickering, R.A., B.J. Steffenson, A.M. Hill and I. Borovkova. 1998. Association of leaf rust and powdery mildew resistance in a recombinant derived from a Hordeum vulgare x H. bulbosum hybrid. Plant Breed. 117:83-84.

Raboy, V. and A. Cook. 1999. An update on ARS barley low phytic acid research. BGN 30: http://wheat.pw.usda.gov/ggpages/bgn/29/a29‑08.html

Stracke, S. and A. Börner. 1998. Molecular mapping of the photoperiod gene ea7 in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97:797-800.

Zhu, H., L. Gilchrist, P. Hayes, A. Kleinhofs, D. Kudrna, Z. Liu, L. Prom, B. Steffenson, T. Toojinda and H. Vivar. 1999. Does function follow form? Principal QTLs for Fusarium head blight (FHB) resistance are coincident with QTLs for inflorescence traits and plant height in a double haploid population of barley. Theor. Appl.. Genet. 99:1221-1232.

Figure 1. Estimated positions for morphological marker loci and corresponding BIN numbers in chromosome 2H of barley.

Coordinator's Report: Chromosome 3H (3)

 

T. Konishi

 

294 Okada, Mabi-cho, Kibi-gun, Okayama 710-1311, Japan

 

Kilian et al., 1999 mapped 33 different loci generated from telomere-associated sequences using RFLP and PCR techniques, and identified the most telomeric regions of 10 of the 14 barley chromosome arms. Tel3S (ABA307B) was located as a marker to the map’s most terminal region of chromosome 3HS, whereas three markers, generated by PCR using a single primer based on the sequence of the barley telomere repeats, were mapped internally in chromosome 3HL. Cloning and sequencing of PCR products from the 3HL interstitial location revealed homology to the HvRT family of tandem repeats isolated from barley.

 

Dávila et al., 1999 localized 35 random amplified microsatellite polymorphism (RAMP) markers onto the Steptoe/Morex RFLP map. RAMP markers were distributed over all the seven barley chromosomes, and several RAMPs were mapped in large gaps of the RFLP linkage map, improving the coverage of certain chromosome regions. Seven of RAMPs covered chromosomes3 (3H) as well as chromosomes 5 (1H) and 6 (6H) as a large number, and some of the markers in these chromosomes were observed in small clusters around the centromere.

 

Kleinhofs, 1999 made a great progress in the integration of the barley molecular maps with the morphological and physiological markers using the Oregon World Barley Dominant x Recessive doubled haploid (DH) population, and mapped more than 60 markers in the seven barley chromosomes with reasonable linkage estimates. Nine of the markers, mo7a, alm, msg5, uzu, wst6, wst1, als, sdw1 and Pub, were located in the molecular map of chromosome 3H, ranging from the short arm to the long arm of the chromosome.  However, the arrangement of the markers was somewhat different from the order in chromosome 3H illustrated by Franckowiak, 1996, especially the wst1 locus was tightly linked with the uzu locus (Takahashi and Moriya, 1969; Tsuchiya and Jensen, 1973).

 

Graner et al., 1999 conducted the molecular mapping of the rym5 locus encoding resistance to barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) and two strains of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV-1 and BaYMV-2), using 391 DH lines derived from eight crosses between a series of rym5 W122 lines and susceptible cultivars. The marker analysis revealed that rym5 could be placed into an interval flanked by markers MWG838 and MWG10 near the distal end of chromosome 3HL, and mapped 0.8% distal from MWG838 and 1.3% proximal from MWG10. This map position is thought to be almost the same or extremely close to the rym4 locus controlling resistance to BaMMV, since rym4 is located 1.2 cM distal from MWG838 and 1.2 cM proximal from MWG10 (Graner and Bauer, 1993). In fact, all the BaMMV-resistant DH lines were resistant to BaYMV, while the BaMMV-susceptible lines also exhibited susceptibility to BaYMV. No recombination between BaMMV- and BaYMV-resistant DH lines suggests that rym4 and rym5 are tightly linked or allelic. The latter possibility might be supported by the fact that F1 plants between ‘Franka’ (rym4) and W122/37.1 (rym5) were resistant to BaMMV in Germany. However, it might be worthwhile commenting that ‘Franka’ was resistant to the Natajima strain of BaMMV in Japan, whereas ‘Misato Golden’ (rym5) was susceptible (Konishi and Kaiser, 1999). ‘Misato Golden’ and W122 lines contain the rym5 gene derived from the same parent, Mokusekko 3.

 

Raman and Read, 1999 developed the efficient marker assisted selection for resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). The resistance gene Ryd2 in chromosome 3HL is closely linked with the probe BCD828. As RFLP analysis is expensive, laborious and involves radioisotopes, PCR based assays were practiced using leaf tissue and sap as templates. The results were in good quality as isolated ‘purified’ DNA, indicating that direct leaf tissue/leaf sap could be used successfully as templates for marker assisted selection for the resistance.

 

Boron toxicity is an important problem limiting production in the low-rainfall regions of southern Australia, West Asia and North Africa. Genetic variation for boron toxicity tolerance in barley has been recognized, but the mode of inheritance and the location of genes controlling tolerance were not known previously. Jefferies et al., 1999 conducted interval regression-mapping of QTL’s for boron tolerance, using 150 DH lines from a cross between a boron toxicity tolerant Algerian landrace, Sahara 3771, and the intolerant Australian cultivar, Clipper. The analysis which revealed four regions in chromosomes 2H, 3H, 4H and 6H were associated with boron tolerance. The region in the short arm of chromosome 3H was strongly associated with root-length response to high boron concentration, together with the region on the long arm of chromosome 4H. RFLP markers in the regions of chromosomes 3HS and 4HL were xAWBMA15 and xWG114, respectively.

 

Dehydrins comprising an immunologically distinct protein family are associated with tolerance to drought and low temperature. Choi et al., 1999 identified 11 unique Dhn genes in the cv Dicktoo, and mapped the Dhn genes in the chromosomes 3H, 4H, 5H and 6H by PCR with wheat-barley addition lines. The Dhn10 and Dhn11 genes were located in chromosome 3H, both of them were newly detected in barley and their counterparts are unknown in other plants.

 

References

 

Choi, D.W., B. Zhu and T.J. Close. 1999. The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) dehydrin multigene family: sequences, allele types, chromosome assignments, and expression characteristics of 11 Dhn genes of cv Dicktoo. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:1234-1247.

Davila, J.A., Y. Loarce and E. Ferrer. 1999. Molecular characterization and genetic mapping of random amplified microsatellite polymorphism in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:265-273.

Franckowiak, J.D. 1996. Revised linkage maps for morphological markers in barley, Hordeum vulgare. BGN 26:9-21.

Graner, A. and E. Bauer. 1993. RFLP mapping of the ym4 virus resistance gene in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:689-693.

Graner, A., S. Streng, A. Kellermann, A. Schiemann, E. Bauer, R. Waugh, B. Pellio and F. Ordon. 1999. Molecular mapping and genetic fine-structure of the rym5 locus encoding resistance to different strains of the Barley yellow Mosaic Virus Complex. Theo. Appl. Genet. 98:285-290.

Jefferies, S.P., A.R. Barr, A. Karakousis, J.M. Kretschmer, S. Manning, K.J. Chalmers, J.C. Nelson, A.K.M.R. Islam and P. Langridge. 1999. Mapping of chromosome regions conferring boron toxicity tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 98:1293-1303.

Konishi, T. and R. Kaiser. 1999. Reaction of barley accessions to BaMMV and BaYMV in Japan, compared with data in Germany. BGN 30 (this volume).

Kilian A., D. Kudrna and A. Kleinhofs. 1999. Genetic and molecular characterization of barley chromosome telomeres. Genome 42:412-419.

Kleinhofs, A. 1999. Coordinator’s report: Integrating barley molecular and morphological/physiological marker maps. BGN 29:

Raman, H. and B.J. Read. 1999. Efficient marker assisted selection for resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus using leaf tissue and sap as templates in barley. BGN 29:

Takahashi, R. and I. Moriya. 1969. Inheritance and linkage studies in barley. IV. Linkages of four variegated mutants. Ber. Ohara Inst. landw. Biol., Okayama Univ. 15:35-46.

Tsuchiya, T. and D.A. Jensen. 1973. Further results on the allelic relationship between wst and wst3. BGN 3:69-70.

 

 

Coordinator's report: Chromosome 4H

 

B.P. Forster

 

Division of Genetics, Scottish Crop Research Institute

Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK

 

The past ten years have seen genetic mapping in barley shift from largely morphological marker maps to molecular marker maps. Molecular marker maps, especially those based on PCR, continue to be published. Mapped markers however are being used increasingly to locate genes of interest including quantitative traits. Different classes of molecular markers are often combined in targeting and locating genes of interest. Future mapping exercises are expected to focus on functional genes and their associated flanking markers.

 

The development of molecular markers has contributed to increased activity in genetic studies of barley in the last year. Published papers involve new marker, gene and QTL maps based on recombination, physical mapping and comparative mapping. A brief summary of work I am aware of on chromosome 4H is given below.

 

MARKER MAPPING

 

Marker maps of barley include RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, SSRs, S-SAPs and BARE-1. Established marker maps include those developed in Australia, England and North America (based on RFLPs), The Netherlands (based on AFLPs), Denmark and Germany (RAPDs) and in the USA and Scotland (SSRs). Regularly up-dated web-sites have been set up for some of these. New marker maps include PCR derivatives of established markers. In Japan, a sequence-tagged site (STS) map of barley has been further developed by Mano et al., 1999, the published map shows 10 linked STSs on 4H covering about 57 cM. The PCR-based STSs were developed from terminal sequences of cloned RFLPs. A barley genetic map composed of random amplified microsatellite polymorphisms (RAMPs) has been developed in Spain by Dávila et al., 1999. Telomere-associated sequences have been used to map 10 out of 14 telomeres, including both ends of 4H (Kilian et al., 1999). The map distance between the two 4H telomeres, Tel4S and Tel4L, was relatively short at 150 cM. On this evidence 4H may be the shortest barley chromosome in terms of its recombination map

 

TRAIT MAPPING

 

The development of high-density molecular marker maps has been used to identify, locate and quantify QTLs determining a number of traits including economically important traits such as yield, quality and disease resistance.

 

Biotic stress

 

A primary QTL for net blotch resistance was detected in a spring barley cross in the region of mlo on the long arm of 4H (Thomas, 1999). Two QTLs for partial resistance to leaf rust mapped to 4H (Qi et al., 1999). Resistance genes have been mapped in rice and barley by Leister et al., 1999, with Hv-b32 mapping to 4H (Ym-11, resistance to yellow mosaic virus, is also indicated on 4H in Leister et al., 1999).

 

Abiotic stress

 

Four chromosomal regions have been identified for boron tolerance. One on 4H was associated with boron uptake, root length response, dry matter production and symptom expression (Jefferies et al., 1999). Dehydrin genes, which are related to low temperature and dehydration responses, have been located using wheat/barley chromosome addition lines. One of eleven dehydrin genes, Dhn6, was located to 4H (Choi et al., 1999).

 

Other work on wheat/barley chromosome addition lines indicated that 4HL carries a factor concerned with seedling salt tolerance (expressed as dry weight and ð13C, Ellis et al., 2000).

 

Physiological traits

 

A gibberellic acid-insensitive dwarfing gene (Dwf2) has been located on 4H using RFLPs and SSRs in an F2 population (Ivandic et al., 1999). QTLs analysis in conjunction with AFLPs has been used to locate QTLs determining yield. Of the nine traits studied two, i.e. specific leaf area at flowering and yield had QTLs on 4H (Yin et al., 1999). Favourable QTL alleles for grain yield have been identified on all seven barley chromosomes in the spring barley cross, Steptoe x Morex (Zhu et al., 1999).

 

Sequence analysis

 

Michalek et al., 1999 compared partial sequences of mapped cDNA and genomic clones with data base sequences of proteins and nucleic acids. Putative identifications were made based on sequence similarity. For chromosome 4H these included: two sulphate transporters, a light-inducible protein (ELIP) and NADH dehydrogenase. The sequence data can be exploited in converting RFLPs into STS (PCR-based) markers.

 

Others

 

Larson and Raboy, 1999 using wheat/barley chromosome addition lines mapped a myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase (MIPS) gene to 4H. A hairy leaf sheath gene, Hsb derived from Hordeum bulbosum was mapped on 4HL using RFLPs (Korzun et al., 1999). A root fluorescence mutant, frp ( fluorescent pink reaction) produced by gamma-ray treated was located close to glf3 (glossy leaf 3) on 4H (Takeda and Chang, 1998).

 

 

COMPARATIVE MAPPING

 

Some genetic markers, notably RFLPs but not SSRs, can be used in comparative studies of homologous and homoeologous chromosomes. Comparisons of 4H maps include: gene maps, RFLP maps with QTLs (agronomic, stress, developmental traits), AFLP maps and a wheat group 4 map (Forster et al., 2000). Barley/wheat comparisons have been made among 4HS v 4BS v 4DS with reference to Dwf2 v Rht-B1 v Rht-D1 and RFLP markers (Ivandic et al., 1999). Work on MIPS has involved comparisons of maize 1S and group 4 homoeologues of the Triticeae (Larson and Raboy, 1999). Recombination break points between 4H of H. vulgare and H. bulbosum and comparisons with 5R of rye have been made using RFLPs linked to hairy leaf sheath (Korzun et al., 1999).

 

PHYSICAL MAPPING

 

The physical locations of rDNA sequences were examined by in situ hybridisation by Taketa et al., 1999. A minor site for 18-25S rDNA was located on the short arm of 4H.

 

ORDERLY ARRANGEMENT OF BARLEY CHROMOSOMES

 

Linde-Laursen and Bothmer, 1999 studied the order of elimination of barley chromosomes in hybrids with Hordeum lechleri. In one cross 4H was the last to be eliminated, but varietal differences were found.

 

 

References

 

Choi D.-W., B. Zhu and T.J. Close. 1999. The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) dehydrin multigene family: sequences, allele types, chromosome assignments, and expression characteristics of 11 Dhn genes of cv Dicktoo. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 1234-1247.

Dávila J.A., Y.Loarce and E. Ferrer. 1999. Molecular characterization and genetic mapping of random amplified microsatellite polymorphism in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 265-273.

Ellis R.P., B.P. Forster, D. Robinson, L.L. Handley, D.C. Gordon, J.R. Russell and W. Powell. 2000. Wild barley: a source of genes for crop improvement in the 21st century? Journal of Experimental Botany 51 (in press).

Forster B.P., R.P. Ellis, W.T.B. Thomas, A.C. Newton, R. Tuberosa, D. This, R.A. El-Enein, M.H. Bahri and M. Ben Salem. 2000. The development and application of molecular markers for abiotic stress tolerance in barley. Journal of Experimental Botany 51 (in press).

Ivandic V., R.A. Malyshev, V. Korzum, A. Graner and A. Borner. 1999. Comparative mapping of gibberellic acid-insensitive dwarfing gene (Dwf2) on chromosome 4HS in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 728-731.

Jefferies S.P., A.R. Barr, A. Karakousis, J.M. Kretschmer, S. Manning, K.J. Chalmers, J.C. Nelson, A.K.M.R. Islam and P. Langridge P. 1999. Mapping of chromosome regions conferring boron toxicity tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 1293-1303.

Kilian A. and A. Kleinhofs. 1992. Cloning and mapping of telomere-associated sequences from Hordeum vulgare L. Molecular and General Genetics 235: 153-156.

Kilian A., D. Kudrna and A. Kleinhofs. 1999. Genetic and molecular characterization of barley chromosome telomeres. Genome 42: 412-419.

Korzun V., R.A. Malyshev, R.A. Pickering and A. Börner. 1999. RFLP mapping of a gene for hairy leaf sheath using a recombinant line from Hordeum vulgare L. x Hordeum bulbosum L. cross. Genome 42: 960-963.

Larson S.R. and V. Raboy. 1999. Linkage mapping of maize and barley myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase DNA sequences: correspondence with a low phytic acid mutation. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99: 27-36.

Leister D., J. Kurth, D.A. Laurie, M. Yano, T. Sasaki, A. Graner and P. Schulze-Lefert. 1999. RFLP- and physical mapping of resistance gene homologues in rice (O. sativa) and barley (H. vulgare). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 509-520.

 

Linde-Laursen I. and R. von Bothmer. 1999. Orderly arrangement of the chromosomes within barley genomes of chromosome-eliminating Hordeum lechleri x barley hybrids. Genome 42: 225-236.

Mano Y., B.E. Sayed-Tabatabaei, A. Graner, T. Blake, F. Takaiwa, S. Oka and T. Komatsuda. 1999. Map construction of sequence-tagged sites (STSs) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 937-946.

Michalek W., G. Künzel and A. Graner. 1999.  Sequence analysis and gene identification in a set of mapped RFLP markers in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Genome 42: 849-853.

Qi X., G. Jiang, W. Chen, R.E. Niks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1999. Isolate-specific QTLs for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99: 877-884.

Takeda K. and C.L. Chang. 1998. Studies on root fluorescent mutants in barley. Bulletin of the Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama, Japan 5: 193-202.

Taketa S., G.E. Harrison and J.S. Heslop-Harrison. 1999. Comparative physical mapping of the 5S and 18-25S rDNA in nine wild Hordeum species and cytotypes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 1-9.

Thomas W.T.B. 1999. QTL mapping of Net Blotch resistance in a spring barley cross. Proceedings of a Workshop on “Disease resistance and cereal leaf pathogens beyond the year 2000”. COST Action 817 “Population studies of airborne pathogens in cereals”. Martina Franca, Italy, p.54-55.

Yin Z., P. Stam, C. Johan Dourleijn and M.J. Kropff. 1999. AFLP mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield-determining physiological characters in spring barley. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 99: 244-253.

Zhu H., G. Briceño, R. Dovel, P.M. Hayes, B.H. Liu, C.T. Liu and S.E. Ullrich. 1999. Molecular breeding for grain yield in barley: an evaluation of QTL effects in a spring barley cross. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 98: 772-779.

 

 

 

 

 

Coordinators report: Chromosome 5H (7)

 

George Fedak

 

Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre

Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada

Ottawa, Ontario

Canada K1A 0C6

 

De la Pena et al., 1999 were the first group to publish on the assignment of molecular markers to QTL for components of Fusarium head blight resistance in barley. Ninety-four previously mapped RFLP markers were screened across a mapping population of 101 F4:7 lines obtained from crossing Chevron and M69. A total of 10 QTL were detected for FHB symptoms, 11 for DON accumulation and 4 for kernel discoloration. Chromosome 7 (5H) contained one QTL for each of the above traits plus a plant height QTL. A heading data QTL on chromosome 7 coincided with one for kernel discoloration.

 

A high density AFLP map obtained from 103RILs from a 94 x Vada (resistant) hybrid was used to identify QTL for partial resistance to leaf rust (Qi et al., 1998; 1999). The population was phenotyped at both the seedling and adult plant stages with isolate 1.2.1. A total of 6 QTLs for partial resistance to leaf rust were identified in the population. Three of the six QTL were effective at the seedling stage and six were effective at the adult plant stage indicating that two of them were effective at both stages. The QTL designated as Rpq4 was located at a distal location on the short arm of chromosome 7 (5H), was effective at the adult plant stage and combined with Rphq3 on chromosome 6 accounted for most of the phenotypic variance at the adult plant stage. They point out that the map position on chromosome 7S (5HS) of Rpq4 does not coincide with, nor is it close to the location of previously mapped race-specific genes on that chromosome. For example Rph9 and Rph12 (which have been shown to be allelic) have been mapped to the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 7 (Borovkova et al., 1997). An additional

race specific gene, RphQ (a presumed allele at the Rph2 locus) has been mapped near the centromere of 7S and quite distant from Rpq4 at the distal end of that chromosome.

 

The same L94 x Vada RIL population was subsequently inoculated with a different isolate, isolate 24 (Qi et al., 1999). An additional QTL for seedling resistance (Rphq7) was detected and mapped to a distal location on the long arm of chromosome 7.

 

In summary, of the total of 8 QTL for partial resistance to leaf rust at the adult stage identified in the two studies, three were effective against both isolates and five were effective against only one of the two isolates. Only one QTL had a substantive effect at both seedling and adult plant stages.

 

Dehydrins are LEA proteins that are induced in response to low temperature, drought and salinity. Cumulative studies (Choi et al., 1999) indicate that the barley genome contains 13 Dhn genes, based on screening of existing genomic libraries. They are located on chromosomes 3H, 4H, 5H and 6H. Chromosome 5H contains the loci Dhn1, Dhn2 and Dhn9.

 

The three dehydrin (Dhn) genes on chromosome 5H span a 20 cM region. Included in this interval is Sgh2 the gene determining the winter/spring growth habit (Choi et al., 1999).

 

A new cereal cyst nematode (Heterodosa avenae) resistance gene, designated as Rha4, from the Australian barley cultivar Galleon was mapped to chromosome 5H (Barr et al., 1998). It is flanked by the RFLP markers XYL (6.2 cM) and BCD298 (12.5 cM).

 

Three QTL for partial resistance to bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. hordei) were found in the Steptoe x Morex DH population (El Attari et al., 1998). Two were mapped on chromosome 3H and one on 5H near the marker ABC155. The three QTL accounted for 30% of the phenotypic variation in the population.

 

Severity of five diseases under conditions of natural infection at various test sites was evaluated in the Harrington/TR306 DH population (Spaner et al., 1998). QTL for resistance to three of these diseases involved chromosome 5H. QTL determining resistance to powdery mildew were located on chromosome 4H and 5H; for resistance to leaf rust on chromosomes 2H, 5H and 6H and QTL for resistance to net blotch were identified on chromosomes 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H.

 

Druka et al., 1999 have done some fine-scale mapping around the rpg4 locus located in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 5HL. The distal RFLP markers around this locus are ABG391 and R273 at 1.6 and 0.8 cM, respectively. The proximal RFLP marker is Aga5 at about 1.8 cM. In preparation for map-based cloning, new RFLP markers have been found that bracket that locus and spaced about 0.5 cM apart. A barley BAC contig across the rpg4 region has been established.

 

An adult plant resistance QTL for stripe rust resistance in the cultivars Cali-sile and CMB643 has been mapped onto chromosome 5H (Hayes et al., 1999).

 

Seah et al., 1998 amplified a number of resistance gene analogs (RGA) from wheat and barley using specific primers derived from conserved sequences of the Cre3 cereal cyst nematode resistance locus. Amplifications were made from barley cultivars Chebec and Harrington and mapping of RGA was done on the Steptoe x Morex and Chebec x Harrington DH populations. Two of the most divergent barley RGAs (from the 17 isolated) were mapped. By virtue of the multiple banding patterns it was concluded that the RGAs belonged to multigene families. The clones mapped mainly to long arms of chromosomes 2H(2), 5H(7) and 7H(1). The RGAs mapped to at least seven non homologous loci and in many cases were linked to known disease

resistance loci. On chromosome 5H two and possibly three independent RGA loci were identified.

 

 

 

References

 

Barr, A.R., K.J. Chalmers, A. Karakousis, J.M. Kretschmer, S. Manning, R.C.M. Lance, J. Lewis, S.P. Jeffries and P. Langridge. 1998. RFLP mapping of a new cereal cyst nematode resistance locus in barley. Plant Breed. 117: 185-187.

Borovkova, I.G., Y. Jin, B.J. Steffenson, A. Kilian, T.K. Blake and A. Kleinhofs. 1997. Identification and mapping of a leaf rust resistance gene in barley line Q21861. Genome 40:236-241.

Choi, D.W., B. Zhu and T.J. Close. 1999. The barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) dehydrin gene family; sequences, allele types chromosome assignments, and expression characteristics of 11 Dhn genes of cv. Dicktoo. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98: 1234-1247.

 

Choi, D.-W., Koag, M.C. and T.J. Close. 1999. Allelic variation and genetic mapping of barley dehydrin (Dhn) genes. Plant and Animal Genome VII abstract p. 182.

De la Pena, R.C., K.P. Smith, F. Capettini, G.L. Muehlbauer, M. Gallo-Meagher, R. Dill-Macky, D.A. Somers and D.C. Rasmussen. 1999. Quantitative trait loci associated with resistance to Fusarium head blight and kernel discoloration in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99: 561-569.

Druka, A., D. Kudrna, F. Han, A. Kilian, B. Steffenson, Y. Yo, D. Frisch, J. Tomkins, R. Wing and A. Kleinhofs. 1999. Map based cloning of barley rpg4 gene. Plant and Animal Genome VII, abstract p. 178.

El Attari, H., A. Rebai, P.M. Hayes, G. Barrault, G. Dechamp-Guillaume and A. Sarrafi. 1998. Potential of double haploid lines and localization of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for partial resistance to bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv hordei) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96: 95-100.

 

Hayes, P.M., X. Chen, A. Corey, M. Johnston, A. Kleinhofs, J. Korte, D. Kudrna, T. Toojinda and H. Vivar. 1999. A summary of barley stripe rust mapping efforts. Plant and Animal Genome VII p. 179.

Qi, X., R.E. Niks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1998. Identification of QTL for partial resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96: 1205-1215.

Qi, X., G. Jiang, W. Chen, R.E. Niks, P. Stam and P. Lindhout. 1999. Isolate specific QTL for partial resistance to Puccinia hordei in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99: 877-884.

Seah, S., K. Sivasithamparam, A. Karakousis and E.S. Lagudah. 1998. Cloning and characterization of a family of disease resistance gene analogs from wheat and barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97: 937-945.

Spaner, D., L.P. Shugar, T.M. Choo, I. Falak, K.G. Briggs, W.G. Legge, D.E. Falk, S.E. Ullrich, N.A. Tinker, B.J. Steffenson and D.E. Mather. 1998. Mapping of disease resistance loci in barley on the basis of visual assessment of naturally occurring symptoms. Crop Sci. 38: 843-850.

 

 

Coordinator's Report: Chromosome 7H

 

Lynn Dahleen

 

USDA-Agricultural Research Service,

Fargo, ND 58105, USA

 

Mapping projects continued at full speed in 1999, adding many new markers, genes and QTLs to all chromosomes of barley, including chromosome 7H (1). This report briefly describes the additions to chromosome 7H (1), covering all the literature I was able to find and obtain through North Dakota State University’s library. If you have additional papers with markers or genes on chromosome 7H (1), please mail a reprint to me for inclusion in next years report.