Barley Genetics Newsletter (2007) 37: 188-301

BGS 1, Brachytic 1, brh1

 

Stock number:                        BGS 1

Locus name:               Brachytic 1

Locus symbol:                        brh1

 

Previous nomenclature and gene symbolization:

Brachytic = br (10, 12).

Breviaristatum-i = ari-i (5, 8).

Dwarf x = dx1 (6).

Inheritance:

Monofactorial recessive (10, 12).

Located in chromosome 7HS [1S] (3), about 9.3 cM distal from the fch12 (chlorina seedling 12) locus (12), 0.8 cM distal from RFLP marker BCD129 (9), about 5.0 cM from AFLP marker E4134-8 in subgroup 1 of the Proctor/Nudinka map (11), and about 13.6 cM proximal from SSR marker HVM04 in bin 1H-02 (2).

Description:

Plants have short leaves, culms, spikes, awns, and kernels. The seedling leaf is about 2/3 normal length. A similar reduction in the size of other organs is observed, but the awns are less than 1/2 normal length (6). The mutant phenotype is easy to classify at all stages of growth. The approximately 20% reduction in kernels size is caused primarily by a reduction in kernel length. The yields of the brh1 mutants are about 2/3 normal and lodging is greatly reduced in the Bowman brh1 lines (2). Börner (1) reported that ari-i.38 seedlings are sensitive to gibberellic acid. Powers (10) states that the assigned gene symbol for this mutant is br and that L.J. Stadler selected this symbol.

Origin of mutant:

A spontaneous mutant in Himalaya (CIho 1312) (10, 12).

Mutational events:

brh1.a in Himalaya (12); brh1.c (GSHO 229) in Moravian (PI 539135) (13); ari-i.38 (NGB 115888, GSHO 1657) in Bonus (PI 189763) (8, 14); brh1.e (GSHO 1690) in Aramir (PI 467786) (14); brh1.f (dx1, GSHO 1422) in Domen (CIho 9562) (6); brh1.t (OUM136, GSHO 1691) in Akashinriki (PI 467400, OUJ659); brh1.x (7125, DWS1224, GSHO 1692) in Volla (PI 280423); brh1.z (Hja80001) in Aapo; brh1.aa (Hja80051) in a Hja80001 cross (4, 7); and brh1.ae (FN53) in Steptoe (CIho 15229) (4).

Mutant used for description and seed stocks:

brh1.a in Himalaya (GSHO 25); brh1.a in Bowman (PI 483237)*7 (GSHO 1820); ari-i.38 in Bowman*6 (GSHO 1821); brh1.e in Bowman*7 (GSHO 1822); brh1.t in Bowman*7 (GSHO 1823); brh1.x in Bowman*7 (GSHO 1824); brh1.z in Bowman*7 (GSHO 2179).

References:

1. Börner, A. 1996. GA response in semidwarf barley. Barley Genet. Newsl. 25:24-26.

2. Dahleen, L.S., L.J. Vander Wal, and J.D. Franckowiak. 2005. Characterization and molecular mapping of genes determining semidwarfism in barley. J. Hered. 96:654-662.

3. Fedak, G., T. Tsuchiya, and S.B. Helgason. 1972. Use of monotelotrisomics for linkage mapping in barley. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 14:949-957.

4. Franckowiak, J.D. 1995. The brachytic class of semidwarf mutants in barley. Barley Genet. Newsl. 24:56-59.

5. Gustafsson, Å., A. Hagberg, U. Lundqvist, and G. Persson. 1969. A proposed system of symbols for the collection of barley mutants at Svalöv. Hereditas 62:409-414.

6. Holm, E., and K. Aastveit. 1966. Induction and effects of the brachytic allele in barley. Adv. Front Plant Sci. 17:81-94.

7. Kivi, E. 1986. (personal communications).

8. Kucera, J., U. Lundqvist, and Å. Gustafsson. 1975. Inheritance of breviaristatum mutants in barley. Hereditas 80:263-278.

9. Li , M., D. Kudrna, and A. Kleinhofs. 2000. Fine mapping of a semi-dwarf gene brachytic 1 in barley. p. 72-74. In S. Logue (ed.) Barley Genetics VIII. Volume III, Proc. Eighth Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Adelaide, Dept. Plant Science, Waite Campus, Adelaide University, Glen Osmond, South Australia.

10. Powers, L. 1936. The nature of the interactions of genes affecting four quantitative characters in a cross between Hordeum deficiens and vulgare. Genetics 21:398-420.

11. Pozzi, C., D. di Pietro, G. Halas, C. Roig, and F. Salamini. 2003. Integration of a barley (Hordeum vulgare) molecular linkage map with the position of genetic loci hosting 29 developmental mutants. Heredity 90:390-396.

12. Swenson, S.P. 1940. Genetic and cytological studies on a brachytic mutant in barley. J. Agric. Res. 60:687-713.

13. Szarejko, I., and M. Maluszynski. 1984. New brachytic mutant of spring barley variety Aramir. Barley Genet. Newsl. 14:33-35.

14. Tsuchiya, T. 1974. Allelic relationships of genes for short-awned mutants in barley. Barley Genet. Newsl. 4:80-81.

Prepared:

T. Tsuchiya and T.E. Haus. 1971. BGN 1:104.

Revised:

T. Tsuchiya. 1980. BGN 10:100.

J.D. Franckowiak. 1997. BGN 26:44.

J.D. Franckowiak and L. S. Dahleen. 2007. BGN 37:188-189.

BGS 2, Chlorina seedling 12, fch12

 

Stock number:                        BGS 2

Locus name:               Chlorina seedling 12

Locus symbol:                        fch12

 

Previous nomenclature and gene symbolization:

Chlorina seedling-c = fc (3).

Chlorina seedling-fc = clo-fc (7).

Inheritance:

Monofactorial recessive (3).

Located in chromosome 7HS [1S] (1, 4), about 3.6 cM distal from the gsh3 (glossy sheath 3) locus (6), and about 9.3 cM proximal from the brh1 (brachytic 1) locus (8), in bin 7H-02 about 2.3 cM from RFLP marker KFP027 and co-segregating with markers BCD130 and ABC327 (5).

Description:

Seedling leaves are yellow with green tips and new leaves show a yellow base and a green tip. As the plant develops, leaf color changes to pale green (3). Plants are vigorous, but anthesis is delayed and seed yield may be low.

Origin of mutant:

A spontaneous mutant in Colsess (CIho 2792) (3).

Mutational events:

fch12.b (fc) in Colsess (Colsess V) (3); fch12.l (Trebi chlorina 453, GSHO 155), fch12.m (Trebi V, GSHO 158), fch12.n (Trebi IX, GSHO 18), fch12.o (Trebi XI, GSHO 163) in Trebi (PI 537442) (2); clo-fc.110 in Bonus (PI 189763) (7); fch12.b may be present in the brachytic chlorina stocks (GSHO 124 and GSHO 174) (9).

Mutant used for description and seed stocks:

fch12.b in Colsess (GSHO 36); fch12.b in Bowman (PI 483237)*7 (GSHO 1826).

References:

1. Fedak, G., T. Tsuchiya, and S.B. Helgason. 1972. Use of monotelotrisomics for linkage mapping in barley. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 14:949-957.

2. McMullen, M. 1972. Allelism testing of seven chlorina mutants in Trebi barley.  Barley Genet. Newsl. 2:76-79.

3. Robertson, D.W., and G.W. Deming. 1930. Genetic studies in barley. J. Hered. 21:283-288.

4. Robertson, D.W., G.W. Deming, and D. Koonce. 1932. Inheritance in barley. J. Agric. Res. 44:445-466.

5. Schmierer, D., A. Druka, D. Kudrna, and A. Kleinhofs. 2001. Fine mapping of the fch12 chlorina seedling mutant. Barley Genet. Newsl. 31:12-13.

6. Shahla, A., and T. Tsuchiya. 1987. Cytogenetic studies in barley chromosome 1 by means of telotrisomic, acrotrisomic and conventional analysis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 75:5-12.

7. Simpson, D.J., O. Machold, G. Høyer-Hansen, and D. von Wettstein. 1985. Chlorina mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Carlsberg Res. Commun. 50:223-238.

8. Swenson, S.P. 1940. Genetic and cytological studies on a brachytic mutation in barley. J. Hered. 31:213-214.

9. Wang, S., and T. Tsuchiya. 1991. Genetic analysis of the relationship between new chlorina mutants in genetic stocks and established f series stocks in barley. Barley Genet. Newsl. 20:63-65.

Prepared:

T. Tsuchiya and T. E. Haus. 1971. BGN 1:105.

Revised:

T. Tsuchiya. 1980. BGN 10:101.

J.D. Franckowiak and A. Hang. 1997. BGN 26:45.

J.D. Franckowiak. 2007. BGN 37:190-191.

 

BGS 6, Six-rowed spike 1, vrs1

 

Stock number:                        BGS 6

Locus name:               Six-rowed spike 1

Locus symbol:                        vrs1

 

Previous nomenclature and gene symbolization:

Two-row vs six-row = Zz (21).

Six-row vs two-row = Aa (6).

Two-rowed = D (17).

Six-row vs two-row = Vv (3).

Six-row vs two-row (distichon) vs two-row (deficiens) = A, as, af  (8).

Reduced lateral spikelet appendage on the lemma = lr (9).

Allelic series v, Vd, V, and Vt (22).

Hexastichon mutants = hex-v (5, 6).

Intermedium spike-d = Int-d (4).

Reduced lateral spikelet appendage on the lemma = vlr (19).

The vrs1 DNA sequence identified as HvHox1 (10).

Inheritance:

A multiple allelic series, incomplete dominant allele interactions based on the size and shape of lateral spikelets (1, 19, 22).

Located in chromosome 2HL (3, 6, 12, 14), about 30.5 cM distal from the eog1 (elongated outer glume 1) locus (18), in bin 2H-09 and in a 0.90-cM interval between markers cMWG699 and MWG865 (11).

Description:

Alleles at this complex locus modify development of the lateral spikelets and the associated lemma awn. The vrs1.a allele (v gene) is present in most six-rowed cultivars and produces well-developed lateral spikelets (6). Based on phylogenetic analysis of the six-rowed cultivars, the six-rowed gene originated independently at least three times (vrs1.a1, vrs1.a2, and vrs1.a3) from different wild type (Vrs1.b) alleles (10). The lemma awn of lateral spikelets will vary from 3/4 to nearly as long as those of central spikelets, depending upon alleles present at other loci. The Vrs1.b allele (V gene, distichon) is present in many two-rowed cultivars and reduces lateral spikelets to sterile bracts with a rounded tip. The Vrs1.t allele (Vt gene, deficiens) causes an extreme reduction in the size of lateral spikelets. The lr or vlr (vrs1.c) gene in Nudihaxtoni and Bozu types will not recombine with the vrs1.a allele (12, 19) and produces phenotypes similar to the Vrs1.d allele (Vd gene) of Svanhals (22). The series of induced mutants in two-rowed barley called hex-v and Int-d mutants differ in the size of lateral spikelets, but they interact with the vrs1.a allele as incomplete dominants (5). Many heterozygous combinations with vrs1.a have a pointed tip on the lemma of sterile lateral spikelets. Alleles at the int-c (intermedium spike-c) locus modify lateral size in the presence of vrs1.a, Vrs1.b, and Vrs1.d, but not when Vrs1.t is present (22). Multiple origins of vrs1 alleles in six-rowed barley have been confirmed by molecular analysis (20). Komatsuda et al. (10) found that expression of the Vrs1 gene was strictly localized in the lateral-spikelet primordia of immature spikes and suggested that the VRS1 protein suppresses development of lateral spikelets.

Origin of mutant:

Natural occurrence in six-rowed barley and induced frequently by mutagenic agents (10, 14).

Mutational events:

vrs1.a1 in most six-rowed cultivars (1, 10, 22); vrs1.a2 in Dissa and Valenci (10), vrs1.a3 in Natsudaikon Mugi (OUK735) (10), Vrs1.b in wild barley (10), Vrs1.b2 in Pamella Blue (OUH630) (10), Vrs1.b3 in Bonus (PI 189763) (10), Vrs1.t in a few two-rowed cultivars (10, 22); vrs1.c or lr in Nudihaxtoni (PI 32368) (12, 19); Vrs1.d in Svanhals (PI 5474) (22); 23 induced mutants from programs in Belgium, Germany, and Hungary (2); hex-v.3 (NGB 115545), -v.4 (NGB 115546), -v.6 (NGB 115547), -v.7 (NGB115548), -v.8 (NGB 115549), -v.9 (NGB 115550), -v.10 (NGB 115551), -v.11 (NGB 115552), -v.12 (NGB 115553), -v.18 (NGB 115559), -v.44 (NGB 115581), -v.45 (NGB 115582 ), -v.46 (NGB 115583 ), -v.47 (NGB 115584), -v.48 (NGB 115585), in Bonus, -v.13 (NGB 115554), -v.14 (NGB 115555), -v.15 (NGB 115556), -v.16 (NGB 115557), -v.17 (NGB 115558), -v.19 (NGB 115560), -v.21 (NGB 115562), -v.22 (NGB 115563), -v.23  (NGB 115564), -v.24 (NGB 115565), -v.25 (NGB 115566), -v.26 (NGB 115567), -v.27 (NGB 115568), -v.28 (NGB 115569), -v.29 (NGB 115570), -v.30 (NGB 115571), -v.31 (NGB 115572), -v.35 (NGB 115574) in Foma (CIho 11333), -v.20 (NGB 115561) in Ingrid (CIho 10083), -v.33 (NGB 115573), -v.36 (NGB 115575), -v.38 (NGB 115576), -v.39 (NGB 115577), -v.41 (NGB 115578), -v.42 (NGB 115579), -v.43 (NGB 115580) in Kristina (NGB 1500) (5, 14); hex-v.49 (NGB 115586) in Bonus, -v.50 (NGB 115587), -v.51 (NGB 115588) in Sv 79353, -v.52 (NGB 119353) in Golf (PI 488529) (13); Int-d.11 (NGB 115429), -d.12 (NGB 115430), -d.22 (NGB 115440), -d.24 (NGB 115442), -d.28 (NGB 115446), -d.36 (NGB 115454) in Foma, -d.40 (NGB 115458), -d.41 (NGB 115459), -d.50 (NGB 115468), -d.57 (NGB 115475), -d.67 (NGB 115485), -d.68 (NGB 115486), -d.69 (NGB 115487) in Kristina (5, 15); Int-d.73 (NGB 115491), -d.80 (NGB 115498), -d.82 (NGB 115500) in Bonus, -d.93 (NGB 115511), -d.94 (NGB 115512), -d.96 (NGB 115514), -d.97 (NGB 115515), -d.100 (NGB 115518) in Hege (NGB 13692) (13); vrs1.o (v1b) in New Golden (16).

Mutant used for description and seed stock:

vrs1.a in Trebi (PI 537442, GSHO 196); vrs1.a in Bonneville (CIho 7248) (7); vrs1.a from Glenn (CIho 15769) in Bowman (PI 483237)*8 (GSHO 1907); Int-d.12 in Bowman*7 (GSHO 1910).

References:

1. Biffen, R.H. 1906. Experiments on the hybridization of barleys. Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 13:304-308.

2. Fukuyama, T., J. Hayashi, I. Moriya, and R. Takahashi. 1972. A test for allelism of 32 induced six-rowed mutants. Barley Genet. Newsl. 2:25-27.

3. Griffee, F. 1925. Correlated inheritance of botanical characters in barley, and manner of reaction to Helminthosporium sativum. J. Agric. Res. 30:915-935.

4. Gustafsson, Å., A. Hagberg, U. Lundqvist, and G. Persson. 1969. A proposed system of symbols for the collection of barley mutants at Svalöv. Hereditas 62:409-414.

5. Gustafsson, Å., and U. Lundqvist. 1980. Hexastichon and intermedium mutants in barley. Hereditas 92:229-236.

6. Harlan, H.V., and H.K. Hayes. 1920. Occurrence of the fixed intermediate, Hordeum intermedium haxtoni, in crosses between H. vulgare pallidium and H. distichum palmella. J. Agric. Res.19:575-591.

7. Hockett, E.A. 1985. Registration of two- and six-rowed isogenic Bonneville barley germplasm. Crop Sci. 25:201.

8. Hor, K.S. 1924. Interrelations of genetic factors in barley. Genetics 9:151-180.

9. Immer, F.R., and M.T. Henderson. 1943. Linkage studies in barley. Genetics 28:419-440.

10. Komatsuda, T., M. Pourkheirandish, C. He, P. Azhaguvel, H. Kanamori, D. Perovic, N. Stein, A. Graner, T. Wicker, A. Tagiri, U. Lundqvist, T. Fujimura, M. Matsuoka, T. Matsumoto, and M. Yano. 2007. Six-rowed barley originated from a mutation in a homeodomain-leucine zipper I-class homeobox gene. PNAS 104:1424-1429.

11. Komatsuda, T., and K. Tanno. 2004. Comparative high resolution map of the six-rowed locus 1 (vrs1) in several populations of barley, Hordeum vulgare L. Hereditas 141:68-73.

12. Leonard, W.H. 1942. Inheritance of reduced lateral spikelet appendages in the Nudihaxtoni variety of barley. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 34:211-221.

13. Lundqvist, U. (unpublished).

14. Lundqvist, U., and A. Lundqvist. 1987. Barley mutants - diversity and genetics. p. 251-257. In S. Yasuda and T. Konishi (eds.) Barley Genetics V. Proc. Fifth Int. Barley Genet. Symp., Okayama, 1986. Sanyo Press Co., Okayama.

15. Lundqvist, U., and A. Lundqvist. 1988. Induced intermedium mutants in barley: origin, morphology and inheritance. Hereditas 108:13-26.

16. Makino, T., M. Furusho, and T. Fukuoka. 1995. A mutant having six-rowed gene allelic to v locus. Barley Genet. Newsl. 24:122.

17. Miyake, K., and Y. Imai. 1922. [Genetic studies in barley. 1.] Bot. Mag., Tokyo 36:25-38. [In Japanese.]

18. Swenson, S.P., and D.G. Wells. 1944. The linkage relation of four genes in chromosome 1 of barley. J. Am. Soc. Agron. 36:429-435.

19. Takahashi, R., J. Hayashi, I. Moriya, and S. Yasuda. 1982. Studies on classification and inheritance of barley varieties having awnless or short-awned lateral spikelets (Bozu barley). I. Variation of awn types and classification. Nogaku Kenyu 60:13-24. [In Japanese with English summary.]

20. Tanno, K., S. Taketa, K. Takeda, and T. Komatsuda. 2002. A DNA marker closely linked to the vrs1 locus (row-type gene) indicates multiple origins of six-rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Theor. Appl. Genet. 104:54-60.

21. Ubisch, G. von. 1916. Beitrag zu einer Faktorenanalyse von Gerste. Z. Indukt. Abstammungs. Vererbungsl. 17:120-152.

22. Woodward, R.W. 1949. The inheritance of fertility in the lateral florets of the four barley groups. Agron. J. 41:317-322.

Prepared:

T.E. Haus. 1975. BGN 5:106.

Revised:

J.D. Franckowiak and U. Lundqvist. 1997. BGN 26:49-50.

U. Lundqvist and J.D. Franckowiak. 2007. BGN 37:192-194.

 

BGS 7, Naked caryopsis 1, nud1

 

Stock number:                        BGS 7

class=Section2>

 

Locus name:               Naked caryopsis 1

Locus symbol:                        nud1

 

Previous nomenclature and gene symbolization:

Naked caryopsis = k (14).

Naked caryopsis = s (21).

Naked caryopsis = n (6, 9).

Hulless = h (10).

Inheritance:

Monofactorial recessive (6, 14, 19).

Located in chromosome 7HL [1L] (3, 11, 12, 14, 20), near the centromere (3, 11), about 9.6 cM proximal from the lks2 (short awn 2) locus (15), about 10.5 cM proximal from the dsp1 (dense spike 1) locus (15, 16), in bin 7H-07 about 13.1 cM distal from RFLP marker MWG808 (2), co-segregating with AFLP markers KT3 and KT7 and SCAR marker sKT7 (7), about 0.06 cM distal from SCAR marker sTK3 and the same distance proximal from sTK9 (17).

Description:

The lemma and palea do not adhere to the caryopsis and the grain will thresh free of the hull at maturity. The naked caryopsis trait is expressed in all environments (16). The naked lines fail to produce a cementing substance present in covered lines (4). The nud1.a mutant depressed the expression by 10 to 20% of other traits such as plant height, seed weight (1, 8) and altered malt quality parameters (8). The nud1.a gene is often associated with the dsp1.a (dense spike 1) gene in Japanese cultivars (16). Allele IV of the marker sKT7 near the nud1 locus was the only one found in naked barley cultivars (18); however, the geographic distribution for haplotypes of allele IV suggest migration of naked types toward eastern Asia (18).

Origin of mutant:

In an unknown cultivar, b