GrainGenes

ITEMS FROM TURKEY


CIMMYT / ICARDA
P.K.39 Emek, 06511 Ankara, Turkey.
Fax: +90-312-2878955. E-mail: cimmyt-turkey@cgnet.Com.

H.-J. Braun, S. Beniwal, T.S. Payne, and A.I. Morgounov.

Objectives and staff.

The major objective of the international facultative and winter bread wheat breeding program in Turkey remained unchanged - to develop widely adapted, high yielding, disease resistant germplasm for West Asia and North Africa. The program is a joint venture between the National Wheat Improvement Program of Turkey, CIMMYT, and ICARDA. CIMMYT's representatives in the program are Drs. H.-J. Braun, T.S. Payne (transferred to Zimbabwe in October, 1994, to head the South Africa Network for Wheat and Maize), and A.I. Morgounov (transferred from Mexico to Turkey in June, 1994). ICARDA is represented in the program by Dr. S. Beniwal coordinating cereals pathology work in the ICARDA Highland Program. The breeding activities at ICARDA, Syria, were conducted by Dr. T.S. Payne until September, 1994, and now by Dr. H. Ketata of ICARDA since October, 1994.

Breeding.
The development of diseases under field conditions was limited in the Central Plateau. However, disease screening work under artificial inoculation and in cooperation with other institutions helped to obtain the data on yellow and leaf rust and common bunt on all advanced material. The assistance of our Turkish colleagues from Konya, Izmir, Ankara, and Eskisehir; Dr. O. Mamluk from ICARDA; and Dr. M. Ittu from Fundulea, Romania, is greatly appreciated. The results of yield trials once again demonstrated superior performance of lines originating from spring x winter crosses. The best-yielding bread wheat lines for irrigated environments were:
KIRAC66/SERI,
PCK/VEE
SN64//SKE/2*ANE/3/SX/4/BEZ/5/SERI,
PJN/HN4//GLL/3/SERI, and
PARTIZANKA NISKA/UT1556-170.
The best-yielding lines for rainfed conditions were:


KS82214/GALVEZ,
NS55-58/VEE,
EGL//BUC/PVN, and
TAMEX/OPATA.
International germplasm distribution and performance.
The 3rd Facultative and Winter Wheat Observation Nursery (FAWWON) was distributed to 128 cooperators for planting in the 1993-94 season. Prof. W. Kronstad, from Oregon State University, USA, took responsibility for redistributing the nursery in North American, thus, assuring prompt delivery of the seeds to cooperators. Prof. Kronstad also will offer this service to North American plant breeders in the future. Nursery requests for the FAWWON from North American wheat breeders should be forwarded directly to Oregon State University. The number of breeding programs receiving FAWWON increased significantly in 1994 because of inclusion of the newly independent states of the former USSR. FAWWON combines germplasm from the CIMMYT/ICARDA/Turkey winter/facultative program with advanced germplasm provided by breeding institutions interested in its inclusion into the nursery. A new nursery, the Elite Yield Trial (EYT), was initiated in 1994. It consists of elite germplasm with a proven yield performance and is targeted mainly for winter wheat areas in Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, and Syria. Currently, there are two EYTs - one for irrigated environments and the second for semiarid conditions. Each EYT consists of 25 entries in three replications.
Research on wheat response to zinc deficiency in soil.
The NATO-funded project involving the University of Cukurova, Adana; Bahri Dagdas International Winter Cereals Improvement Center, Konya; Transitional Zone Agricultural Research Institute, Eskisehir; and CIMMYT continued in 1994. The analysis of soil samples from 156 fields demonstrated that zinc deficiency in wheat is a common nutritional problem in the Central Anatolia of Turkey. Field experiments conducted at several locations showed that application of zinc (100 kg ZnSO₄/ha) increased the concentration of this nutrient in shoots by about 100 % accompanied by dramatic yield response, up to 70 %. In a field with severe zinc deficiency, application of this micronutrient increased yield from 0.22 to 1.83 t/ha, making abandoned soil suitable for wheat cultivation. A clear genotypic variation in response to zinc application was found. Turkish cultivars KIRAC 66, GEREK 79, YAYLA 305, and the Bulgarian variety KATIA proved to be tolerant genotypes with higher yield capacity. Future work on this problem will concentrate on: a) agronomic methods of enhancing yield; b) screening a diverse range of germplasm including wheat, rye, triticale, and wild species; c) genetic analysis of zinc efficiency; and d) breeding approaches to create zinc-efficient germplasm.
Research on grain filling.
Duration and rate of grain filling (GF) of 54 winter and facultative varieties from different parts of the world were studied in relation to grain size and yield in the 1991-92 and 1992-93 seasons. The GF rate was significantly negatively correlated (r = -0.76 and -0.51) with GF duration, suggesting that later flowering genotypes have a higher grain fill rate. The absence of a significant correlation between 1,000 kernel weight and GF duration indicated that genotypes with high kernel weight could have variable periods from anthesis to maturity. Yield was not correlated with any of GF parameters. Grouping of genotypes according to their origin showed that, on the average, Chinese cultivars had the earliest anthesis date but the longest grain fill duration, whereas cultivars from Turkey and the Pacific Northwest had the latest anthesis but the shortest grain fill duration. Values indicating long GF duration of Chinese and other early-flowering cultivars might have been obtained, because GF duration and rate were estimated from fitted curves, which do not describe the specific grainfill process sufficiently well. Further statistical analysis is needed to answer this question. Grain fill rate was highest for cultivars from Turkey and Mexico. Cultivars with high 1,000 kernel weight and high grain yield were FUNDULEA 4, RSK/NAC, and DOGU 88. We concluded that
it should be possible to select for cultivars with a high GF rate, high yield, and high kernel weight without increasing GF duration.
Observations on shattering.
Heavy shattering was observed in breeding material planted in Eskisehir. Analysis of the pedigrees of shattering entries suggested that varieties from China, along with TURKEY 13 and some other cultivars, contributed most to shattering. Observations made in the F₂ indicated simple inheritance of this trait.
International Wheat Conference.
The 5th International Wheat Conference is scheduled to be held in Eskisehir, Turkey, from June 10 to 14, 1996. It is sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Turkey, CIMMYT, ICARDA, and Oregon State University/USAID. The conference is intended to focus on international cooperation in wheat research. Special efforts are being made to attract wheat scientists from the Commonwealth of Independent States and East-European countries. The conference will discuss a broad range of topics including breeding, physiology and agronomy, genetic resources, biotechnology, and international collaboration. Wheat researchers interested in participation can obtain information from the CIMMYT/ICARDA office in Ankara.
ITEMS FROM THE UNITED KINGDOM
John Innes Centre
Cereals Research Department, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.

Mapping of genes controlling crossability and homoeologous chromosome pairing on chromosome 5B using molecular markers.
J. Snape, W. Zhang, Y. Wang, G. Moore, T. Foote, R. Dunford, and Y. Zheng.
Variation for genes on chromosome 5B is critical in the transfer and manipulation of alien variation into wheat. Besides carrying the gene Phl controlling homoeologous pairing, the long arm of 5B also carries the gene Krl determining interspecific crossability. Chromosome arm 5BL also carries genes for hybrid necrosis and winter variegation, and using these, Miura et al. developed a skeletal genetic map including the centromere and the isozyme locus Ibf-l. Using molecular markers, all of these loci have now been mapped relative to RFLP loci known to be located on 5B as a preliminary to their further study and positional cloning.
Two populations of single chromosome recombinant lines were used for the mapping. The first was a doubled haploid population, developed using the Hordeum bulbosum system, from the F₁ between the Chinese Spring phlb/phlb mutant line and the Chinese Spring (Cappelle-Desprez 5BL/5BS) substitution line, and the second was a population of lines developed from the cross between Hobbit `sib' and the Hobbit `sib' (Chinese Spring 5BL/7BL) substitution line. In the phlb derived material, the low or high pairing phenotype was determined by crossing each line to an Aegilops variabilis accession and examining the chromosome pairing (high or low) in the hybrids. In both populations, crossability was measured by crossing plants of each recombinant line to both Petkus Spring rye and a tetraploid accession of H. bulbosum.
The absence of several RFLP bands, previously mapped near to the centromere in recombinants of the phlb- derived material, supported previous evidence of a large deletion in the chromosomal region where the Phl locus is located. Additionally, the pairing studies showed a complete correspondence between the absence of certain bands and a high pairing phenotype, confirming the genetic location of Phl as near to RFLP loci mapping about 10 cM from the centromere. This region also contains the loci Vg, controlling winter variegation, and Nel, controlling hybrid necrosis. Crossability with rye and H. bulbosum behaved as a quantitative character, and individual lines could not be unambiguously classified as carrying either krl or Krl, so that an exact map location for Krl could not be established. Nevertheless, by using QTL approaches, the most likely location of Krl was distal to the Phl deletion endpoint and linked to RFLP loci within a 20 cM span.
Four RFLP loci were mapped within the phlb deletion, and these should allow an entry point for positional cloning through the establishment of microsynteny using a set of overlapping rice YACs being made available by the Japanese Rice Genome project.
A rapid protocol for fluorescent in situ hybridization.

S.M. Reader, T.E. Miller, and K.A. Purdie.
The study of genes controlling meiotic chromosome pairing has been the subject of renewed interest thanks to fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). However, the technique was slow and intricate, thus, making it difficult to utilize. Also, imprecise control of enzyme digestion, fixation, and denaturation often led to damage to chromosome preparations and, thus, too many wasted hybridizations. With the development of a 1-day method that addresses these problems (Reader et al. 1994), routine cytology using FISH is now possible.
Slides are prepared either the previous day or can be stored at -20 C for up to 18 months, and the probe is nick-translated with fluorescently labelled nucleotide prior to use.
This rapid method already has revealed new information about wheat/rye chromosome pairing and has been modified slightly to allow its application to mitotic preparations. It has been applied successfully to chromosome preparations of barley, Brassica spp., chickpea, millet, rye, sugarcane, wheat, Aegilops spp., and Leymus spp. using both total genomic and cloned nuclear rDNA as probes.
Tritipyrum.
I.P. King (now at University of Reading), T.E. Miller, and S.E. Orford.
A number of amphiploids have been established between a range of T. durum (AABB) cultivars and the salt-tolerant Thinopyrum bessarabicum (E^bE^b). These hexaploid amphiploids (AABBE^bE^b) are being studied for their potential as a novel salt-tolerant cereal. Although they exhibit salt tolerance in hydroponic culture, they are late maturing and have low fertility and meiotic instability. However, their fertility and aneuploidy are no worse than those of early primary triticale. Therefore, it should be possible to improve their agronomic potential.
Spanish hulled wheats.
T.E. Miller, M.J. Ambrose, L. Pena-Chocarro (Institute of Archaeology, London), and E.J. Lamont (University of Birmingham).
Einkorn, Triticum monococcum, Emmer, T. dicoccum and spelt, T. spelta, are still grown in Spain, although on an ever decreasing scale, mainly in the mountains of Asturias. Samples of these wheats were collected by Leonor Pena-Chocarro, who is studying their ethnography. They have been regenerated at Norwich and are now conserved in the seed store. A limited amount of characterization, mostly of morphological characters, has been carried out.
Earliness per se in wheat.

A.J. Worland and V. Korzen.
The genetic control of flowering time in wheat is extremely complex, being determined by the environmentally sensitive vernalization, Vrn, and photoperiodic, Ppd, genes and also by earliness per se genes that act independently of environmental stimuli. Although much information is available on the genetic control of vernalization and photoperiodic response, little is known about the location and mode of action of earliness per se effects.
Earliness per se genes may influence flowering time by determining numbers of vegetative and floral primordia being initiated and the rate of primordia initiation. These genes appear to be widely distributed in European wheats and are recognized, when photoperiodic and vernalization requirements have been satisfied, by significant correlations between numbers of leaves and spikelets produced on leading tillers and the number of days to flowering. The need to produce extra vegetative or floral primordia delays flowering by 2 or 3 days. Earliness per se effects have been located by various workers on chromosomes 2B, 3A, 4B, (nomenclature post-7th International Wheat Genetics Symposium), 6B, 6D, and 7B.
The earliness per se gene on the long arm of chromosome 2B was detected first by Scarth and Law (1993). The gene now is being studied using single chromosome recombinant lines developed between 2B homologues of Cappelle-Desprez and Chinese Spring in a Cappelle-Desprez background. Two genes affecting flowering time are present on the chromosome. On the short arm, the Ppd2 allele from Chinese Spring accelerates flowering time by about 5 days, whereas the earliness per se locus significantly alters flowering time by about 3 days. The reduction in flowering time associated with the earliness per se factor is correlated with a reduction in numbers of spikelets when vernalized plants are grown under long photoperiods. By reference to an RFLP map developed using 2B recombinant lines, the earliness per se gene maps to a group of centromeric markers (Xpsr 130, Xpsr 146, and Xpsr 102).
The chromosome 2B recombinant lines now are being grown in replicated field experiments in the UK, France, Germany, Japan, and Poland to determine the pleiotropic effects of the earliness per se gene and Ppd2 on a range of agronomic characters.
The use of microsatellite sequences in wheat.
K.M. Devos, G.J. Bryan, A.J. Collins, P. Stephenson, and M.D. Gale.
The application of microsatellite sequences, i.e., tandem arrays of simple-sequence repeats, as molecular markers in wheat was investigated. A detailed analysis of two microsatellites, located in a FONT SIZE=2 FACE="WP Greek Century"(-gliadin pseudogene and a low-molecular-weight glutenin gene, indicated that these markers display high levels of variation, which is due to a variable number of tandem repeats. The high specificity of the primer pairs resulted in the generation of genome-specific markers, which identified only one of the three genomes in hexaploid bread wheat and failed to amplify sequences in closely related Triticeae species. The results of this pilot study, which have been confirmed by a larger survey of randomly cloned microsatellite sequences, show that this marker system is especially suitable for intervarietal breeding applications.
Relationship between chromosome 9 of maize and wheat homoeologous group 7 chromosomes.
K.M. Devos, M.D. Gale, S. Chao (University of Missouri, Department of Agronomy, Columbia, USA), Q.Y. Li (now at Nanjing Agricultural University, Department of Agronomy, Nanjing, China), and M.C. Simonetti (now at Universita di Bari, Istituto di Miqlioramento Genetico delle Piante Agrarie, Bari, Italy).
Comparison of the genetic map of maize chromosome 9 with maps of wheat chromosomes has revealed a high degree of collinearity between maize chromosome 9 and the group 4 and 7 chromosomes of wheat. The order of DNA markers on the short arm and a proximal region of the long arm of the genetic map of maize chromosome 9 is highly conserved with the marker order on the short arm and proximal region of the long arm of the genetic maps of the wheat homoeologous group 7 chromosomes. A major part of the long arm of the genetic map of maize chromosome 9 is homoeologous with a short segment in the proximal region of the long arm of the genetic maps of the wheat group 4 chromosomes. There is also evidence that maize chromosome 9 has diverged from the wheat group 7 chromosomes by both a pericentric and a paracentric inversion. The paracentric inversion is probably unique to maize among the major cereal genomes.
Publications. Boerner A, Worland AJ, Plaschke J, Schumann E, and Law CN. 1994. Pleiotropic effects of genes for reduced height (Rht) and day-length insensitivity (Ppd) on yield and its components for wheat grown in middle Europe. Plant Breed 111: 204-216.
Boerner A, Schumann E, and Worland AJ. 1994. Der effect von gene fur Tageslangenreaktion aut Morphologische und Ertragsmerkmal beim Weizen. Vortrage Pflanzenzuchtung 28:156-158.
Chen DF, Dale P, Heslop-Harrison JS, Snape JW, Harwood W, Bean S, and Mullineaux PM. 1994. Stability of transgenes and presence of N6 methyladenine DNA in transformed wheat cells. The Plant J 5:429-436.
Devos KM, Chao S, Li QY, Simonetti MC, and Gale MD. 1994. Relationship between chromosome 9 of maize and wheat homoeologous group 7 chromosomes. Genetics 138:1287-1292.
Dyer TS, Nicholson P, Rezanoor HN, Lucas JA, and Perbody JF. 1993. Two allele heterothallism in Tapesia yallundae, the teleomorph of the cereal eyespot pathogen Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Phys Mol Plant Path 43:403-414.
Flintham JE, Evers AD, and Gale MD. 1994. Sprouting, amylase enzymes, and first-class British wheats. Agronomist 3:4-7.
Gale MD and Flintham JE. 1994. Molecular plant breeding progress and promise for breeding sprouting resistant wheats. In: Proceedings of the 1994 Cereals R & D Conference, Robinson College, Cambridge. Home Grown Cereals Authority 2.1-2.9.
Henry Y, Snape JW, and De Buyser J. 1994. Differential segregation of the Bl gene for awning among microspore derived progenies of wheat crosses. J Genet Breed 47:347-352.
Johnson R. 1994. Developments in prospects for breeding for durable resistance to the three rust diseases of wheat. In: Developing sustainable wheat production systems (Tanner TG ed) Kampala, CIMMYT. Pp. 123-140.
Johnson R. 1994. Understanding virulence of Puccinia striiformis and breeding for durable resistance to yellow rust of wheat. Plant Sci, Sofia 31:5-8.
King IP, Purdie KA, Liu CJ, Reader SM, Orford SE, Pittaway TS, and Miller TE. 1994. Detection of interchromosomal translocations within the Triticeae by RFLP analysis. Genome 37:882-887.
King IP, Reader SM, Purdie KA, Orford SE, and Miller TE. 1994. A study of the effect of a homoeologous pairing promoter on chromosome pairing in wheat/rye hybrids using genomic in situ hybridization. Heredity 72:318-321.
Koebner RMD and Martin PK. 1994. RAPDs as molecular markers for the detection of the presence of rye chromosomes in wheat. J Genet Breed 48:85-88.
Kurata N, Moore G, Nagamura Y, Foote T, Yano M, Minobe Y, and Gale MD. 1994. Conservation of genome structure between rice and wheat. Bio/Technology 12:276-278.
Laurie DA and O'Donoughue LS. 1994. Wheat x maize crosses for the production of wheat haploids. In: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 25: Maize (Bajaj YPS ed). Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Pp. 102-111.
Liu CJ and Gale MD. 1994. The genetical control and tissue-specificity of esterase isozymes in hexaploid wheat. Theor Appl Genet 88:797-802.
Martin PK, Humble J, and Koebner RMD. 1994. Use of the nutrient film technique as a method for assessment of plant response to salt stress in the cereals. Acta Soc Bot Poloniae 63:159-165.
Martin PK, Ambrose MJ, and Koebner RMD. 1994. A wheat germplasm survey uncovers salt tolerance in genotypes not exposed to salt stress in the course of their selection. Aspects Appl Biol 39:215-222.
Miller TE, King IP, Purdie KA, Reader SM, Orford SE, and Beales J. 1994. Production of mineral stress-tolerant wheat germplasm by chromosome engineering. In: Compendium of Current Research in Plant Sciences 1993 (Witcombe JR and Wright D eds) London. Overseas Development Administration. Pp. 44-46.
Miller TE, Reader SM, Purdie KA, and King IP. 1994. Determination of the frequency of wheat-rye chromosome pairing in wheat x rye hybrids with and without chromosome 5B. Theor Appl Genet 89:255-258.
Nicholson P and Rezanoor HN. 1994. The use of molecular biology for the identification and differentiation of individual isolates of fungal plant pathogens: facultative pathogens of the stem-base disease complex of cereals. In: Opportunities for molecular biology in crop production (Beadle DJ, Bishop DHL, Copping LG, Dixon GR, and Hollomon DW eds.) Farnham, British Crop Protection Council, Monograph. 55:229-242.
Nicholson P and Rezanoor HN. 1994. The use of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA to identify pathotype and detect variation in Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Mycol Res 98:13-21.
Nicholson P, Rezanoor HN, and Hollins TW. 1994. The identification of a pathotypespecific DNA probe for the R-type of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Plant Path 43:694-700.
Quarrie SA, Steed A, Lebreton C, Gulli M, Calestani C, and Marmiroli M. 1994. QTL analysis of ABA production in wheat and maize and associated physiological traits. Russian J Plant Phys 41:565-571.
Reader SM, Abbo S, Purdie KA, King IP, and Miller TE. 1994. Direct labelling of plant chromosomes by rapid in situ hybridization. Trends in Genet 10:265-266.
Schachermayr R, Siedler H, Gale MD, Winzeler H, Winzeler M, and Keller B. 1994. Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat. Theor Appl Genet 88:110-115.
Wang G, Ji J, Wang IB, Hu H, and Snape JW. 1993. The genetic characterization of a novel multi-addition derived from triticale x wheat hybrids. Theor Appl Genet 87:532-536.
ITEMS FROM THE UNITED STATES
ARKANSAS
University of Arkansas
Department of Agronomy, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA.

R.K. Bacon, E.A. Milus, B.R. Wells, and J.T. Kelly.

Production.
According to the Arkansas Agricultural Statistics Service, Arkansas farmers planted 980,000 acres of soft red winter wheat and harvested 880,000 acres in 1994. The average yield in the state was 46 bu/acre, accounting for a total production of 40,480,000 bu. Yields were generally high partly because of favorable weather and low disease pressure.
Management.
Soil fertility research in Arkansas continues to emphasize nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and their interactions. We also are doing management studies investigating the effects of cultivars and fall N and P additions in a doublecropping system with wheat following rice. On most rice soils, the addition of P fertilizer is necessary to optimize wheat yields following rice. This is related to the reduction in availability of soil P to upland crops following rice, because low solubility P compounds form as the soil is re-oxidized following flooding. Another 3-year study has shown conclusively that, on wet soils in Arkansas, P, topdressing anytime between seeding and the following March will result in good P uptake and increased grain yield. The N rate studies show that approximately 50 % less soil N is available to wheat growing on clay soils as compared to the silt loam soils in Arkansas; therefore, higher N fertilizer rates are needed on the clay soils to optimize yields.

Diseases.
b Pressure was low from all diseases during 1994. It was a good year for obtaining high yields and a bad year for obtaining disease data. Field tests for evaluating bacterial streak or Fusarium head blight resistance that were inoculated and managed for disease development provided good data, even though conditions were not optimum for disease. Useful levels of resistance to bacterial streak, but not to Fusarium head blight, were found among soft red winter wheat cultivars. An experimental fungicide (ICIA 5504) with a mode of action different from previously tested fungicides did not control Fusarium head blight.

Breeding and genetics.
The experimental line AR 26413A was released to seedsmen as `Hazen', primarily for its superior combination of high yield and high test weight. It was developed from the cross `Doublecrop/Purdue 6559B5-6-6-6-1 (`Beau')'. Hazen has shown excellent adaptation at test sites around the state, except for the extreme Southwest. It is an awned, white chaffed line with excellent straw strength and moderate resistance to leaf rust, the soil-borne virus complex, and bacterial streak. Compared to Cardinal, it is equal in yield potential, has about 1 lb heavier test weight, is 2 days earlier in maturity, is 5 inches shorter, and has better resistance to leaf rust.
An increase block of AR 26158-4 was planted this fall in anticipation of release. Out of the 50 entries in the Arkansas Cultivar Performance Trials, it had the second highest yield averaged across the 12 tests. Compared to Hazen, it has almost 1 lb heavier test weight and is 3 days earlier in maturity.
The nitrogen utilization research is being continued. Five lines were selected for high nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and five lines were selected for low NRA in two populations, Keiser/McNair 1003 and Keiser/Saluda, based on their yield performance. These lines were planted last year at two locations and were evaluated under the following spring N rates: 0, 67, 134, and 202 kg N ha-1. Preliminary results for both populations indicated that those lines selected for low and high NRA generally had their highest yields at the 67 and 134 kg N ha^-1 rates. The lines selected for low NRA generally had a higher N concentration in their leaf tissue at anthesis in the lower N rates than those lines selected for high NRA. The N use efficiency was higher for the low NRA lines than the high NRA lines at the lower N rates. These lines were planted again this fall at two locations for further evaluation.
Publications.
Bacon RK. 1994. Test weight-An overview. In: Proceedings of the Soft Red Wheat Quality Symposium. Little Rock, AR. (In press).
Bacon RK and Kelly JT. 1994. Genotypic responses of soft red winter wheat to variation in cultural practices. North American Wheat Workers Workshop, Kansas City, KS. Poster abstract p. 22.

Bacon RK, Kelly JT, and Parsons CE. 1994. 1993-94 Arkansas small-grain cultivar performance tests. Pp. 37.
Correll MD, Wells BR, Bacon RK, and Kelly JT. 1994. Wheat response to phosphorus fertilization timing on poorly drained soils. Agron Abstr:306.
Correll MD, Wells BR, Bacon RK, and Kelly JT. 1994. Wheat response to phosphorus fertilization timing on wet soils. In: Intensive Wheat Management Conf Proc, Denver, CO. 10-11 March 1994. Potash and Phosphate Institute/Foundation for Agronomic Research, Atlanta, GA. Pp. 123-130.

Kelly JT and Bacon RK. 1994. Genotypic response to planting date and seeding rate of wheat. Agron Abstr:158.
Kelly JT, Bacon RK, and Gbur EE. 1994. Genetic relationship between grain yield and test weight in soft red winter wheat. American Society of Agronomy - Southern Branch, Nashville, TN. Agron Abstr p. 4.
Kelly, J.T., Bacon RK, and Gbur EE. 1995. Relationship of grain yield and test weight in soft red winter wheat. Cereal Res Commun (In press).
Kelly JT, Bacon RK, and Wells BR. 1994. Relation of nitrogen utilization to yield components in soft red winter wheat. J Plant Nutr 17:2105-2118.
Kelly JT and Bacon RK. 1994. Selection for nitrate reductase activity in soft wheat. Ark Farm Res 43(3):6
-7. Milus EA. 1994. Effect of foliar fungicides on disease control, yield, and test weight in soft red winter wheat. Crop Prot 13:291-295.
Milus EA. 1994. Effects of leaf rust and Septoria leaf blotch on yield and test weight of wheat in Arkansas. Plant Dis 78:55-59.
Milus EA and Chalkley DB. 1994. Virulence of Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens on selected wheat cultivars. Plant Dis 78:612-615.
Milus EA and Chalkley DB. 1994. No evidence for races of the bacterial streak pathogen. Ark Farm Res 43(3):13-14.
Milus EA and Mirlohi AF. 1994. Use of disease reactions to identify resistance in wheat to bacterial streak. Plant Dis 78:157-161. Milus EA and Mirlohi AF. 1994. Source of inoculum for bacterial streak of wheat. Ark Farm Res 43(2):10-11. Milus EA, Mirlohi AF, and Chalkley DB. 1994. An inoculation technique to identify resistance in wheat to bacterial streak. Ark Farm Res 43(3):12-13. Milus EA and Parsons CE. 1994. Evaluation of foliar fungicides for controlling Fusarium head blight of wheat. Plant Dis 78:697-699. Milus EA, Penix SE, and Gbur EE. 1994. Progress of Septoria nodorum infection on susceptible and moderately resistant wheat cultivars. Ark Farm Res 43(1):14-15. Parsons CE, Kelly JT, Wells BR, and Bacon RK. 1994. Equipment modification for research purposes. Agron Abstr:76. Schuler SF, Bacon RK, and Gbur EE. 1994. Kernel and spike character influence on test weight of soft red winter wheat. Crop Sci 34:1309-1313. Wells BR, Bacon RK, and Kelly JT. 1994. Wheat cultivar response to N rate and fungicide treatment. In: Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 1993. Arkansas Agric Exp Stn Research Series 436 (Sabbe WE ed). Pp. 98-104.
Wells BR, Bacon RK, Dilday R, and Kelly JT. 1994. Response of wheat following rice to fall fertilization. In: Arkansas Soil Fertility Studies 1993. Arkansas Agric Exp Stn Research Series 436 (Sabbe WE ed). Pp. 105-108.