GrainGenes
A Database for Triticeae and Avena
North Dakota State University
Department of Cereal Science, Fargo,
ND 58105, USA.
W.R. Moore, D.T. Gordon, P. Rayas-Duarte, B. D'Appolonia, and J. Jacobs.
Personnel.
Dr. Dennis T. Gordon was
named the Chair of Cereal Science, effective October 1, 1994.
Dr. Gordon, formerly a professor of the Food Science Department,
University of Missouri, Columbia, has a long association with
the American Association of Cereal Chemists. He has consulted
with a number of baking or baking-oriented companies and is familiar
with the end uses of wheat.
The durum wheat quality-durum
wheat research position in the department of Cereal Science remains
unfilled. Department, Agriculture College Administration, and
commodity marketing groups are supporting the initiatives presented
to the state legislature to provide funding for a replacement.
It is listed as one of the high priority positions on campus.
In the interim, Drs. Patricia
Rayas-Duarte, Assistant Professor, and Wayne Moore are fulfilling
durum's research and quality needs, respectively. Dr. Rayas-Duarte's
research projects include determining the effect of high and ultra
high drying temperatures on pasta starch fraction and the composition
of physical methods used in the evaluation of spaghetti. Dr.
Moore is supervising the durum wheat quality laboratory and it
participation in evaluation of breeder's materials and crop quality
survey.
Information.
Foreign travel during November
1994, sponsored by U.S. Wheat Associates, was undertaken by Drs.
Wayne Moore, Bert D'Appolonia, Professor Emeritus and Mr. Jim
Jacobs, Northern Crops Institute, presenting seminars on the quality
of the 1994 spring wheat crop. D'Appolonia, Jacobs, and Moore,
presented seminars on hard red spring wheat quality in the Far
East (6 countries), Europe (9 countries), and Latin America (8
countries), respectively. The format of multiple individual or
small group discussions seemed more effective than the large seminar
format.
Faculty in the department
participated in certain short courses offered by the Northern
Crops Institute as well as giving presentations to numerous trade
team delegations.
Hard red spring wheat quality in 1994 varied from excellent to poor. The variation was due to abnormal weather conditions. Heavy rainfall and cool temperatures in north central, northeast, and eastern North Dakota provided
excellent conditions for the
growth of Fusarium graminearum. Scab was again a significant
problem in the northern plains. The major scab problem was centered
in the Red River valley region. Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) levels
in wheat samples from the affected regions were generally less
than 10 ppm.
A successful AACC short course,
under the direction of Dr. Bert D'Appolonia, Professor Emeritus,
entitled Experimental Baking and Dough Rheology was presented
by faculty and staff at the department. The course attracted
excellent participation.
Preliminary investigations
were completed on a model system to evaluate the blending potential
of hard red spring wheat. Early results indicate that the model
could differentiate the potential of existing cultivars to increase
loaf volume. Wheat bran, obtained from four wheat classes, was
ground to three distinct particle size ranges. Addition of these
three size groupings to bread indicated an optimum particle for
the wheat bran. Both large and small particles were more detrimental
to loaf quality and volume than the medium sized particles. Evaluation
of ascorbic acid as an oxidant in experimental baking for variety
testing was undertaken. Early indications are that 50 ppm ascorbic
acid will be the level used to replace 10 ppm potassium bromate
in the wheat cultivar bread making evaluations.
Research was continued on
the structure-function relationship of glutenin in bread making.
Correlations were developed between the quantity of certain high
molecular weight (HMW) subunits of glutenin and bread making quality
parameters of hard red spring (HRS) wheat. Also, the possibility
of quantitating sulfhydryl (SH) and disulfide (S-S) content in
flour and dough of HRS wheat is being explored through enzymatic
digestion of proteins and quantitation by amino acid composition
analyses. A multistacking SDS-PAGE procedure was used to fractionate
unreduced glutenin, quantitate by densitometry, elute the various
molecular weight species, and characterize these various fractions
by amino acid composition analyses. Also, the disaggregation
properties of glutenin were studied by multistacking SDS-PAGE
and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after sonication of flour
and after low concentrations of a reducing agent were added to
dough.
Research continued on the
structure-function relationship of gluten in bread making. A
grant ($130,000) was obtained from NRCGP to pursue research on
`Characterization
of Spring Wheat Glutenin Protein in Relation to Bread making Quality'.
A study quantifying sulfhydryl (SH) and disulfide (S-S) contents
in HRS wheat flour and dough after enzyme digestion of the proteins
was completed. A study on pasta containing regrinds and the effect
on pasta quality was completed. Studies on the quantitative relationship
of the high and low molecular weight (HMW and LMW) glutenin subunits
in relation to bread making quality is being continued. The multistacking
SDS-Page procedure is being used to quantitate and characterize
the native glutenin species. We recently purchased a BioRad Imaging
Densitometer (Model GS-670) for our quantitative work.
Publications.
Eckert JD and Moore WR. 1994.
Effects of egg and soy proteins on the freeze-thaw stability
of frozen bread dough. Paper No 73. Am Assoc Cereal Chem, 79th
Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, October 22-27, 1994. Volunteered
paper.
Fang K and Khan K. 1994.
Pasta regrinds: Effect of high temperature drying on product
quality. Cereal Foods World 39:615 (Abstract).
Han HS and Khan K. 1994.
Enzymatic solubilization of wheat proteins to determine sulfhydryl
and disulfide contents. Cereal Foods World 39:617.
Huang D and Khan K. 1994.
Investigations of rheological behaviors of wheat glutens in relationship
to breadmaking quality. Cereal Foods World 39:619.
Khan K and Huckle L. 1994.
Preparative isoelectric focusing of glutenin fractionated by
a multi-stacking SDS-PAGE procedure. Cereal Foods World 39:627.
Khan K, Huckle L, and Freeman
T. 1994. Disaggregation of glutenin with low concentrations of
reducing agent and by sonication-solubility electrophoretic and
SEM studies. Cereal Chem 71:242.
Mandalla R and Moore WR.
1994. Sensory and cooking quality evaluation of spaghetti made
from non-durum wheats and effects of high temperature drying on
pasta quality. Paper No 137. Am Assoc Cereal Chem, 79th Annual
Meeting, Nashville, TN, October 22-27, 1994.
Moore WR, Hinsz BL, and Osborne
JH. 1994. The Quality of the Regional 1994 Durum Wheat Crop.
Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University,
Fargo, ND 58105.
Moore WR, Olson TC, Nelson
R, Puhr D, and Hansen D. 1994. The Quality of the Regional 1994
Hard Red Spring Wheat Crop. Agricultural Experiment Station,
North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105.
Zhang D and Moore WR. 1994.
Effects of wheat bran particle size on dough rheology and bread
baking performance. Paper No 160. Am Assoc Cereal Chem, 79th
Annual Meeting, Nashville, TN, October 22-27, 1994.
North Dakota State University
Plant Sciences Department, Loftsgard
Hall, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA.
E.M. Elias, J.A. Anderson, C.R. Riede, J.D. Faris, D.J. Cox, J.W. Johnson, W. Moore, J.D. Miller, S.S. Maan, L.J. Francl, J.G. Jordahl, A. Mesfin, R.C. Frohberg, S.Y. Xia, C.M. Rystedt, and P.W. Chee.
Personnel changes.
Dr. Carlos R. Riede, a Research
Associate, returned to the state of Parana, Brazil, in April,
1995, to resume his work as Wheat Breeder at IAPAR and Associate
Professor at the University of Londrina.
Hard red winter wheat breeding project.
Approximately 40,000 acres
were planted to hard red winter wheat in North Dakota in the fall
of 1993. Average yield of the 1994 crop was estimated at 33 bu/a,
the same as 1993. The 1994 growing season was wet statewide.
Predominant diseases were caused by Puccinia recondita
Septoria nodorum, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis,
and Fusarium graminearum (eastern 1/3 of the state only).
'Roughrider' was grown on about 49 % of the acreage; 'Seward',
29 %; and 'Arapahoe', 10 %. Two hundred fifty-three crosses were
made during the 1993-1994
greenhouse season. Matings were mostly between elite winter hardy
lines and high yielding, rust-resistant lines from the Central
Great Plains. A preliminary yield trial at two locations and
an advanced yield trial at four locations were used to evaluate
102 and 32 lines, respectively. The most advanced yield trial,
the variety trial, was harvested at six locations and contained
seven experimental North Dakota lines and six cultivars. Five
of the experimental lines were advanced to the 1995 variety trial.
Experimental line ND8933 was released as `Elkhorn'
(see below). (Anderson)
New hard red winter wheat cultivar: 'Elkhorn'.
'Elkhorn' was developed
by the Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University,
in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture
and officially released in February, 1995.
Elkhorn is an increase of
an F3-derived line from the cross of `Norstar/4/Centurk//Winoka/Uljanovka/3/SD76694'
made in 1984 at North Dakota State University. Elkhorn was identified
in 1989 and tested as ND8933 in North Dakota yield trials beginning
in 1990 and the Northern Regional Performance Nursery in 1992-1994.
Elkhorn is white chaffed,
awned, mid-maturity, similar to `Seward'
and of conventional height, similar to `Roughrider'.
Straw strength is similar to that of Roughrider and weaker than
that of Seward. In 24 North Dakota trials from 1991 through 1994,
Elkhorn averaged 4 % greater grain yield than Seward, 7 % greater
than `Arapahoe',
and 12 % greater than Roughrider. Winter hardiness is intermediate
between that of Roughrider and Seward.
Elkhorn is moderately susceptible
to leaf rust, but is more resistant than Roughrider or Seward.
Elkhorn is moderately resistant to stem rust. In greenhouse
testing, approximately 75 % of plants have exhibited seedling
resistance to the stem rust race most prevalent in North Dakota.
Therefore, a small proportion of susceptible plants may be observed
under field conditions.
Elkhorn is a good quality
hard red winter wheat. Average test weight is equivalent to that
of Roughrider, and greater than that of Seward. Wheat protein
content, flour extraction and wet gluten are mid-range between
those of Roughrider (higher protein) and Seward (lower protein).
Dough mixing properties of Elkhorn are rated as good, better
than those of Seward and equivalent to those of Roughrider. Bread
baking performance is also good, equal to that of Roughrider.
(Anderson, Cox, Johnson, Moore, and Miller)
Triticum
longissimum
cytoplasm is incompatible with the T. turgidum
nuclear genome. Two nuclear genes, scs and Vi,
derived from the nuclear genome of T. timopheevii
and by a spontaneous mutation, respectively, restore nuclear-cytoplasmic
compatibility, normal plant vigor, and male fertility in these
alloplasmic genotypes. The objectives of this study were to i)
determine the chromosomal locations of scs and Vi,
ii) identify DNA markers for scs and Vi, and iii)
determine the interactions involving the dosage of scs
and Vi.
Two populations segregating
for scs and Vi were produced and scored for seedling
vigor (indicating presence of scs) and degree of self fertility
(indicating presence of Vi). Four RFLP markers were mapped
near scs. Aneuploid analysis revealed that these markers,
and hence the scs gene, are located on the long arm of
chromosome 1A. Four RFLP markers were mapped near Vi on
1BS. Results indicated that other factors may be inhibiting the
expression of Vi. We determined the dosage of scs
and Vi in both populations with the aid of the linked RFLP
markers. Individuals with two doses versus one of scs
had reduced self-fertility, whereas individuals with two doses
versus one of Vi had similar self-fertility. (Anderson
and Maan)