GrainGenes
A Database for Triticeae and Avena
COLORADO
COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Ft. Collins, CO 80523-1170,
USA.
J.S. Quick, J. Stromberger, B. Clifford, S. Clayschulte,
Y. Zhang, S. Liu, Q.A. Khan, T. Mulat, A. Ibrahim, and B. Erker.
Production.
The 1996 Colorado winter wheat production was 70.4
million bushels, down 31% from the 1995 crop, and the yield average
was 32 bu/acre (harvested acreage), down from 38 bu/acre in 1995
and slightly below the 5-year average. Drought in the southeast
and southwest producing areas were largely responsible for the
large decline from the previous year. Dry, autumn conditions
delayed planting, and wheat plants were small going into the winter.
These conditions resulted in reduced RWA populations, and the
1996 crop escaped RWA damage. Plant stands were reduced, sometimes
dramatically, by multiple warming trends at early spring green-up
followed by freezing temperatures. Trials in southeast Colorado
were lost for yield, but very useful information was obtained
for cold tolerance. Leading cultivars were TAM 107, Lamar, Yuma,
and Akron.
Halt, the first RWA-resistant wheat developed
in the USA, yielded the same to or more than the predominant cultivars
of 1996 on-farm tests in Colorado, Wyoming, and western Nebraska.
Halt is an early semidwarf with excellent quality and is moderately
susceptible to leaf rust. Akron was the highest-yielding cultivar
in the 1996 Colorado dryland variety tests. The cultivar Sylvan,
a semidwarf hard red spring developed in Utah and released in
Colorado in 1994, has continued to yield well when grown under
irrigation in southwestern Colorado.
Selection progress was made for grain yield, grain
volume weight, winter hardiness, resistance to shattering, drought
tolerance, WSMV resistance, and breadmaking quality among approximately
2,000 early generation lines evaluated statewide.
Three RWA-resistant, backcross-derived lines related to TAM 107, Yuma, and Lamar are under seed increase for possible release in August, 1997. Molecular markers are associated with the Dn2 and Dn4 genes conditioning RWA resistance. These markers will help shorten the development time for pyramiding resistance genes in adapted wheats. Genetic analyses of RWA resistance in the Russian triticale PI386150 showed single dominant gene resistance and is located on S. montanum chromosome 4R. Expression of the resistance gene was disturbed in a wheat background. No wheat-rye chromosome interchanges were found in advanced generations. Therefore, stabilization of resistance will be difficult without artificial induction of chromosome interchanges.
Methods to select for heat tolerance in wheat were
compared. The development of high temperature-tolerant wheat
germplasm is necessary to improve grain yield and milling quality
under high-temperature stress environments. The membrane
thermostability test measures electrolyte leakage and has been
shown to be a useful laboratory screening technique for selecting
high-temperature tolerant wheat genotypes. In 1994, a triphenyl-tetrazolium
chloride test, an indicator of mitochondrial activity, was reported
to be useful for measuring differences in acquired thermal tolerance
in winter wheat. The objectives of our study were to 1) modify
these tests to improve the screening efficiency (samples per person-hour),
and 2) compare the results of the two tests using comparable sets
of genotypes. We have increased the screening efficiency by 100
% and obtained highly significant correlations between results
of the two screening tests.
Personnel.
Jim Quick is serving as acting head of the Soil and
Crop Sciences Department from 1 July, 1996-30
June, 1997, and continues to lead the wheat breeding program.
Brad Erker joined the program as a graduate student working on
molecular genetics of the RWA.
Publications.
Ma ZQ, Nelson C, Saidi A, Quick JS, and Lapitan NLV.
1997. Chromosome localization and mapping of Russian wheat aphid
resistance genes Dn2 and Dn4 in wheat. Proc Plant
Genome IV, San Diego, CA (Abstract).
Nkongolo KK, Lapitan NLV, and Quick JS. 1996. Genetic
and cytogenetic analyses of Russian wheat aphid resistance in
triticale x wheat hybrids and progenies. Crop Sci 36:1114-1119.
Quick JS, Albrechtsen RS, and Stack M. 1996. Registration
of Sylvan wheat. Crop Sci 36:802.
Quick JS and Reynolds M. 1996. Comparison of methods
for selection for heat tolerance in wheat. Proc 5th Inter Wheat
Conf, Ankara, Turkey (in press).
Quick JS, Ellis GE, Normann RM, Stromberger JA, Shanahan
JF, Peairs FB, Rudolph JB, and Lorenz K. 1996. Registration
of Halt wheat. Crop Sci 36:210.
Quick JS, Ellis GE, Normann RM, Stromberger JA, Shanahan
JF, Peairs FB, Rudolph JB, and Lorenz K. 1996. Registration
of Russian wheat aphid-resistant wheat germplasm. Crop Sci
36:217.
Quick JS, Ellis GE, Normann RM, Stromberger JA, Shanahan
JF, and Lorenz K. 1996. Registration of Akron wheat. Crop Sci
36:210-211.
Quick JS, Ellis GE, Normann RM, Stromberger JA, Shanahan
JF, and Lorenz K. 1996. Registration of Jules wheat. Crop Sci
36:208.
Saidi A and Quick JS. 1996. Inheritance and allelic
relationships among Russian wheat aphid resistance genes in winter
wheat. Crop Sci 36:256-258.
UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
Department of Agronomy, Griffin, GA 30212, USA.
J.W. Johnson, R.D. Barnett, B.M. Cunfer, J.J. Roberts,
and G.D. Buntin.
The 1996 Georgia winter wheat crop was grown on about
450,000 harvested acres and produced a state average yield of
48 bu/acre compared to 1995s average of 38 bu/acre. Record prices
combined with near-record yields made the 1996 crop one of the
most profitable. Weather conditions from late January to early
March were extremely cold. Temperature dropped to below 10 F
during early February causing widespread injury, especially to
the early maturing cultivars. A very late freeze in mid-March
resulted in severe damage to early-maturing cultivars, but little
damage to late-maturing cultivars. Cool and dry conditions prevailed
through the grain-filling stage. Powdery mildew and leaf
rust also were major causes of low yields.
Breeding.
The Georgia and Florida small grain breeding programs
have begun to merge into a single, regional program. We are in
the third year of joint testing, in which both programs have entered
lines in elite and advanced yield trials that are grown at six
locations. Four locations are in Georgia (Griffin, Plains, Midville,
and Calhoun) and two locations are in Florida (Quincy and Marianna).
We are growing four replications of the elite trials and two
replications of the advanced trials at each location. We will
be making joint releases with the foundation seed organizations
of both states handling distribution of new releases, and there
will be some division of labor. One example would be where one
group makes crosses, and the other group grows out the preliminary
increases.
A SRWW line, GA 90078, was released as Fleming.
Fleming was selected from the cross `GA
821264-2 *3 / 79102'.
GA 821264-2 was an experimental line from the cross `McNair
3271/FL 301//McNair 1003/ Coker 916'
and 79102 is an experimental line from the cross `Blueboy/Amigo'.
Fleming has the T1AL-1RS
translocation. This cultivar possesses resistance to powdery
mildew, leaf rust, and Hessian fly, and has excellent test weight
and straw-strength, and is early in maturity.
A oat line, FL 874-E55, was released as Chapman.
Chapman is a new winter oat that has high grain yield, improved
lodging resistance, better winter hardiness, and improved crown
rust resistance.
A rye line, WRC 7, was released as Wrens 96.
Wrens 96 is a high-yielding early-maturing cultivar for the both
forage and grain. The cultivar has medium-strength straw and
excellent resistance to leaf rust. Wrens 96 yields about 450
kg/ha more in grain yield than Wrens Abruzzi in severe epidemics
of leaf rust.
A barley line, GA-81814, was released as GA-Everett.
GA-Everett has excellent yield potential and resistance
to scald.
Waterlogging. Understanding
plant responses to waterlogged conditions and the subsequent resumption
of aeration is important for breeding tolerant genotypes. The
growth response of 21 wheat genotypes to waterlogged conditions
was evaluated. Plants were grown for 14 d in pots, flooded with
water for 21 d, and allowed to recover for 14 days. Measurements
taken on four individual plants per genotype were the number of
green leaves, survival rate, and nutrient deficiencies.
Based on the number of green leaves, the results indicated that three CIMMYT lines (Ducula-OY-OSJ-2Y-05XM, `PRL/Sara', and `Vee/Myna') and a Georgia experimental line (871339) were classified as very waterlogging tolerant. The genotypes that were classified as moderately tolerant were GA 87467, Coker 9877, Pioneer 2548, Coker 9835, and Coker 9143. The most sensitive genotypes were the Pioneer lines 2628 and 2684, and GA-Stuckey and Seri. Breeding for waterlogging tolerance could be facilitated by selecting genotypes that develop more green leaves after waterlogging conditions end.
Plant pathology. Suspected
Karnal bunt teliospores were detected in 11 samples of wheat from
7 out of 62 counties sampled but not until November after most
wheat was planted. The possibility of regulations on southeastern
wheat caused great concern to growers and agribusiness. By February
1997, the accuracy of the PCR test to identify Karnal bunt was
questioned. No bunted kernels have been found in grain samples,
including those with suspected Karnal bunt teliospores, and inoculations
to determine the pathogenicity of teliospores from the southeast
were not completed. APHIS decided not to impose a quarantine
unless bunted kernels were found. The USDA assured that farmers
would be compensated if a quarantine was necessary, allowing them
to decide to grow their crop to maturity at the time when spring
nitrogen and weed control were necessary. The economic impact
of the uncertainty over Karnal bunt in the southeast remains undetermined.
Pressure continues from the agribusiness community and the scientific
community for the USDA to drop its zero tolerance policy on Karnal
bunt.
Personnel.
Dr. John J. Roberts, USDA-ARS,
retired the 1 October, 1996. His position was not refilled by
the USDA.
Publications.
Abreu CG, Cunfer BM. and Cardoso AO. 1996. Assessment
of losses caused by Septoria glume blotch of triticale using the
improved single tiller method. Cer Res Commun 24:183-186.
Johnson JW, Cunfer BM, Buntin GD, Roberts JJ, and
Bland DE. 1996. Registration of 'GA-Stuckey' wheat. Crop
Sci 36:801.
Johnson JW, Buntin GD, Cunfer BM, Roberts JJ, and
Bland DE. 1996. Registration of 'GA-Dozier' wheat. Crop
Sci 36:801.
Johnson JW and Oetting R. 1996. Educational activities
at the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station. J Nat Resour
Life Sci Educ 25:112-113.
Patterson FL, Ohm HW, Johnson JW, and Wickersham
DS. 1996. Registration of five wheat pollen fertility restorer
germplasm lines: PR143, PR189, PR267, and PR302. Crop Sci 36:1424.
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO
Plant and Soil Science Department, Moscow, ID 83343, USA and
the Agricultural Experiment Station, P.O. Box AA, Aberdeen, ID
83210, USA.
R. Zemetra, E. Souza, S. Guy, P. Berger, M. Lauver,
J. Windes, M. Moore, J. Hansen, P. Shiel, K. O'Brien, R. Mongi, P. McCarthy, and T. Linscott.
Production.
The 1996 Idaho winter wheat production was 68.8 million
bushels, a 17.6 % increase from 1995. The increase in total production
can be attributed to favorable moisture conditions, an increase
in acreage harvested, and a higher than average yield per acre
(80 bu/acre). Climatic conditions caused increases in foliar
diseases, and stripe, leaf, and stem rust were observed. In most
cases, the incidence of disease occurred late in the growing season
and did not have a significant effect on yield. Statistics for
the Idaho winter wheat production for the last 5 years are given
below.
_______________________________________________________________
Year Acres planted Acres harvested Yield Production
x 103 x 103 bu/acre bu x 103
_______________________________________________________________
1992 870 800 65 52,000
1993 920 850 79 67,000
1994 840 790 72 57,000
1995 830 770 76 58,500
1996 900 860 80 68,800
_______________________________________________________________
Personnel.
Dr. Nilsa Bosque-Perez was hired to work in
on host-plant resistance to insects in cereals. Ms. Katherine
O'Brien
was hired as the manager of the Idaho Wheat Quality Laboratory,
replacing Mark Kruk, who moved to the Wheat Marketing Center in
Portland, Oregon. Tony Wasley was hired as a Scientific Aide
in the Aberdeen Wheat Breeding Program replacing Katherine O'Brien.
Rose Mongi completed her M.S. thesis and returned to Tanzania.
Boundary, a hard red winter
wheat, was released by the Aberdeen program in 1996. Boundary
is a semidwarf wheat adapted to high-yield areas of the Pacific
Northwest. Boundary has adult plant resistance but seedling susceptibility
to the dominant races of stripe rust. Boundary is resistant to
leaf rust and powdery mildew and moderately tolerant to snow mold,
similar to Manning. In southeastern Idaho rainfed yield trials
between 1993 and 1996, Boundary had an average yield of 58 bu/acre
compared with 51 bu/acre for Bonneville, 53 bu/acre for Weston,
and 57 bu/acre for Promontory. In 7 site-years of testing
in northern Idaho and Pullman, Washington, Boundary had an average
yield of 77 bu/acre compared with 66 bu/acre for Wanser. Boundary
yielded 107 bu/acre and Wanser 90 bu/acre in 6 site-years
of testing in western Montana. In 6 site-years of southern
Idaho irrigated yield trials, Boundary yielded 110 bu/acre compared
with 104 bu/acre for Garland and 103 bu/acre for Ute. Boundary
is a stiff-strawed cultivar, consistently rated as having the
least lodging when compared to other irrigated and dryland hard
red winter wheats. The milling quality of Boundary in 22 site-years
of southeastern Idaho trials was similar to Weston. Boundary
had a 63 % longer mixing time and a 13 % better mixing tolerance,
but an 8 % smaller loaf volume than Weston in the same trials.
The SWWW Brundage was jointly released by
the Moscow and Aberdeen programs in 1996. Brundage is a short,
white-chaffed, awnletted, semidwarf wheat intended for the
irrigated regions of southern Idaho. Brundage is 5-7
cm (2-3
in) shorter than Stephen and heads 2-3
days earlier than Stephens. The cultivar has excellent straw
strength and has show no lodging under irrigated conditions.
In 25 site-years of irrigated trials in southern Idaho, Brundage
has averaged 147 bu/acre compared to 137 bu/acre for Stephens.
Brundage has averaged a higher test weight (60.9 lbs/bu) than
Stephens (59.1 lbs/bu) in the same trials. Under dryland conditions
in Idaho, Brundage yielded slightly less than Stephens, Madsen,
and Lambert over 28 site-years. In these trials, Brundage
was equal to, or better than, these cultivars for test weight.
Brundage has excellent soft white winter wheat quality when grown
under irrigation in southern Idaho. Over 11 site-years,
Brundage was lower in percent protein and NIR hardness, equal
in flour yield, and greater in cookie diameter than Stephens.
Under dryland conditions, Brundage was again superior for percent
protein, NIR hardness, and cookie diameter, but was lower in flour
yield when compared to Stephens. Brundage has good seedling stripe
rust resistance for southern Idaho. However, its intermediate
level of adult stripe rust resistance may be inadequate in areas
where stripe rust occurs early in the season or the climate stays
cool and moist for extended periods in the late spring and early
summer. Brundage is susceptible to leaf rust, stem rust, Pseudocercosporella
footrot, common bunt, and dwarf bunt.
Rose Mongi completed her M.S. thesis research on
the effect of the HMW-glutenin subunits 7 and 17 on end-use
quality in the SWWW line ID81-277. Two biotypes were identified
that differed for the two glutenin subunits and were grown in
two location in Idaho in 1994-95.
The lines were evaluated for milling and baking quality. No
differences were found between the two lines for either milling
or baking quality indicating that these subunits encoded on chromosome
1B have little effect on SWWW end-use quality.
Field trials were planted in October, 1997, to evaluate
the performance of transgenic wheat with either a BYDV-cp
gene or a WSMV-cp gene. A dsRNase gene pac 1, has
been inserted into wheat and resistance to WSMV was observed in
the T2 generation.
Publications.
Mongi R. 1996. Effects of high molecular glutenin
proteins on end-use quality of soft white winter wheat.
M.S. thesis, University of Idaho.
Moore MK, Guy SO, Zemetra RS, Liu CT, Kronstad WE,
Robertson LD, Brown BD, and Lauver M. 1996. Lambert soft white
winter wheat University of Idaho Cooperative Extension System,
Current Information Series No. 1045.
Rafi MM, Zemetra RS, and Quisenberry SS. 1996.
Interaction between Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)
and resistant and susceptible genotypes of wheat. J Econ Entomol
89:239-246.
Rafi MM, Zemetra RS, and Berger PH. 1996. Jasmonic
acid-methyl ester induced protein profile modifications in
wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Acta Physiol Plant 18:53-58.
Souza E. 1996. Host plant resistance to the Russian
wheat aphid in wheat and barley. In: Russian Wheat Aphid:
A response model for an introduced pest (Peairs F and Quisenberry
SS eds). Thomas Say Publications in Entomology. Entomol Soc
of Amer (In press).
Souza E, Windes JM, Quisenberry AA, Schotzko DJ,
Lamb PF, Halbert S, Zemetra RS, and Smith CM. 1997. Registration
of Idaho 471A and 471B wheat germplasm. Crop Sci (In press).
Souza E, Windes JM, Quisenberry SS, Schotzko DJ,
Lamb PF, Halbert S, Zemetra RS, and Smith CM. 1997. Registration
of Idaho 472 wheat germplasm. Crop Sci (In press).
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