GrainGenes
A Database for Triticeae and Avena
Tsuchiya, pp. 82-86
V. 1. Linkage Maps of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). (1)
T. Tsuchiya, Department of Agronomy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523, U.S.A.
(1) Supported by USDA-CSU Cooperative Research Grant No. 48-9AZH-2265
and CSU Hatch project.
There are some reports on linkage mapping in barley. Some results are useful in locating genes in a map to improve the map. However, others are not only less useful but rather confusing in improving linkage maps. Some results are difficult to use in locating the genes in the cytogenetic maps with centromeres located.
In this report recent progress in linkage studies is presented.
Chromosome 1
Hayashi and Moriya (1985) associated a gene for fragile stem mutant
(fs3) with chromosome 1 by means of primary trisomic analysis. Hayashi
et al. (1984) associated gl5 for glossy seedling 5 (KM 239) with
chromosome 1. Dwarf gene in an induced mutant 648 AK associated with chromosome
1 was found to be allelic to br (Maluszynski and Szarejko, 1984).
Two genes CMa and CMc for CM-proteins (A-hordeins) were associated
with chromosome 1 with the use of barley chromsome addition lines of wheat
(Salcedo et al. 1984).
Chromosome 2
Three genes, mt,,e (mottled leaf) in Victoria Hen, gs9
for glossy sheath and spike 9 in OUM 29 and sld2 for slender dwarf
in OUM 142 were located with chromsome 2 (Hayashi, et al., 1984).
Chromsome 3
Tripsin inhibitor locus (Itc1) was located between gs2
and yst2 in chromosome 3 (Nielsen and Hejgaard, 1985). However,
their map showed extreme deviation from previously reported maps (Tsuchiya,
1984) and need more careful analysis.
Konishi et al (1984) located six genes in chromosme 3: cu2-34.75%-als; lzd-9.97%-al; sld and wst,,j are close to uz; sca and gs2 are close to al and als, respectively. The order of 10 genes in chromosome 3 is as follows:
lzd-sca-al-xc-uz-sld-wst,,j-gs2-als-cu2
The genes dw1 in 862 PK, and sdw-b in 267 MR were located in chromosome 3 (Maluszynski and Szarejko, 1984). However, nature of these mutants and allelic relations with similar mutants in this chromosome were not known.
Chromosome 4
Two genes, f10 and sid were located in chromosome 4 (Hayashi
et al, 1984). The gene lk,,f was found to be linked with msg24
in chromosome 4 (Eckhoff and Ramage, 1984).
Chromosome 5
Three genes were studied with telotrisomic for 5L (Triplo 5L) with
the following results: trd was confirmed its association with 5L. However,
int-a1 and f3 showed apparent disomic ratio with
an appreciable number of recessive homozygotes in the trisomic portion,
suggesting their association with the short arm of chromosome 5 (5S). These
are the first and only genes controlling morphological characteristics
associated in the short arm (5S) (Shahla and Tsuchiya, 1985).
Hayashi et al (1984) located cud2 (curly dwarf 2) in OUM 112 in chromosome 5. The gene Hrd G for hordein G was located in chromosome 5 (Netsvetaev and Sozinov, 1984).
Detailed information on linkage and the map for chromosome 5 were presented by Jensen (1985).
Chromsome 6
The gene ea7 for earliness was associated with 6S and gs4
for glossy sheath 4 seems to be located in the 6L (Shahla and Tsuchiya,
1985). The gene cu3 for curly 3 was located in chromosome 6 (Hayashi,
et al. 1984).
Chromosome 7
Four genes were analyzed with the telotrisomic for 7S (Triplo 7S).
Only one gene, ddt for DDT resistance showed trisomic ratio with
no recessive homozygote in the trisomic portion, indicating its association
with the short arm (7S). Three other genes lb, va and mt2
showed disomic ratios, suggesting their association with the long arm (7L)
(Shahla and Tsuchiya, 1985). Based on these results, the centromere was
located for the first time in the genetic map of chromosome with ddt
on the short arm (7S), (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Linkage maps of barley, 1985.
The genes cud (curly dwarf) in OUM 120 and dsk (dusky) were located in chromosome 7 (Hayashi et al. 1984). Thomas et al. (1984) associated ert gene in the spring barley variety Golden Promise with chromosome 7S by means of translocation analysis.
A single dominant gene controlling partial incompatibility in H. vulgare cv. Vada x H. bulbosum crosses was found to be very closely linked with the gene for DDT susceptibility with crossover value of 0.112 + 0.032. This gene may be located most likely in chromosome 7S (Pickering, 1983).
A considerable amount of information has been accumulated in these years. However, it is still difficult to develop maps with all genes associated and/or located with individual chromosomes, because of lack of enough information for their arm location.
The linkage maps (Fig. 1) may be almost the same as the ones published in BGN, Vol. 14 (Tsuchiya, 1984). However, the centromere was located in the map for chromosome 7 for the first time. Now all seven chromosome maps in barley have centromere located with at least one gene in each of 14 chromosome arms.
Genes associated with chromosomes but not located precisely in the maps are listed in Table 1.
Table 1. List of genes associated with but not located in chromosome arm of barley, 1985.
Various multiple marker stocks are being developed for each of 14 chromosome
arms in barley for further improvement of linkage maps.
References:
Eckhoff, J.L.A, and R.T. Ramage. 1984. Assignment of a short awn mutant to chromosome 4. BGN 14:20-21.
Hayashi, J. and I. Moriya. 1985. Trisomic analysis of a fragile stem mutant found in Kobin Katagi 4. Barley Genet. Newsl. 15:47-48.
Hayashi, J., T. Konishi, I. Moriya and R. Takahashi. 1984. Inheritance and linkage studies in barley. VI. Ten mutant genes located on chromosomes 1 to 7, except 3. Ber. Ohara Inst. Landw. Biol. 18:227-250.
Jensen, J. 1985. Coordinator's Report. Chromosome 5. BGN 15:74-77.
Konishi, T., J. Hayashi, I. Moriya and R. Takahashi. 1984. Inheritance and linkage studies in barley. VII. Location of six new mutant genes on chromosome 3. Ber. Ohara Inst. Landw. Biol. 18:251-264.
Maluszynski, M, and I. Szarejko. 1984. Two new loci for semidwarfism in barley. Mutation Breed Newsl. 24:16.
Netsvetaev, V.P. and A.A. Sozinov. 1984. Location of a hordein G locus, Hrd G, on chromosome 5 of barley. BGN 14:4-6.
Nielsen, G, and J. Hejgaard. 1985. Linkage of a trypsin inhibitor locus (Itc 1) and two esterase loci (Est 1 and Est4) with marker loci on barley chromosome 3. Barley Genet. Newsl. 15:
Pickering, R.A. 1983. The location of a gene for incompatibility between Hordeum vulgare L. and H. bulbosum L. Heredity 51:455-459.
Salcedo, G., P. Fra-Mon, J.S. Molina-Cano, C. Aragoncillo and F. Garcia-Olmedo. 1984. Genetics of CM-proteins (A-hordeins) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 68:53-59.
Shahla, A, and T. Tsuchiya. 1985. Further information of telotrisomic analysis in barley. Barley Genet. Newsl. 15:26-27.
Thomas, W.T.B., W. Powell and W. Wood. 1984. The chromosomal location of the dwarfing gene present in the spring barley variety Golden Promise. Heredity 53:177-183.
Tsuchiya, T. 1982. Linkage maps of barley. BGN 12:100-104.
Tsuchiya, T. 1984. Linkage maps of barley. (Hordeum vulgare).
BGN 14:81-84.
1984.