GrainGenes

Decision support system for stored-grain insect management.

Scientists at the Biological Research Unit have developed software for a decision support system for stored grain insect management that can be used by farmers and grain managers. Stored Grain Advisor (SGA) uses computer models to predict insect population growth as well as the degradation of insecticides, effects of fumigation, and fall aeration. SGA also has modules that describe insect sampling procedures and a graphical insect identification key. Based on 3 years of field validation in Kansas and Oklahoma, SGA's predictions were found to be correct 80 % of the time. SGA is presently available to the public through the extension services of Oklahoma State University, Kansas State University, and Montana State University for $30.00. Over 700 copies have been distributed.

Stored-product insect activity in and around commercial grain elevators.

All elevators examined had detectable populations of stored-product insects in every area of the facility from which they potentially could migrate into uninfested stored grain. Each elevator had different problem areas, and general statements about where most insects were located within a facility must be considered with caution. Knowledge of sources of insect infestation, population dynamics, and movement of pests in and around commercial elevators is important so grain managers can effectively use available pest management tactics.

Behavior and physiological effects of heat on stored-product insects.

Results showed no real difference in heat tolerance because of insect sex among confused and red flour beetles; therefore, no change in the sex ratio would be expected among the surviving beetles after heat treatments. Residual effects on reproduction caused by exposure to high temperature may disrupt normal population growth and reinfestation. This information is important for sanitation managers in grain processing facilities so they can understand how heat treatment of facilities impacts reinfestation.

Genetic transformation with an insect gene enhances host-plant resistance to insect pests.

In cooperation with scientists at Kansas State University, we have enhanced the resistance of plants to insects by transforming a virus with an insect gene. The gene for the molting enzyme chitinase was transferred to tobacco. Recombinant tobacco plants were more resistant to insect pests than plants not expressing the enzyme. This gene has the potential to be manipulated by the agricultural biotechnology industry for the improvement of host-plant resistance to insects.

Resistant parasitoid successfully tested in insecticide-treated wheat.

In simulated field tests, an insecticide-resistant parasitic wasp was combined successfully with a chemical protectant for control of rice weevil larvae and adults in wheat. These results demonstrate the potential for incorporating insecticide-resistant parasitoids into an integrated biological-chemical management program for stored-grain insect pests.

News at the U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory (USGMRL) and Hard Winter Wheat Quality Laboratory (HWWQL) in the Grain Quality and Structure Research Unit.

Three research units (`Biological Research Unit', `Engineering Research Unit', and `Grain Quality & Structure Research Unit') at the USGMRL and two research units (`Plant Science & Entomology Research Unit' and `Wind Erosion Research Unit') on the Kansas State University campus are known jointly as the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center (GMPRC).

We at the HWWQL have evaluated intrinsic quality parameters of thousands of hard winter wheats from federal, state, and private nurseries and completed and provided 25 reports for the 1994 crop samples.

We conducted microtesting for a second time on samples from each individual location of both the Kansas Winter Wheat Performance Nursery and Southern Regional Performance Nursery. Microtesting included physical and chemical characteristics by NIR and SKWCS, micromilling properties, and dough characteristics by a computerized mixograph. We then could study the effects of growing locations of varieties on those wheat quality parameters. Reports are available upon request (1994 Crop Report No. 18 and No. 24).

We also compiled pup-loaf data for a second time on the Wheat Quality Council (1994 crop) samples. We prepared reports including baking data of the six laboratories for the nine large-scale samples and those of the four laboratories for the 24 small-scale samples. Reports were distributed at the Wheat Quality Council Meeting in February 1995 at Kansas City (1994 Crop Report No. 13 and No. 14).

We evaluated the individual lines of the 1994 Wheat Quality Council Uniform Growout samples (nine lines grown at six locations) for physical, chemical, milling, dough, and breadmaking characteristics. The report was distributed in February 1995 at Kansas City. Reports are available upon request (1994 Crop Report No. 12).

Testing on samples from the Hard Winter Wheat Regional Performance Nursery will be changed for the 1995 crop according to the proposal from breeders, submitted by Dr. Scott D. Haley, South Dakota State University, and Dr. James Peterson, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE. Full testing (including breadmaking) will be conducted on zone composites (four zones for the SRPN, three zones for the NRPN, and one zone for the WPRPN) rather than the composites of all growing locations. Microtesting (excluding breadmaking) is recommended to be performed on the composites of `intra-zone production areas' (11 areas for the SRPN, six areas for the NRPN, and five sites of the WPRPN) upon sample availability. However, the amounts of the 1995 samples were enough for zone composites only. Thus, there will be no microtesting on the area composites this year.

New Director at the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center.

Dr. Donald E. Koeltzow has joined the Agricultural Research Service as the new Director of the Grain Marketing and Production Research Center located in Manhattan, Kansas. Dr. Koeltzow is a native of Clovis, New Mexico, where his family operated a wheat and sorghum farm. He received a Bachelor's degree in chemistry from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in 1966. He continued his education at the University of Illinois, where he received both a Master's degree and a Doctorate in biochemistry.

After a postdoctoral position at Stanford University, Dr. Koeltzow joined the faculty of Luther College in Decorah, Iowa, where he taught a variety of different courses in chemistry, biology, and computer science. He served as chairperson of the Department of Chemistry for over 10 years. From 1982 to 1983, Dr. Koeltzow worked as a research chemist at the A.E. Staley Company in Decatur, IL. This was a special program that allowed college faculty to obtain experience working in industrial chemistry. Dr. Koeltzow and his family also operated a small dairy farm while they lived in Iowa.

In 1986, Dr. Koeltzow joined the Federal Grain Inspection Service (now a part of the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration) as the Chief of the Research and Development Branch. While in this position, Dr. Koeltzow became noted worldwide for his research in the measurement of grain quality. He has been involved in extensive testing of the single-kernel wheat hardness tester developed by Agricultural Research Service Engineers at the laboratories in Manhattan. He helped evaluate new analytical methods for mycotoxins (toxic substances produced by certain molds that grow in grain) and established a program for monitoring the levels of pesticides present in grain. Data from the wheat monitoring program for the past 3 years demonstrate that the pesticide levels in U.S. wheat are well below tolerances established by the Environmental Protection Agency.

Dr. Koeltzow will oversee the activities of the Agricultural Research Service's entire Manhattan site. Projects include improvement of techniques for the evaluation of soil losses, development of environmentally safe tools to help protect grain crops against damage, development of grain varieties with greater disease resistance, and more accurate and efficient methods to measure grain quality.

Publications.

Arthur FH. 1995. Management of wheat stored in southeast Georgia: chlorpyrifos-methyl combined with aeration vs. aeration alone. J Econ Entomol 88:1764-1770.

Arthur FH. 1995. Degradation and efficacy of deltamethrin-chlorpyrifos-methyl and cyfluthrin + chlorpyrifos-methyl as protectants of wheat stored in southeast Georgia. J Entomol Sci 30:397-405.

Baker JE. 1995. Stability of malathion resistance in two hymenopterous parasitoids. J Econ Entomol 88:232-236.

Baker JE and Throne JE. 1995. Evaluation of a resistant parasitoid for biological control of weevils in insecticide-treated wheat. J Econ Entomol 88:1570-1579.

Baker JE and Kramer KJ. 1995. Biotechnological approaches for stored-product insect pest control. Postharvest News Technol (In press).

Bean SR and Lookhart GL. 1995. Capillary electrophoresis: reproducibility and resolution of cereal proteins in uncoated capillaries. Cereal Foods World 39:685 (Abstract).

Bechtel DB, Wilson JD, and Martin CR. 1996. Determining endosperm texture of developing hard and soft red winter wheats dried by different methods using the Single-Kernel Wheat Characterization System. Cereal Chem (In press).

Bietz JA and Lookhart GL. 1995. Gluten properties and non-food potential. Cereal Foods World 39:641 (Abstract).

Bietz JA, Lookhart GL, Bean SR, and Sutton KH. 1995. Capillary electrophoresis: a state-of-the art technique for wheat protein characterization. In: Proc of International Workshop: Wheat Structure, Biochemistry, and Functionality. Reading, UK (In press).

Brower JH. 1995. Irradiation of Khapra beetle as a quarantine alternative to methyl bromide fumigation. In: Proc Ann Inter Res Conf Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emission Reductions. Pp. 73:1-4.

Chang CS, Converse HH, and Steele JL. 1994. Modeling of moisture content of grain during storage with aeration. Trans Amer Soc Agric Engin 37(6):1891-1898.

Chang CS and Steele JL. 1995. Development and evaluation of aeration control strategies for maintaining stored grain quality. Appl Engin in Agric 11(4):577-582.

Chang C-Y, Seitz LM, and Chambers IV, E. 1995. Volatile flavor components of breads made from hard red winter wheat and hard white winter wheat. Cereal Chem 72:237-242.

Chung OK, Lookhart GL, Steele JL, Seitz LM, Zayas IY, Martin CR, Smail VW, Bechtel DB, Ohm JB, Chang CS, Wilson JD, Bean SR, Seabourn BW, Park HS, Dowdy AK, Hagstrum DW, Kramer KJ, McGaughey WH, Akkina SK, Converse HH, Dempster RE, Flinn PW, Jun WJ, Oppert B, Sauer DB, Johnson DE, Throne JE, Walker DE, Morgan TJ, and Kim YS. 1995. Wheat research in the U.S. Grain Marketing Research Laboratory. Ann Wheat Newslet 41:246-259 (Review).

Chung OK, Martin CR, Steele JL, Ohm JB, Seabourn BW, Finney PL, Lookhart GL, and Smail VW. 1995. Use of the single kernel characterization system for wheat quality evaluation. In: Proc of 23rd U.S.-Japan Natural Resources Protein Panel Meeting (Pavleth AE ed), December 10-17, 1994, Honolulu, Hawaii. 23(I):1-13.

Chung OK and Pomeranz Y. 1995. Cereal processing. In: Food Proteins: Properties and Applications (Nakai S and Moddler HW eds). VCH Publishers, New York. Vol. II. (In press) (Book chapter).

Chung OK, Seabourn BW, Lang CE, Caley MS, Fay KT, Ohm JB, Klinker MH, Lookhart GL, Hubbard JD, and Curran SP. 1995. Varietal and environmental effects on wheat and flour quality parameters. Cereal Foods World 40:642 (Abstract).

Chung OK, Steele JL, Martin CR, and Smail VW. 1995. End-use quality evaluation of wheat: past, present, and future. ICC Jubilee Conference 1995 Abstract Book. Plenary Session. Vienna, Austria (Abstract).

Dowdy AK and Rahto J. 1995. FDA's role in grain inspection. Chapter 6. In: Stored Product Management (Krischik V, Cuperus G. and Galliat D eds). OK Coop Ext Serv Circ E-912. Pp. 45-46 (Book chapter).

Dowdy AK and McGaughey WH. 1995. Heat susceptibility of flour beetles as influenced by age and sex. In: Proc Ann Inter Res Conf. Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emissions Reductions. Pp. 88. 1-2 (Book chapter).

Dowdy AK and Fargo WS. 1995. Population dynamics and sampling: insect migration. In: Proc IV Natl Stored Grain Management Tng Conf, Circ E-946. Pp. 119-126.

Eilert JY, Chung OK, Meloan CE, and Hopper M. 1995. Development of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method for wheat starch lipids and of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for analysis. Cereal Foods World 40:650-651 (Abstract).

Fang Q. 1995. Effects of physical properties of wheat and operational parameters of roller mills on size reduction. M.S. Thesis, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS.

Fang Q, Spillman CK, Haque EK, Reddy PV, and Kang YS. 1995. Development of an experimental roller mill with computerized data acquisition system. Amer Soc Agric Engin Paper No. MC95-108. ASAE, St. Joseph, MI. 18 pp.

Fang Q, Haque EK, Spillman CK, Reddy PV, and Steele JL. 1995. Energy requirements for size reduction of wheat using a roller mill. ASAE Paper, No. 95-6675. Amer Soc Agric Engin St. Joseph, MI. 16 pp.

Feng GH, Richardson M, Chen MS, Kramer KJ, Morgan TD, and Reeck GR. 1995. Alpha-amylase inhibitors from wheat: amino acid sequences and patterns of inhibition of insect alpha-amylases. Insect Biochem Molec Biol (In press).

Flinn PW. 1995. Stored Grain Advisor: an expert system for stored grain management. Software User Manual. Kansas State University, Coop Ext Serv S-86.

Flinn PW and Hagstrum DW. 1995. Simulation model of Cephalonomia waterstoni (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitizing the rusty grain beetle (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Environ Entomol 24:1608-1615.

Flinn PW, Hagstrum DW, and McGaughey WH. 1995. Supression of beetles in stored wheat by autmentative releases of parasitic wasps. Environ Entomol (In press).

Guo A, Deyoe CW, Ponte JG Jr, Reddy PV, Lookhart GL, Ohm JB, and Chung OK. 1995. High-protein air-classified flour and its effects on frozen dough quality. Cereal Foods World 40:642-643 (Abstract).

Hagstrum DW. 1995. Ecology of insect pests of stored wheat. Chapter 29. In: Stored Prod Management (Krischik V, Cuperus G, and Galliat D eds). Oklahoma Coop Ext Serv, Circ E-912. Pp. 211-214 (Book chapter).

Hagstrum DW. 1995. Monitoring and predicting population growth of Rhyzopertha dominica over a range of environmental conditions. Environ Entomol (In press).

Hagstrum DW and Shuman D. 1995. Automatic sample inspection and in-bin monitoring of stored-grain insects using acoustical sensors. Chapter 28. In: Stored Prod Management (Krischik V, Cuperus G, and Galliat D, eds). Oklahoma Coop Ext Serv, Circ E-912. Pp. 207-209 (Book chapter).

Hagstrum DW and Flinn PW. 1995. Population dynamics, sampling for insects and pest management decisions. In: Proc. IV National Stored Grains Pest Management Tng Conf, Oklahoma Coop Ext Serv, Circ E-946. Pp. 107-113.

Hagstrum DW and Flinn PW. 1995. IPM in Grain Storage and Bulk Commodities. Chapter 27. In: Stored Prod Management (Krischik V, Cuperus G, and Galliat D eds). Oklahoma Coop Ext Serv, Circ E-912. Pp. 201-205 (Book chapter).

Hagstrum DW and Flinn PW. 1995. Integrated pest management. Chapter 9. In: Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products (Subramanyam B and Hagstrum DW (eds). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. Pp. 399-408 (Book chapter).

Hagstrum DW, Flinn PW, and Shuman D. 1996. Automated monitoring for insects in farm-stored wheat using acoustical sensors. J Econ Entomol 89:211-217.

Hagstrum DW, Flinn PW, and Howard RW. 1995. Ecology. Chapter 3. In: Integrated Management of Insects in Stored Products. Marcel Dekker, New York. Pp. 71-134 (Book chapter).

Hagstrum DW, Fargo WS, and Flinn PW. 1995. How to sample grain for insects. Chapter 11. In: Stored Prod Management (Krischik V, Cuperus G, and Galliat D eds). Oklahoma Coop Ext Serv Circ E-912. Pp. 65-69 (Book chapter).

Howard RW, Howard CD, and Colquhoun S. 1995. Ontogenetic and environmentally induced changes in cuticular hydrocarbons of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 88:485-495.

Kim YS, Flores RA, Deyoe CW, and Chung OK. 1995. The relation of physical characteristics of wheat blends and experimental milling performance to some commercial milling performance parameters. Appl Engin in Agric 11:699-706.

Kramer KJ. 1995. Protein resources for insect pest management. In: Proc 23rd UNJR Protein Panel Meeting (Pavlath A ed). Pp. 1-15.

Kramer KJ. 1995. Application of biotechnology to insect pest management. In: Proc. XXIV U.S.-Japan Cooperative Program in Natural Resources (Protein Panel) (Pavlath A ed). Pp. 56-61.

Lang CE, Caley MS, and Chung OK. 1995. Comparison of mixograms at optimum and constant absorption. Cereal Foods World 40:655 (Abstract).

Lookhart GL and Bean SR. 1995. A fast method for wheat cultivar differentiation using capillary zone electrophoresis. Cereal Chem 72:42-47.

Lookhart GL and Bean SR. 1995. Separation and characterization of wheat protein fractions by high-performance capillary electrophoresis. Cereal Chem 72:527-532.

Lookhart GL and Bean SR. 1995. The use of organic modifiers in capillary electrophoresis buffers to improve resolution of wheat proteins. Cereal Chem (In press).

Lookhart GL, Bean SR, and Graybosch RA. 1995. Differentiation of 1AL.1RS from 1BL.1RS wheat-rye translocation lines by capillary electrophoresis. Cereal Foods World 39:651 (Abstract).

Martin TJ, Harvey TL, Seifers DL, Cox TS, Sears RG, Bequette RK, Curran SP, Hatchett JH, Chung OK, and Witt MD. 1994. Registration of `Ike' wheat. Crop Sci 35:285.

Meronuck RA and Sauer DB. 1995. Storage molds and mycotoxins. In: Handbook of Agricultural Crop Drying and Storage (Bakker-Arkema F and Maier D eds). Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York (Book chapter).

Ohm JB and Chung OK. 1995. Chromatographic separation of wheat flour glycolipids. Cereal Foods World 40:649 (Abstract).

Ohm JB, Chung OK, and Deyoe CW. 1995. Relationship between flour yields and wheat physical characteristics. Cereal Foods World 40:695-696 (Abstract).

Park HS, Seib PA, and Chung OK. 1995. Effects of wheat fiber on breadmaking performance. Cereal Foods World 40:663 (Abstract).

Pueyo JJ, Morgan TD, Ameenuddin N, Liang C, Reeck GR, Chrispeels MJ, and Kramer KJ. 1995. Effects of bean and wheat alpha-amylase inhibitors on alpha-amylase activity and growth of stored product insect pests. Entomol Exper Appl 75:237-244.

Sauer D B, Seitz LM, and Chen YR. 1995. Classification of grain odors by artificial neural network analysis of volatile compounds. Cereal Foods World 40:625 (Abstract).

Seitz LM. 1995. Volatile compounds in wheat cultivars from several locations in Kansas. In: Food Flavors: Generation, Analysis and Process Influence (Charalambous G ed). Developments in Food Science. Vol. 37B. Pp. 2183-2203 (Proceedings).

Seitz LM and Chung OK. 1995. Volatiles in some selected commercial breads determined by dynamic headspace and GC-MS/IR methods. Cereal Foods World 40:624 (Abstract).

Seitz LM and Sauer DB. 1994. Detection of specific compounds that indicate off-odors in grains. Cereal Foods World 39:577 (Abstract).

Shomer I, Lookhart GL, Salomon R, Vasiliver R, and Bean SR. 1995. Heat coagulation of wheat flour albumins and globulins, their structure and temperature fractionation. J Cereal Sci (In press).

Smail VW, Chung OK, and Steele JL. 1994. Recent efforts to develop technologies needed to implement a `Total Quality Grain Marketing System'. In: Proc of the International Workshop on Life Science in Production & Food-Consumption of Agric Products (National Food Res Inst, Japan Intl Sci & Tech Exchange Center ed). The U.S.-Japan Natural Resources (UJNR) Protein Panel Meeting, October 24-28, 1993, Tsukuba, Japan 22(3-6):1-11.

Smail VW, Chung OK, and Steele JL. 1994. Need to develop a `Total Quality Grain Marketing System'. In: Proc Rapid Instrumental Objective Testing Seminar, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Pp. 29-40.

Smail VW, Chung OK, and Steele JL. 1995. The potential for rapid quality measurement technologies. In: Proc of the Regional Quality Symposium for Soft Red Winter Wheat:25-31 (McKinney, N ed). Univ of Arkansas Press (In press).

Steele JL, Martin CR, and Chung OK. 1995. Status of the USGMRL-Single Kernel Wheat Characterization System (SKWCS). ICC Jubilee Conference 1995, Vienna, Austria. Abstract Book, p. 25 (Abstract).

Zayas IY, Chung OK, and Caley MS. 1995. Neural network classification and machine vision for bread crumb grain evaluation. In: Proc of Machine Vision Applications, Architectures, and Systems Integration IV. SPIE International Symposium, October 23-24, 1995, Philadelphia, PA. 2597:292-308.

Zayas IY and Walker DE. 1995. Finding wet kernels in a bulk wheat sample. Cereal Foods World 40:638 (Abstract).