REPORTS
OF THE COORDINATORS
Overall
coordinator’s report
Udda Lundqvist
SvalöfWeibull AB
SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden
e-mail: udda@ngb.se or udda@nordgen.org
Since the latest overall coordinator’s report
in Barley Genetics Newsletter Volume 35, no changes of the coordinators have
been reported. I do hope that most of you are willing to continue with this
work and provide us with new important information and literature search in the
future. Please observe some address changes have taken place since the last
volume of BGN.
As it
became decided at the 9th International Genetic Barley Symposium in
In this connection I also want to call upon the
barley community to pay attention on the AceDB database for ’Barley Genes and
Barley Genetic Stocks’. It contains much information connected with images and
is useful for barley research groups inducing barley mutants and looking for
new characters. It gets updated continuously and some more images are added to
the original version. Also the germplasm part is under revision. The searchable
address is: www.untamo.net/bgs
List of Barley Coordinators
Chromosome 1H (5): Gunter Backes, Department of Agricultural
Sciences, The Royal Vetenary and Agricultural University, Thorvaldsensvej 40,
DK-1871 Fredriksberg C,
Chromosome 2H (2): Jerry. D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O.Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051, USA. FAX: +1 701 231 8474; e-mail: <j_franckowiak@ndsu.nodak.edu>
Chromosome 3H (3): Luke Ramsey, Cell and Molecular Genetics
Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie,
Chromosome 4H (4): Brian P. Forster, Cell and Molecular Genetics
Department, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie,
List of Barley Coordinators (continued)
Chromosome 5H (7): George Fedak, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, ECORC, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0C6, FAX: +1 613 759 6559; e-mail: <fedakga@agr.gc.ca>
Chromosome 6H (6): Duane Falk, Department of Crop Science,
Chromosome 7H (1): Lynn Dahleen, USDA-ARS,
Integration of molecular and morphological marker maps: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <andyk@wsu.edu>
Trisomic and aneuploid stocks: An Hang, USDA-ARS, National Small
Grains Germplasm Research Facility, 1691 S. 2700 W.,
Translocations and balanced tertiary trisomics: Andreas Houben,
Desynaptic genes: Andreas Houben,
Autotetraploids: Wolfgang Friedt,
Disease and pest resistance genes: Brian Steffenson, Department of
Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, 495 Borlaug Hall, 1991 Upper Buford
Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108-6030, USA. FAX: +1 612 625 9728; e-mail: <bsteffen@umn.edu>
Eceriferum genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX:.+46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se or udda@nordgen.org>
Chloroplast genes: Mats Hansson, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lund, Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden. FAX: +46 46 222 4534 e-mail: <mats.hansson@biokem.lu.se>
Genetic male sterile genes: Mario C. Therrien, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 1000A, R.R. #3, Brandon, MB, Canada R7A 5Y3, FAX: +1 204 728 3858; e-mail: <MTherrien@agr.gc.ca>
Ear morphology genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268
81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; e-mail: udda@ngb.se
or udda@nordgen.org
Antonio Michele Stanca: Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Fiorenzuola d’Arda, Via Protaso 302, IT-29017 Fiorenzuola d’Arda (PC), Italy. FAX +39 0523 983750, e-mail: <michele@stanca.it>
Semi-dwarf genes: Jerry D. Franckowiak, Department of Plant
Sciences, North Dakota State University, P.O. Box 5051, Fargo, ND 58105-5051,
USA. FAX: +1 702 231 8474; e-mail:
<j_franckowiak@ndsu.nodak.edu>
Early maturity genes: Udda Lundqvist, Svalöf Weibull AB, SE-268 81 Svalöv, Sweden. FAX: +46 418 667109; e-mail: <udda@ngb.se or udda@nordgen.org>
Biochemical mutants - Including lysine, hordein and nitrate reductase: Andy Kleinhofs, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6420, USA. FAX: +1 509 335 8674; e-mail: <andyk@wsu.edu>
Barley-wheat genetic stocks: A.K.M.R. Islam, Department of Plant Science, Waite Agricultural Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, S.A. 5064, Australia. FAX: +61 8 8303 7109; e-mail: <rislam@waite.adelaide.edu.au>
Coordinator’s Report: Barley Chromosome 1H (5)
Gunter Backes
The Royal Veterinary and Agricultural
University
Department of Agricultural Sciences
Thorvaldsensvej 40
DK-1871
e-mail: guba@kvl.dk
American
six-row malting barleys possess an effective and durable resistance against
spot blotch. In the variety ‘Morex’ Steffenson et al. (Steffenson et al.
1996) had dissected his resistance into a seedlings resistant on chromosome 7H,
one major QTL for adult plant resistance on chromosome 1H and one minor QTL for
adult plant resistance on chromosome 7H. This was done in a doubled haploid
population from the cross ‘Steptoe’ ´ ‘Morex’, and
‘Morex’ contributet all alleles for resistance. In order to confirm these
resistance genes, ‘Morex’ resistance against spot blotch was investigated in
the crosses ‘Dicktoe’ ´ ‘Morex’ and
‘Harrington’ ´ ‘Morex’ (Bilgic et al. 2005). Additionally,
the experiment in the cross ‘Steptoe’ ´ ‘Morex’ was repeated. While the latter experiment confirmed the QTL
found before, no QTL on chromosome 1H was detected in the other two crosses.
The localistion of QTLs for
straw-quality characteristics of barley under drought stress was the aim of
Grando et al. (2005). For this
purpose 494 F7 recombinant inbred lines were scored in two years and
two locations for acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF),
voluntary intake (INT), lignin content (LIC), crude protein (CP ) and
digestible organic matter in dry matter (OMD). Additionally, in one
environment, the percentages of blades, sheaths and stems, respectively (PCB,
PCH, PCS) were measured. On chromosome 1H, eight QTLs were found: one for NDF,
INT and CP, one for ADF and PCS, one for PCH, two for INT, one for LIC and NDF,
one for CP and one for INT and ash content.
Peighambari et al. (2005) performed a QTL analysis
in 72 doubled haploid lines from the cross Steptoe ´ Morex for several agronomical traits scored
in two years. On chromosome 1H, four different QTLs were detected: one for
number of seeds per spike, one for the date of spike inititiation, one for
spikes per plant and thousand-seeds-weight and one for date of flowering and
date of maturity.
In order
to localize QTLs for different disease resistances, Yun et al. (2005) analysed 104 F6-plants from a cross between the spontaneum-line OUH602 and the cultivar
‘Harrington’. They phenotyped the lines for resistance against powdery mildew,
leaf scald, Septoria speckled leaf blotch, net type net blotch and spot blotch.
On the short arm of chromosome 1H, they detected one QTL for powdery mildew (at
or nearby the position of the Mla-locus), one QTL for scald and one QTL for net
type net blotch. While the allele conferring resistance for scald and powdery
mildew originated from OUH602, ‘Harrington’ contributed the allele for
resistance against net type net blotch.
In an
advanced backcross population (BC2DH) originating from a cross
between the spontaneum line ISR42-8
and the variety ‘Scarlett’, von Korff et al. (2005) detected QTLs for
different disease resistances. On chromosome 1H, they found a major QTL for
resistance against powdery mildew, at or near by the Mla-locus. The alleles of the spontaneum-line reduced disease severity
by 51.5%.
Hori et al.
(2005) presented an alternative approach for advanced backcrosses. They
produced both doubled haploid lines and BC3F2 lines from
a same cross between the Japanese malting barley variety ‘Haruna Nijo’ and the spontaneum-line
H605. The linkage map was calculated in the population of doubled haploids and
subsequently a QTL analysis was done in both populations for agronomic and
phenotypic traits. On the short arm of chromosome 1H, one QTL was found for kernel
weight and the number of spikelets per
ear in the BC3F2.
On the long arm of the same chromosome, they detected a QTL for the number of
spikelets per ear in the doubled haploids.
In an
attempt to find QTL influencing ‘none-parasitic leaf spots’ (NPLS), Behn et al. (2005) analysed 536 DH lines from a cross between the NPLS
tolerant barley line ‘IPZ 24727’ and the variety ‘Krona’ and compared them with
results published before (Behn et al.
2004) from a cross with the same ant
line and the variety ‘Barke’ (all spring barley varieties). On
chromosome 1H, they found a minor QTL NPLS-tolerance in each of the crosses,
but on different regions of the chromosome. Additionally, they detected three
different QTLs for heading date and two QTLs for plant height on the same
chromosome.
Yin et al (2005) looked for QTLs
representing inputs for a ecophysiological phenology model predicting flowering
time in the cross ‘Apex’ ´ ‘Prisma’: fo as the minimum number of days from sowing to flowering under optimal
conditions,. θ1 and θ2 as the development stage for the start and the
end of the photoperiod-sensitive phase, respectively, and δ as the parameter characterizing the
photoperiod-sensitivity. On chromosome 1H, they found 3 different loci: one for
the θ1, one
for fo and one for all four parameters.
By
addition lines, Nasuda et al. (2005)
localised totally 701 EST sequences to the 7 barley chromosomes. Seventy one
were assigned to chromosome 1H.
Rostoks et al. (2005) presented an integrated
map from three populations originating from the crosses ‘Steptoe’ ´ ‘Morex’, ‘Lina’ ´ HS92 and ‘Oregon Wolfe Barley
Dominant’ ´ ‘Oregon Wolfe Barley Recessive’. Beside 904 RFLP, SSR, and AFLP markers
localized before, the map is enriched by 333 EST unigenes, localized by SNPs,
InDels or SSRs within these genes. For many of these unigenes, up- or
down-regulation under different stress conditions is presented as well as the
localization of the respective homologues in rice. On chromosome 1H, 41
unigenes were localized.
References
Behn, A., L. Hartl, G. Schweizer, and G. Wenzel.
2004. QTL mapping for resistance against non-parasitic leaf spots in a
spring barley doubled haploid population. Theor. Appl. Genet. 108(7): 1229-1235.
Behn, A., L. Hartl, G. Schweizer, and M. Baumer. 2005. Molecular mapping of QTLs for non-parasitic leaf spot resistance and comparison of half-sib DH populations in spring barley. Euphytica 141(3): 291-299.
Bilgic, H., B. J. Steffenson, and P. M. Hayes. 2005. Comprehensive genetic analyses reveal differential expression of spot blotch resistance in four populations of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111(7): 1238-1250.
Grando, S., M. Baum, S. Ceccarelli, A. Goodchild, F. Jaby El-Haramein, A. Jahoor, and G. Backes. 2005. QTLS for straw quality characteristics identified in recombinant inbred lines of a Hordeum vulgare x H. spontaneum cross in a Mediterranean environment. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110(4): 688-695.
Hori, K., K. Sato, N. Nankaku, and K. Takeda. 2005. QTL analysis in recombinant chromosome substitution lines and doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare and Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum. Mol. Breeding 16(4): 295-311.
Korff, M. von, H. Wang, and J. Léon. 2005. AB-QTL analysis in spring barley. I. Detection of resistance genes against powdery mildew, leaf rust and scald introgressed from wild barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111(3): 583-590.
Nasuda, S., Y. Kikkawa, T. Ashida, K. Sato, A. K. M. R. Islam, K. Sato, and T. R. Endo. 2005. Chromosomal assignment and deletion mapping of barley EST markers. Genes & Genetic Systems 80(5): 357-366.
Peighambari, S. A., B. Y. Samadi, C.
Nabipour, Gilles, and A. Sarrafi. 2005. QTL analysis for agronomic
traits in a barley doubled haploids population grown in
Rostoks,
N., S. Mudie, L. Cardle, J. Russell, L. Ramsay, A. Booth, J. Svensson, S.
Wanamaker, H. Walia, E. Rodriguez, P. Hedley, H. Liu, J. Morris, T. Close, D.
Marshall, and R. Waugh. 2005. Genome-wide SNP discovery and linkage analysis in
barley based on genes responsive to abiotic stress. Mol. Genet. Genom. 274(5): 527.
Steffenson, B. J., P. M. Hayes, and A.
Kleinhofs. 1996. Genetics of seedling and adult plant resistance to net
blotch (Pyrenophora teres f. teres) and spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92(5): 552-558.
Yin, X. Y., P. C. Struik, F. A. van Eeuwijk, P. Stam, and J. J. Tang. 2005. QTL analysis and QTL-based prediction of flowering phenology in recombinant inbred lines of barley. J. Exp. Bot. 56(413): 967-976.
Yun,
S., L. Gyenis, P. Hayes,
Coordinator’s report: Chromosome 2H (2)
J.D. Franckowiak
Department of Plant Sciences
e-mail: j.franckowiak@ndsu.nodak.edu
Gottwald et al. (2004) reported on an attempt to isolate the gene controlling a gibberellic-acid insensitive dwarf mutant in barley. The locus was named sdw3 and is closely linked to RFLP marker MWG2287 on 2HS near the centromere. The gene symbols gai and GA-ins were used for the mutant in line Hv287 in earlier publications (Börner et al., 1999). This region of 2HS is orthologous with a highly conserved region on rice chromosome 7L. ESTs in this region were used to identify three putative GA-related ORFs in rice that might correspond to the sdw3 locus (Gottwald et al., 2004).
Dahleen et al. (2005) studied 27 mutants from various sources that were placed in the brachytic (brh) group of semidwarf mutants. Based on allelism tests and molecular mapping studies using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, the mutants occurred at 18 different loci. Three of the brachytic mutants were located on chromosome 2H: ert-t (brh3.y), brh4.j, and brh10.l. Several mutants earlier identified as having a brh3 phenotype were found to be allelic at the ert-t locus. Since the ert-t locus symbol was the symbol first published for this locus, it will be the recommended symbol. The ert-t locus was positioned near the tip of 2HS distal from SSR marker Bmac0134. The brh4 locus was positioned near bin 9 of 2HL and brh10 was position in bins 4 or 5 of 2HS (Dahleen et al., 2005).
Hori et al. (2005) mapped QTLs for resistance Fusarium head blight (FHB), incited primarily by Fusarium graminearum, using recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross between a resistant two-rowed accession ‘Russian 6’ and a very susceptible six-rowed accession H.E.S. 4 from Afghanistan. Reactions to FHB were determined using a cut spike test where field grown spikes were harvested at anthesis and sprayed with a conidial suspension. The six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) and closed flowering (cly1/Cly2) loci were mapped on 2HL. Two QTLs for FHB severity were detected on 2HL: one near the vrs1 locus in bin 10 and one near the cly1/Cly2 locus in bin 13. Rachis internode length was correlated with FHB severity. Other QTLs found on 2HL included early heading in bin 8, plant height and number fertile rachis nodes (spike length) in bin 10, and rachis internode length near bin 13.
Hori et al. (2006) used two-rowed barley accessions from
Horsley et al. (2006) reported that chromosome 2HL contains a series of
agronomically important traits and QTLs for resistance to FHB and for the
accumulation of the toxin deoxynivalenol (DON). ‘Foster’, a
The transfer of favorable genes
from wild barley to cultivated barley was evaluated in backcross two of a
doubled-haploid population by von Korff et
al. (2006). Early heading and short stature were associated with the early
maturity 1 (Eam1 or Ppd-H1) gene in the bin 3 region of
2HS. A second QTL for short stature was found in the bin
Sameri and Komatsuda (2004) studied heading time in barley using RILs from a cross between a winter six-rowed accession and a spring two-rowed cultivar. Heading times for the RILs were estimated under long-day, short-day, and continuous light conditions. Two QTLs for early heading were detected on 2H under both spring and fall sown conditions, but not under continuous light. The QTL near the centromere from the winter parent, Azumamugi, probably corresponds to the Eam6 or eps2S locus. The QTL on 2HL was also from the winter parent, but at a position not frequently associated with early maturity genes in barley.
Liu et al. (2005) identified in barley two full-length cDNA sequences homologous to caleosin, a seed-storage oil-body protein from sesame. The cDNAs, named HvClo1 and HvClo2, are paralogs that cosegregate and were mapped on chromosome 2HL in bin 9 near marker CDO588.. HvClo1 is expressed during late stages of embryogenesis and is seed specific. HvClo2 is expressed in endosperm tissues during grain development.
Tondell et al. (2006) observed that four of twelve drought tolerance QTLs found on a barley consensus map were associated with regulatory candidate genes that mapped in similar genome positions. One of the four candidate genes is on chromosome 2HL in the bin 9 region.
Rostoks et al. (2005) used SNP discovery and linkage analysis to construct an integrated SNP map of more than 300 SNP loci. With the integration of RFLP, AFLP, and SSR markers, the map contained a total of 1,237 loci. Two regions of chromosome 2H were associated with QTLs for seedling tolerance to high salt concentrations.
References:
Börner, A., V. Korzun, S. Malyshev, and V. Ivandic. 1999. Molecular mapping of two dwarfing genes differing in their GA response on chromosome 2H of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 99:670-675.
Dahleen, L.S., H.A. Agrama, R.D. Horsley, B.J. Steffenson, P.B. Schwarz, A. Mesfin, and J.D. Franckowiak. 2003. Identification of QTLs associated with Fusarium head blight resistance in Zhedar 2. Theor. Appl. Genet. 108:95-104.
Dahleen, L.S., L.J. Vander Wal, and J.D. Franckowiak. 2005. Characterization and molecular mapping of genes determining semidwarfism in barley. J. Hered. 96:654-662.
Gottwald, S., N. Stein, A. Börner, T. Sasaki, and A.
Graner. 2004. The gibberellic-acid insensitive dwarfing gene sdw3 of barley is located on chromosome
2HS in a region that shows high colinearity with rice chromosome 7L. Mol. Gen.
Genomics 271:426-436.
Hori, K., T. Kobayashi, K. Sato, and K. Takeda. 2005. QTL analysis of Fusarium head blight resistance using a high-density linkage map in barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111:1661-1672.
Hori, K., K. Sato, T. Kobayashi, and K. Takeda. 2006. QTL analysis of Fusarium head blight severity in recombinant inbred population derived from a cross between two-rowed barley varieties. Breed. Sci. 56:25-30.
Horsley, R.D., D. Schmierer, C. Maier, D. Kudrna, C.A. Urrea, B.J. Steffenson, P.B. Schwarz, J.D. Franckowiak, M.J. Green, B. Zhang, and A. Kleinhofs. 2006. Identification of QTLs associated with Fusarium head blight resistance in barley accession CIho 4196. Crop Sci. 46:145-156.
Korff, M. von, H. Wang, J. Léon, and K. Pilen. 2006. AB-QTL analysis in spring barley: II. Detection of favourable exotic alleles for agronomic traits introgressed from wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). Thoer. Appl. Genet. 112:1221-1231.
Lui
H., P. Hedley, L. Cardle, K.M. Wright,
Rostoks, N., S. Mudie, L. Cardle, J. Russell, L. Ramsay, A.
Booth, J. T. Svensson, S.I. Wanamaker, H. Walia, E.M. Rodriguez, P.E. Hedley,
H. Liu, J. Morris, T,J. Close, D.F. Marshall, and R. Waugh. 2005. Genome-wide
SNP discovery and linkage analysis in barley based on genes responsive to
abiotic stress. Mol. Gen. Genomics 274:515-527.
Sameri, M. and T. Komatsuda. 2004. Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling heading time in the population generated from a cross between Oriental and Occidental barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.). Breed. Sci. 54:327-332.
Tondell, A. E. Francia, D. Barabschi, A. Aprile, J.S.
Skinner, E.J. Stockinger, A.M. Stanca, and N. Pecchioni. 2006. Mapping
regulatory genes as candidates for cold and drought stress tolerance in barley.
Theor. Appl. Genet. 112:445-454.
Coordinator’s Report: Barley Chromosome
3H
L.
Ramsay
Genetics
Programme
Scottish
Crop Research Institute
Invergowrie,
e-mail: Luke.Ramsay@scri.ac.uk
Over the last year there have been a number of publications reporting the mapping of genes and QTL on barley chromosome 3H. The largest number of genes assigned to 3H was the 271 mapped by Cho et al. (2006) using transcriptome analysis on the wheat-barley disomic chromosome addition lines. Rostoks et al. (2005) mapped 51 genes to 3H as part of a genome–wide SNP discovery programme in which over 300 genes responsive to abiotic stress were mapped, mostly as SNPs. These publications confirmed the close syntenic relationship between barley 3H and rice chromosome 1. This synteny was used by Mammadov et al. (2005) to direct the development of 9 EST-derived STS markers that were mapped onto a high resolution map of the leaf rust resistance gene Rph5 region on 3HS including five that co-segregated with the resistance gene. Hori et al. (2005) also published mapping data based on 60 EST derived markers, 7 of which mapped to 3H. These represent a small subset of 163 mapped to 3H by Sato et al. (2004), however primer information on the seven is given in Hori et al. (2005) allowing the association of EST sequences to the loci.
The mapping of individual genes has also reported in the last year with the barley homologue of GIGANTEA, HvGI, mapping to a syntenic position on 3HS (Bin 5-6) (Dunford et al., 2005). This gene is the homologue of an Arabidopsis flowering time regulator, however its map position does not correspond to the map position of any known flowering time QTL in barley. Skinner et al. (2006) reported the mapping of HvICE2 a homologue of an Arabidopsis low temperature regulatory gene to 3HL (Bin 13-14). However, again, the map position of this candidate gene did not correspond to the position of a known low-temperature tolerance QTL.
The barley homologue of acsF, an enzyme involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, was mapped to the short arm of chromosome 3H through the use of the wheat-barley disomic chromosome addition lines and was shown to be the known mutant Xantha-l (Rzeznicka et al.,. 2005).
Although much mapping work utilised the growing genomic resources in barley there were reports that used more generic approaches. Thus Mammadov et al. (2006) utilised degenerate primers designed to conserved motifs of the NBS region in known resistance genes to isolate 190 resistance gene analogues (RGA) clones from barley genomic DNA and mapped two of them to 3H (Bin 4 and Bin 14) using the Steptoe x Morex DH mapping population. AFLP have been used for detailed mapping of the btr1/btr2 locus on 3HS (Senthil and Komatsuda, 2005) and some of these have been converted to STS markers (Azhacuvel et al., 2006).
Again this year a considerable number of QTL were reported in the literature some of which mapped to 3H. These included an increasing number of reports using recombinant chromosome substation lines to delineate association of quantitative traits with genomic regions (Hori et al., 2005, von Korff et al., 2005, 2006, Yun et al., 2006). Thus von Korff et al. (2005) report QTL for powdery mildew resistance on 3HS (Bin 5-6) and on 3HL (Bin 13-15) with the latter interval also housing QTL for resistance to leaf rust and scald. The same population, derived from H. vulgare spontaneum introgressions into the spring barley cultivar Scarlett, has also been assessed for agronomic traits (von Korff et al., 2006). Several traits are reported to be associated with regions on chromosome 3H including brittleness of the rachis with a region on 3HS (Bin 3-6) and a large number of traits including height and harvest index with a region on 3HL (Bin 10-16). The authors postulate that these associations could be explained by the segregation of btr1 and sdw-1 (denso) respectively in this population. Other QTLs on 3H found in this study do not have obvious candidate genes but are consistent with other studies. Thus a QTL for thousand grain weight found on the distal end of 3HL (Bins 14-15) appears to relate to a similar QTL found by Hori et al. (1995) in a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between the cultivar Haruna Nijo and a Hordeum sponteneum accession. Other QTL found on populations derived from the same cross include ear length, number of spikelets and culm length (Hori et al., 1995).
Other studies that report QTL on 3H include those for agronomic characters discovered using the Steptoe x Morex mapping population reported by Peighambari et al. (2005). The QTL found on 3H include those for date of flowering, date of maturity, plant height and spike length (Peighambari et al., 2005). In an extensive study on straw quality characteristics reported by Grando et al. (2005) the QTL reported on 3H include those for acid detergent fibre, lignin content, voluntary intake and digestible organic matter (Grando et al., 2005).
In addition to the work reported in von Korff et al. (2005) other disease resistance QTL have been reported on 3H in the last year. Bilgic et al. (2005) found a total of four QTL for seedling (Bins 4-6 and 11-12) and adult resistance (Bins 2-4 and 9-11) to spot blotch in a study comparing resistance expression in four populations. The authors postulate that the seedling and adult resistances could relate to the same underlying QTL and note that the resistance mapped to 3HS does not correspond to anything reported previously (Bilgic et al., 2005). Yun et al. (2005) report a net blotch QTL on 3H (Bin 6) shown in a RIL population derived from a cross between H. vulgare spontaneum (OUH602) and the cultivar Harrington. This QTL was confirmed in a RCSL population derived from the same cross (Yun et al., 2006).
References:
Azhacuvel P., D. Vidya-Saraswathi, and T.
Komatsuda. 2006. High-resolution linkage mapping for the non-brittle rachis
locus btr1 in cultivated x wild
barley (Hordeum vulgare) Plant Sci
170: 1087-1094.
Bilgic H, B. Steffenson, and P. Hayes. 2005. Comprehensive genetic analyses
reveal differential expression of spot blotch resistance in four populations of
barley. Theor Appl Genet 111: 1238-1250.
Cho, S.H., D.F. Garvin, and G.J. Muehlbauer.
2006. Transcriptome analysis and physical mapping of barley genes in
wheat-barley chromosome addition lines.
Genetics 172: 1277-1285.
Dunford, RP.,
Grando S, M. Baum, S. Ceccarelli, A. Goodchild, F.J. El-Haramein, A. Jahoor, and G. Backes. 2005. QTLs for straw quality
characteristics identified in recombinant inbred lines of a Hordeum vulgare x H spontaneum cross in a Mediterranean environment Theor Appl
Genet 110 : 688-695
Hori, K., K. Sato, N. Nankaku, and K. Takeda.
2005. QTL analysis in recombinant chromosome substitution lines and doubled
haploid lines derived from a cross between Hordeum
vulgare ssp vulgare and Hordeum vulgare ssp spontaneum. Mol Breeding
16:295-311.
Korff M. von, H. Wang, J. Léon, and K. Pillen
K.. 2005. AB-QTL analysis in spring barley. I. Detection of resistance genes
against powdery mildew, leaf rust and scald introgressed from wild barley.
Theor Appl Genet 111: 583-590.
Korff M. von, H. Wang, J. Léon, and K. Pillen.
2006. AB-QTL analysis in spring barley. II. Detection of favourable exotic
alleles for agronomic traits introgressed from wild barley. Theor Appl
Genet 112: 1221-1231.
Mammadov, J.A., Z. Liu, R.M. Biyashev, G.J.
Muehlbauer, and M.A.S. Maroof.. 2006. Cloning, genetic and physical mapping of
resistance gene analogs in barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.). Plant Breeding 125: 32-42.
Mammadov, J.A., B.J. Steffenson, and M.A.S.
Maroof. 2005. High-resolution mapping of the barley leaf rust resistance gene Rph5 using barley expressed sequence
tags (ESTs) and synteny with rice. Theor Appl Genet 111: 1651-1660.
Rostoks, N., S. Mudie, L. Cardle, J. Russell, L.
Ramsay, A. Booth, J.T. Svensson, S.I. Wanamaker, H. Walia, E.M. Rodriguez, P.E.
Hedley, H. Liu, J. Morris, T.J. Close, D.F. Marshall, and R. Waugh. 2005.
Genome-wide SNP discovery and linkage analysis in barley based on genes
responsive to abiotic stress. Mol Gen Genom 274: 515-527.
Rzeznicka, K., C.J. Walker, T. Westergren, C.G.
Kannangara, D. von Wettstein, S. Merchant, S.P. Gough and M.Hansson. 2005. Xantha-l encodes a membrane subunit of
the aerobic Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase involved in
chlorophyll biosynthesis. Proc Nat Acad
Sato, K., N. Nankaku, Y. Motoi, and K. Takeda.
2004. A large scale mapping of ESTs on barley genome. In: J. Spunar and J, Janikova (eds.), pp. 79-85. Barley Genetics
IX. Proc.Ninth Int. Barley Genet. Symp.,
Senthil, N. and T. Komatsuda. 2005.
Inter-subspecific maps of non-brittle rachis genes btr1/btr2 using occidental, oriental and wild barley lines.
Euphytica 145: 215-220.
Skinner J., P. Szűcs, J. von Zitzewitz, L. Marquez-Cedillo, T. Filichkin, E.J, Stockinger, M.F. Thomashow, T.H.H. Chen, and P.M. Hayes. 2006. Mapping of barley homologs to
genes that regulate low temperature tolerance in Arabidopsis. Theor Appl Genet 112: 832-842.
Yun S.J, L. Gyenis, P.M. Hayes, I. Matus, K.P. Smith, B.J. Steffenson, and G.J. Muehlbauer. 2005. Quantitative trait loci for
multiple disease resistance in wild barley. Crop Sci 45: 2563-2572.
Yun S.J, L. Gyenis, E. Bossolini, P.M. Hayes, I. Matus, K.P. Smith, B.J. Steffenson, R. Tuberosa, and G.J. Muehlbauer 2006. Validation of quantitative
trait loci for multiple disease resistance in barley using advanced backcross
lines developed with a wild barley. Crop Sci 46: 1179-1186.
Coordinators
Report: Chromosome 5H(7)
George Fedak
Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Research Centre
Agriculture &
e-mail: fedakga@agr.gc.ca
Winterhardiness in winter barley is controlled by regulatory elements of photoperiod sensitivity and vernalization response combined with the physical trait of low temperature tolerance. Of the six photoreceptors mapped on two mapping populations, only one, HvPhyC, coincided with a photoperiod response QLT on chromosome 5HL (Szucs et al., 2006). The vernalization locus VRN-H1 (HvBM5A) whose expression is regulated by photoperiod has been mapped on chromosome 5HL and is closely linked to HvPhyC.
Reproductive frost tolerance is the ability of reproductive organs to tolerate low temperatures. A QTL on chromosome 5H for tolerance to frost-induced floret sterility and frost-induced grain damage was identified in three mapping populations (Reinheimer et al., 2004). This locus is located close to the vrn-H1 locus on chromosome 5H and has been associated with the locus giving a response at both vegetative and reproductive developmental stages.
Seed dormancy is an important trait that can prevent preharvest sprouting and regulate germination during the malting process. A major seed dormancy QLT was detected on chromosome 5H plus two others on chromosome 1H in a mapping population derived from crossing the Japanese malting cultivar Haruna Nijo x H602 (H. spontaneum – dormant) (Sato et al., 2006). Seven EST markers were localized in the vicinity of the QLT on chromosome 5H.
Identification of QTL resistance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) continues to be a challenging exercise. Chromosome 5H appears to be a lesser contributor of FHB resistance QTL. For example, in recombinant inbred populations derived from two-rowed crosses of Harbin (R) x Turkey 6 (HR), resistance QTL were located on all chromosomes except 5H (Hori et al., 2006). However, in an RI population derived from Russia 6 (HR) x HES4 (HS), which was mapped with 1,255 markers, two pulative resistance loci were located on chromosome 2H and one on 5H (Takeda, 2004).
Of more general interest to barley geneticists are the assembly of a high density microsatellite consensus map and the sequencing of the barley chloroplast genome. The consensus microsatellite or SSR map was assembled by combining the information from six independent mapping populations. It consists of 784 unique microsatellite loci from 696 primers spanning 1,137.6 cM with an average density of one SSR marker every 1.45 cM (Varshney et al., 2006).
The chloroplast genome of barley consists of 136,462 bp, including a large single copy region of 80,600 bp, a small single copy region of 12,704 bp, plus a pair of inverted repeats of 21,597 bp. The genome consists of 104 genes, including 70 peptide-encoding genes, plus 30 tRNA and 4 rRNA genes that are duplicated in the inverted repeat (Saski et al., 2006). This genome is practically identical to other cereal chloroplast genomes, indicating that such genomes are highly conserved.
References:
Hori, K., K. Sato, and K. Takeda. 2006. Comparison of Fusarium heat blight resistance loci in barley RI populations. Poster 327. Plant and Animal Genome XIV Conference. (http://www.intl-pag.org/14/abstracts/PAG14_P327.htm).
Reinheimer, J.L., A.R. Bar, and J.K. Eglinton. 2004. QTL mapping of chromosomal regions conferring reproductive frost tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 109:1267-1274.
(http://www.intl-pag.org/14/abstracts/PAG14_P327.htm).
Sato, K., K. Hori, and K. Takeda. 2006. QTL for seed dormancy from wild barley Hordeum Vulgare ssp. Spontaneum. Poster 309. Plant and Animal Genomes XIV Conference. (http://www.intl-pag.org/14/abstracts/PAG14_P327.htm).
Szucs, P., I. Karsai, J. von Zitzewitz, L.D.D. Cooper, T.H.H. Chen, P.M. Hayes, and J.S. Skinner. 2006. Positional relationship between photoperiod response QTL and photoreceptor and vernalization genes in barley. Poster 351. Plant and Animal Genomes XIV Conference.
(http://www.intl-pag.org/14/abstracts/PAG14_P327.htm).
Takeda, K. 2004. Inheritance of the Fusarium Head Blight resistance in barley. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 40:143.
Varshney, R.K., T.C. Marcell, L. Ramsey, J. Russell, M.S. Roeder, N. Stein, P. Langridge, R. Waugh, R. Niks, and A. Graner. 2006. A high density microsatellite consensus map of barley. Workshop 304. Plant and Animal Genome XIV Conference.
(http://www.intl-pag.org/14/abstracts/PAG14_P327.htm).
Coordinator’s Report: Chromosome 7H
Lynn S. Dahleen.
USDA-Agricultural Research Service
e-mail: DAHLEENL@fargo.ars.usda.gov
2005 brought many reports of various QTLs detected in populations derived from wild x cultivated barley crosses, with the goal of transferring desirable genes into elite breeding lines. Hori et al. (2005b) located QTLs for glume length, rachis-internode length, dormancy after five and ten weeks, ear length and kernel weight on chromosome 7H in a population derived from a cross with H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (accession H602). An examination of straw quality QTLs (Grando et al. 2005) located several loci on chromosome 7H, for traits acid detergent fiber, lignin content, voluntary intake, and percentage of sheaths by weight of the air-dried straw sample. They used a RIL population derived from H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum accession 41-1. Li et al. (2005) determined QTLs for yield, yield components and malting quality in an advanced backcross population with H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum accession HS213. Five QTLs were located on chromosome 7H, for heading date, ear length, spikelet number per spike, protein content and friability. QTLs involved in dormancy and desiccation tolerance were located in H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum accession Wadi Qilt genotype 23-39 (Zhang et al. 2005a). Loci for maximum germination rate under drought stress, and minimum and maximum revival after drought stress were located on chromosome 7H. A new dominant scald resistance gene, Rrs15 derived from H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (accession CPI 77132 Caesarea plant 38), was located on the long arm of chromosome 7H, near the SSR marker HVM49 (Genger et al. 2005). In another study using H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (accession OUH602), Yun et al. (2005) identified a new resistance locus on chromosome 7H for spot blotch (Rcs2-4). This gene was located on the short arm of the chromosome in a cluster of genes for resistance to fungal diseases. A third disease resistance study with H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum (accession ISR42-8) used advanced backcross QTL analysis and located two resistance loci on chromosome 7H, one for powdery mildew (QPm.S42-7H.a) and one for leaf rust (QLr.S42-7H.a), both on the long arm (von Korff et al. 2005).
Additional studies located genes
and QTLs from cultivated crosses. Emebiri et
al. (2005b) examined disease resistance in a two-rowed barley population
segregating for malting quality traits. The only locus on chromosome 7H,
identified by QTL and classical linkage analyses, was for stem rust resistance,
likely Rpg1. Adult and seedling
resistance to spot blotch in Morex was compared in four doubled haploid
populations by Bilgic et al. (2005).
They found that the locus on chromosome 7H, presumably Rcs5, was consistently identified for both seedling and adult plant
resistance, while loci on other chromosomes were not found in all four
populations. Hori et al., (2005a)
located QTLs for Fusarium head blight resistance from the cultivar
In a cross between two low
protein parents, Emebiri et al.
(2005a) located QTLs for grain protein content on five chromosomes. The one on
chromosome 7H significantly reduced protein in six of the eight environments
tested and was not associated with QTLs for yield, height or heading date.
Peighambari et al. (2005) tested the
Steptoe x Morex doubled haploid population for agronomic traits in
One study has looked at expanding our selection of molecular markers for barley. Zhang et al. (2005b) tested 98 EST-SSR markers derived from wheat sequences in barley. They found that 50.4% of the markers amplified sequences in barley. When they examined some of the amplified sequences in more detail, most had repeats similar to those in wheat.
Additional mapping and marker
work can be found in proceedings from various meetings, like the North American
Barley Researchers Workshop, held in
References:
Bilgic, H., B.J. Steffenson, and P.M. Hayes. 2005. Comprehensive genetic analyses reveal differential expression of spot blotch resistance in four populations of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111:1238-1250.
Dahleen, L.S., L.J. Vander Wal, and J.D. Franckowiak. 2005. Characterization and molecular mapping of genes determining semidwarfism in barley. J. Hered. 96:654-662.
Emebiri, L.C., D.B. Moody, R. Horsley, J. Panozzo, and B.J. Read. 2005a. The genetic control of grain protein content variation in a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between Australian and North American two-rowed barley lines. J. Cereal Sci. 41:107-114.
Emebiri, L.C., G. Platz, and D.B. Moody. 2005b. Disease resistance genes in a doubled haploid population of two-rowed barley segregating for malting quality attributes. Australian J. Agric. Res. 56:49-56.
Genger, R.K., K. Nesbitt, A.H.D. Brown, D.C. Abbott, and J.J. Burdon. 2005. A novel barley scald resistance gene: genetic mapping of the Rrs15 scald resistance gene derived from wild barley, Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum. Plant Breeding 124:137-141.
Grando, S., M. Baum, S. Ceccarelli, A. Goodchild, F. Jaby El-Haramein, A. Jahoor, and G. Backes. 2005. QTLs for straw quality characteristics identified in recombinant inbred lines of a Hordeum vulgare x H. spontaneum cross in a Mediterranean environment. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110:688-695.
Hori, K., T. Kobayashi, K. Sato, and K. Takeda. 2005a. QTL analysis of Fusarium head blight resistance using a high-density linkage map of barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111:1661-1672.
Hori, K., K. Sato, N. Nankaku, and K. Takeda. 2005b. QTL analysis in recombinant chromosome substitution lines and doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare and Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum. Molec. Breeding 16:295-311.
Korff, M. von, H. Wang, J. Léon, and K. Pillen. 2005. AB-QTL analysis in spring barley. 1. Detection of resistance genes against powdery mildew, leaf rust and scald introgressed from wild barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111:583-590.
Li, J.Z., X.Q. Huang, F. Heinrichs, M.W. Ganal, and M.S. Röder. 2005. Analysis of QTLs for yield, yield components, and malting quality in a BC3-DH population of spring barley. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110:356-363.
Yun,
S.J., L. Gyenis, P.M. Hayes,
Zhang, F., G. Chen, Q. Huang, O. Orion, T. Krugman, T. Fahima, A.B. Korol, E. Nevo, and Y. Gutterman. 2005a. Genetic basis of barley caryopsis dormancy and seedling desiccation tolerance at the germination stage. Theor. Appl. Genet. 110:445-453.
Zhang, L.Y., M. Bernard, P. Leroy, C. Feuillet, and P. Sourdille. 2005b. High transferability of bread wheat EST-derived SSRs to other cereals. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111:677-687.
Integrating Molecular and
Morphological/Physiological Marker Maps
A. Kleinhofs
e-mail: andyk@wsu.edu
Updates to barley morphological/physiological genetic map and gene cloning include publication of the cloning and characterization of the barley Nec1 locus encoding a cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel gene (Rostoks et al. 2006). The previously reported rym4 locus coding for the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E has been publish